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1 Risk Factor Of Preeclampsia In Najaf Governorate عوامل الخطورة قبل الارتعاج في محافظة النجف Zahraa Sami Razzaq/ Cytogentic /Faculty of Education for girls university of kufa Dr.Majid khadum Hussein / Assist prof in Biochemistry /Faculty of medicine university of kufa Dr.Dhaferah Jaafar Abd-Ali/ Assist prof in Cytogenetic/ Faculty of Education for girls university of kufa Zhraa34@Gmail.com Abstract Objective :It aim to study some of the risk factors and a association Preeclampsia Methodology :The present study was carried out in the Department of at Azzahra Teaching hospital in najaf governorate period from December 12 to March 13. Sixty preeclampsia pregnant women and forty healthy pregnant women as control group. Results:The results present study of preeclampsia in showed a significant increase (P 0.01) in patients (42%) in group age (25-34) years when compared with the other group. where the results found a significant ( P <0.01) percentage (.5%) of Preeclampsia occurred in group (33-39) weeks.and in the patients with previous history for Preeclampsia significant( P<0.001) with compared healthy pregnant, pregnant with preeclampsia had familial history significant 0.01% percentage 62% and significant( P<0.01) percentage 33% of them had had no children where 8% of pregnant with preeclampsia had diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Maternal age and Gestational age affect in pathogenesis of preeclampsia,previous history & family history and parity as important determent risk factor of preeclampsia. Recommendation Risk factor of PE adopted in this study should be considered in counseling pregnant woman regarding PE and should aid in early detection of the abnormal signs and symptoms of PE in particular, responsible for the perinatal mortality and maternal morbidity and mortality. الخلاصة الھدف :تھدف الدراسة الحالیة الى ربط بعض عوامل الخطورة مع الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج المنھجیة : اجریت الدراسة الحالیة في مستشفى الزھراء التعلیمي في محافظة النجف من الا ول 12 ولغایة آذار 13 وتضمنت الدراسة سیطرة وقد حللت النتاي ج إحصاي یا باستخدام برنامج SPSS وقد استخدمت النسب المي ویة وفحص الطالب T test (42%) النتاي ج: بینت نتاي ج الدراسة الحالیة زیادة معنویة (0.01 P) في الفي ة العمریة (25-34 ( سنة عند مقارنتھا مع الفي تین العمریتین الا خریتین,بینما اوضحت النتاي ج ان ھناك زیادة (33-39 ( و ان معنویة (0.01>P) للنسبة مي ویة للا صابة بقبل (.5%) ر ( P<0.001) الا صابة السابقة لدى التاریخ العاي لي لقبل الارتعاج أھمیة معنویة (0.01>P ( وقد وجدت النتاي ج ان المصابات اللاتي لدیھن عاي لي للا صابة لھن فرق معنوي( P<0.01 ( للنسبة,% 62 اما الحوامل المصابات الاول ) لدیھن اولاد )فقد اظھرت زیادة معنویة ) 0.01>P ( للنسبة 33% من العینة الكلیة في حین لم معنویة لتا ثیر السكر في الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج فقد شكلت المصابات بقبل الارتعاج والسكري بنسبة 8%),وان نإ: الارتعاج والتاریخ العاي لي وانعدام الولادات السابقة تعد مھمة لتحدید عوامل الخطورة للا صابة بقبل الارتعاج. التوصیات: للمرأة الحامل ویجب أن الخصوص إنھا مسو ولة عن وفیات قبل الولادة والوفیات النفاسیة. Key words: preeclampsia, risk factors 1

2 INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia ا ) Hermida وآخرون 01 )ویتمیز بارتفاع ضغط الدم یتجاوز 140/90 في الا درار بحدود تتجاوز 300 ملغ / یوم بعد الا سبوع العشرین من الحمل وتختفي ھذه الا عراض بعد أسابیع من الولادة ولا توجد حالة مماثلة تصیب الذكور أو النساء خارج Sibai) 0 ( وان الا م Paltiel) 04 )و بین Choi وآخرون (04) أن قبل الارتعاج (3- %10) ى %5 North) (11 الا صابة في الحمل الا ول إذ تصل % والتاریخ العاي لي والا صابة بمرض السكري. المواد وطراي ق العمل Materials& Methods جمعت العینات من مستشفى الزھراء التعلیمي وبعض العیادات الخاصة في مدینة النجف الاشرف من كانون الا ول 12 ولغایة آذار 13 وشملت الدراسة 100 عینة عشواي یة من النساء الحوامل منھا ستون امرأة حامل مصابة بقبل الارتعاج وأربعون امرأة حامل سلیمة كمجموعة سیطرة بعمر عاما. من قبل طبیبات متخصصات في الا مراض أدرج فیھا التاریخ واسم المریضة وعمر الحامل( سنة )وعمر ) ( والتاریخ العاي لي للا صابة بقبل الارتعاج ومرض السكري وعدد الولادات. Results Risk factors النتاي ج عوامل الخطورة Maternal age( Previous Parity Maternal Age أو الحالیة في الدراسة ), الا رتعاج لدى الستون حامل Gestation age ( ) Previous history of Preeclampsia Preeclampsia Gestational Diabetes داء الدراسة تقییما لحالة أربعین امرأة حامل سلیمة بوصفھا مجموعة سیطرة. 1.عمر الحامل (جدول ( 1 تا ثیر عمر الحامل في الا صابة قبل الارتعاج العمریة (سنة) الحوامل المصابات بقبل الارتعاج 15 للحوامل المصابات (%) 25 الفي ات العمریة للحوامل السلیمات (سنة) النسبة المي ویة للحوامل السلیمات(%) **25 * **ارتفاع معنوي بمستوى( p<0.01 ) مقارنة بالفي تین الاخرتین ومجموعة السیطرة *ارتفاع معنوي بمستوى( p<0.005 ) مقارنة بالفي ة العمریة الا ولى یبین الجدول ) 1) أعمار النسوة الحوامل اللواتي أصبن بما قبل الا رتعاج على تغطیة جیدة للفترة, إذ كانت أعمار مجموعتي المریضات ن ) 44-15) عمریة بمدى 10 سنوات لكل في ة.ویشیر اختبار الطالب T.test إلى ارتفاع معنوي (0.01 P) للا صابة بقبل الارتعاج في الفي ة العمریة (25-34) سنة إذ وجد إن (% 60/25 42) حوامل من المصابات بعمر ثلاثون سنة إذا ما قورنت بالفي تین العمریتین الا خر تین ومجموعة السیطرة العمریة ذاتھا. 2

3 0.05) (P اذا (44-35) من جھة أخرى أظھرت العمریة (24-15) سنة. و یعد عمر الحامل من العوامل ذات التا ثیر الكبیر في المشاكل الصحیة التي تحدث إن, 30 (% 42 )في الفي ة العمریة (34-25) سنة وان أعلى احتمالیة الفي ة العمریة (44-35) سنة بنسبة.( 33% ). Gestation age السلیمات % 2.عمر الحمل جدول (2) تا ثیر مدة الحمل في قبل الارتعاج عمر الحمل (أسبوع) الارتعاج N=60 للحوامل المصابات (%) الحوامل السلیمات N= * ( 2-24) (32-28) (39_33) *اھمیة معنویة( P<0.01 ) (60%) (P<0.01 ) ) (2 بین والتي حصلت في مدة الحمل (33-39) أسبوعا على حین كانت اقل نسبة حدوث (8%) في مدة الحمل 2-24 ( إن أعلى نسبة مي ویة ) 2 ( تتفق ھذه النتاي ج مع بعض الدراسات التي تشیر إلى ) جدول وآخرون ( 08 Fattohe ; 00, تظھر في فترات الحمل المتا خرة Mostello) Previous history of P.E. 3 الا صابة السابقة بما قبل الارتعاج جدول ) 3 )التاریخ السابق لقبل الارتعاج وتا ثیره على حدوث المتلازمة الارتعاج ایجابي سلبي المجموع حمل سابق * 30 9 النسبة المي ویة للا صابة بقبل الارتعاج(%) *أھمیة معنویة بمستوى( P<0.001 ) أوضحت نتاي ج الدراسة الحالیة على إن ) 60/39) حامل مصابة بقبل الارتعاج لدیھا ولادات سابقة في كان ) 60/21 )حامل مصابة بقبل الارتعاج لیس لدیھا ولادات سابقة اي الحمل الا ول. یبین الجدول( 3 ( ان ھناك ارتفاعا معنویا (0.001>P) عند مقارنة المریضات اللاتي لدیھن تاریخ للا صابة في ( 39/9 ) % حمل سابق (39/30) المي ویة %23 ویتضح من النتاي ج الحالیة إن نسبة تكرار حدوث المتلازمة في 3.33 (10/3) أن أصبن بھا مسبقا إلى النسوة اللاتي لم.وتتفق ھذه النتاي ج مع نتاي ج سابقة أشارت إلى زیادة خطر الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج عند حدوث الا صابة في الحمل الا ول إذ بینت الدراسات إن ھذه الزیادة تصل إلى مرات في الحمل الثاني.( 04, Duckitt وآخرون 01 Dukler وآخرون 00 Lee) Family history of P.E 4. التاریخ العاي لي للمریضة الحامل جدول ) 4) تا ثیر التاریخ العاي لي في نسبة الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج تاریخ العاي لة موجب سالب المصابات بقبل الارتعاج N=60 3* النسبة *اھمیة معنویة بنسبة( P<0.01 ) ) أم أو یشیر الجدول (4) إن 60/3 مریضة حامل (%62) (%38) الارتعاج في حین لم تكن لدى 60/23 الطالب إن ھناك أھمیة معنویة (0.01>P) عند مقارنة من لھن تاریخ عاي لي مع الا خریات. المي ویة للمصابات بقبل الارتعاج(%) ( 3

4 Parity السلیمات % 5. عدد الولادات جدول (5 ( عدد الا طفال وتا ثیره في الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج عدد الولادات المصابات بقبل الارتعاج % الارتعاج عدد الحوامل السلیمات (P<0.001) (%33) لحدوث قبل الارتعاج لا یوجد طفل واحد 33* )) 4-6)) المجموع *اھمیة معنویة( p< ) یشیر الجدول (5) إلى أن أعلى نسبة مي ویة بالمجامیع الا خرى. 6.علاقة مرض السكري بقبل الارتعاج جدول ) 6) مرض السكري وارتباطھا بقبل الارتعاج مرض السكري ایجابي سلبي الحوامل المصابات بقبل الارتعاج N=60 5 النسبة المي ویة للمصابات بقبل الارتعاج(%) یبین الجدول (6) إن ) 5 %8) مریضات بقبل الارتعاج من مرض السكري في حین أن 92) 55 (%لم یكن مصابات بالسكري جدول (6) وأوضح التحلیل الا حصاي ي عدم وجود أھمیة معنویة لھذا المرض في الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج. أن ھذه النسبة لا یمكن تفسیر حدوثھا أو الجزم في صحتھا. إذ دراسات سابقة إلى ترافق سكري الحمل مع بعض حالات الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج إذ زیادة الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج لدى النساء المصابات بالسكري قبل الحمل فقد أشار Kovilam وآخرون (02) إلى زیادة حدوث قبل الارتعاج لدى النساء المصابات باعتلال الكلى السكري 2- %66. DISCUSSION سنة 1. عمر الحامل الا ول وقد أوضحت دراسات إن عمر الحامل المتقدم یعد عامل وتزداد الا صابة بعمر اكبر من 35 سنة ) Fattohe Altaei ; 02, و (12, Mohammad ناحیة أخرى اقترح باحثون آخرون إن عدم الولادة أو الزواج المبكر في سن المراھقة (<16) ھما ) في الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج وقد اعزي سبب ذلك إلى عوامل كثیرة مثل وراء با مراض المجاري البولیة ( والوضع الاقتصادي العمر وحده Shawky) و, Milaat 00 (02 Anonymous Lamminpää ( 12 )أن الارتعاج فقد أوضح في دراسة أجراھا إن نسبة الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج كانت 9.4% في النساء اكبر من 35 أن دور في حین 6.4% الا صابة بمرض السكري والتدخین وعلاجات الخصوبة تتداخل مع تقدم العمر في حدوث الاصابة. أن اختلاف النتاي ج الحالیة عن تلك اختبار الفي ات العمریة للنساء الحوامل وحجم العینات قید الدراسة عوامل عرقیة واقتصادیة واجتماعیة. 4

5 2.عمر الحمل أشارت بعض الدراسات إلى أن عمر الحمل عند الولادة الا ولى لھ أھمیة كبیرة في تكرار الا صابة في الحمل الثاني وانھ كلما كانت الولادة مبكرة في الحمل الا ول تزداد خطورة تكرار الا صابة في الحمل الثاني وبالعكس وآخرون (02).( وقد وجد Koike 08 وآخرون Mostello) Barton ; 01, قبل الا وان (preterm) عند الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج في الحمل الا ول تو دي إلى احتمالیة تكرار أن الولادة الا صابة في الحمل الثاني بنسبة 54 مرة مما علیھ في نسبة المصابات اللاتي أنجبن عند الا وان( term (at فضلا عن ذلك فقد وجد Koike أن الا صابة المبكرة في الا سبوع (2) من الحمل أدى إلى تكرار الا صابة في الحمل الثاني في حین لم تتكرر الا صابة في الحمل الثاني عند الا صابة في الا سبوع الثلاثون من الحمل الا ول وھذا یشیر إلى أھمیة عمر الحمل عند الا صابة والولادة في إحداث الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج في الحمل الثاني. وبین (00 ( 30 بحالات قبل الارتعاج الشدیدة في النساء المتعددات الولادة قبل الا سبوع Morphyإن الا صابة المبكرة یو دي إلى موت الجنین في الرحم أو عند الولادة. وفي دراسات أخرى أوضحت أن الا صابة السابقة تزید خطورة الا صابة با مراض مبكرة في الحمل الثاني مثل انفصال المشیمة ومتلازمة HELLP والفشل الكلوي والولادة المبكرة في الحمل الثاني قبل الا سبوع الثاني والثلاثین من الحمل الثاني وللحالات المتوسطة والشدیدة من اللمرض بالمقارنة مع النساء اللاتي لھن ولادات Barton وآخرون 01). وآخرون 00 Odegard) مسبقة ولم تصب مسبقا بقبل الارتعاج Previous history of P.E الا صابة السابقة بقبل الارتعاج.3 ویتضح من النتاي ج الحالیة إن نسبة تكرار حدوث المتلازمة في الحمل الثاني لدى النسوة اللاتي أصبن بھا مسبقا إلى النسوة اللاتي لم یصبن بھا ھي (10/3) وھذا یعني أن تزداد الخطورة بنسبة الاول اذ مع نتاي ج سابقة أشارت إلى زیادة خطر Dukler 00 Lee) دراستین ان (04 01 Duckitt Family history of P.E 4. التاریخ العاي لي للمریضة الحامل دور كبیر في حدوث أظھرت النتاي ج إن للعامل الوراثي (1998) و Cincotta Brennecke إذ. أن. 3 وجود تاریخ عاي لي لقبل الارتعاج یزید أو النساء اللواتي أصبن بقبل الارتعاج ولدیھن تاریخ عاي لي عرضة لمخاطر إمراض القلب والا وعیة الدمویة ارتفاع ضغط الدم ومرض القلب أو السكري 3 (.ویزداد خطر الا صابة Roseوآخرون 04 ) Nessواخرون )وھناك دراسات تو كد أن عند وجود ارتفاع ضغط الدم من جھة الا م أو الا ب أو كلیھما Qiu) وآخرون الاستعداد الوراثي الذي ینقل عن طریق الا مھات أو عن طریق الا باء یلعب دورا 1998), Cincotta و بنسبة 4 أضعاف مقارنة بمن لا یملكن تاریخ عاي لي وراثي Brennecke) إن الذكر الذي یولد نتیجة حمل وقد بین Esplin وآخرون (01). إذ إن ھناك جینات قد تشارك وراثیا لولادة طفل معرضا ضعفین للا صابة بقبل الارتعاج ( 04) فقد أشار إلى عدم إمكانیة منع حدوث قبل الارتعاج لدى المرأة الحامل إذا أماDuckitt العاي لي موجب سابقا. Parity 5.عدد الولادات الا ول أن إن 2.91 (04) Duckittأن عدم الولادة تزید من احتمالیة الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج وتبلغ الخطورة الا ول إن لم یكن قد أصبن في مما ھو متوقع من إصابة النسوة متعددات الولادات نسبة الا صابة سبع مرات في متعددات الحمل في حالة وجود إصابة سابقة إذا الا ول أن Katzوآخرون (02) إذ (00) أن Lee الا ول بالنسوة في الحمل الثاني ولم یصبن تحدث ضعف عند النسوة في حملھن الا ول وقد یعزى ذلك الى عوامل جینیة. 6.علاقة مرض السكري بقبل الارتعاج وآخرون (00) أن عدم وقد بین Hiilesmaa السیطرة على نسبة السكر في النساء المصابات بمرض السكري من النوع الا ول وان السیطرة على نسبة السكر في المصابة بالسكري قبل الحمل لدیھا القابلیة على تطویر الا صابة بقبل قد قلل من الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج إن المرأة الارتعاج بنسبة أربعة أضعاف مقارنة مع غیر المصابات بالسكري 5

6 وان الضاي قة التنفسیة النوع الثاني Middleton) المصابات بالسكري یسبب زیادة طرح الثرموبوكسان وآخرون 10 ),آذ إن ارتفاع مستویات الدھون الثلاثیة في البلازما بین النساء و تراكم الدھون في الا درار ویحفز تراكم الصفاي ح الدمویة ) Ros Salonen 00). الاستنتاجات : إن عمر الحامل وعمر حملھا یو ثران في الا صابة بقبل الارتعاج, ان الا صابة السابقة لقبل الارتعاج والتاریخ العاي لي وانعدام الولادات الخطورة للا صابة بقبل الارتعاج..1.2 التوصیات: الخصوص انھا مسو ولة عن وفیات قبل الولادة والوفیات النفاسیة. المصادر Altaei,A.;Mohammad,J.M.,(12). Incidence. Risk Factors of Pre-eclampsia Among Iraqi Pregnant women.ajps. 12(2): Anonymous. (02) National High blood pressure Education Program Working Group report on High blood pressure in pregnancy.nihpublication.no Barton, J.R; O Brien, J.M; Bergauer, N.K; Jacques, D.L; Sibai, B.M.(01) Mild gestational hypertension remote from term: progression and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184(5): Choi, H.; Kang, J.Y.; Yoon, H.N., (04). Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme.; Angiotensinogen Gene Polymorphisms with Preeclampsia. J. Korean Med Sci 19(2): Cincotta, R. B.; Brennecke, S. P., (1998). Family history of pre-eclampsia as a predictor for pre-eclampsia in primigravidas. Int J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 60(1): Duckitt, K.,(04). Risk factors for pre-eclampsia that can be assessed at the booking visit: a systematic review of controlled studies.submitted for publication Dukler,D.; Porath, A.; Bashiri,A.; Erez, O, Mazor, M.,(01) Remote prognosis of primiparous women with preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. (96):69-4. Esplin, M.S.; Fausett, M.B.; Fraser, A.;Kerber, R.; Mineau, G.; Carrillo, J.; Michael, W..; Varner, M.D., (01). Paternal.; maternal components of the predisposition to preeclampsia. N.Engl.J Med 344(12): Fattohe,B.J.,(02). Evaluation of Risk Factors of PreEclampsia Thesis, community medicine, College of Medicine, University of Mosul Saftlas, A. F.; Olson, D. R.; Franks, A. L.; Atrash, H.; K.; Pokras, R. (1990). Epidemiology of preeclampsia.; eclampsia in the United States, Am. J. Obstet Gynecol. 163 (2) Hermida, R.C.; Ayala, D.E.; Fernández, J.R.; Mojón, A.; Fernández,J.R.(01). Time-Qualified Reference Values for Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Pregnancy.38: Hiilesmaa, V.; Suhonen, L.; Teramo, K.,(00). Glycaemic control is associated with pre-eclampsia but not with pregnancy-induced hypertension in women with type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 43(12): Katz, V.L; Farmer, R and Kuller, J.A. (01) Preeclampsia into eclampsia: toward a new paradigm. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182(1):

7 Koike, T; Minakami, H; Izumi, A; Watanabe, T;Matsubara, S and Sato, I.(02) Recurrence risk of preterm birth due to preeclampsia. Gynecol Obstet Invest 53(1):22-2. Kovilam, O.;Khoury, J.;Miodovnik,M.; Chames,M.;Spinnoto, J.; Sibai, B.(02). Spontaneous preterm delivery in the type 1 diabetic pregnancy: the role of glycemic control. J Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 11(4): Lamminpää,R.; Julkunen,K.V.; Gissler,M.; Heinonen,S(12) Preeclampsia complicated by advanced maternal age: a registry-based study on primiparous women in Finland BMC Pregnancy.; Childbirth (4) : Lee, C.J.; Hsieh, T.T.; Chiu,T.H. Chen KC, Lo LM, Hung TH (00). Risk factors for pre-eclampsia in an Asian population. Int J Gynecology and Obstetric. 0(3): Middleton, P; Crowther, C.A; Simmonds, L and Muller P.(10) Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev8;(9)CD Mostello, D.; Catlin, T.K.; Roman, L.; Holcomb, W.L. Jr.; Leet, T.(02). Preeclampsia in the parous woman: who is at risk?. Am.J Obstet Gynecol. 18(2): Murphy, D.J and Stirrat, G.M.(00) Mortality and morbidity associated with early onset pre-eclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy 19(2): Ness, R.B; Markovic, N; Bass,D; Harger, G androberts, J.M.(03) Family history of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke among women who develop hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 102(6): North, R.A.; McCowan, L.M.; Dekker, G.A.; Poston, L.; Chan,E.H.; Stewart, A.W.;Black, M.A.; Taylor, R.S.; Walker, J.J.;Baker, P.N.; Kenny, L.C.(11). Clinical risk prediction for pre-eclampsia in nulliparous women: development of model in international prospective cohort. BMJ. 342(803): 909. Odegard, R.A; Vatten,L.J; Nilsen, S.T; Salvesen, K.A and Austgulen,R.(00) Risk factors and clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 10 (11): Paltiel,O.; Friedlander, Y. Tiram,E.; candidate//% 1, D.; director,m.b.; Xue.X.; Harlap,S.(04). Cancer after pre-eclampsia: follow up of the Jerusalem perinatal study cohort.bmj.328: Qiu, C; Williams, M.A; Leisenring, W.M; Sorensen,T.K and Frederick, I.O.(03) Dempsey JC et al. Family history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in relation to preeclampsia risk.hypertension 41(3): Salonen,R.H.; Lichtenstein,P.; Lipworth,L.; Cnattingius,S.;(00) Genetic effects on the liability of developing pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension. American Journal of Medical Genetics.91(4): Shawky,S.; Milaat, W. (00). Early teenage marriage.; subsequent pregnancy outcome. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 6(1): Sibai, B.M.; Barton J.R.,(0). Expectant management of severe preeclampsia remote from term: patient selection, treatment,.; delivery indications. Am J Obstet Gynecol.196(6):

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