big problems Small businesses, prone to occupational injuries and fatalities, face tough challenges in creating safe and healthy workplaces

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1 Small business, big problems Small businesses, prone to occupational injuries and fatalities, face tough challenges in creating safe and healthy workplaces By Kyle W. Morrison, senior associate editor F or some small businesses, ensuring the safety and health of their can be a challenge. Limited resources, difficulty meeting regulatory requirements and cost concerns associated with numerous facets, including workers compensation, all present problems. To compound these problems, research has shown small establishments have higher rates of workplace deaths and serious injuries than larger establishments. This tendency toward higher injury rates raises the question of how regulatory agencies and small businesses alike can effectively improve safety at small worksites. 44 Safety+Health June 2011 Recently, OSHA s aggressive stance on enforcement and pursuit of new or updated regulations has drawn ire from some members of the small business community. The economy is down, companies are hurting, and you re going to put them out of business, David Landis said. As the safety compliance coordinator for Lancaster, PA-based Keystone Wood Specialties, a wholesale wood composite manufacturer employing 53 workers, Landis said OSHA should look at new or updated regulations, but in a cautious manner. Regulatory costs By and large, small businesses defined by the Small Business Administration as those with fewer than 500

2 You have more than one foreman. You have more than one supervisor. But you only have one safety manager to carry the burden. Ryan Spies, Rock Road Companies locations, including a dozen quarry pits. Spies has to stay current with regulations from multiple agencies, including OSHA and the Mine Safety and Health Administration, and finds it can be a struggle. At one time, you thought you were doing everything you were supposed to. Six months later, you have a whole new set of rules to follow, he said. It can take years for a small company to buy the necessary equipment to get into compliance with a new regulation, Spies said. That cost of buying new equipment or modifying existing equipment to comply with new regulations has to be built into the company s overhead. Resources and experience have a higher regulatory compliance cost than larger firms, according to a 2010 SBA report. What is a small business? The report, The Impact of Regulatory Costs on Small Firms, found that businesses with fewer than 20 pay about $250 more per employee for occupational safety and health and homeland security regulations than firms with 500 or more. The costs of regulations are just as real and significant for small businesses as are taxes, for example, said Raymond Keating, chief economist at the Oakton, VA-based Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council. Ryan Spies understands this burden. At Janesville, WIbased Rock Road Companies, Spies is the safety manger for workers at the asphalt company s numerous In addition to costs, a lack of experience or resources including being short on safety professionals can hinder a small company. Every qualified [safety and health professional] I graduated college with is employed and would love more help, Spies said. You have more than one foreman. You have more than one supervisor. But you only have one safety manager to carry the burden. Typically, small businesses only can afford to have one person with a safety professional title, according to Spies. Sometimes, that person has to take on additional responsibilities outside of safety. At Keystone, Landis oversees OSH, the maintenance department and human resources. There s a lot of companies our size or smaller; they can t afford to be paying a person just to do safety, he said. However, Landis does not particularly see this as a disadvantage. Larger Feature at a Glance Small businesses have a greater risk of serious injury or fatality, and many people say the burden of complying with safety and health regulations falls more heavily on smaller firms than larger ones. Key points Small business safety challenges include a lack of resources and money. Some industry stakeholders believe OSHA needs to do a better job of soliciting input from small businesses when the agency implements policy changes. Several small business professionals suggest the challenges they face in ensuring a safe work environment are identical to those of larger firms. Safety+Health June

3 companies may have separate directors $610for these various departments, which Landis said could lead to communication gaps. Not everyone may agree. Spies dislikes taking on HRrelated tasks because he sees his primary role as holding workers accountable for OSHA compliance not being tasked with hiring and firing. A lack of experience in dealing with safety issues may be another problem for small businesses. John Mendeloff is director of the RAND Center for Health and Safety in the Workplace, a Pittsburgh-based research institution. Mendeloff said some data suggests smaller establishments may not know as much about keeping a worksite safe. Certainly knowledge is a problem, he said. One way to learn is to learn from your experience, and big places have a lot more experiences to learn from. These experiences would include workplace incidents and injuries. A larger company may see a greater number but not necessarily a greater rate of workplace injuries, allowing it to figure out how to best prevent future incidents. Workplace incidents can have a much greater negative effect on a smaller company than on larger businesses, according to Spies. Smaller companies don t have the ability to make as many mistakes, he said. A single workplace safety mistake could mean a higher workers compensation insurance premium for a small business, Spies said, which could make it harder for small businesses to stay competitive. The rulemaking process Nearly everyone who spoke with Safety+Health magazine for this article agreed that most safety regulations generally are a good and necessary thing, but many of them expressed concern about how safety agencies go about implementing new rules. OSHA recently was criticized for seemingly not working with industries when developing two proposals a revision to its noise standard interpretation and the addition of a musculoskeletal disorder recordkeeping requirement. Confronted with a backlash over the proposals, the agency withdrew the noise interpretation and temporarily withdrew the MSD recording rule while it conducted outreach efforts, including hosting teleconferences. Small business compliance costs in 2008 Occupational safety and health and homeland security regulations cost per employee $781 All firms Firms with less than 20 Source: The Impact of Regulatory Costs on Small Firms, Small Business Small business compliance costs in 2008 Occupational safety and health and homeland security regulations cost per employee $610 All firms $781 Firms with fewer than 20 $650 Firms with $500 Firms with more than 500 Source: The Impact of Regulatory Costs on Small Firms, Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy $650 Prior to the withdrawals, critics suggested OSHA skipped a significant step by not following requirements under the $500 Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act. The act requires agencies to review whether planned rules will have a significant economic impact on small businesses. Although the proposals OSHA was pursuing technically were not new rules, some experts said the agency should have convened a SBREFA panel to solicit input from small businesses. Firms with Firms with more I think OSHA should be embarrassed [for] viewing SBREFA than 500 as a challenge and not a benefit, said Tom Sullivan, an attorney with Administration Nelson Mullins Office of Riley Advocacy & Scarborough LLP who runs the firm s Small Business Coalition for Regulatory Relief. Sullivan praised the agency for conducting outreach efforts on the MSD rule, but suggested OSHA could have saved time if a SBREFA panel had previously been conducted. It is a good thing for OSHA to solicit comments from stakeholders on issues early on, Mendeloff said, but doing so adds to the many procedural hurdles the agency must overcome to promulgate a rule. The rulemaking process is a mess, he said, and, as a result, it has become difficult to issue regulations in a timely manner. But Sullivan maintained that while the process is timeconsuming, it is beneficial. The alleged pain of added bureaucracy is minimal compared to the hindsight, he said. Incentives and assistance The incentive to create a safe work environment may not be connected with a desire to comply with federal safety regulations, however. As Spies suggested, workers comp rates are affected by on-the-job incidents and can have a direct impact on a small firm s ability to conduct business and stay competitive. All small businesses have to have workers comp insurance, and that, believe it or not, is more expensive than health insurance for us, said Mike Fredrich, president and owner of Manitowoc, WI-based MCM Composites. Workers comp insurance provides a discount for firms with no claims and is a great incentive for small companies to pursue a safe working environment, according to Fredrich. With regulations, he said, OSHA can go to virtually any worksite and find some type of violation to cite. Faced with criticism of OSHA s enforcement policy, agency administrator David Michaels has promoted the 46 Safety+Health June 2011

4 agency s consultation programs aimed at small businesses. In testimony before a House subcommittee on April 14, Michaels noted that OSHA s On-Site Consultation Program conducted more than 30,000 visits last year. The program is run by the states and provides free safety and health evaluations to small businesses with 250 or fewer. Other cooperative safety programs recognize small businesses for achieving excellence, including the Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program and the Voluntary Protection Programs. We believe that no employer, large or small, should have difficulty providing a safe workplace because they can t get accurate and timely information about how to address workplace safety or health problems, or how to understand OSHA standards, Michaels testified. We are committed to providing access to the information employers and workers need. Keystone Wood Specialties has been in SHARP since 2003, and Landis said the company works hard to maintain the status. The program recognizes small employers who operate an exemplary safety and health management system. I really think more people should take advantage of it. That s what you want them to come in for, to make sure you re in compliance, he said. All small businesses have to have workers comp insurance, and that, believe it or not, is more expensive than health insurance for us. Mike Fredrich, MCM Composites Consultation programs have some drawbacks, however. Spies has not worked with OSHA s programs, but has found that MSHA-run assistance programs lack strategies for his industry. Based on conclusions from a study on OSHA s consultation program, Mendeloff said he was surprised to learn the agency s consultations focused almost exclusively on standards violations, which are not necessarily the cause of most injuries. Even still, Mendeloff suspected the programs are helpful, but said their benefit may be limited. Currently, consultation is voluntary and requires the firm to request a consultation. Those are clearly motivated firms, he said. Mendeloff suggested that small worksites with evidence of safety problems such as high modification rates on their workers comp be subject to mandatory consultations in Safety+Health June

5 which they are provided information on how to improve safety at the site, but are not cited for deficiencies. A worksite that refuses the consultation could then be targeted for an OSHA inspection. Calling the On-Site Consultation Program hugely successful, Sullivan took issue with the suggestion of mandatory consultations, saying reconfiguring the program to draw in people who otherwise would not use it is not a good enough reason to make the change. The people who want to harm their are going to do it, regardless of what the government is doing, he said. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council questioned OSHA s ability to assist businesses and suggested that a mandatory consultation program would open another avenue of additional regulatory costs and burdens. Effectiveness is always a big question, as well as the very legitimate concerns businesses have when they hear I m from the government and I m here to help, Keating said. Common ground Even with all the differences and challenges small businesses encounter in ensuring a safe work environment for, some stakeholders feel the biggest hurdles are identical to those faced by large businesses. It s a struggle to be compliant for the smaller and the larger companies. I think it s a struggle for everyone, Spies said. To Fredrich, the basic safety principles are the same for both small and large businesses: developing safety awareness in the workforce, eliminating all potential problems and not allowing problems to go unfixed. There is no magic safety bullet or safety equipment that you can buy, he said. It comes down to awareness and the little things. Safety at small businesses Several studies in the past have provided evidence that small establishments have higher death or injury rates than larger establishments. Some experts have attributed these high rates to traffic fatalities, but a 2006 study from the RAND Corp., a Santa Monica, CA-based research institution, exempted highway motor vehicle crashes, as well as assaults and the construction industry, in some estimates. For the study, researchers examined fatality rates and business size over a 10-year period. But instead of only examining small establishments, the researchers differentiated between small businesses with a single location and small establishments that may be part of a firm with multiple locations. The end result was unexpected. What we found was, yes, it really is true that small establishments tend to have higher fatality rates than bigger ones in the same industry, said John Mendeloff, study author and director of the Pittsburgh-based RAND Center for Health and Safety in the Workplace. We also expected to find that with small, single-establishment firms. But that wasn t true. Although the study found small, single-location businesses had a higher fatality rate than larger single-location establishments, the small, singlelocation establishment was safer than a similarly sized worksite that was part of a larger firm. Download the study at In manufacturing, for example, a firm with a single location with fewer than 20 had a rate of 3.4 fatalities per 100,000 workers during the 10-year research period. But an establishment with fewer than 20 workers that was part of a larger firm of had a rate more than 6 times higher This pattern continued for all establishment sizes of fewer than 100. With more than 100, the pattern reversed and fatality rates shrank as firm size grew. Mendeloff suggested that one reason small, single-facility establishments are safer is the single-facility sites could be more likely to have their owner on the shop floor. That conclusion is one that Mike Fredrich agreed with. Fredrich is the president and owner of MCM Composites, a single-facility manufacturer based in Manitowoc, WI, that employs about 60 workers. I know every one of them, he said of his. I know their first names and last names and how many kids they have. If one of them was seriously injured, it s like having someone in the family being seriously injured. You just take it personally. For a small firm that may have multiple locations, resources can thin out and it can be harder to ensure safety at each worksite. Ryan Spies is the sole safety manager for Rock Road Companies, an asphalt company based in Janesville, WI. The company employs up to 130 who work at various locations, and Spies cannot be everywhere at once. You may only have one or two people whose role in the company is health and safety, he said. With 13 and 14 different locations, you can only be at one or two of those sites per day. For 10 other sites, you re relying on an employee to carry out safety. 48 Safety+Health June 2011