SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT IN WAJIR COUNTY FOR DECISION MAKING Final Report Water Resources Management Authority in Collaboration with the State Department For Devolution i Geekan Kenya Limited June 206
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results of water resources assessment studies undertaken in Wajir County. The study is being implemented by WRMA under an MOU signed between State Department of Devolution in the Ministry of Devolution and Planning and Water Resources Management Authority in respect of activities within the Mid Term ASAL Programme 2 (MTAP II) financed by the Government of Kenya and Denmark. One of the outputs of the MTAP is planning and monitoring systems to provide relevant data and analyses to planners and investment decision-makers with the major activity being Surface and groundwater assessment for decision making in Wajir County and incorporating inter-county requirements. Objectives of the study The main objective of the assignment is to carry out assessment of available water resources with the aim of establishing water development opportunities and limitations in Wajir County to support the County make informed decisions on water resources investments. Scope of the Study The scope of the work for the project included:. Desk study of the geology, plate tectonics, hydrogeology, geological time scale and associated climatic conditions of each era, all with reference to Northern Kenya; 2. Evaluate surface/groundwater interactions and base contribution from the basins. 3. Identify the aquifers and for each to establish the aquifer physical characteristics, the quality and estimate recharge:- 4. Fieldwork comprising hydrogeological and geophysical surveys using appropriate techniques for groundwater investigations 5. Analysis of all desk, field geophysical data and exploratory drilling and aquifer testing data; 6. Preparation of County digital Geology and Hydrogeological maps 7. Production of project report including aquifer maps. 8. To recommend options for the development and use of groundwater resources the County 9. Recommendation for five exploratory boreholes drilling sites in the county and possible supervision of the identified exploratory borehole drilling for aquifer data collection ii
0. Dissemination of the project information and data to the County Government for use. Study Components The following were the major components of the study as defined by the ToR:- Study Area Geographical location of water resources When are these water resources available (seasonally during the year) The quantities of water available/ exploited The quantity of the various water resources The present level of utilisation of the various water resources The potential and limitations for the development of various types of water resources in the County. Rainfall patterns and intensities Potential ground water recharge areas. Wajir County is located in the former North Eastern province of Kenya. The county lies between latitudes 3 0 N 60 N and 0 0 20N and Longitudes 39 0 E and 4 0 E and covers an area of 56,685.9 Km 2. It borders Somalia to the East, Ethiopia to the North, Mandera County to the Northeast, Isiolo County to the South West, Marsabit County to the West and Garissa County to the South. Wajir County is to a large extent situated in the Middle and Lower Catchment of the Ewaso Ngiro which enters the county after the Junction (confluence of Ewaso Ngiro and Ewaso Narok) and extends downstream to the Lorian swamp. Approach This study relied heavily on field data collected by WRMA staff in the study area, existing borehole data, existing literature on the subject, previous studies and government data bases. The approach for this study can be broadly summarized as follows: Desk Review; Field Data collection on both ground and surface water Data Analysis and Interpretation Data Synthesis Preparation of Draft Report iii
Preparation of Final Report The issues and related recommendations presented below are meant to provide policy makers/decisions makers with relevant data on surface and groundwater assessment for decision making in Wajir County.. Existing Water Supply The water supply sources in Wajir County include laggas/streams, boreholes, shallow wells, earth dams, sand dams, water pans and rainwater harvesting. The characteristics which influence preferential use of water sources are:- Water quality Walking distance Water cost at source Operational status and number of consumers Water yield and its constraints during the dry seasons Number and density of the water points. There are no reliable permanent surface water sources so most of the reliable water sources are subsurface such as boreholes, shallow wells and pans. During both rainy seasons, the population covers its water needs mainly from rain water and run-off water, collected in diverse surface collection points, in particular in water pans, combined with permanent water sources (boreholes and shallow wells). During both dry seasons (Jilal and Hagaa), the population relies on water pans, shallow wells and boreholes, especially once water pans have dried up. Although in normal years the water available in water pans can last throughout the dry season, in years of severe drought, pans are no longer able to act as a water source, as they cannot last 3 months after the last rains. There are 4,360 shallow wells and 252 boreholes (CIDP,203). Only 965 households in the county have roof catchment representing per cent of the households. The average distance to the nearest water point is 0 Kms. The current water supply coverage is not equitable with most areas not having access to clean reliable water supply. The survey also revealed that many of the abstractors in the County did not have legal permits. It was also noted that data, especially borehole records are either incomplete or critical information has been omitted. The following observations were made from the borehole records collected from MOWI, WRMA, NWCPC and the County Government of Wajir; Some borehole records did not have borehole coordinates and names. iv
Most of the borehole records have not been updated and therefore the borehole status after drilling and commissioning is not known. Very few of the borehole records had complete test pumping data. The only data was the tested yields and the dynamic level. None of the borehole water quality records includes results of bacteriological analyses. The available records are too bulky Conclusions Results from the abstraction survey show that there is an acute water scarcity with only 40 per cent of the population having access to safe water. The proportion of households with access to piped water is.4% of the county s population. Griftu, Eldas, Habaswein, Masalale are some of the centers with water supply systems serving consumers mainly through water kiosks. Approximately,320 households and institutions in these centers are connected to the system. The rest of the population use unsafe water direct from the laggas, boreholes, shallow wells and pans. The Water quality for piped sources depend mainly on the type of source used. Water quality of boreholes is generally good and treatment may not be necessary before distribution. Shallow wells have high contamination levels and hence chlorination is required to supply safe drinking water. Water from laggas/streams require treatment before distribution due to contamination and high turbidity. There is also need to protect the water supplies from contamination especially in areas of shallow aquifer like Wajir town as experience has shown many times that investments in water supply protection are more effective and efficient than site remediation. Indeed, after a site is contaminated, it is not always feasible to restore it. Recommendations Continuous monitoring needs to be instituted to ensure compliance of abstractors to the permitted volumes of abstraction. Water permit issuance and control should be improved as most of the abstraction in Wajir County is illegal. Areas where there is evidence of over-abstraction, issuance of permits should be stopped. Discharge of waste substances that may be toxic into the river/stream is illegal and should be strictly avoided to preserve water quality. Water intakes should be desilted regularly to avoid clogging and non-piped water supply sources upgraded to reduce water point contamination. Management of these water points should be improved and abstraction rates controlled. Water from rivers and streams have high turbidity contamination and require treatment before distribution. Shallow wells have high bacteriological contamination levels and thus chlorination is recommended. v
Improvement in record keeping especially on borehole data and better management of water permit issuance and control is recommended as most of the water supply points are illegal. Increased surveillance of public health and the water distribution points should be prioritized. Attention should also be placed on waste disposal especially in urban centres and areas of shallow aquifers like Wajir town. 2. Surface Water The main sources of surface water in Wajir County are mainly dams and pans which draw the water from the seasonal river (laggas) and runoff from localized catchments and hills. Water pans in Wajir are rain-fed twice per year, during the months of April and October. Pans along the Lagh Bor are filled by flood waters from the Ethiopian highlands. The capacity of these pans ranges from 2,000 m 3 to 6,000 m 3. The length of time that a pan holds water depends not only upon total capacity but also upon water depth, seepage losses through the soil, and evaporation rates. Most water pans dry out completely after 2 to 3 months of the normal dry season (between July and September). However, there are a few large pans (notably in Bute, Korondile, Qudama, Adidijole) that hold water the entire year during a normal year. As water levels decrease, water is rationed and human consumption is prioritized above animal consumption. The water quality also decreases, as sediment becomes more concentrated in the water pan. Conclusions Surface water has not been fully utilized in Wajir County. Though most of the rivers are seasonal (laggas/streams), storage infrastructure facilities can be developed and put in place to harvest the water during the rainy season to be used during the dry spell. Surface water from rivers/laggas is contaminated and has high levels of turbidity which require treatment before human consumption. A total of 67 water pans were identified in Wajir County. The general status of the pans is that they are silted with no riparian vegetation. The pans have no proper silt traps thus the silts end up in the pans. Although the pans are a major source of water for domestic and livestock use, they are not well taken care of and most are not fenced and have no provision for livestock watering. Most of the pans (64%) are community owned while the County Government of Wajir and National Irrigation Board (NIB) own one pan each, accounting for.2%. Other pans are owned by the public (23%), Groups (5%) and Individuals (7%). Recommendations vi
Surface water has not been fully utilized to optimum capacity in the County, this can be done by developing storage infrastructure facilities to harvest the water during the rainy season to be used during the dry season. Currently water harvesting by roof catchment in Wajir County stands at % with only 965 households. Harnessing water harvesting through roof catchment should therefore be encouraged as one of the method of optimizing the use of surface water and as one of the strategies for addressing the water needs of Wajir County. The pans are a major source of water for domestic and livestock use, it is therefore recommended that to prevent contamination they should be fenced and troughs constructed as a provision for livestock watering. The flood flows from Ethiopian highlands can be harnessed for domestic, livestock or irrigation use by constructing a dam especially on the basement rocks of Wajir County. A complete feasibility study should be carried out to select a suitable site for a dam or several dams. 3. Ground Water Groundwater is one of the major sources of water in Wajir County. The main controlling factor for occurrence of ground water is the type of rocks it occurs in. These water bearing rocks are classified as either regional or local aquifers. Under regional aquifers are found: i. Regional aquifers in sedimentary rocks - This is a system that occurs in pervious sedimentary rocks. It allows continuous groundwater flow over large areas with recharge usually occurring on one side. The aquifer is recharged by rainfall and from the Marsabit high ground Area. ii. Regional Aquifers in Volcanic Rocks Areas - Groundwater in volcanic rocks is limited to fractures, weathering and erosional levels (old land surfaces) within the volcanic. The suitability of the volcanic as aquifers depend largely on the development of secondary structures mainly faults. Another major factor is the degree of weathering of these volcanic rocks and their porosity. The recharge in this aquifer is mainly replenished from high lying areas to the North West and partly from percolation of annual rainfall. The Lagh Bogal fault is presumed to be a recharge zone for this aquifer. This aquifer cover a small area to the west of Wajir. Local aquifers occur as isolated groundwater pockets, which do not allow inter-aquifer groundwater movement. They occur in three types of sub-system; i. Local Aquifer Systems in Localized Sedimentary Deposits - This consists of localized fluviatile, lacustrine deposits, which are isolated from each other aquifers by other impervious rocks (mostly clays). In this category are placed the perched aquifers found in the fluviatile deposits of the Lorian Swamp and other vii
ii. iii. ephemeral river systems, as well as all perched aquifers found in Wajir shallow aquifer, Lagh Dera, Lagh Suri and Lagh Bogal alluvial aquifers. Local Aquifer Sub-System Faulted and/or Weathered Basement - This consists of local weathered pockets and/or faulted zones in the Basement System. These are pockets containing small isolated groundwater reservoirs which are surrounded by pockets of non-weathered Basement rocks fully separating them from other aquifers. The major water bearing formations in the area are; weathered and fractured Basement system rocks, contact zones between weathered and fresh Basement rocks and alluvial deposits overlying Basement rocks. Colluvial - Alluvial Aquifers - These are located along the existing seasonal rivers extending longitudinally and transversely in the area. They include Lagh Dera, Lagh Bhogal, Lagh Bor and Lagh Kotulo and other small rivers within the study area. Chemical Composition of Groundwater The quality of ground water from alluvial ground waters is generally good, though it may be prone to contamination where it is shallow and unconfined. The Basement and alluvial formations are known to exhibit poor water quality, with predominantly saline water at greater depths especially in areas where there is no groundwater movement. In volcanic rocks, groundwater is of bicarbonate type with low TDS and low electrical conductivity. There are also pockets of high fluoride content Groundwater Recharge Zones In most cases, the local aquifer systems are recharged by the local rainfall except where the aquifer lies in a river valley in which case the river also helps to recharge such aquifers. This is the commonest case in the local aquifers located in the weathered Basement zones. In regional aquifer systems, recharge occurs on one side of the aquifer and groundwater flows to distant sections of the aquifer where it is either stored or it is discharged naturally as springs, swamps, rivers or into the sea. For Wajir County, the high altitude areas considered to be recharge zones include, Mt. Kenya. Mt. Marsabit and the hills along Kenya-Ethiopia boarder. Groundwater Potential Three classes of groundwater potential zones were identified for Wajir County as follows:- i. High groundwater potential zones These areas have yields of >0 m 3 /hr and include the Merti Aquifer which forms several oval shaped rings running in a NW-SE direction Shantabak Lorian Swamp area, Habaswein-Dadaab- Liboi viii
ii. axis coinciding with Lagh Dera. The lateral extent of the aquifer appear well defined ranging between 40 and 65 kilometres width, covering an area of about 2,400 km 2. On the fringes of the Merti Aquifer, the yields are poorer, with lower Q/s and deteriorating water quality the further you move from Lagh Dera. Medium groundwater potential zones - Borehole yields in the medium groundwater potential zone falls within the range of 5 0 m 3 /hr. Most areas in this zone lie around the Merti aquifer zone where the tested borehole yields are in the range of 5-0 m 3 /hr. It coincides with the Lagh Dera / Ewaso Ngiro River. iii. Low groundwater potential zones - Boreholes usually have yields between 0.5 and 5 m 3 /hr and water level depths reach 50 00 m. It includes the greater part of Wajir County, the areas north and south of the Merti Aquifer. The Mansa Guda formation of Wajir County falls within this low groundwater potential. Conclusions The occurrence of groundwater is closely related to the geology of Wajir County. The types of rocks are the main controlling factor for ground water occurrence. Two types of aquifer systems, Regional and Local aquifers have been identified to be the source of ground water. Regional aquifers allow continuous groundwater flow over large areas and they occur in two types of rocks, sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Local aquifers occur as isolated groundwater pockets, which do not allow inter-aquifer groundwater movement and they also occur in three types of sub-systems, localized sedimentary deposits, faulted and/or weathered basement and alluvium/colluvial aquifers Groundwater abstraction has not been fully utilized hence deficit in some areas. This is due to lack of awareness and understanding of aquifer systems coupled with inadequate data or un-validated data on ground water in Wajir County. It is therefore important to understand the complex nature of groundwater flow, storage and contamination to reduce the vulnerability of the resource base to irreversible damage through over abstraction. Although the Merti aquifer zone is underutilized in terms of groundwater abstraction, the general problem in the study area is to find water in economically exploitable quantities. The study also reveals that there is insufficient hydrogeological evidence of the boreholes drilled in both basement and volcanic formations. To curb the low rate of successful boreholes in the study area, it is necessary to carry out extensive surveys using a combination of survey methods to understand the different rock formation and if they have high, medium or low water potential. It is also important to institute measures for groundwater quality monitoring as water from different rock types have different chemical composition. Basement and alluvial formations are known to exhibit poor water quality, which is saline at greater depths. In volcanic rocks, groundwater is of bicarbonate type with low TDS and pockets of high ix
fluoride content. Thus it is indispensable to make clear the various aspects of water quality and also to define specific levels of drinking water standards, especially for the small community water supplies. Recommendations An assessment of the inventory of borehole records revealed that most of the records either had incomplete data or the borehole test data was not accurately recorded. To avoid misstating the groundwater resources of the study area, it is recommended that accurate borehole data records be kept. These records should also contain updates on the status of the boreholes after drilling and commissioning. To gauge the quality of drilling, design and development of newly-completed wells, it is recommended that pumping tests be carried out. Pumping test will also give vital information on aquifer parameters and an understanding of the hydrogeology of the area. The study revealed that there is insufficient geological and hydrogeological evidence of the boreholes drilled in both volcanic and basement aquifers. Further studies are recommended to understand the ground water potential and future borehole drilling should be based on detailed geophysical surveys in order to pinpoint the favourable spots for exploitation. Based on the analysis of the available data collected during the survey, it is recommended that dug wells and pans be constructed in areas where the water demand is high and where development of boreholes is not possible. Dug wells can be developed in the areas of shallow aquifer where the water table is considered to be high and close to the ground surface. The shallow aquifers occur mainly in areas of basement and in the Merti aquifers. The groundwater potential of the Merti aquifer is high as there is an approximate recharge of 30M m 3 /year (Gibb Africa, 2004) of water and what is abstracted is approximately 3.7M m 3 /year. Boreholes can be developed in areas with high potential (well fields) and the water channeled to other areas where the potential is low. The proposed Habaswein-Wajir Water Supply project is a case in point. The project proposes to draw water from the Merti Aquifer to supply Wajir town with drinking water, through a 20 km pipeline. It is technically more cost effective to rehabilitate and improve existing groundwater sources especially shallow wells and construction of subsurface dams than the construction of new boreholes. It is therefore recommended that the County should implement projects with less technical know-how and financial resources in the short and mid-term while those that require specialized expertise and more financial outlay to be implemented as long-term projects. x
One of the methods for improving water supply in Wajir County is through Artificial Ground Water Recharge. This can be done on a pilot scheme, one scenario is by diverting flood waters from Ethiopian Highlands into flat open areas along the main river channels of Lagh Bor and Lagh Kotulo. Through percolation this water can recharge the shallow aquifers of Wajir town and its environs. 4. Water Quality Water quality is a term used to define the suitability of water for various uses. Any particular use will have certain requirements for the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water hence water may be unsuitable for human use but is quite suitable for irrigation or livestock use. Although many uses have some common requirements for certain parameters, defined below is the water quality for different uses in Wajir County. (i) Human Consumption In general the water quality in Wajir County is suitable for human consumption but should undergo treatment before direct ingestion depending on the source. Water from the rivers/laghas, pans and dams is very turbid and grossly contaminated with Feacal Coliforms and therefore not suitable for direct human consumption. The sources require full water treatment involving coagulation, filtration and disinfection. Disinfection alone without first removal of turbidity may not achieve the desired goals. Water from boreholes is generally safe and suitable for human consumption except where the levels of some elements may pose human health challenges due to concentrations which are above the recommended thresholds. The suitability should therefore be assessed per individual borehole basis but generally boreholes in the county are safe for human use. It is however advisable to undertake frequent water quality tests for both chemical and bacteriological quality to ensure good quality water is supplied. (ii) Livestock Consumption The quality of most water resources in Wajir County can support livestock production. Animals are more hardy and tolerant to diverse water quality conditions than human and therefore a number of water sources which may not be suitable for human consumption can still support livestock. However care must be taken to avoid the risk of human contamination by undesirable levels of pollutants through food chain, e.g. milk. (iii) Irrigation xi
The main parameters determining the suitability of water for irrigation purposes are Sodium, Calcium and Potassium. Their concentrations in the County are relatively low. Most rivers/laghs, pans and dams have very turbid water which though may be chemically suitable for irrigation but may pose challenges to irrigation systems by clogging the channels through deposition of suspended matter. This may require frequent desilting and de-clogging of the channels which can make irrigation expensive. Boreholes in the county are generally clear and chemically suitable for irrigation but some are highly mineralised which may render them unsuitable for irrigation purposes. In general the water in Wajir County is suitable for irrigation. Conclusions Water pans and dams play an important role in water provision in these area, however many of them are not protected and allow access by both human and animals to the water points. This has compromised their water quality by some having extremely high turbid water and high levels of faecal contamination. The water quality can be improved by providing cattle troughs outside the dam and pan area to allow for cattle to be watered away from the facilities. The facilities should be desilted and silt traps constructed to prevent suspended solid loads from silting the facilities. Some of the pollutants are transported to the dam and pans by Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The threat of water resources pollution through human waste contamination is real in and around Wajir town. The town lies on a shallow aquifer and the water table in the area is very high which has encouraged the development of many individual shallow wells in the town and its environs to meet the growing water demand due to population increase. The water from these wells is free, and hence they are very important to the poor and very poor who do not possess the purchasing power to buy water from boreholes. It was also observed that a number of shallow wells around Wajir town were contaminated with faecal coliforms. This could possibly have been due to interaction between the wells and the pit latrines in the town since they share the same water level and some are sited very close to one another. This is not only a threat to public health but also to the groundwater resources. Recommendations Water quality monitoring and surveillance programs should be incorporated into the ground and surface water monitoring systems. This will forestall incidences of water quality degradation and determine trends which can help in management decisions. Simple portable instruments are available which are easy to use and maintain. Examples are ph meter, Electrical Conductivity/TDS/Salinity meters, Turbidimeter and Colorimeter. It is recommended that sampling for specialised analysis be done regularly and should be referred to a registered Laboratory. xii
The shallow wells especially in Wajir town should be frequently disinfected and tested to make them safe and suitable for human use. Piped water supplies should be extended to cover all parts of the town including the informal settlements. Siting of the wells in relation to the pit latrines should be addressed by the relevant authorities. Full water treatment or provision of alternative water sources is recommended for areas without good quality water. These areas include Sebule sub county, Gurar, Habaswein, Hadado, areas surrounding Lagh Bogol.. It is recommended that those staying close to and using surface water sources should disinfect and or boil drinking water to avoid the risk of contracting waterborne diseases. Fencing of the water facilities especially the dams to deter unauthorized entry should be considered. Trees should be planted around the pans which will also aid in desilting. An assessment of individual water source s Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) should be studied to effectively determine which type of crops can thrive in specific locations of the county. 5. Water Demand Water demand in Wajir County is determined by both human population, livestock population and social economic status. The water consumption rates in urban centers are also influenced by the social and economic infrastructure existing in the area. The current situations have been estimated based on data from the 2009 Census and other available official data. Water Demand Projections This study projects the water demand in the sequence of; Initial period (206), Future period (2020), Ultimate period (2030), Penultimate (2050). The projections as shown in table below. Water Demand Present and Future Projections Water Use Water Demand m 3 /day 206 (Present) 2020 (Future) 2030 (Ultimate) 2050(Penultimate) Domestic 9403.32 42,896.69 58,892.78 0,9.2 Industrial 3.98 498.38 684.23 2,559.43 Livestock 48, 936.35 56,654.35 75,949.35 04,050.55 Wildlife 57.04 57.04 57.04 57.04 Total 58,50.69 00,06.46 35,583.4 27,578.22 Water Abstraction xiii
Water abstraction in Wajir is dependent on the rainy seasons as it influences the mode of abstraction being used. Pans are used during and after the rainy seasons for an extended period of up to 2 months. Boreholes are used after the pans have dried up. The total holding capacity of pans in the County is 2,42,400 m 3. The estimated boreholes yield is 20,623.65 m 3 /day, when they are pumped for a maximum of 5 hours a day and the demand of water per day is at 58,50.69 m 3 /day. Even when the boreholes are pumped for 20 hours a day and an assumption is made that all the pumps are working efficiently with no breakdowns, the boreholes will yield 27,498.2 m 3 /day. This total yield is barely enough to meet half the needs of the water demand. Current Water Deficit The current water deficit is shown in the table below Current Demand Available Water BH pumped 5 hrs/day Available Water BH pumped 20 hrs/day 58,50.69 m 3 /day 20,623.65 m 3 /day 27,498.2 m 3 /day Deficit 37,887.04 m 3 /day 3,02.49 m 3 /day Conclusions The water needs of the population of the people of Wajir County are only met during the rainy seasons when the pans have filled with water and accessibility by all residents is guaranteed. Pans are available all over Wajir County with sufficient water to meet the demands of the residents for two months. During the dry season, most pans are dry and residents depend on boreholes for their water needs. There is a critical water shortage and majority of the residents are forced to reduce their water usage by more than half. Even when the boreholes are pumped for 20 hours a day the deficit is still 3,02.49 m 3 /day. This is more than half of the water demand scenario. Recommendations The water demand in 2030 will be double the current demand, this puts a lot of pressure on the current water sources bearing in mind the current demand cannot be met especially during severe drought. In the short and long term, alternative water sources have to be considered and developed. Urban Water Supply System should increase their water supply capacity. An additional capacity of 20,000 m 3 /day should be added by 2030. This can be realised through the development of the following three types of projects; xiv
. Rehabilitation of Existing UWSS -Water meters should be installed in every household and old pipes replaced with new ones that can handle larger volumes of water. In addition, the rehabilitation should include replacement and repair of mechanical and electrical equipment and pumping stations. 2. Expansion and construction of new UWSS - The total capacity of expansion to meet future demands should be 20,000 m 3 /day by the year 2030. This will include expansion of Wajir town and Habaswein water supply system. New water supply systems should be undertaken in Tarbaj, Bute, Griftu and Eldas urban centres. 3. Construction of a sewerage system - Construction of sewer system in urban centres will help in preserving the ground water especially in urban centres with high ground water levels like Wajir town. The sewer water can be recycled and used for other purposes like irrigation. 4. Feasibility studies be carried out for areas and projects that are viable to increase the water supply in Wajir County. xv
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS... xvi LIST OF PLATES... xxii LIST OF FIGURES... xxiii LIST OF TABLES... xxiv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS... xxv GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS... xxvii CHAPTER ONE... INTRODUCTION.... Background to the Project....2 Objectives, Tasks and Deliverables....2. Objectives of the Assignment....2.2 Tasks....2.3 Deliverables... 2.3 The Economic Justification for Water Resources Assessment... 3.4 Ewaso Ng iro North Catchment Area (ENNCA)... 4.4. Ewaso Daua Sub Region... 5.5 Roles of Different Actors... 5.5. Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA)... 5.5.2 Water Resources Users Associations (WRUAs)... 6.5.3 Consultant... 6.5.4 Wajir County Government... 6 CHAPTER TWO... 8 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA... 8 2. Location and Size... 8 2.2. Administrative units... 9 2.3. Physical and Topographic Features... 0 2.3. Topographical Relief and Land Forms... 0 2.3.2 Drainage... 2.3.3.Soils... 2 2.3.4 Vegetation... 5 2.3.5. Geology and Geomorphology... 6 2.3.5.. Triassic Sediments... 6 2.3.5.2: Jurassic Period... 8 2.3.5.3: Cretaceous Sediments... 8 2.3.4. Hydrocarbon Prospects in the Study Area... 20 2.4 Climate... 2 2.4. Ecological Zone... 2 2.4.2 Rainfall... 2 2.4.3 Temperature... 23 2.4.4: Evapotranspiration... 23 2.5 Hydrology of Sub-Catchment Basins... 25 2.5.. Lagh Boghal... 25 xvi
2.5.2. Ewaso Ngiro River/Lagh Dera... 25 2.5.3. Lagh Bor... 26 2.5.3..Lagha Suri/Lagha Kotulo... 27 2.5.3.2. The Lagh Dima... 27 2.6. Socio-Economic Profile... 28 2.6. Land Use... 28 2.6... Livelihood... 28 2.6.2. Demographic Characteristics... 29 2.6.2. Human Population... 29 2.6.2.2 Population Density and Distribution... 29 2.6.2. Road network... 30 CHAPTER THREE... 33 EVALUATION OF THE EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SITUATION... 33 3. Introduction... 33 3.2. Description of Different Water Sources... 33 3.2.. Surface Water... 33 3.2... Water Pans... 33 3.2.2.2. Earth Dams... 34 3.2.2.3. Sand Dams... 34 3.2.2.4. Charco Dams... 35 3.2.2. Groundwater... 36 3.2.2. Shallow Wells... 36 3.2.2.2 Boreholes... 36 3.3. Existing Piped Water Supplies in the County... 37 3.4. Distance to nearest water points... 38 3.5. Characteristics of Piped Water Supplies in the county... 38 3.5. Water Quality... 38 3.5.2. Reliability... 38 3.6 Gaps in Water Supply and Sanitation... 38 CHAPTER FOUR... 39 SURFACE WATER... 39 4. Introduction... 39 4.2 Drainage System... 39 4.3. Analysis of Climatic Parameters... 40 4.3. Rainfall Analysis... 4 4.3.. Rainfall Distribution... 4 4.3..2. Monthly Rainfall... 4 4.3..3. Rainfall variability... 43 4.3..4 Temperature Analysis... 43 4.3. 5 Evaporation Analysis... 44 4.4 Assessment of Surface Water Potential... 45 4.4.. Capacity of the Water Pans... 46 4.4.2 Status of Water Pans and their Use... 48 4.5. Proposal for Catchment Modelling... 48 xvii
4.5. Rainfall Runoff Model... 48 4.5.2 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT Model)... 5 CHAPTER FIVE... 52 GROUND WATER... 52 5. Introduction... 52 5.2. Groundwater Occurrence... 52 5.2..Regional Aquifers in Sedimentary Rocks... 52 5.2.. Regional Aquifer System in the Merti Beds of Wajir Garissa County... 52 5.2..2 Regional Aquifers in Volcanic Rocks Areas... 54 5.2.2. Local Aquifer Systems... 56 5.2.2. Local Aquifer Systems in Localized Sedimentary Deposits... 56 5.2.2.2 Local Aquifer Sub-System Faulted and/or Weathered Basement... 56 5.2.2.3. Colluvial - Alluvial Aquifers... 56 5.3. Groundwater Levels and their fluctuation... 56 5.3.. Ground Water Depletion... 57 5.4. Groundwater Flow... 57 5.5.Groundwater Age and Transit Time... 59 5.6 Chemical Composition of Groundwater... 59 5.7. Transmissibility, Specific Capacity and Yield... 60 5.7.. Basement Aquifer... 60 5.7.2. Alluvial aquifer... 60 5.8 Description of the Groundwater Quality in Wajir County... 6 5.9. Ground Water Recharge Mechanism... 6 5.9.. Basement Aquifer Recharge Mechanism... 62 5.9.2.Colluvial-Alluvial Sediments Recharge Mechanism... 63 5.9.3. Volcanic Aquifer Systems Recharge Mechanism... 63 5.0. Groundwater Recharge Zones... 64 5.0. Mt. Kenya... 64 5.0.2 Mt. Marsabit... 64 5.0.3. The Hills along the Kenya-Ethiopia Border... 64 5.. Groundwater Potential... 65 5.. High Groundwater Potential Areas... 65 5..2 Medium Groundwater Potential Zone... 66 5..3 Low Groundwater Potential Zones... 66 CHAPTER SIX... 68 WATER QUALITY... 68 6.. Introduction... 68 6.2 ph... 68 6.3 Colour... 70 6.4 Iron... 7 6.5 Potassium... 72 6.6 Temperature... 73 6.7 Sodium... 74 6.8 Turbidity... 75 xviii
6.9 Magnesium... 77 6.0 Calcium... 78 6. Arsenic... 79 6.2 Chloride... 80 6.3 Faecal Coliform... 8 6.4 Fluorides... 82 6.5 Total Alkalinity... 83 6.6 Electrical Conductivity... 84 6.7. Total Dissolved Solids... 85 6.8.Manganese... 87 6.9. Dissolved Oxygen... 88 6.20. Total Hardness... 90 6.2. Summary... 9 6.23. Conclusion/Recommendations... 92 CHAPTER SEVEN... 94 PRESENT AND FUTURE WATER DEMANDS... 94 7. Introduction... 94 7.2 Current Water Situation... 94 7.2. Water Pans... 95 7.2.2 Shallow Wells... 95 7.2.3 Boreholes... 96 7.3 Water Transporters... 98 7.4 Crop production... 99 7.4. Acreage under Food Crops and Cash Crop... 00 7.5 Main Livestock Breed... 00 7.6 Main Industrial Activities... 00 7.7 Main Wildlife... 00 7.8 Main Forest types and size of forests... 00 7.9 Demand Situation... 0 7.0 Population Projection... 0 7. Water Demand Projection... 02 7... Domestic Water Demand... 03 7... Present Water Demand... 03 7...2.Future Water Demand... 04 7..2. Industrial Water Demand... 06 7..2.. Present Industrial Water Demand... 06 7..2.2. Future Industrial Water Demand... 07 7..3.. Present Livestock Water Demand... 07 7..3.2. Future Livestock Water Demand... 08 7..4. Wildlife Water Demand... 09 7..4.. Present Water Demand... 09 7..4.2. Future Wildlife Water Demand... 7.2. Water Abstraction... 7.3. Conclusion... 2 xix
CHAPTER EIGHT...3 PROPOSED OPTIMUM WATER RESOURCE MONITORING NETWORK...3 8.. Introduction... 3 8.2. Current Monitoring Initiatives... 3 8.3. Surface Water Monitoring... 3 8.3.. Design of Optimal Hydro-Meteorological Network... 3 8.3.2. Objectives of the Hydro-Meteorological Network in Wajir County... 4 8.3.3. Data to be collected... 4 8.3.4. Hydrometric Network... 5 8.3.5. Precipitation Network... 6 8.3.6. Climatic Network... 7 8.3.7. Sediment Monitoring Network... 7 8.3.8. Required Equipment s for Surface Water Measurements... 7 8.3.9. Budget for Implementing the Proposed Networks... 8 8.4. Ground Water Monitoring... 8 8.5. Water Quality Monitoring... 2 8.5.. Instrumentation in Water Quality Monitoring... 2 8.6. Data System Control Management... 2 CHAPTER NINE...23 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...23 9.. Introduction... 23 9.2. Existing Water Supply... 23 9.2.. Conclusions... 24 9.2.2. Recommendations... 25 9.3. Surface Water... 25 9.3.. Conclusions... 26 9.3.2. Recommendations... 26 9.4. Ground Water... 26 9.4.. Chemical Composition of Groundwater... 27 9.4.2. Groundwater Recharge Zones... 28 9.4.3. Groundwater Potential... 28 9.4.4. Conclusions... 28 9.4.5. Recommendations... 29 9.5. Water Quality... 30 9.5.. Conclusions... 3 9.5.2. Recommendations... 32 9.6. Water Demand... 33 9.6.. Water Demand Projections... 33 9.6.2. Water Abstraction... 33 9.6.3. Current Water Deficit... 34 9.6.4. Conclusions... 34 9.6.5. Recommendations... 34 REFERENCES...36 ANNEX..WATER PANS & DAMS...39 xx
ANNEX 2.BOREHOLE...45 ANNEX 3.DRY BOREHOLE...52 ANNEX 4.YIELDING BOREHOLE...54 ANNEX 5 : RAINFALL DATA -980-989...58 ANNEX 6.TEMPRETURE DATA-990-204...6 ANNEX 7.EVAPORATION DATA -990-202...63 ANNEX 8: ANALYSIS OF PANS, PER DIVISION...64 ANNEX 9: SPECIFICATIONS OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENTS...79 ANNEX 0 COST ESTIMATE FOR MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATION.8 xxi
LIST OF PLATES Plate.Counties Covered By Ewaso Ngiro Catchment Area... 5 Plate 2. Wajir County... 8 Plate 3. Topographical Map of the Study Area... 0 Plate 4. Drainage systems... Plate 5 Showing the Soil Types... 2 Plate 6. Soil Moisture Content in Wajir County... 3 Plate 7. Soil Erosion Map Indicating Risk Zones... 4 Plate 8. Vegetation Distribution... 5 Plate 9.General Geology of the Study Area... 9 Plate 0. Average Annual Rainfall... 22 Plate. Livelihood zones... 28 Plate 3.Road Network in the County... 3 Plate 4. Accessibility Constraints in Wajir County... 32 Plate 5: Drainage System in Wajir County... 40 Plate 6: Spatial distribution of Rainfall in Wajir County... 4 Plate 7: Distribution of Pans within the Divisions of Wajir County... 47 Plate 8.Mandera Jurrassic Regional Aquifer... 53 Plate 9.Regional Aquifer in Volcanic Rocks... 55 Plate 20 Ground Water Level... 58 Plate 2.Groundwater Potential Classification in Wajir County... 67 Plate 22.Spatial Distribution of ph... 69 Plate 23 Shows Spatial Distribution of Colour in Wajir County... 70 Plate 24. Spatial distribution of Iron concentrations... 7 Plate 25.Distribution Of Potassium Concentrations... 72 Plate 26.Spatial Distribution of Temperature... 73 Plate 27.Distribution of Sodium Concentration... 75 Plate 28. Spatial Distribution of Turbidity... 76 Plate 29 Spatial Distribution of Magnesium Concentrations... 77 Plate 30. Spatial distribution of Calcium... 78 Plate 3. Spatial distribution of Colour... 79 Plate 32 Spatial distribution of Chlorides... 80 Plate 33 Spatial Distribution of Faecal Contaminations... 8 Plate 34. Spatial distribution of Fluoride levels... 82 Plate 35.Spatial distribution of Total Alkalinity... 83 Plate 36.Spatial distribution of Electrical Conductivity... 85 Plate 37. Distribution of TDS Concentrations... 87 Plate 38.Spatial Distribution of Manganese Concentrations... 88 Plate 38. Spatial Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen... 89 Plate 39.Spatial Distribution of Water Hardness... 90 Plate 40 Proposed River Gauging Stations... 6 Plate 4.Ground Water Monitoring Network... 9 xxii
LIST OF FIGURES Figure. Stratigraphy of the Mandera Basin... 7 Figure 2. History of Exploration in Wajir County Block... 20 Figure 3. Tarbaj Oil Seep... 20 Figure 4: Rainfall Distribution in Wajir County... 2 Figure 5.Temperature Distribution in Wajir County... 23 Figure 6. Mean Monthly Evaporation... 24 Figure 7. Pictorial Depiction of a Water Pan... 33 Figure 8. Pictorial Depiction of a Water Pan... 34 Figure 9 (a) Plan view, (b) side view and (c) photo of a charco dam Courtesy of Mati... 36 Figure 0. Shallow Well... 36 Figure. Borehole... 37 Figure 2: Monthly Rainfall at Giriftu, Habaswein and Wajir Rainfall Stations... 42 Figure 3: Monthly Rainfall at Gurar and Buna Rainfall Stations... 42 Figure 4: Rainfall variability at Wajir Town... 43 Figure 5: Maximum Monthly Temperatures at Wajir Town... 43 Figure 6: Monthly Evaporation at Wajir Town... 45 Figure 7: Variation in Evaporation Rates at Wajir Town... 45 Figure 8: Water Pan Ownership... 46 Figure 9: Processes of NAM Model... 50 Figure 20.Average ph in Wajir County... 69 Figure 2.Village Typology and Water Access Framework... 99 xxiii
LIST OF TABLES Table : Area of the County by Sub-County and Divisions... 9 Table 2. Geological Succession in the Study Area... 6 Table 3. The Stratigraphy of Mansa Guda Formation... 7 Table 4. Geological Succession of Didimtu Beds... 8 Table 5. Mean Monthly Evaporation... 23 Table 6: Livestock Population in Wajir County (2009 Census)... 29 Table 7: Population Distribution and Density by Constituency/Sub-County... 30 Table 8: Hourly Yield of Operational Boreholes... 37 Table 9: Mean Max and Min Temperatures in Wajir Town... 44 Table 0: Total capacities of water pans per Division... 46 Table0: Transmissivity, Storage Coefficients and Specific Capacity of Basement Aquifers... 60 Table: Transmissivity... 60 Table 2.Groundwater Potential Classification- EC Borehole Yields and Salinity... 65 Table 3.Effects of Electrical Conductivity in water... 84 Table 4 shows some of the effects of Total Dissolved solids (TDS) in a water source... 86 Table 5. Urban and Rural Population projection between 205-2050 in Wajir County02 Table 6.Design Water Consumption Ratio (Unit: L/person/day)... 04 Table 7.Current Water Demand... 04 Table 8.Standard Values and Proposed Values for Unit Residential Water Demand... 05 Table 9.Future Water Demand... 06 Table 20.Water Consumption Rate by Industrial Group... 07 Table 2.Future Industrial Water Demand... 07 Table 22. Livestock Unit... 08 Table 23.Present Livestock Unit... 08 Table 24.Future Livestock Water Demand... 09 Table 25.Unit Water Consumption Rates for Wildlife... 0 Table 26.Estimated Daily Water Consumption by Species... 0 Table 27.Estimate of Distribution of Wildlife... Table 28.Summary of Water Demand in Wajir County... 2 Table 29. Current Water Deficit... 2 Table 30.Proposed Precipitation Network in Wajir County... 7 xxiv
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AGR ALRMP AMP ASAL CDF CMS DANIDA EIA EMCA ENNCA ENNDA GIS GoK GW IWRM KEBS MDNKOAL MTAP NCF NEMA NGO NIB NRM PWL WRMA WSL WSTF SW WQ Artificial Groundwater Recharge Arid Lands Resources Management Programme Aquifer Management Plan Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Constituency Development Fund Catchment Management Strategy Danish International Development Agency Environmental Impact Assessment Environment Management Coordination Act Ewaso Ng'iro North Catchment Area Ewaso Nyiro National Development Authority Geographical Information System Government of Kenya Groundwater Integrated Water Resources Management Kenya Bureau of Standards Ministry of Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands Mid Term ASAL Programme Nordic Climate Facility National Environmental Management Authority Non-Governmental Organization National Irrigation Board Natural Resource Management Pumped water level Water Resource Management Authority Water Struck Level Water Service Trust Fund Surface Water Water Quality xxv
WRUAs Water Resources Users Associations xxvi
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Area ha m2 km2 = hectare = square meter = square Volume, lit = liter m3 = cubic meter m3/s, cms = cubic meter per second CM = cubic meter MCM = million cubic meter M3/d, cmd = cubic meter per day BBL = Barrel Weight mg g kg t MT Time s hr d yr = milligram = gram = kilogram = ton = metric ton = second = hour = day = year Others % = percent o = degree ' = minute " = second C = degree Celsius LU = livestock unit md = man-day mil. = million no. = number pers. = person xxvii
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION. Background to the Project MTAP 2 is an extension of MTAP Programme effectively implemented between 20-203 and which covered Isiolo County. MTAP 2 is part of a two year Natural Resources Management Programme (NRMP) funded by the Governments of Kenya and Denmark and has been implemented through the State Department of Devolution in the Ministry of Devolution and Planning from 202-204. The program has focused on supporting the decision makers within Wajir County with relevant water resources data and information. The implementation of the component on water resources assessment for Wajir County was through an MOU signed between the Ministry of Devolution and Planning (MDP) and the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) Therefore WRMA whose major mandate is allocation and regulation of water resources is undertaking water resources assessment studies for Wajir County with focus on ground and surface water availability potential as well the related water resources quality with the aim of establishing water development opportunities and limitations in the County..2 Objectives, Tasks and Deliverables.2. Objectives of the Assignment The main objective of the assignment was to carry out an assessment of available water resources with the aim of establishing water development opportunities and limitations in Wajir County to support the County make informed decisions on water resources investments..2.2 Tasks The scope of the work for the project included:. Desk study of the geology, plate tectonics, hydrogeology, geological time scale and associated climatic conditions of each era, all with reference to Northern Kenya; 2. Evaluate surface/groundwater interactions and base contribution from the basins. 3. Identify the aquifers and for each to establish the aquifer physical characteristics, the quality and estimate recharge:- 4. Fieldwork comprising hydrogeological and geophysical surveys using appropriate techniques for groundwater investigations
5. To recommend options for the development and use of groundwater resources in the County 6. Recommendation for five exploratory boreholes drilling sites in the county and possible supervision of the identified exploratory borehole drilling for aquifer data collection;(to be placed before bullet 0 below) 7. Analysis of all desk, field geophysical data and exploratory drilling and aquifer testing data; 8. Preparation of County digital Geology and Hydrogeological maps 9. Production of project report including aquifer maps. 0. Dissemination of the project information and data to the County Government for use. The study covered the entire geographical extent of Wajir County and sought to gain insight on: Geographical location of water resources When are these water resources available (seasonally during the year) The quantities of water available/ exploited The quantity of the various water resources The present level of utilisation of the various water resources The potential and limitations for the development of various types of water resources in the County. Rainfall patterns and intensities Potential ground water recharge areas. The consultancy included the following activities: Information collation, synthesis and Analysis Compilation and storage in computer data files Water Use surveys Water Resources monitoring Maps preparation and Digitisation Training Reports and Time Schedules.2.3 Deliverables The following were the expected outputs;. Inception report 2
2. Field data-gw, SW, WQ 3. Draft water allocation plan (GW and SW) 4. Data analysis 5. GIS-water resources-(map layers)- a. Ground water BH-location map b. Geological aquifer map c. Rivers, streams, dams, pans and laggas d. Hydrological piezometric level map e. Ground water potential map f. Hydrological maps rainfall g. Soil maps h. Water quality maps i. Draft optimum water resource monitoring network The Water Resources Assessment study report will be presented in three volumes namely; i. Volume A: Main report comprises of an executive summary, Ground Water assessment, Surface Water assessment, Water Quality assessment reports and recommendations. ii. iii. Volume B: appendices containing detailed data tables, sketch sections and graphs related to the study. Volume C: Set of maps..3 The Economic Justification for Water Resources Assessment Accurate information on the condition and trend of a county s water resources surface water and groundwater, quantity and quality is required to support sustainable economic and social development whilst addressing maintenance of environmental quality. Uses of water resources information are many and varied. Almost every sector of a nation s economy uses water information for planning, development or operational purposes. As a basic necessity water is often difficult to value in absolute economic terms, but in all countries as competition for water increases, water information grows in value. Because the cost of government programmes must be properly justified, it is becoming very important to demonstrate the benefits of hydrological information and analysis. The main advantages of Water Resources Assessment for decision making are;. Inform governments and stakeholders in general of the immense societal benefits at the national and local levels that flow from their investment in the meteorological and hydrological infrastructure that supports the provision of meteorological and related services at the national level in every county. 3
2. Initiate and promote new approaches, in the research, education and applications communities, to evaluation of the social and economic benefits of meteorological and related services; 3. Guide the priorities of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services for infrastructure investment, service provision and service delivery..4 Ewaso Ng iro North Catchment Area (ENNCA) The Ewaso Ng iro North Catchment area is the largest drainage basin in Kenya covering 20,226km 2, approximately 36% of the total area of Kenya. Mean annual rainfall for this catchment ranges from over 800 mm in the highlands to less than 400 mm in the ASAL areas and according to the National Water Master Plan (2030), its annual renewable per capita fresh water availability is about 5534m 3. The headquarters for this catchment is located at Nanyuki Town which also happens to be the county headquarters for the Laikipia County. Ewaso Ng iro North Catchment Area serves ten counties namely Nyandarua, Laikipia, Nyeri, Meru, Isiolo, Samburu, Marsabit, Garissa, Wajir and Mandera. ENNCA has five administrative units namely Engare Narok Melghis, Upper Ewaso Ngiro, Middle Ewaso Ngiro, North Ewaso Laggas and Ewaso Daua sub regions. See plate 4
Plate.Counties Covered By Ewaso Ngiro Catchment Area.4. Ewaso Daua Sub Region Ewaso Daua Sub Region covers Mandera and Wajir Counties and part of Garissa County an area of about 54,950km 2 and fall under the Ewaso Laggas and Daua hydrological management units..5 Roles of Different Actors Before the onset of the project implementation, different actors were identified and specific roles and responsibilities apportioned to them in order to have a smooth project implementation period. The key actors were:.5. Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) The WRMA as a lead agent in the study provided overall guidance to the consultant in carrying out the study, coordinated with the Devolution Ministry as well as County Government of Wajir and in particular was responsible for field data collection by its 5
staff in the ENNCA region. WRMA also was responsible for the technical oversight of the study and therefore reviewed and commented draft reports presented by the consultant..5.2 Water Resources Users Associations (WRUAs) WRUAs in the project area played a key stakeholder role in guiding the field team on effective routes to be followed while collecting data. They also directed on how to easily access the contact persons especially for the community water projects who would assist in responding to the data capture questionnaires. The WRUAs also in conjunction with other government institutions assisted with information concerning security issues during the field work..5.3 Consultant The consultant was involved with secondary data collection, synthesis and analysis of both the primary and secondary data and further prepared map overlays and compiled the final project report..5.4 Wajir County Government The County Government was the main entry point into every sub county and this involved the sub county water officers and also the sub county administrative officers who would advise the field team on various issues that were of concern in the respective sub counties with respect to water resources. The County Government also shared their expectation from the MTAP project on water resources assessment since Wajir County is a water stressed county..4 Methodology The first stage in the WRA was high-level review of the catchment to determine which of the processes in GW and SW are dominant and therefore where subsequent investigations should be targeted. This preliminary assessment was reviewed and revisited during the process to check that initial assumptions are still valid in the light of data gathered and analyses undertaken. The next stage was a comprehensive gathering and collation of recent and historical hydrological data related to the target area (for example, catchment, river basin, groundwater system). This will include data on precipitation, evaporation, river flow, surface storage, soil moisture and groundwater. Along with this, comprehensive information on the physiographic features of the basin was collated and mapped in compatible systems together with relevant socio-economic and water-use data. Having assembled all the data, the next stage was analysis to understand the key interactions in the catchment and confirm the key features of both short-term and 6
long-term water balances. This resulted in the construction of a model to illustrate water flow in the area. The choice, development and validation of the model required considerable judgement and experience, addressing issues of the seasonality of flow and the natural variability that occurs from year to year. This aids in understanding water availability and thus to water resources management. An important aspect of the analysis phase was the consideration of water quality and environmental issues. Contamination of water sources, whether by natural or humaninduced pollutants affected the resources available for effective use and were factored into resource assessments. The quality of groundwater also varied. Having established the way that the catchment behaves and its key interactions through process analysis, this understanding was used to examine the performance of the basin in water resources terms by applying long-term time series of synthesized input data. By synthesizing long-term records based on current climate, it was possible to determine credible statistics such as return periods and probabilities, for example, for different drought durations and frequencies even if the actual input sequences which would cause them have not actually occurred in the period of record. These long input sequences were then adjusted, using the best knowledge of the way in which climate and other factors might change in the future, to examine all aspects of water resources sensitivity to future change. 7
2. Location and Size CHAPTER TWO DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA Wajir County is located in the former North Eastern province of Kenya. The county lies between latitudes 3 0 N 60 N and 0 0 20N and Longitudes 39 0 E and 4 0 E and covers an area of 56,685.9 Km 2. It borders Somalia to the East, Ethiopia to the North, Mandera County to the Northeast, Isiolo County to the South West, Marsabit County to the West and Garissa County to the South. (See plate 2) Plate 2. Wajir County Source: Wajir CIDP 8
2.2. Administrative units 2.2. Administrative sub divisions (Sub county, divisions, locations) Administratively, the county comprises of eight sub-counties namely Wajir East, Tarbaj, Wajir West, Eldas, Wajir North, Buna, Habaswein and Wajir South. It s further divided into 29 divisions, 42 locations and 72 sub-locations as indicated in table below. See Table Table : Area of the County by Sub-County and Divisions Sub - County Division Area(Km2) Wajir East Central 39.3 Wajir-Bor 2,043.4 Khorof-Harar,825. Tarbaj Tarbaj 4,007.8 Sarman,75. Kotulo 3,389.7 Mansa 3,33.6 Eldas Della 43.9 Eldas 2,059.4 Elnur 277.6 Anole 294. Wajir West Griftu 3,336.4 Arbajahan 2,345.3 Lagbogol 373.3 Hadado 2,480. Ademasajida,07.3 Wagalla 49.2 Habaswein Habaswein 4,35.5 Sebule 2,680.2 Banane 4,534.9 Dadajabulla,064.2 Wajir South Diif 5,446.8 Wajir-Bor,224.4 Kulaaley 2,293.7 Burder Wajir North Gurar 2,797.9 Bute 79.8 Buna Buna 3,764.7 Korondille,200. Source: CIDP 9
2.3. Physical and Topographic Features 2.3. Topographical Relief and Land Forms Wajir County is mainly a featureless plain to the south with some hills in the north and lies between 50 metres and 460 metres above sea level and along latitude 0 45'N and longitude 40 0 4'E. The average altitude is 244 m (80 ft.). The plain rises gently from the south and east towards the north rising to 200 metres at Buna and 460 metres at Bute and Gurar at the foothills of Ethiopian highlands. The average gradient of the topography is about 0.5 to 0.7 metres per Kilometre (Dixey, 948). The area is drained by ephemeral streams and laggas such as Lagh Bogal which form numerous series of sand rivers and generally flows for only a few hours at a time when rainfall is very adequate. Plate 3. Topographical Map of the Study Area 0
2.3.2 Drainage The main drainage of the area is along the lagh Bor and Laga Har with the former receiving all the drainage from the basement systems. The smaller lagga on the basement systems soil are marked by low depression with thicker vegetation indicating that most of the flow is underground. See Plate 4 Plate 4. Drainage systems Source: Kenya GIS data
2.3.3.Soils The soils of the study area are a result of the interaction between geology, topography and climate. Generally, thick red to reddish brown sandy soil occur over young sedimentary rocks with loamy soils in the north bordering the Ethiopian highlands and covers almost the entire county. In North Wajir the predominant soil types are red clay and light sands, dark red calcerous clay are also found. In South Wajir hard clay and deep red sand are predominant; shallow calcerous, heavy clay and light sands are also found. Hard clay black cotton is predominant in East Wajir and the Western part is dominated by light sands. Plate 5 Showing the Soil Types 2
Different soil types have different abilities to retain moisture. The map below shows the soil moisture content in Wajir County. Plate 6. Soil Moisture Content in Wajir County 3
Wajir County is prone to erosion due to lack of vegetation cover, the map below indicates the areas that are prone to soil erosion ranging from high to low. Plate 7. Soil Erosion Map Indicating Risk Zones 4
2.3.4 Vegetation The county has sparse vegetation consisting of dry scrubland dominated by camiphora acacia which is 3.0m to 5.0m high with little under growth. Concentration of vegetation appears around the dry river beds. There is evidence of desertification in some areas which have experienced high grazing pressure. The main uses of the local vegetation besides grazing is production of gum and resin, charcoal, firewood, building posts, barks, honey, wood carvings and wild fruits. Firewood is harvested for individual household use and for sale to households living around town and food kiosks. See Plate 8. Plate 8. Vegetation Distribution 5
2.3.5. Geology and Geomorphology The geology of the study area is comprised of sedimentary deposits ranging in age from Jurassic to Quaternary periods. These deposits include the Triassic, Mansa Guda Formation, Daua limestone series and the Jurassic Mandera series and Cretaceous Marehan series. The Daua limestone s, measuring about 200m in thickness near Melka Murri, outcrop in the northeast corner of Wajir County. They were laid in a Jurassic Sea probably of a depth of 2400m as evidenced by the deposition sequence (Ayers, 952). Overlying the Daua limestones are marine - deltaic - deposited Cretaceous sediments of the Marehan Series, and are confined around El Wak and Finno. The rest of the remaining portion comprises of Tertiary and Quaternary deposits consisting of the Merti Beds of Late Pliocene composed of red, white gray, tan color friable to semiconsolidated gravel, grit, sand, silt and clay generally intercalated in lenticular beds. These beds extend beneath the plains of Southern Wajir. Apart of Merti Beds constitute the Wajir Beds that forms a discontinuous aquifer around Wajir town. Quaternary deposits consists mainly of soils and alluvial accumulation with patches of limestone, gypsum, sandstones, ironstones and conglomerates. See Table 2 for Geological Succession in the study Area. Table 2. Geological Succession in the Study Area ERA Sediments Lithogical Characteristic Quaternary Recent Red and Black Soils, Pleistone Kunkar and gypsum Tertiary Pliocene Grey Gritty Sediments soils,limestone and gypsum Mesozoic Cretaceous Sandstones, (Marehan limestone, Series ) Siltstone Jurassic Limestones,Mudstones Sediments Triassic Sediments (Mansa Guda),Fossliferous Grits,Conglomerates and sandstones Palaezoic Sources:Baker,BH and Saggerson EP.(958) 2.3.5.. Triassic Sediments Thickness (M) Climate 30 Terrestrial 30 Terrestrial Lacustrine/Warm 6 560 Triassic sediments in Wajir area is represented by the Mansa Guda formation which is well exposed in the hills of Mansa Guda, Tarbaj and crop out in Bur mayo area on the Wajir Takabba road.( Ayers,952).The formation consist of basal sandstone 625 6
,Conglomerate and quartzite s that under lie the Jurassic limestone s. The sediments are inclined in an east-south easterly direction at about 4 degrees. (Thomson and Dodsson, 960).See Figure and Table 3. The restricted occurrence of the Mansa Guda Formation, the lensing habit of many of the beds and its extensive cross-bedding suggest deltaic condition:, of deposition. Table 3. The Stratigraphy of Mansa Guda Formation Rock Types Localities Estimated Thickness (m.) Pale maive to buff grits, coarse conglomerates quarzi Didimtu, Al io Aleir. Mansa Guda 56 les, occasional fine-crained laminated sandstones. Coarse mauve sandstones Kabort Mansa Guda 25 with rare conglomerates- Mauve to buff sandstones, conglorner rates, nuartzites and fine-grained laminated sandstones Mansa Guda Mansa Oik a Tarbaj 25 Source: Thompson, A.O. and Oodson, R.G.I 960. Geology of Bur Kayo - Tarbaj Area. Government Printers Figure. Stratigraphy of the Mandera Basin Source: Afren East African Exploration 7
2.3.5.2: Jurassic Period The Jurassic period is associated with a warm climate condition during which erosion of the basement complex was predominant while depositing occurred in the study area.the Jurassic sediments are represented by Didimitu and Bur Mayo Limestone in the Bur Mayo Tarbaj area. Didimtu Beds overlie the Mansa Guda Formation. The beds are essentially nonholistic and rest unconformable on the Basement System rocks in the extreme northern part of the area. These beds range in thickness between 30m to 46m.See Table 4. Table 4. Geological Succession of Didimtu Beds Succession Thickness Grey and Fawna shelly limestone and grey 9.4-25.0 calcite mudstones with mainly partings Grey and fan conquinoid Limestone 6.2. 0.9 Brown mattled pale grey limestone 3.3-20.3 Dark grey unfossiliferous limestone 6.2 Source: Thompson, A.O. & Dudson R.G. 950. Geology of the Bur Kayo - Tarbaj Area. Geological of Kenya, Government Printer, Nairobi. The Golberole beds consist mainly of fossilferous pink and yellow sandstones with thin brown siltstones containing fucoids, and thin limestones. The beds are exposed at Ogar Wein and Golberobe Hills. The thickness is probably 'less than 4m. Consisting of alternating sandstones and thin cherty limestone s dipping at about. Towards the East. 2.3.5.3: Cretaceous Sediments The cretaceous Sediments are represented in the area by Danissa Beds and the marehan sandstones. The deposition occurred in a semi-arid environment and it was limited to Mandera-Danissa area only. 8
Plate 9.General Geology of the Study Area 9
2.3.4. Hydrocarbon Prospects in the Study Area In the recent past, oil exploration in Wajir block has shown hydrocarbons potential on the ancient sedimentary basins. The oil seep and tar staining observed in this water well, and in the adjacent 52m borehole cored by Total at Tarbaj in the south east of the block, is significant in that it demonstrates clearly that oil has been generated at some point in the basin s history. Source. Total Figure 2. History of Exploration in Wajir County Block The Tarbaj seep occurs close to the surface in the Lower Jurassic Mansa Guda sandstone, coloured dark blue on the seismic line. There are also reports of heavy oils encountered in fractured carbonates of the Middle Jurassic Murri Formation at outcrops. See Fig 3 for seismic/surface geology map on seismic line 90-20. Source. African oil Figure 3. Tarbaj Oil Seep 20
2.4 Climate 2.4. Ecological Zone Wajir County is a semi-arid environment falling in the ecological zone V-VI. Zone V receives rainfall between 300-600mm annually, has low tree cover comprising grass and shrubs. On the other hand, zone VI receives an annual rainfall of 200-400mm. 2.4.2 Rainfall The county receives an average of 240 mm precipitation annually or 20 mm each month. There are 24 days annually in which greater than 0. mm of precipitation (rain, sleet, snow or hail). June is the driest month with an average of mm of rain across zero days while April is the wettest month with an average of 68 mm of rain, sleet, hail or snow across 6 days. The higher areas of Bute and Gurar receive higher rainfall of between 500mm and 700mm. The county also experiences annual average relative humidity of 6.8% with 56% in February and 68% in June. See Fig 4 and Plate 0 Figure 4: Rainfall Distribution in Wajir County 2
Plate 0. Average Annual Rainfall 22
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2.4.3 Temperature The mean average temperature in Wajir County are closely related to ground elevation. The average temperature is 27.9 C. The range of average monthly temperatures is 3.5 C. The warmest months are January and February while the coolest months are June and July. See Fig 5 Chart Title 40 30 20 0 0 TEMP; MONTHLY MIn AVg TEMP; MONTHLY MIn AVg TEMP; MONTHLY MAX Avg Source: Kenya Metrology 206 Figure 5.Temperature Distribution in Wajir County 2.4.4: Evapotranspiration The average mean annual free water transpiration in Wajir County varies from 08 millimeters to 83millimeters with the highest rate occurring in months with least precipitation. See Table 5 and Figure 6 Table 5. Mean Monthly Evaporation EVAPORATION; Mean Monthly Total Years 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 990 233. 93. 50.2 222. 228.4 20.5 58 99 29 284.7 279.3 203.8 90.2 96.5 76.8 222.8 255.6 240.3 82.3 57. 992 239.3 207.5 243.5 239.3 25.2 263.2 245 89.9 82.4 993 205.4 237. 297.8 88.5 65. 94. 22.7 227 242.5 255.4 56.2 86.3 994 245.5 27 49.5 52.5 97.4 246.6 247 50 995 246 27.3 238.5 44 49 200.2 24 92.4 96.7 53.9 996 27.5 220.7 49.9 203.3 89 27.2 240.5 226.5 30.5 200 6 86.5 20.5 95.5 99.2 35. 62 2002 22.9 2.5 204.8 43.6 45 59.4 95. 203.5 80.6 77.2 34.9 40.5 2003 20.8 222.8 239.7 76.8 42.7 63.5 93 203.9 28 4.5 55.2 23
2005 29.5 26.9 24. 226.5 75.5 24.5 2007 84.7 29.5 222.9 83.6 7 99 89.9 200.2 59.3 07.6 58.4 2008 7.3 9 204.5 42.6 53.4 67.4 98.3 22.7 79.9 44.2 78.5 2009 66.7 223.9 256.5 59.8 2 22.5 59.5 6.6 64.4 200 226.5 233.5 77.9 49. 235 97.2 77 25.5 74.3 256 20 230.9 278 233.2 25 232 248 255.5 260.3 50.3 92.5 202 22.5 Mean 83 58 7 2 28 33 84 9 79 52 08. 40 Mean Monthly Evapotraspiration(mm) 200 50 00 50 0 Evapotraspiration(mm) Source: Kenya metrology 206 Figure 6. Mean Monthly Evaporation 24
2.5 Hydrology of Sub-Catchment Basins The investigated area is drained by a number of ephemeral laghas none of which carry perennial flow. They are among others: Lagh Boghal which flows along the Boghal Faultline, Ewaso Nyiro /Lagh Dera that runs south almost parallel to the Boghal fault, Lagha Bor, Lagha Suri/ Kotulo, Lagha Har (Lagha Chamu) and Lagh Bor. 2.5.. Lagh Boghal The Lagh Bogal begins in Moyale County as the Lagh Walda and Rawana as its tributaries and drains to the south east. The river first forms the boundary between Marsabit and Wajir, then Isiolo and Wajir County, thence to Elgal and on to the border north of Liboi. The stream fades at this point, but in former moister periods probably joined the Laaq Bissiq east of the border. Within Somalia it joins the Lagh Dera north of Dobli. The National Water Master Plan 992 classified Lagh Bogal as one of the Ewaso Nyiro laggas which collectively drain the following hydrological units; 5EA, 5EB, 5FB and 5GA. 2.5.2. Ewaso Ngiro River/Lagh Dera The Ewaso Ng iro North River/Lagh Dera rises in Laikipia County and drains the northern flank of the Nyandarua Range and the northwestern flank of Mt. Kenya and flows eastwards into the Indian Ocean through Somalia. It is perennial in its upper course but dries up before reaching the Kenya Somalia border. The lower course is called Lagh Dera. Water flows in the lower section only during exceptionally heavy floods such as the El Nino rains of 997-998 or from local storms, in which case it flows for short periods only. The Ewaso Ngiro river is characterized by several tributaries which include among others; Ewaso Narok, Ngare Ndare, Timau, Nanyuki, Rongai, Naro Moru, Isiolo, Mutara, Suguroi, Ngobit and Moyok. These rivers flow from the slopes of Mt. Kenya and enter the investigated area at Habaswein as the lower Ewaso Ngiro, which flows eastwards to eventually leave the Province at Liboi into Somalia. However, the river previously ceased continuous flow from the Lorian swamp where it replenished the Merti aquifer. Presently the Lorian Swamp no longer exists and the Ewaso Ng iro North River nowadays becomes ephemeral just downstream of Archer s Post, and in the past decade very rarely flowed as far as Merti Centre. The Ewaso Ng'iro becomes the ephemeral Lagh Dera between Merti and Habaswein. There is no clear cutoff, except that the transition from perennial to ephemeral is retreating westwards (the Lagh Dera is lengthening and the Ewaso Ng'iro shrinking). East of Habaswein it 'flows' into the Lorian Swamp. Downstream of Merti the Lagh Dera stream course heads first north east then south east, entering North Eastern Province 25
at Habaswein (Wajir County). The stream course continues south east to Dagahaley, beyond which it heads north east then easterly as it crosses the Kenya-Somalia border north of Liboi. In Somalia it continues generally south easterly, passing through Afmadu before joining the course of the Juba north of Kismayu. The river drains the following hydrological units as defined by the National Water Master Plan (992); the Ewaso Narok system (5AA, 5AB, 5AC and 5AD), the upper Ewaso Nyiro (5BA, 5BB, 5BC and 5BC) and the Nanyuki system (5BE) Prominent ephemeral tributaries to the Lagh Dera are Lagh Jaldesa, Lagh Milgis and Lagh Jelangor. None of these are reported to flow for more than a few hours after heavy local rainfall, though the Milgis flows for longer periods than this at the Isiolo-Marsabit road crossing. The Lagh Jaldessa rises on the north east face of Mt. Marsabit and flows southwards west of the Yamicha Plateau and thence south east towards Habaswein, at approximately which point it joins the Lagh Dera flow line. The Milgis, which rises on largely Basement rocks south west of Mt.Marsabit, is a substantial wet season feature that flows for periods of several days to a week at the point where it is crossed by the Isiolo-Marsabit road. It joins the Lagh Jaldessa north east of Merti. 2.5.3. Lagh Bor The Lagh Bor (River Bor) begins in western Wajir County flowing through Buna, Giriftu and south of Wajir Town, and onwards to the Kenya Somalia border at Dif where it exits the investigated area into Somalia. It however changes names to Lagh Bissiq in the vicinity of the border into Somalia. The Lagh Bor probably recharges the shallow aquifer utilized by shallow wells at Giriftu, Howard Humphries and Sons (958), Instapump (986). Howard Humphries and Sons (958 The Northern Frontier Province and Samburu County Water Development Scheme, 950 958) stated that the wells along the Lagha Bor were disappointing, but the trouble appears to have been that they were dug in rocks of the Basement System. The National Water Master Plan 992 classified Lagh Bogal as one of the Ewaso Nyiro laggas which collectively drain the following hydrological units; 5EA, 5EB, 5FB and 5GA. The Lagh Bor Drainage System consists of two valleys, the Lagh Bor itself and the Lagh Katulo covering about 75,064 km 2. The two rivers drain most of Wajir County, western and southwestern half of Mandera County. The Lagh Bor rises as two major tributaries, the Lagh Bor itself and Lagh Jara from the northern tip of Wajir County and southern extremity of Ethiopia respectively. The two tributaries flow in a southward direction and join just north of Buna Centre to become main Lagh Bor valley. This valley flows in a south-southeast direction turning to a southeast direction 26
south of Wajir Town. It disappears into Somalia as Lagh Bisika near Dif. Lagh Bor forms the main drainage way for Wajir County. The second valley in this system is the Lagh Katulo. It lies on the northeastern side of Lagh Bor valley. Lagh Katulo rises as Lagh Sure at the northwestern border of Mandera County with Ethiopia and flows in a southeastern direction almost parallel to Lagh Bor. The lower course, the Lagh Katulo forms the southern border between Mandera and Wajir County. Both of these rivers are intermittent streams that have only ephemeral flows. They were probably formed during a period of higher rainfall than the present but now have a rather poorly defined drainage ways. 2.5.3..Lagha Suri/Lagha Kotulo This lagha drains the western part of Mandera and northern Wajir County, and forms the border between the two County. It begins in the area around Kiliwahiri and flows to the south east (SE) then south south east (SSE), in the direction of Afmadu. It is probable that the lagha contains water only after heavy showers in its immediate vicinity. During and after the long rains the water holes are completely filled and occasionally overflow into a tributary of the Lagha Suri, but with the onset of dry conditions, (largely owing to its over-exploitation the local population, for domestic and livestock consumption), the water sinks below the ground surface and is obtained by digging out the sand between the fallen granite blocks. The lagh Kutulo changes names to Lagh Haro in the vicinity of the border and exits the country into Somalia at Didach Merti. The river is classified by the National Water Master Plan 992 as one of the Ewaso Nyiro laggas which collectively drain the following hydrological units; 5EA, 5EB, 5FB and 5GA. 2.5.3.2. The Lagh Dima The Lagh Dima is the smallest of the three ephemeral streams of Lagh Bor already described here: (Lagh Bogal, Lagh Dima and Lagh Bor). Rising east of Habaswein, it flows east southeast towards the border between the Lagh Bogal and Liboi. It lies immediately north of Shimbirre, a small settlement 30 km north west of Liboi. 27
2.6. Socio-Economic Profile 2.6. Land Use The general purpose of land use in the area is determined by the environmental conditions affecting specific parts. In terms of land productivity, the mean land holding size for the county is 7.8 Ha and majority of the people practice nomadic pastoralism where the large portion of the land is used as grazing zones. There are however few farmers who are practicing small scale farming. 2.6... Livelihood Wajir County has five livelihoods zones, which comprise of distinct development challenges and opportunities. The majority of households practice nomadic pastoralism with a few in the northern hills bordering the republic of Ethiopia practicing agro-pastoralism. Crop production activities are carried out in the Lorian swamp and EwasoNgiro belt in Habaswein and along the drainage lines in Bute subcounty. Crops grown include maize, sorghum, beans, fruits and vegetables. The total arable land in Wajir County is,024.06 sq. Km. which is.8% of Wajir land mass, while the total cultivated land is approximately 3,823 hectares. Plate. Livelihood zones 28
Livestock contributes over 70% of households income and food sources while the remaining quarter comes from crop production. The 2009 census results show that Wajir County has a variety of livestock, which include 794,552 cattle,,406,883 sheep,,866,226 goats and 533,65 camels, as can be seen in Table xxx. However, the sector experiences challenges due the drought that results in perennial water and grass shortages, poor soil fertility, disease and pest prevalence, poor markets, inadequate farm inputs, lack of credit facilities, overgrazing and resource based conflicts. Due to these challenges, nearly two-thirds of the residents live below the poverty line (Wajir KFSSG, 20). Table 6: Livestock Population in Wajir County (2009 Census) Sub County Cattle Sheep Goats Camels Donkeys Indigenous chicken Commercial chicken Beehives Wajir South 33,458 389,482 464,52 97, 29,3 27,298 3,650 44 Wajir North 89,707 92,787 300,079 6,958 23,68 4,780 3,549 327 Wajir East 59,846 460,690 720,936 67,764 32,92 35,265 0,45 390 Wajir West 3,54 363,924 380,699 06,88 30,57 35,767 4,793 4 TOTAL 794,552,406,883,866,226 533,65 5,503 40,0 22,37 272 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 203 2.6.2. Demographic Characteristics 2.6.2. Human Population According to the Kenya Population and Housing Census (KPHC) 2009, Wajir County population stood at 727, 965 and is projected to be 852,963 in 207. Males comprise 55 per cent of the population whereas female population account for 45 per cent. The county has an inter-censual growth rate of 3.22 per cent which is higher than the national population growth rate of 3.0 per cent. (KNBS, 203). 2.6.2.2 Population Density and Distribution The average population density in the county stands at 3 persons per square kilometre. Wajir East is the most densely populated with a population density of 3 people per square kilometer, which is attributed to vibrant economy in the town. Wajir South has the lowest population density of 7 people per square kilometer. The low density is attributed to a vast borderline with the republic of Somalia and inadequate access to clean water. See Table 7 and Plate 2 29
Table 7: Population Distribution and Density by Constituency/Sub-County Constituency 2009 (Census) 202 (Projections) 205 (Projections) 207 (Projections) Population Density Population Density Population Density Population Density (Km 2 ) (Km 2 ) (Km 2 ) (Km 2 ) Wajir South 30,070 6 43,044 7 57,3 7 67,605 8 Wajir North 35,505 6 49,02 7 63,885 9 74,609 20 Wajir East 2,572 28 23,800 3 36,49 34 49,729 37 Tarbaj,846 2 23,00 3 35,27 4 48,763 6 Wajir West 9,43 9 00,233 0 0,232 2,227 2 Eldas 80,805 27 88,864 29 97,729 32 07,476 35 Total 66,94 2 727,966 3 800,576 4 852,963 5 Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 203 2.6.2. Road network Road is the main means of transport in the county. The Class A trunk does not pass in the county but forms part of the southern boundary with Garrisa County. Class B road traverses the county and splits it into two. The B road from Moda Gashi in the southwest passes through Habaswein, Laga Bogal, Lehley, Wajir Town, Tarbaj, Hungai and Kotulo and continues to El wak. See Plate 3 30
Plate 3.Road Network in the County Other lower levels of roads are present in the county, though there are still accessibility constraints. Plate 4 below indicates the mentioned constraints. 3
Plate 4. Accessibility Constraints in Wajir County 32
3. Introduction CHAPTER THREE EVALUATION OF THE EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SITUATION In order to successfully carry out the water resources assessment study for Wajir county, evaluation of the all existing water points, water quality and current demand was considered. This Chapter show the empirical analysis of the current water resources status in the county. 3.2. Description of Different Water Sources 3.2.. Surface Water Wajir County has no permanent river however, there are a number of seasonal laggas/streams, water pans, earth dam, sand dams and which are the main abstraction points and are replenished during the rainy seasons from various tributaries. 3.2... Water Pans A water pan is a small reservoir created by excavating open ground, to collect and store surface runoff from uncultivated grounds, hillsides, roads, rocky areas and open rangelands. Water pans rely wholly on surface runoff and do not receive ground water contribution. According to Wajir CIDP 203, there are 206 water pans which are distributed across the county for human and livestock needs. See Figure 7 and Appendix Figure 7. Pictorial Depiction of a Water Pan (Adapted from WARMA) 33
3.2.2.2. Earth Dams These are open air reservoir behind a man-made dike, located in the valley of seasonal stream. Because of their large storage capacity, and the fact that they are located in valleys of seasonal streams, approximately 50% of the dams are usually perennial while 50% dries up. Figure 8. Pictorial Depiction of a Water Pan (adapted from SWALIM, 2007) 3.2.2.3. Sand Dams A sand dam is a reinforcement rubble stone masonry wall built across a seasonal sandy riverbed. During rainy season, a seasonal river forms and carries soil composed of sand and silt downstream. The heavy sand accumulates behind the dam, while the light silt washes over the dam wall. Within one to four rainy seasons, the dam completely fills with sand. However, up to 40% of the volume held behind the Sand Dam is water, stored between the sand particles. Sand dams permanently raise the water table, making water easily accessible from traditional scoop holes all year round. Pipes are built into the sand dam wall, and connected to an infiltration gallery to provide water close to people s homes. Most of the laghas could be having good sites for construction of sand dams and therefore this is one area that should be utilized as a measure of harvesting rain water roe use during dry spells. Sand also act as ground water recharge facilities and thus if properly sited can assist in recharging some of the existing ground water sources be they boreholes or shallow wells. One proposed area where these structures can enhance ground water availability is Gurar. 34
Another area that can also be explored for development are the rock catchments which could be used to harvest water during the rainy periods and stored for use by communities close to them during the dry spells. Similarly construction of roof catchments and especially at house hold level and at public institutions should also be encouraged as this also can assist in increasing fresh water availability in the county. 3.2.2.4. Charco Dams Although they bear the name dam, Charco dams are really small excavated pits or ponds, which are constructed at well-selected sites on a relatively flat topography for livestock watering. Charco dams receive their runoff mostly from outlying areas of a rangeland, thus contour bunds are constructed to divert runoff into the dam. (See Figure 9) A.Pictorial Plan View of Charco dam A b. Pictorial Side view of Charco dam B 35
C Figure 9 (a) Plan view, (b) side view and (c) photo of a charco dam Courtesy of Mati 3.2.2. Groundwater 3.2.2. Shallow Wells A shallow well is a man-made vertical hole in the ground tapping a Groundwater bearing layer. In Wajir County, shallow wells are approximately m in diameter and ranged from 5 to 30m at depth and are generally unlined. There are 4,360 shallow wells (See appendix 2) in the county the yield varies according to the type of aquifer. See Figure 0 for a Shallow Well. Source; Field Study Figure 0. Shallow Well 3.2.2.2 Boreholes Borehole is a small-diameter vertical, round-hole in the ground, drilled by a mechanical device, tapping one or more groundwater bearing layers. Boreholes tap the deeper aquifers and are usually higher yielding than shallow wells. The water in the borehole is usually abstracted by a mechanical means. According to Wajir CIDP 203, there are 252 borehole with yield varying from 0. to 40m 3 /hr as a result of seasonal ground water variation in the water table. 36
Further analysis of the borehole inventory records from stakeholders revealed that the bulk of the borehole data in Wajir contains information as at the time of drilling; very few of them contain any updates on the status of the boreholes after drilling and commissioning, incomplete borehole coordinates, inconsistence water quality analyses even where the water quality data exists, incomplete test pumping data and lack of bacteriological analyses.(see Appendix 3 for abstraction survey data) and figure showing a typical borehole in the study area and Table 8 showing hourly yield (m 3 /hr) in the sampled Boreholes. Figure. Borehole Source: Davies Shirtliff Table 8: Hourly Yield of Operational Boreholes Sampled Area No.of BH No of Operational m3/hr BH Max Min Mean Habaswein 9 4 4 7.2 9.6 Hadado 7 7 4 4.8 9.8 Sebule 6 9 6.8 7.4 3.3. Existing Piped Water Supplies in the County For groundwater abstraction, especially in the case of boreholes, all the operational boreholes have pipelines supplying water to the demand areas. In the case of hand dug wells or shallow wells where generators and hand pumps are used to pump the water from the wells, movable pipes are used to convey the water to the desired areas. 37
3.4. Distance to nearest water points There are no permanent surface water sources as most of the water sources are subsurface such as boreholes, shallow wells and pans. Only 965 households in the county have roof catchment representing per cent of the households. The average distance to the nearest water point is 30 Km. 3.5. Characteristics of Piped Water Supplies in the county 3.5. Water Quality Water quality for piped sources depends mainly on the type of source used. The following remarks can be made concerning the sources of piped water supplies and comment on the water quality:- Water quality of boreholes is generally good and treatment may not be necessary before distribution. Water from springs meets generally the Kenyan standards for drinking water. Water from shallow wells has high contamination levels and hence chlorination is required to supply safe drinking water. Water from river and stream point sources requires an elaborate treatment before distribution due to contamination and high turbidity leading to high unit costs. 3.5.2. Reliability A reliable piped water system supplies water to consumers and can be depended on as the only source and always gives sufficient water. From the survey, 90% of the piped water supplies are reliable to the consumers. The main causes for unreliable supply are:- Pipe breakages and clogging Silting of the intake structures Pump breakdown Lack of pressure at the end of a pipeline 3.6 Gaps in Water Supply and Sanitation According to Wajir CIDP 203, statistics show that there is acute water scarcity with only 40 per cent of the population having access to safe water. Access to piped water is limited to the urban centres where approximately,320 households have piped water. The rest of the population uses unsafe water direct from the laggas, boreholes, shallow wells and pans 38
CHAPTER FOUR SURFACE WATER 4. Introduction Wajir County falls under the Ewaso Ng iro North Catchment Area (ENNCA) which is the largest of all the six catchment areas in Kenya, covering an area of about 20,226km 2 constituting 36% of the total area of Kenya. The catchment is drained by four (4) River systems of Ewaso Ng iro North River, Daua River, Chalbi River and Ewaso Laggas. Ewaso Ng iro River drains the southern part of the catchment in an easterly direction, from the highlands around Mt. Kenya, Aberdare ranges and Nyambene hills. The river flows into the Lorian swamp where it is an important source of water for recharging the groundwater and maintaining of vegetation cover. Daua is a perennial river that drains the north east tip of the catchment and originates from the Ethiopian highlands and forms the border between the two countries before draining into Somali. Chalbi system is an internal drainage lake that drains the north-west part of the catchment. Ewaso Laggas drainage system comprises of a number of seasonal laggas in the northern part of the catchment originating from Ethiopian highlands. 4.2 Drainage System Wajir County falls under the Ewaso Laggas catchment Management unit within the hydrological unit 5EB. Wajir County is drained by Ewaso Laggas drainage system while a small part to the south east is under the Ewaso Ng iro drainage system. River Ewaso Ng iro dissipates into the Lorian swamp at Habaswein in Wajir County forming an important source of water for recharging the groundwater and maintaining the vegetation cover. The drainage system largely comprises seasonal rivers commonly referred to as laggas. There are two main laggas namely Lag Bogal and Lag Bor draining from the south east and northern parts respectively. Lag Bogal is drained by a network of localized lagas while Lag Bor which is the longest, traversing the County from north to south is drained by Lag Jara, Laga Badoda, Laga Har, Lag Chamu, Ibrahim Huri among other small laggas. Lag Katulo drains the county in the north-eastern side at the border with Madera County. Lag Engeria is a collection of intricate network of small laggas in the south eastern part of the county which join Lag Dima and Lag Gorgani before draining into Somalia. See Plate 5 for drainage systems 39
Plate 5: Drainage System in Wajir County 4.3. Analysis of Climatic Parameters Climatic parameters like rainfall, temperature and evaporation are very important in the management of water resource infrastructures. Rainfall can be harnessed through storage in pans and dams to cater for the water needs in the county. However, high temperatures and consequently high evaporation impact negatively on the sustainability of water in these facilities. This section analyses the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall, temperature and evaporation in Wajir County. 40
4.3. Rainfall Analysis 4.3.. Rainfall Distribution The annual rainfall in Wajir County ranges between 200mm and 700mm. The northern part of the catchment which border the Ethiopian highlands receive annual rainfall of between 600-700mm which contribute to flows in the laggas. The eastern part of the County receives between 300-350mm of rainfall annually. The County has five rainfall regimes (See Plate 6) with the western part receiving the least rainfall while the northern part with higher altitude receiving relatively high rainfall. Plate 6: Spatial distribution of Rainfall in Wajir County 4.3..2. Monthly Rainfall Analysis of monthly rainfall recorded at five stations within Wajir County display two rain seasons March, April, May (MAM) and October, November, December (OND) in tandem with the long and short rain seasons experienced in Kenya. All the five stations indicate higher rains in the MAM season with the peaks in the month of April. Gurar and Wajir stations receive more than 00mm of rainfall in the month of April (36mm and 44mm respectively). The dry months are June to September during which the 4
January February March April May June July August September October November December Monthly Rainfall (mm) January February March April May June July August September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December Monthly Rainfall (mm) Monthly Rainfall (mm) January February March April May June July August September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December Monthly Rainfall (mm) Monthly Rainfall (mm) total rainfall received is less than 0mm for the four months. The monthly rainfall at Gurar and Buna rainfall stations and Giriftu, Habaswein and Wajir Rainfall stations are shown in Figures 2 and 3 respectively. 50 00 50 0 Monthly Rainfall at Gurar Rainfall Station 863900 20 00 80 60 40 20 0 Monthly Rainfall at Buna Rainfall Station 8739000 Figure 2: Monthly Rainfall at Giriftu, Habaswein and Wajir Rainfall Stations 80 60 40 20 0 Monthly Rainfall at Giriftu Rainfall Station 873900 00 80 60 40 20 0 Monthly Rainfall at Habbaswein Rainfall Station 8839000 60 40 20 00 80 60 40 20 0 Monthly Rainfall at Wajir Met Station 8840000 Figure 3: Monthly Rainfall at Gurar and Buna Rainfall Stations 42
Temperature ( o C) Annual Rainfall(mm) 4.3..3. Rainfall variability The annual rainfall in Wajir County over the last 25 years has shown a slight upward trend. The years 2000 and 2005 have been very dry years with 80.5mm and 46.5mm annual rainfall respectively. The year 997 was significantly wet with an annual rainfall of 0mm. Other wet years were 203 (849.4mm) and 204 (696.7mm). 200 000 800 600 400 200 0 Rainfall variability at Wajir Met Station 8840000 990 992 994 996 998 2000 2002 2005 2008 200 202 204 Figure 4: Rainfall variability at Wajir Town 4.3..4 Temperature Analysis Wajir County being an arid area experiences very high temperatures. Temperature values recorded at Wajir Met Station indicate that the hottest months are January, February and March. The maximum temperatures for January, February and March are 36.4 o C, 37.4 o C and 37 o C respectively. 38.00 37.00 36.00 35.00 34.00 33.00 32.00 3.00 30.00 Max Monthly Temperatures at Wajir Town Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 5: Maximum Monthly Temperatures at Wajir Town The high temperatures are experienced during day time while the nights are cooler with temperatures ranging between 2 o C and 24 o C. There has been a significant 43
increase in temperature from 990 to 204 from an annual mean maximum of 32.9 o C to 35.3 o C. See Table 9 Table 9: Mean Max and Min Temperatures in Wajir Town Year Max Temp( 0 C) Min Temp( 0 C) 990 32.85 22.86 99 33.75 23.24 992 33.66 23.30 993 33.33 22.78 994 33.38 22.84 995 33.90 22.69 996 34.7 22.88 997 33.53 22.6 999 33.27 23.07 2000 34.73 22.94 200 34.36 23.07 2002 34.52 23.42 2003 33.89 23.39 2005 34.85 23.27 2007 34.46 22.83 2008 34.75 23.9 2009 35.2 23.00 200 34.98 23.2 20 34.5 23.43 202 35.48 23.36 203 34.8 22.38 204 35.28 22.63 4.3. 5 Evaporation Analysis The county of Wajir has very high evaporation rates because of the high temperatures. This affects the water conservation infrastructures likes pans and dams which lose a lot of water to evaporation. Monthly evaporation in Wajir ranges between 60mm in April and 230mm in February. There has not been a significant change in evaporation rate in but the years 992, 2005 and 20 had high evaporation of more than 220mm. 44
Evaporation(mm) 990 99 992 993 994 995 996 200 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 200 20 202 Evaporation (mm) 250 Monthly Evaporation at Wajir Town 200 50 00 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 6: Monthly Evaporation at Wajir Town 250 Evaporation Variability at Wajir Town 200 50 00 50 0 Figure 7: Variation in Evaporation Rates at Wajir Town 4.4 Assessment of Surface Water Potential The sources of surface water in Wajir County are mainly dams and pans which draw the water from the seasonal river (laggas) and runoff from localized catchments and hills. A total of 67 water pans were identified in Wajir County. The pans are well distributed in the County and are a major source of water for domestic and livestock use. Most of the pans (64%) are community owned while the County Government of Wajir and National Irrigation Board (NIB) each own one pan, accounting for.2%. Other pans are owned by the public (23%), Groups (5%) and Individuals (7%). Figure 8 shows ownership of the water pans while the distribution of the pans within Wajir County is shown in Figure 8. 45
Number of Pans 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 0 Figure 8: Water Pan Ownership 4.4.. Capacity of the Water Pans The water pans in Wajir County are of different capacities ranging from 360m 3 to more than 00,000m 3. Wajir Bor Mega in Wajir Bor Division has a capacity of approximately 50,000m 3 while Nyata Mega Pan in Buna Division has a capacity of about 20,000m 3. The pans are mostly drained by the laggas, but also local hills form the catchments to some pans while others get water from the runoff along the roads. There are a total of 67 operational pans with a total capacity of 3,595,359m 3. Buna, Giriftu and Habaswein divisions each have more than 20 water pans with total pan capacities of 599,265m 3, 469,760m 3 and 449,959m 3 respectively. On the other hand, Eldas division has 2 water pans of 6,600m 3 capacity; Kotulo division has 6 pans of 64, 800m 3 while Diff Sub County has 5 pans of a total capacity 63,400m3. The number of water pans per Sub County and their total capacities are shown in Table 0. Table 0: Total capacities of water pans per Division Division Number of Pans Total Pan Capacity (m 3 ) Kotulo 6 64,800 Bute 6 248,900 Buna 24 599,265 Eldas 2 6,600 Tarbaj 8 358,200 Wajir Bor 7 239,800 Giriftu 20 469,760 Hadado 9 23,440 Central 7 204,00 Diff 5 63,400 Sebule 3 252,600 Habaswein 23 449,959 Gurar 7 324,535 46
Plate 7: Distribution of Pans within the Divisions of Wajir County 47
4.4.2 Status of Water Pans and their Use The water pans in Wajir County have similarities in terms of their status and use. The general status of the pans is that they are silted with no riparian vegetation. The pans have no proper silt traps thus the silts end up in the pans. Although the pans are a major source of water for domestic and livestock use, they are not well taken care of and most are not been fenced and have no provision for livestock watering. The comprehensive analysis of all the pans including the capacity, use, source of water and status/action required is given in appendix 4. 4.5. Proposal for Catchment Modelling Hydrological models are simplified description of hydrological cycle to imitate the natural system and to predict different scenarios. A lot of water is carried in the laggas in Wajir County during rain seasons, often causing floods which leave loads of sediment into the channels and the pans. There is need therefore to understand the sediment and runoff dynamics and project runoffs resulting from different rainfall scenarios and sediment loads generated from the sub basins within Wajir County. It is proposed that two types of hydrological models be developed for Wajir County, () Rainfall-Runoff Model and (2) Soil and Water Assessment Model (SWAT). Wajir County does not have any runoff monitoring station and the precipitations stations do not have current data. Climatic as well as other data required for the models can be sourced from open data websites; however, ground data must be available for model calibration and validation. For this reason, it will be necessary to initiate an intensive and rapid data collection campaign over a pilot sub catchment to run for four to six months to generate a time series data of runoff, rainfall, evaporation and sediment loads to be used for the models. The results will be simulated to the whole of Wajir County. This should be done once the monitoring network is in place (see chapter 5 on design of optimal hydro-meteorological network). 4.5. Rainfall Runoff Model The hydrologic response of catchment to rainfall, estimates of catchment yield, and runoff data are of vital importance for hydrological analysis for the purpose of water resources planning, flood forecasting, pollution control and many other applications. A rainfall-runoff model is a mathematical representation describing the rainfall-runoff relations of a catchment area, drainage basin or watershed. More precisely, it produces the surface runoff hydrograph as a response to a rainfall as an input. Hydrologic models especially simple rainfall-runoff models are widely used in understanding and quantifying the impacts of land use changes and to provide information that can be used in land-use decision making. Since the catchments Wajir County are un-gauged with no discharge data available, a rainfall-runoff model can be developed to simulate the natural hydrological processes to estimate the runoff from the catchment. Water 48
resources development and management in the river basin can be planned by making use of appropriate hydrological model. The rainfall-runoff process is a complex activity as it is influenced by a number of implicit and explicit factors such as precipitation distribution, evaporation, transpiration, topography abstraction, and soil types. Many hydrologic models are available; varying in nature, complexity and purpose. This study proposes the use of MIKE NAM Model for Wajir County. It is a rainfall-runoff model that is part of the MIKE module developed by Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), Denmark. MIKE software is meant for simulation of flows, water quality and sediment transport in river, irrigation systems, channels and other water bodies. The NAM (Nedbor Afstromnings Model) is deterministic, lumped and conceptual rainfall-runoff model that operates by continuously accounting for the moisture content in three different and mutually interrelated storages that represent overland flow, interflow and base flow. The physical processes involved for runoff simulation in the model are shown in Figure 0. The MIKE NAM model provides both peak and base flow conditions that accounts for antecedent soil moisture conditions over the modelled time period. The NAM model has been applied to a number of catchments around the world, representing many different hydrological regimes and climatic conditions. NAM is prepared with 9 parameters, representing surface zone, root zone and ground water storage. Umax denotes the upper limit of the amount of water in the surface storage. The soil moisture in the root zone, a soil layer below the surface from which the vegetation can draw water for transpiration, is represented as lower zone storage, L. Lmax denotes the upper limit of the amount of water in this storage. Evapotranspiration demands are first met at the potential rate from the surface storage. When the surface storage, U spills, i.e. when U >Umax, the excess water PN give rise to overland flow as well as to infiltration. QOF denotes the part of PN that contributes to overland flow. The interflow contribution, QIF, is assumed to be proportional to U and to vary linearly with the relative moisture content of the lower zone storage. The interflow is routed through two linear reservoirs in series with the same time constant CKK2. The overland flow routing is also based on the linear reservoir concept but with a variable time constant. The amount of infiltrating water, G recharging the groundwater storage depends on the soil moisture content in the root zone. The base flow, BF from the groundwater storage is calculated as the outflow from a linear reservoir with time constant CKBF. 49
Figure 9: Processes of NAM Model The basic input data requirements for the MIKE NAM model are meteorological data and discharge data for model calibration, definition of the catchment parameters, and definition of initial conditions. The basic meteorological data requirements are precipitation time series, potential evapotranspiration time series and temperature time series. On this basis, the model produces a time series of catchment runoff, a time series of subsurface flow contributions to the channel, and information about other elements of the land phase of the hydrological cycle, such as soil moisture content and groundwater recharge. 50
4.5.2 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT Model) SWAT is a river basin, or watershed, scale model developed to predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediment, and agricultural chemical yields in large, complex watersheds with varying soils, land use, and management conditions over long periods of time. The model is physically based and computationally efficient, uses readily available inputs and enables users to study long-term impacts. The model inputs are weather data, rainfall, temperature, land use data and attributes, soils and its attributes, reservoir and runoff data. One advantage of SWAT model is that the results of a catchment can be used to simulate to a larger catchment without gauged data. It can also be used to simulate long term scenarios. For the case of Wajir County, the required input parameters should be sourced from open data sources and model calibration done using ground data from the proposed hydro-meteorological stations. The soil and water assessment model in Wajir County will be expected to yield results on the sources of sediments and the respective loads. The impacts of different land use activities on the laggas and reservoirs will also be determined. 5
CHAPTER FIVE GROUND WATER 5. Introduction Ground water in Wajir County is controlled by the geology, rainfall, geomorphology, and drainage. Other factors include soil types and structural features. Different rock types have different hydrogeological characteristics. This section describes the analysis of ground water in the study area. 5.2. Groundwater Occurrence The occurrence of groundwater in the Wajir County is closely related to the geology. Two types of aquifer systems have been identified with the main controlling factor being the type of rocks it occurs in. These are classified as: Regional aquifers Local aquifers. 5.2..Regional Aquifers in Sedimentary Rocks This system occurs in pervious sedimentary rocks especially those of marine origin. They allow continuous groundwater flow over large areas with recharge usually occurring on one side and discharge at the other end. In Wajir County the system can is sub-divided into two smaller units depending on the local geological conditions. The aquifer is recharged by rainfall, from the Ewaso Ngiro River and probably from the Marsabit high ground Area to the west. 5.2.. Regional Aquifer System in the Merti Beds of Wajir Garissa County The Merti Beds overlie a large part of the central and southern part of Wajir, Garissa and extend into parts of Marsabit and Mandera County. They are generally referred to as the Merti Beds because they outcrop poorly near Merti centre in Isiolo County and from a second narrow outcrop strip along the Lagh Dera near Habaswein. In other areas they are covered by soil and are accessed only through drilling samples. Most of this formation is impermeable but appreciable amounts of fresh to brackish water have been struck in a 200 km long permeable strip extending from Habaswein to Liboi and beyond into Somalia (See Plate 8).This strip is commonly referred to as the Merti Aquifer. Its lateral extent is rather poorly defined and the axis of the aquifer tends to follow the course of the Ewaso Ngiro River. The aquifer composition consist of semi-consolidated gravel, grit, sand, silt and clay generally intercalated with lenticular beds. 52
Groundwater in this aquifer is usually confined and under pressure. When water is struck it tends to rise in the borehole but by only a few meters (2-3 m) range. Groundwater velocity in this aquifer has been calculated to be 2-2 m per year throughout the aquifer. The depth to the groundwater ranges from 90 m in the low-lying areas to 40 m in the higher altitude areas, while the aquifer thickness is between 05 m - 50 m. Yields range between 6 m³/hr to 30 m³/hr with borehole depths varying between 90 60 m. Yields of 4 0 m³/hr are reached in the periphery and borehole depths range between 50 00 m. Plate 8.Mandera Jurrassic Regional Aquifer 53
5.2..2 Regional Aquifers in Volcanic Rocks Areas The area under volcanic rock is about 0.5% of the total surface area of Wajir County. Groundwater in volcanic rocks is limited to fractures, weathering and erosional levels (old land surfaces) within the volcanic. The volcanic aquifer formation extends northwards beyond the study area all the way to Anza basin in Marsabit (See plate 9). There are no permanent rivers flowing in the area and only Laga Dirbsoi flow in the western side. The suitability of the volcanic as aquifers depend largely on the development of secondary structures mainly faults; another major factor is the degree of weathering of these volcanic rocks and their porosity. Recharge in volcanic rock aquifer is mainly replenished from high lying areas and partly from percolation of annual rainfall. The Lagh Bogal fault is presumed to be a recharge zone for the aquifer. The hydrogeological information show that, there is a wide variation in boreholes drilling depths in volcanic rock formation depending on the thickness of lava flow. This is because aquiferious zones are found within the fractured horizons and weathering profiles especially at the contact zones between the volcanic and basement rocks. The volcanic area has not been fully exploited for groundwater potential and the data available on existing borehole drilled in volcanic aquifers indicate that depths rarely go beyond 30m with yields varying between.6 to 2.2 m3/hr. 54
Plate 9.Regional Aquifer in Volcanic Rocks 55
5.2.2. Local Aquifer Systems These occur as isolated groundwater pockets, which do not allow inter-aquifer groundwater movement. They occur in three types of sub-systems: 5.2.2. Local Aquifer Systems in Localized Sedimentary Deposits This system consists of local size fluviatile, lacustrine or deposits from any other origin, which are isolated from the other aquifers by other impervious rocks (mostly clays). In this category are placed the perched aquifers found in the fluviatile deposits of the Lorian Swamp and other ephemeral river systems, as well as all perched aquifers found in Wajir shallow aquifer, Lagh Dera, Lagh Suri, Lagh Bogal and Daua Parmar riverine alluvial aquifers). The other occurrences of perched aquifer in the study area seem to follow no clear pattern as they are rather randomly distributed within the county except those found along the Ewaso Ngiro River whose occurrence can be related to the course of the river. 5.2.2.2 Local Aquifer Sub-System Faulted and/or Weathered Basement This system consists of local weathered pockets and/or faulted zones in the Basement System. These pockets contain small isolated groundwater reservoirs which are surrounded by pockets of non-weathered Basement rocks fully separating them from other aquifers. The major water bearing formations in the area are: Weathered and fractured Basement System rocks Contact zones between weathered and fresh Basement rocks Alluvial deposits overlying Basement 5.2.2.3. Colluvial - Alluvial Aquifers The colluvial - alluvial aquifers in the study area are located along the existing seasonal rivers extending longitudinally and transversely in the area. They include Lagh Dera, Lagh Bhogal, Lagh Bor and Lagh Kotulo and other small rivers within the study area. 5.3. Groundwater Levels and their fluctuation The groundwater level is the top surface of saturation in the ground. There are two types of levels based on the type of aquifer. In unconfined aquifers the groundwater water level is called the water table while in confined aquifers it is called the piezometric level. In Wajir County no boreholes were identified with water level monitoring data. All the water levels recorded were from data collected after drilling in borehole completion records. In Wajir Town there are observations that the water levels have gone down for the shallow aquifer in and around the town, but no systematic data on water levels 56
have been collected. It was observed by the Wajir Study Report that the Wajir Aquifer exhibit marked changes in water levels throughout the year and benefit from direct recharge In the Merti aquifer around the Refugee Camps similar observations have been noted. Based on limited information from potentiometric maps in Kenya, it is reasonable to assume that local groundwater levels in the area have dropped significantly within the last 30 years. Significant drops in water levels are probably directly related to seasonal droughts, resulting in shallow aquifer depletion and drying of wells.therefore it is important to put in place a groundwater level monitoring network to be managed by water resources management authority. 5.3.. Ground Water Depletion Groundwater depletion in Wajir aquifers can be attributed to several factors among the most outstanding being human abstraction due to the increasing population. This is manifested in the following ways: Up-coning of saline water in the boreholes where over pumping is taking place. The water quality from such boreholes becomes more saline as salty water moves in to replace the depleted fresh water. Desalination has been considered by researchers in many parts of the world but there are no cheap solutions. Dilution of the salinity by mixing saline water with fresh water is cheaper but the main set-back in Wajir is the availability of the fresh water. Where it could be available, say along the Daua River, high costs of treatment before mixing would have to be incurred first. Shrinking of the fresh water aquifer breadth. As the fresh water gets depleted the zones of saline/ brackish water bordering the fresh water zone on either side moves in to replace the retreating fresh water zone. Since the groundwater flow in the Wajir aquifers is towards Somalia along the axis of the Merti aquifer (roughly along the Ewaso Ng iro North River) the higher altitude limits of the aquifer (Habaswein-Sericho areas) would start retreating downstream towards the lower parts (e.g. Liboi areas). 5.4. Groundwater Flow Groundwater is water that is found underground in cracks and spaces in the soil, sand and rocks. An area where water fills these spaces is called a phreatic zone or saturated zone. Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly through the layers of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. The rate of groundwater flow depends on the permeability (the size of the spaces in the soil or rocks and how well the spaces are connected) and the hydraulic head (water pressure). The general groundwater flow direction is towards the Somalia border to the east. 57
The distribution of hydraulic head through an aquifer determines where groundwater will flow. When there is a difference in hydraulic head from the top to bottom due to draining from the bottom or water discharge, the water will flow downward, due to the difference in head, also called the hydraulic gradient. The distribution of the hydraulic head show the water rest level in Wajir County (See Plate 20). The head show the direction of groundwater flow which is perpendicular to the isometric contours. Water flows from areas where the water table is higher to areas where it is lower. This flow can be either surface runoff in rivers and streams, or subsurface runoff infiltrating rocks and soil. The amount of runoff reaching surface and groundwater can vary significantly, depending on rainfall, soil moisture, permeability, groundwater storage, evaporation and upstream use. The movement of subsurface water is determined largely by the water gradient, type of rocks, and any barriers to flow.the sedimentary aquifers are most likely recharged indirectly via lateral groundwater flow. Plate 20 Ground Water Level 58
5.5.Groundwater Age and Transit Time Groundwater age is usually defined as the time between recharge at the water table to the time when groundwater was sampled. Groundwater age estimates are based on concentrations of environmental tracers (i.e., tracers derived from the atmosphere, as opposed to artificial tracers) in groundwater. Because no tracer is perfect, these age estimates are typically referred to as "apparent" ages. Groundwater transit time is the time between recharge and discharge from the aquifer. So groundwater transit time is equal to groundwater age at the point of exit from the aquifer, such as the point of discharge from an irrigation well, or discharge to a stream. Groundwater transit times are strongly linked to the ratio of groundwater recharge rate and groundwater storage capacity (commonly represented as saturated thickness time s porosity).from the isotope studies most of the water in the Merti Aquifer in the south is considered to be young while water in Wajir area can be upto 0,000 years old. 5.6 Chemical Composition of Groundwater The quality of ground water from alluvial ground waters is generally good, though they may be prone to contamination where shallow and unconfined. Where shallow wells are located adjacent to perennial or ephemeral streams, the aquifer may act as a filtration medium, reducing or eliminating the need for water treatment. In the Merti Aquifer, the fresh water zone is aligned with the Lagh Dera. The Basement and alluvial formations are known to exhibit poor water quality, with predominantly saline water at greater depths especially in areas where there is no groundwater movement. Salinity results from mineralization of the subsurface caused by high evapotranspiration rates. It has also been shown that some of this water is fossil, having been trapped at the time of marine regression. Generally, groundwater in volcanic rocks is of bicarbonate type with low TDS and low electrical conductivity. At some other instances there are local pockets of high fluoride content, which is believed to be of Volcanic and fumarolic origin In the Merti Aquifer, groundwater quality is good along the Ewaso Ng iro River channel's axis. Away from this axis, the water quality deteriorates as the salinity increases with increasing distance from the river channel. The outer margin of the aquifer is not clearly defined. 59
5.7. Transmissibility, Specific Capacity and Yield 5.7.. Basement Aquifer Transmissivity values for some of the sampled boreholes in the Basement System aquifers according to the study on the National Water Master Plan are given in the Table 0 below. Table0: Transmissivity, Storage Coefficients and Specific Capacity of Basement Aquifers WRL Q Storage Drawdown Specific County (m) (m 3 /day) T Coefficient (m) Capacity BH No WSL (m) Q (m 3 /hr) (m 2 /day) (m 3 /hr/m) C3658 43 7.26 30.2 0.06 5.7 x 0-4 235.4 0.284 Wajir C3657-46.08 25.92 0.067824 3.42 x 0-4 325.53 0.0796 Wajir C354 8 7 2.94 70.6 3.446 8.87 x 0-3 Wajir C3899 4 3 9.2 28.9 6.632.54 x 0-2 32.24 6.789 Wajir C3656 5 4 0.36 8.64 0.4886 3.82 x 0-4 7.7 0.488 Wajir C3658 43 7.26 30.2 0.06 5.7 x 0-4 Wajir C4207 34 7 0.3 7.2 0.29376.67 x 0-3 20.64 0.3488 Wajir C3788 0 96 5.76 38.2 0.30672 7.86 x 0-3 40.82 3.3865 Wajir C3687 05 00 2.6 5.8 0.736 2.39 x 0-3 64.43 0.8045 Wajir C375 04 98 5.22 25.2 0.92736 2.49 x 0-3 2.85.028 Wajir C3686 20 06 0.96 23 0.844 8.56 x 0-4 Wajir C88 20 2 0.2 2.9.39392 4.08 x 0-4 Wajir 5.7.2. Alluvial aquifer To determine the Transmissivity of the various boreholes in the alluvial aquifers, the Logans and Jacobs recovery formulae were used. Transmissivity values for some of the boreholes in the alluvial deposits according to Jacobs and Logan s Method are given in Table Table: Transmissivity Thickness(m) T (m 2 /day) T (m 2 /day) (Jacobs) K BH No. BH. Name Q m 3 /day) (Logans) m/day C 3653 Kalalut 0.03 3 0.007 0.00 0.02 SA 6 Habaswein 9.2 4 2.24 0.309 3.36 C 99-3.8 7 0.78 0.48 5.46 C 3 Habaswein 3.8 7 0.78 0.07 5.46 C 3540 Griftu.98 4 0.48 0.067.92 C 3637 Griftu 5.4 8.32 0.82 0.56 C 3656 Griftu 0.36 4 0.44 0.02.76 C 4207 Wajir Water Supply 0.3 4 0.073 0.00 0.292 C 3407-2.52 4 0.6 0.085 2.44 C 2440 Buna 2.88 4 0.70 0.04 2.8 C 3634-0.9 3 0.22 0.030 0.66 60
5.8 Description of the Groundwater Quality in Wajir County The county lies in arid and semi-arid lands where water resources are scarce. It is not uncommon to find the local communities using water whose chemical content of certain parameters exceeds the recommended KEBS levels, mainly because there are no alternative water resources. The groundwater chemistry of the Wajir Town shallow aquifer is considered stable and no major deviations in chemical parameter concentrations over long periods of time. Salinity in most parts of Wajir County is generally high. Some areas have such high salinity that even salt resistant animals (camels) do not drink the water. Boreholes drilled in such areas have therefore not been equipped hence the large areas of the County without permanent water supply. The fresh water in the Merti aquifer is of the bicarbonate type. The salinity increases towards the north and northwest, changing to sodium chloride type. An increase in magnesium and calcium is also indicated as well as nitrates (assumed to come from nitrogen-rich fossil soils) to even dangerous levels. High nitrates of suspected palaeosol origin are restricted to the Wajir and El Wak carbonate aquifers. Most operating boreholes have hard water. The EC s from boreholes in the Upper Merti around Habaswein area located at a radius of about 5 km from each other and from a borehole at Sericho indicated that the salinity of the groundwater at Habaswein area is still quite low (between 76 and 29 μs/cm respectively) and therefore aquifer depletion is not taking place (Gachanja & Tole, 2002). The current amount of water abstractions are still within safe limits whereas a hand dug well on Galana Gof Lagga at Madogashe about 40 km southwest of Habaswein has a salinity of 490 μs/cm. Human consumption of water with concentrations above the standard limits is not necessarily harmful. However, for toxic substances a maximum permissible concentration limit has been established. The constituents for which these standards have been set (e.g. heavy metals, pesticides) all have a significant health hazard potential at concentrations above the specified limits. Hence, these specified limits are not to be exceeded in public water supplies. If the limits for one or more of these constituents are exceeded, the water is considered to be unfit for human consumption. 5.9. Ground Water Recharge Mechanism Generally speaking, the relationship between ground water recharge and abstraction is not straight-forward as all water abstracted by wells is balanced by a loss of water from the adjacent catchment. According to GIBB Africa Ltd (2004) report, the widely used ground water recharge values for the study area are: 6
. Recharge via the bed of the Ewaso Ng iro River: the Ewaso Ng iro is partly situated above the Merti Aquifer is about 0.9 Mm3/yr. 2. Local recharge through volcanic rock plateau: 2.4 Mm3/yr. 3. Recharge via the bed of the Lagh Dera:.2 Mm3/yr. The mechanism of ground water recharge depends on the nature of the aquifer and this include: 5.9.. Basement Aquifer Recharge Mechanism The mechanism of recharge (and the rate of replenishment) of the basement aquifers in the investigated area has not been fully established. However a broad pattern of recharge can be described. The two possible recharge mechanisms are direct recharge at the surface through infiltration and percolation and indirect recharge via faults. If the infiltration rate is low due to the presence of an aquiclude like clays, the recharge to the aquifer is low. Percolation will depend on the soil structure, vegetation cover and the state of erosion of the parent rock. A regolith aquifer may contain sufficient transmissivity and storage to provide sustained groundwater yields from either hand dug wells or boreholes. However, the main transmissivity is usually found in basal regolith, which is mechanically disaggregated, but with few or no secondary clay minerals. In the Basement System aquifers, recharge occurs mainly during the rainy seasons either as direct precipitation or via fault lines that intercept the various rivers in the area. Some of the rivers that drain the basement areas of North Eastern Province include Laga Kulume, Laga Badoda, Laga Katulo, Laga Bor and Lagh Bogal. But significant recharge takes place north in the Ethiopian highlands. Although groundwater in the Basement and alluvial aquifers occur in localised aquifer system, there is likelihood that regionally an interconnection with the sedimentary aquifers through faults/fractures, and probably moves southeastwards from the recharge areas to ultimately discharge into the Indian Ocean. However there is no evidence to support this view in view of the very limited information. Available recharge is in fact the determining factor for the amount of abstractable ground water. In the study area, the recharge probably does not exceed % of the total precipitation as is common in arid and semi arid areas. The Basement aquifers are recharged mainly through outcrops with open fractures or partly weathered rock surfaces, because the clay layer, which developed on top of the weathered zone prevents the infiltration of rainwater. Infiltration of seasonal waters from will considerably increase the amount of recharge but requires a hydraulic connection between the river and the aquifer. 62
5.9.2. Colluvial-Alluvial Sediments Recharge Mechanism The Lagh Dera River recharges the local alluvial aquifers and the Regional Merti aquifer. It is believed that the actual recharge is much greater than the calculated figures. Recharge from the Ewaso Ng iro and Yamicha triangle may well be as much as 9. x 0 3 m 3 /d (3.3 x 06 m 3 /yr), but this value is much lower than dilution within the central Merti (Habaswein in particular, but throughout the Habaswein-Liboi reach). It is suggested dilution ratios of ten to 2 that is, for every recharge volume inflowing from the Ewaso Ng iro and Yamicha, there are 0 to 2 volumes of freshwater recharge from elsewhere. If we assume a ratio of ten and an incremental interaquifer flow of 9,000 m 3 /d, recharge would be of the order 33 x 0 6 m 3 per recharge event into the aquifer about Habaswein. Inferred downstream recharge in the Darken-Kulan axis east of Dadaab might be as high as 2 million m 3. This has yet to be confirmed or refuted. Vertical recharge occurs from the bed of the Lagh Dera at points between Habaswein and Liboi, amounting to rather more than x 0 6 m 3 /yr, or 25% of total recharge at the Kenya-Somalia border. The Lagh Dera River forms the major recharge mechanism to the alluvial sediments, the water percolates directly into the alluvial material thus recharging the aquifer. Indirectly the Lagh Dera also recharges the aquifer via the buried river channels. 5.9.3. Volcanic Aquifer Systems Recharge Mechanism No permanent rivers flowing in the area, therefore aquifer is recharged laterally by Lagas flowing on western side of the area. Presence of Lagh Bogal fault traversing the formation in NW-SE direction is inferred to be a potential recharge zone. Recharge usually occurs through infiltration and subsequent lateral percolation in fractured and weathered horizons particularly at the contact zone between the volcanic and the Basement System. There is inadequate borehole drilling data for the volcanic zone in NEP. Therefore recharge estimation has been determined from the boreholes drilled in Marsabit volcanics (approximately 20 km from Buna area) which bear the same hydrogeological conditions. Lane (995) estimated recharge into Marsabit volcanics and showed an incremental recharge along a West-East alignment. His calculations used Q = TiW (where Q = Recharge, T = Transmissivity, i = hydraulic gradient and W = aquifer width) and suggested a recharge of 2.4 x 0 6 m 3 /yr. Therefore assuming 2.5% of recharge to the study area (using recharge ratio of :8 = 0.25), the estimated recharge to the aquifer will be 3.0 x0 5 m 3 /yr which is sufficient enough to meet the water demand in the area. 63
5.0. Groundwater Recharge Zones Groundwater recharge is usually controlled by the local climatic, physiographical, and geological, land cover, land-use, soil type, and drainage conditions and therefore different areas tend to have different groundwater recharge conditions. In most cases, the local aquifer systems are recharged by the local rainfall except where the aquifer lies in a river valley in which case the river also helps to recharge such aquifers. This is the commonest case in the local aquifers located in the weathered Basement zones as described above. In regional aquifer systems, recharge occurs on one side of the aquifer and groundwater flows to distant sections of the aquifer where it is either stored or it is discharged naturally as springs, swamps, rivers or into the sea. Areas of high altitude and therefore with higher rainfall and good vegetation cover are usually the commonest groundwater recharge zones. For Wajir County, the high altitude areas considered to be recharge zones include:- 5.0. Mt. Kenya This area receives a mean annual rainfall of 500mm and is covered by forest. Soil cover on the mountain is infiltration-efficient. The presence of clay-loams together with the good vegetation cover enables more water to be retained in the vadose zone with subsequent percolation of part of this water into the groundwater zone for storage in the basalt and pyroclastic rock aquifers. Lateral movement from areas of high hydraulic gradient on the mountain to those with lower hydraulic gradient causes recharge to take place into the Ewaso Ngiro River. 5.0.2 Mt. Marsabit This area receives a mean annual rainfall of 900 mm and is covered by forest. Soil cover on the mountain is infiltration-efficient. The presence of clay-loams together with the good vegetation cover enables more water to be retained in the vadose zone with subsequent percolation of part of this water into the groundwater zone for storage in the basalt and pyroclastic rock aquifers.lateral movement from areas of high hydraulic gradient on the mountain to those with lower hydraulic gradient causes recharge to take place. 5.0.3. The Hills along the Kenya-Ethiopia Border Mean annual rainfall varies laterally in the range of 500 mm to 700mm per year. Soils are sandy clay loams or sandy loams with variable infiltration capacities. The hills are covered by varieties of thorny shrubs. The rocks comprise of Basement gneisses, schists, migmaties and granites. The recharge here is expected to occur via seepage into fractures or at the out-wash fan area of the foothills. 64
The recharge of Merti Beds between Habaswein and Liboi has been the subject of research for a long time. Recharge is believed to be from the Ewaso Ng iro River, and Mt. Marsabit area. After Malka Bulfayo it is likely that the river water infiltrates into the subsurface and enters into an old channel of the Ewaso Ng iro (a paleo-channel) but the exact path of this channel has not yet been clearly mapped. This sedimentary aquifers are most likely recharged indirectly via lateral groundwater flow. Boreholes drilled near rivers - for instance in the Lagh Bor Valley - are recharged by the river itself and have shallow aquifer levels and shallow water rest levels.. It is therefore possible that their good hydrogeological characteristics are influenced by recharge from the River. However since the boreholes are concentrated on two small areas of the formation it is premature to assume that the whole formation is well recharged from this source. 5.. Groundwater Potential A simplified groundwater potential and groundwater availability map for Wajir County has been prepared in order to give a picture of the groundwater conditions in Wajir County in terms of borehole yields. This map is super-imposed with groundwater salinity map in order to view the groundwater salinity distribution. Three classes of groundwater potential zones have been identified as follows:- High groundwater potential zones. Medium groundwater potential zones. Low groundwater potential zones. This criteria used for the classification is not an absolute, since many variables like the aquifer depth, WSL, WRL, hydrochemistry have not been taken into account. The classification of the yields is as given in Table 2. Table 2.Groundwater Potential Classification- EC Borehole Yields and Salinity Yield (m 3 /hr) Classification of Groundwater Potential Electrical Conductivity Classification 0-5 Low 3,500 5000 Brackish 5 0 Medium 5,000 8000 Not human potable, livestock potable > 0 High 8,000 7,800 Camel potable > 7,800 Not potable 5.. High Groundwater Potential Areas The high groundwater potential area include the Merti Aquifer in Garissa and Wajir County with yields >0 m 3 /hr. It forms several oval shaped rings in a NE-SW direction 65
in the Merti Aquifer area, running in a NW-SE direction Shantabak Lorian Swamp area, Habaswein-Dadaab- Liboi axis coincident with Lagh Dera. The lateral extent of the aquifer appear well defined ranging between 40 and 65 kilometres width, covering an area of about 2,400 km 2. The Merti aquifer falls within this zone. The Merti-Dadaab area in the central part of the Merti Aquifer has higher yields and better water quality with yields in excess of 0 m 3 /hr. From the finer facies in the fringes of the Merti Aquifer, the yields are poorer, with lower Q/s and deteriorating water quality with increasing distance from Lagh Dera. 5..2 Medium Groundwater Potential Zone Borehole yields in the medium groundwater potential zone falls within the range of 5 0 m 3 /hr. Most areas in this zone lie around the Merti aquifer zone where the tested borehole yields are in the range of 5-0 m 3 /hr. It coincides with the Lagh Dera / Ewaso Ngiro River. 5..3 Low Groundwater Potential Zones It includes the greater part of Wajir County, the areas north and south of the Merti Aquifer. Small quantities of groundwater have been struck in the sedimentary rocks at favorable places as perched aquifers. Boreholes usually have yields between 0.5 and 5 m 3 /hr and water level depths reach 50 00 m. The Mansa Guda formation of Wajir County falls within this low groundwater potential category due to the small area it covers within the study area. Most of Wajir County fall in this category. It is possible that the aquifer is at the boundary between the Jurassics and Basement though the latter was not penetrated. It is therefore necessary that proper data analysis is done in order to select suitable borehole drilling sites, even where the zones have been identified as high groundwater potential. 66
Plate 2.Groundwater Potential Classification in Wajir County 67
CHAPTER SIX WATER QUALITY 6.. Introduction Water quality describes the pattern of biological, physical and chemical properties which are determined by the natural and human imposed conditions of water. The information of water quality is important in the general classification of rivers and as a means for comparison with impact stations. The main sources of water in the study area are pans, boreholes, shallow wells and a few dams. These therefore define the water quality status in the area. During the survey a number of water quality parameters were considered in order to define the general water quality status in the area. 6.2 ph ph is a unit for expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution. The ph scale runs from 0 to 4; a ph value of 7.0 indicates a neutral solution. ph values above 7.0 indicate basicity (basic or alkaline solutions); those below 7.0 indicate acidity (acidic solutions). ph value can also change as a result of pollution. This in turn can harm both aquatic animals and plants and those using the water for drinking and other domestic chores. Living organisms can only tolerate a certain level of changes in ph. It also affects water treatment as flocculation can only work within a certain range of ph. Amongst the boreholes ph ranged from 6.5 to 9.94 with an average of 7.90. The average is within the alkaline range but is within the acceptable for most of the water users including human and animals. A few boreholes like Ali Dumal bore in Wajir South Sub County recorded the highest ph of 9.9, which is far outside the acceptable limits for domestic use. For pans, this is the most common source of water in the area ph ranged from 7. to 8.6 with average of 8.4 indicating slightly acidic water but is within the acceptable range for domestic and animal use. Shallow Wells had ph ranging from 6.6 to 9.0 with an average of 7.4 while dams exhibited an average of 7.8. The ranges are however acceptable for most water users including aquatic animals. There was no appreciable difference in average ph between boreholes, shallow wells, dams and pans with a standard deviation of 0.39. It can be therefore concluded that Water in the county is alkaline with ph above 7 and excess alkalinity is observed along R. Ewaso Ng iro in the southern part of the county, Habaswein and Delmanyale areas. ph however reduces northwards with sources in Eldas, Tarbaj, Wajir North and Wajir West having slightly lower ph than the rest of the County. See Plate 22 and figure 20. 68
ph 0 Average ph 8 6 4 2 0 Water Pans Boreholes Dams Shallow Wells Figure 20.Average ph in Wajir County Plate 22.Spatial Distribution of ph 69
6.3 Colour Colour and turbidity determine the depth to which light is transmitted in a water source. This in turn controls the rate of photosynthesis of the algae and other aquatic plants present. Although it has no health significance, it however has an aesthetic value to human use. It is noted that most part the county has colour below 7.5 Colour Units except for a few areas in Tarbaj and isolated areas in Northern Wajir sub county. Plate 23 shows spatial distribution of colour across the county. Plate 23 Shows Spatial Distribution of Colour in Wajir County 70
6.4 Iron Iron is abundant in the earth s crust but exists generally in minor concentrations in natural water systems. Hydrated wet Iron iii Oxide imparts an orange stain to any settling surface including laundering materials including clothes, cooking and eating utensils and plumbing fixtures. This colouration along with associated tastes and odours can make water undesirable for domestic use when levels exceed 0.3 mg/l, a concentration which has been proposed by the WHO as a guideline value for drinking water. Most of the County has an average concentration between 0-0.3 mg/l. According to plate 24, areas with fairly high Iron concentration includes areas in Tarbaj, middle part of Lagh Dera, around Bigamathow in Wajir South and lower part of Lagh Bor. Plate 24. Spatial distribution of Iron concentrations 7
6.5 Potassium Potassium is found in low concentrations in natural waters, however Potassium salts are widely used in industry and in fertilizers for agriculture and may enter into natural waters through surface run-off from agricultural lands. This however is not the case with Wajir County which is a semi desert area with little surface run off from agricultural farms. Potassium is of little significance except as a component of total dissolved solids. About 80% of the County has a concentration between.8 mg/l to 3 mg/l Potassium. There are however few areas with concentrations above 40 mg/l. Such areas include Wagalla in Wajir West, Tulatula in Eldas and around Lagh Bogal in Wajir South. Plate 25 shows spatial distribution of Potassium across the County. A part from a small portion in the central part of the County, the rest manifests low Potassium concentrations. Plate 25.Distribution Of Potassium Concentrations 72
6.6 Temperature Water bodies undergo temperature variations along with the normal temperature fluctuations. The variations may occur seasonally or in some water bodies within 24hrs. The temperature of a surface water body e.g. dams, pans, rivers are influenced by time of the day, altitude, air circulation, air temperature, flow and depth of the water body. Wajir County by its position in ASAL region experiences high temperatures depending on the altitude and this has an influence on the temperature of the water bodies. Spatial distribution of Temperature is illustrated in 26. Plate 26.Spatial Distribution of Temperature 73
6.7 Sodium All natural water contains some sodium since its salts are highly water soluble and its one of the most abundant elements on earth. Concentrations of Sodium in water may vary depending on the local geological conditions. The WHO guideline limit for Sodium in drinking water is 200 mg/l. Sodium levels are also important where the water is to be used for irrigation. Elevated Sodium in certain types of soil can degrade soil structure thereby impairing water movement and hence affect plant growth. The Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) is used to evaluate the suitability of water for irrigation. The ratio estimates the degree to which Sodium will be adsorbed by the soil. High values for SAR imply that the Sodium in water for irrigation may replace the Calcium and Magnesium ions in the soil thereby causing damage to the soil structure. SAR for irrigation waters is defined as follows: SAR = Na+ (Ca 2 + + Mg 2 +)/2 where the concentrations of sodium, magnesium and calcium are expressed in milliequivalents per litre (meq/l). According to plate 26 fairly high concentrations of Sodium are only observed in certain areas of Wajir South like in Sarif, Laga Bogal and Dadaj Bul where concentrations up to 300 mg/l were observed. 74
Plate 27.Distribution of Sodium Concentration 6.8 Turbidity Turbidity is controlled by the presence of suspended particles in a water column. It can vary seasonally depending on the surface run off carrying soil particles and river bank and river bed erosions. Turbidity depends on the water body. It tends to be low in boreholes and shallow wells while it s relatively high in laghs, dams and water pans. 75
Averagely the County has low turbidity water because the most common water source is boreholes which have relatively clear water. However there are some areas where high turbidity was observed, mostly the upper parts of the Laghas, as in upper part of L. Bogal in Wajir West with as high as above 650 NTU, mid Lagh Bor in Wajir South, Dadaj Bul in South Eastern part of Wajir South amongst isolated areas. This is demonstrated in plate 28.These are areas where the most common water sources are surface water that is laghas, dams and pans which are in filled with sediments. These are areas prone to soil erosion due to lack of vegetative cover. Plate 28. Spatial Distribution of Turbidity 76
6.9 Magnesium Magnesium is common in natural waters and along with calcium is a main contributor to water hardness. Natural levels may range from mg/l to above 00 mg/l depending on the geology of the area. In the County the concentrations ranged from 0 to 560 mg/l with most part of the county ranging below 00 mg/l. It is noted that more than 60% of Wajir South has low Magnesium concentrations. These areas are therefore likely to have soft water. Plate 29 Spatial Distribution of Magnesium Concentrations 77
6.0 Calcium Calcium is readily dissolved from rocks containing calcium minerals particularly as carbonates and sulphates and is therefore present in most natural waters. The salts of Calcium and those of Magnesium are responsible for hardness in water. High Calcium concentrations may cause scaling in metal pipes and in heating equipment. Calcium is not a problem in the County as most parts lie in the concentration between 0 and 50 mg/l. WHO has put a concentration of 500 mg/l as the guideline limit for drinking water. Plate 30 shows the distribution of Calcium across Wajir County. Plate 30. Spatial distribution of Calcium 78
6. Arsenic Arsenic is a poisonous substance, which is released both from certain human activities and naturally from the Earth's crust. Due to natural geological contamination, high levels of arsenic can be found in drinking water that has come from deep drilled wells. It is therefore an important parameter especially where ground water is the most used source of water. Humans may be exposed to arsenic mainly through food and water, particularly in certain areas where the groundwater is in contact with arseniccontaining minerals. Humans are exposed mainly through food and water. Food is usually the largest source except in areas where drinking water is naturally contaminated with arsenic. In the county Arsenic data is widespread with average concentration lying between 4-22 mg/l which is fairly high especially in the southern part. This is demonstrated in Plate 3. Plate 3. Spatial distribution of Colour 79
6.2 Chloride Chlorides is commonly present in natural water but high concentrations may be found in water from chloride containing geological formations. It may also indicate an intrusion of other saline water. The County experiences various concentrations of chloride. The northern part of the county especially Wajir North, parts of Tarbaj and Eldas and the South Western part border Garissa and Isiolo Counties have low concentrations of Chlorides ranging from 0 to 230 mg/l. Water with a chloride concentration in excess of 250 mg/l is internationally considered as less suitable for drinking purposes. A concentration above 5000 mg/l is found in small stretches around Lagh Bogal wetlands. The rest of the county has fairly high Chlorides contents. The spatial distribution of Chlorides across the county is shown in plate 32 Plate 32 Spatial distribution of Chlorides 80
6.3 Faecal Coliform The most common risk to human health associated with water comes from the presence of disease causing microorganisms. Feacal coliforms are associated with intestines of warm blooded animals and therefore contamination of water bodies by animals and human excreta introduces risks of infection to those who use the water for drinking and food preparation. Feacal contamination is generally low, below 3 MPN/l except for some areas such as Galado, Habaswein and Delmanyala in Wajir West, Ajawa, Gudama and Buna in Wajir North and in Burder and lower parts of Lagh Bogal in Wajir South where high level of contamination is noted. Only 9.5% of the observed boreholes were found to be contaminated with faecal coliforms while about 97% of the shallow were contaminated. Approximately 90% of the water pans were found to be contaminated. Water from the boreholes therefore may not need disinfection. Shallow wells and other surface water sources require chlorination to disinfect the water to reduce the risk of contracting diseases. One of the reasons for faecal coliform contamination in these areas could be direct watering of livestock in the water sources like pans and dams. Plate 33 Spatial Distribution of Faecal Contaminations 8
6.4 Fluorides Fluoride comes from weathering of Fluoride containing rocks and may enter water through run off and groundwater through direct contact. Generally ground water in arid regions may contain up to 0 mg/l. WHO has put.5 mg/l to be the guideline limit for concentrations of Fluoride in drinking water. At high concentrations Fluoride is toxic to human and animals and can cause bone diseases. Above.4 to 2.0 mg/l mottling of teeth can occur (WHO, 984). Levels above 3.0 6.0 mg/l may cause skeletal fluorosis while levels above 0 mg/l may cause crippling fluorosis in humans. According to plate 34 the concentration of Fluoride reduces northwards and becomes lower in the Northern part of Wajir North compared to the rest of the county. Fairly high concentrations are observed in the southern part of Wajir South and those areas bordering Garissa County where concentrations of some boreholes are in the range of 4 mg/l and above. Plate 34. Spatial distribution of Fluoride levels 82
6.5 Total Alkalinity Alkalinity of water is the ability of some of its components to neutralise acids. It s mainly due to carbonates and bicarbonates of Calcium and Magnesium. The recommended concentration for drinking water by the WHO is 500 mgcaco3/l. In the area under study, most of the area lies in the concentration between 0 and 600 mg CaCO3/l. High alkalinity of up to 000 mg/l is however observed in the South Eastern part of Wajir South. This is illustrated in plate 35 Plate 35.Spatial distribution of Total Alkalinity 83
6.6 Electrical Conductivity Electrical Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current. It is sensitive to variations in total dissolved solids. It is measured in micro Siemens (µs) and for given water body is related to the concentrations of total dissolved solids. It is an indicator of the concentrations of mineral salts in water. Most ASAL regions generally have high conductivities. For human drinking water a value of 2500 µs has been put as the guideline value by WHO. Lower Conductivities between 0 µs to 200 µs were noted in Eldas especially those bordering Marsabit and Isiolo, northern part of Wajir North, in the whole of Tarbaj and Wajir East. The central part of the County has moderate conductivities in the range between 200 to about 3000. Most of the county therefore is below the acceptable limit. There are however isolated areas where conductivities between 4600 µs to 9000 µs have been observed in boreholes. See Table 3 Table 3.Effects of Electrical Conductivity in water ELECTRICAL DRINKING CONDUCTIVITY RANGE (Health) (Aesthetic) EC: 700 S/cm No effects Water tastes fresh EC: 700 500 Insignificant Water effect on tastes good sensitive groups EC: 500 3 700 Slight Water has a possibility of distinctly salt overload salty taste in sensitive groups EC: 3 700 5 200) EC: 5 200 Possible health risk to all individuals Increasing risk of dehydration Water tastes extremely salty Tastes extremely salty and bitter FOOD PREPARATION BATHING LAUNDRY No effects No effects No effects Insignificant effect on sensitive groups Slight possibility of slat overload in sensitive groups Possible health risk to all individuals Increasing risk of dehydration Source: NBI-Nile Trans Boundary Environment Action Project No effects No effects Impaired soap lathering Impaired soap lathering No effects Insignificant corrosion Slightly corrosive Corrosive 84
Plate 36.Spatial distribution of Electrical Conductivity 6.7. Total Dissolved Solids Total Dissolved Solids are those solids capable of passing a standard filter. The concentrations of TDS determine the level of Electrical Conductivity and therefore there is a close relationship and similar effects between TDS and Electrical Conductivity. It can be obtained by multiplying the Electrical Conductivity by a factor of about 0.64. See Table 4 and Plate 37 85
Table 4 shows some of the effects of Total Dissolved solids (TDS) in a water source TOTAL DRINKING FOOD PREPARATION BATHING LAUNDRY DISSOLVED (Health) (Aesthetic) SOLIDS RANGE TDS: mg/l 450 mg/l No effects Water tastes fresh No effects No effects No effects 450 000) Insignificant effect on sensitive groups 000 2 400 Slight possibility of salt overload in sensitive groups Water tastes good Water has a distinctly salty taste Insignificant effect on sensitive groups Slight possibility of salt overload in sensitive groups No effects No effects No effects Insignificant corrosion 2 400 3 400 Possible health risk to all individuals Water tastes extremely salty Possible health risk to all Impaired soap lathering Slightly corrosive 3 400 Increasing risk of dehydration Tastes extremely salty and bitter Increasing risk of dehydration Impaired soap lathering Corrosive 86
Plate 37. Distribution of TDS Concentrations 6.8.Manganese At concentrations level exceeding 0.5 mg/l, manganese in water supplies cause stains in plumbing fixtures and laundry. At higher concentrations it causes an undesirable taste in water. As with Iron its presence in water may lead to the accumulation of deposits in the distribution system. Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) has proposed a guideline concentration of 0.5 mg/l for drinking water. Wajir County in general does exhibits low concentrations of Manganese. Most parts of the county notably Dadaj Bura, Sarif and Biyamathow of Wajir South, whole of Eastern part of Wajir East, 87
Eastern part of Wajir East bordering Mandera County have concentrations less than 0. mg/l. Relatively high levels are observed in the northern part of the county especially in Wajir North, Wajir West and small isolated areas in the northern part of Wajir South where concentrations up to 2.5 mg/l has been registered. The distribution of Manganese concentrations across the county is displayed in Plate 38. Plate 38.Spatial Distribution of Manganese Concentrations 6.9. Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is essential to all forms of life including those organisms responsible for purification process in natural waters. The Dissolved Oxygen content of natural water depends on temperature, turbulence and photosynthetic activity of 88
algae and other aquatic plants. The higher the temperature, the lower the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen. A measure of DO can be used to indicate the level of pollution by organic matter and the level of self-cleansing of the water resources. Due to prevailing high temperatures experienced in the region being an ASAL area, the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen is therefore generally low averaging about 3 mg/l. The distribution of temperature across Wajir County is illustrated in plate 38 Plate 38. Spatial Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen 89
6.20. Total Hardness Total hardness in natural waters depends mainly on the presence of Calcium and Magnesium salts. Since the area under study has low Calcium and Magnesium contents, hence it generally exhibits fairly soft water. Some hard water is however recorded in Wajir East, around Wajir town, northern part of Wajir South, Wagalla and the surrounding areas. This is illustrated in plate 39 Plate 39.Spatial Distribution of Water Hardness 90
6.2. Summary Water quality is a term used to define the suitability of water to various uses. Any particular use will have certain requirements for the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water hence water may be unsuitable for human use but is quite suitable for irrigation or livestock use. It is defined by a number of parameters that will limit its use although many uses have some common requirements for certain parameters. (i) Human Consumption The water quality in Wajir County by and large is suitable for human consumption but should undergo some form of treatment before direct ingestion depending on the source. Water from the rivers/laghs, pans and dams are very turbid and grossly contaminated with Feacal Coliforms and therefore not suitable for direct human consumption without any form of water treatment. The sources require Full Water Treatment involving coagulation, filtration and disinfection. Disinfection alone without first removal of turbidity may not achieve the desired goals. It is therefore recommended that those staying close to and using surface water sources should disinfect and or boil drinking water to avoid the risk of contracting waterborne diseases. Water from boreholes is generally safe and suitable for human consumption except where the levels of some elements may pose human health challenges due to concentrations which are above the recommended thresholds. The suitability should therefore be assessed per individual borehole basis but generally boreholes in the county are safe for human use. It is however advisable to undertake frequent water quality tests for both chemical and bacteriological quality to ensure good quality water is supplied. (ii) Livestock Consumption The quality of most water resources in Wajir County can support livestock production. Animals are more hardy and tolerant to diverse water quality conditions than human and therefore a number of water sources which may not be suitable for human consumption can still support livestock. However care must be taken to avoid the risk of human contamination by undesirable levels of pollutants through food chain, e.g. milk. (iii) Irrigation The main parameters determining the suitability of water for irrigation purposes are Sodium, Calcium and Potassium. Their concentrations in the County are relatively low; however an assessment of individual water source s Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) should be undertaken to determine the suitability for irrigation. 9
Most rivers/laghs, pans and dams have very turbid water which though may be chemically suitable for irrigation but may pose challenges to irrigation systems by clogging the channels through deposition of suspended matter. This may require frequent desilting and de-clogging of the channels which can make irrigation expensive. Boreholes in the county are generally clear and chemically suitable for irrigation but some are highly mineralised which may render them unsuitable for irrigation purposes, and therefore individual assessment is here recommended. In general the water in Wajir County is suitable for irrigation. 6.23. Conclusion/Recommendations Despite the availability of good quality water some parts of the County however are not endowed with that resource. These include Sebule division, Gurar, Habaswein division, Hadado, areas surrounding Lagh Bogol. In these areas full water treatment or provision of alternative water sources is recommended. Water pans and dams play an important role in water provision in these area, however many of them are not protected and allow access by both human and animals to the water points. This has compromised their water quality by some having extremely high turbid water and high levels of faecal contamination. The water quality can be improved by providing cattle troughs outside the dam and pan area to allow for cattle to be watered away from the facilities. The facilities should be desilted and silt traps constructed to prevent suspended solid loads from silting the facilities. Some of the pollutants are transported to the dam and pans by Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Fencing of the facilities to deter unauthorised entry should be considered The threat of water resources pollution through human waste contamination is eminent in and around Wajir town due to combination of many factors. The town lies in a shallow aquifer. The water table in the area is very high and this has encouraged the development of many individual shallow wells in the town and its environs to meet the growing water demand due to population increase. Shallow Wells therefore form part of an important water supply chain not only in the town but in the county at large. The water from these is free, and hence they are very important to the poor and very poor who do not possess the purchasing power to buy water from boreholes. During the survey it was observed that a number of shallow wells around Wajir town were contaminated with faecal coliforms. This could possibly have been due to interaction between the wells and the pit latrines in the town since they share the same water level and some are sited very close to one another. This is not only a threat to public health but also to the groundwater resources. It is therefore advisable that the shallow wells be frequently disinfected and tested to make them safe and suitable for human use, piped water supplies should be extended to cover all parts of the town including the 92
informal settlements. Siting of the wells in relation to the pit latrines should be addressed by the relevant authorities. Water quality monitoring and surveillance programs should be initiated both at the County and at the water supply facility levels. This will foretell incidences of water quality degradation and determine trends which can help in management decisions. Simple portable instruments are available which are easy to use and maintain. Examples are ph meter, Electrical Conductivity/TDS/Salinity meters, Turbidimeter and Colorimeter. It is recommended that sampling for specialised analysis to be done regularly and should be referred to a registered Laboratory. 93
CHAPTER SEVEN PRESENT AND FUTURE WATER DEMANDS 7. Introduction Water demand is the volume of water required by a given population per year. The main importance of realistic water demand estimates is that they have an influence on the planning and design of water projects, they determine the adequacy of the water sources and they provide the base for financial and economic analysis of water programmes as pre-investment appraisals. The water demand is determined by two major elements The size of the of the population The water consumption rates 7.2 Current Water Situation Ewaso Ngiro river is the main source of surface water in Wajir county. Other seasonal rivers supply the residents with water during rainy seasons. Approximately % of the population have roof catchments. The average distance to the nearest water point is 20 Km, although this distance has significantly reduced to 0 Km due to efforts by the county government in programmes and projects for water. Other sources of water include boreholes, shallow wells, pans and dams for human and livestock consumption.the proportion of households with access to piped water is.4 per cent of the county s population. Griftu, Eldas, Habaswein, Masalale are some of the centers with water supply systems serving consumers mainly through water kiosks. A few homesteads and the institutions in these centers are connected to the system. The access to water for the population in Wajir depends on 3 main water sources (in addition to direct rain water): Water pans Shallow wells And boreholes. During both rainy seasons (Gu and Deyr), the population covers its water needs mainly with rain water and run-off water, collected in diverse surface collection points, in particular in water pans, combined with permanent water sources (boreholes and shallow wells). During both dry seasons (Jilal and Hagaa), the population relies on water pans, shallow wells and boreholes, especially once water pans have dried. Although in normal years 94
the water available in water pans can last throughout the dry season, in years of severe drought, pans are no longer able to act as a water source, as they cannot last 3 months. 7.2. Water Pans Water pans are an essential source of water for all communities that have access to them especially for the poor and very poor. Water pans in Wajir are rain-fed twice per year, during the months of April and October. Several pans are filled by flood waters from the Ethiopian highlands, so that even if there is no rain in Wajir, they may still fill. The capacity of these pans ranges from 2,000 to 6,000 m 3. The length of time that a pan holds water depends not only upon total capacity but also upon water depth, seepage losses through the soil, and evaporation rates. Towns that have multiple pans typically separate the pans by use certain pans are for livestock only, while others are reserved for human use. The water pans require minimum maintenance and the village chief has direct management over most water pans. Access to the water is typically free. Some communities have set up a monthly membership fee of 20 KES/month/HH to pay a watchman, to control access to the water pans. Normal Dry Season - Most water pans in Wajir are small and dry out completely for 2 to 3 months of the normal dry season (between July and September) although there are a few bigger pans (notably in Bute, Korondile, Qudama, Adidijole) that hold water the entire year during a normal year. In some of the communities with larger pans, water starts to be rationed in July/Aug/Sept when the water level reaches a critical stage; each household is allowed 4 5 jerry cans per day, and livestock access is reduced or restricted completely. Severe Drought - During a severe drought, every pan in Wajir dries, with the last going dry in July/August. During the severe drought of 20, when there were two consecutive failed rainy seasons (October 200 and March 20), the majority of the pans were dry by January 20. As water levels decrease, water is rationed and human consumption is prioritized above animal consumption. As the water level in the pans decrease, water quality also decreases, as sediment becomes more concentrated within the pan s water. 7.2.2 Shallow Wells All shallow wells in Wajir are privately owned, yet use and access to the wells are communal. They require little maintenance, although some do become silted during 95
the rainy season. Shallow wells tend to be grouped together in clusters, ranging from 2 400 wells in one geographical area. The shallow wells are located along seasonal rivers, and access shallow groundwater stored in the sandy beds of seasonal rivers. The water from these is free, and hence they are very important to the poor and very poor who do not possess the purchasing power to buy water from boreholes. Normal Dry Season During a normal dry season, the shallow wells are in use both by their owners as well as other people who travel to use them. The wells do not experience a measurable decrease in yield, and are able to meet the needs of all users who come to fetch water from them. Severe Drought - While access to these points is normally open to all, the water yield reduces significantly (over 50% decrease) during a severe drought, and during this time the owners of the well have priority usage; others have access only if water remains after owners needs are met. The number of people and animals travelling to access these water points increases significantly, with reports of people queuing up to 20 hours to access water. 7.2.3 Boreholes Boreholes are typically located on the outskirts of a village / town ( -3 kilometres from the village centre). In most cases they have storage tanks, water troughs for animals, and pipeline distribution systems which deliver water to water kiosks in the village centre. In some places, village dwellers fetch water from the water kiosks in the town (connected via pipeline); in others, there is a kiosk with taps at the borehole. Pastoralists and their livestock fetch water from the borehole itself. Boreholes fall into two categories: low-yielding (0.5 3 m3/hr) and high-yielding (>4 m/hr). Low-yielding boreholes can be categorized as follows: Mainly used for domestic use and not animals (except young & sick animals at the households); Water is rationed per household; Typically not used for water trucking except in extreme cases Typically have storage tanks, water troughs for animals, and pipeline systems into the town center (connected to kiosks). High-yielding boreholes can be categorized as follows: 96
Serve domestic households, animals, town centers, institutions, and water trucking; Not rationed; Some of these boreholes are frequented by large numbers of donkey carts which purchase water for re-sale in village centers. All boreholes are managed by a Water User Association (WUA) who sets tariffs, controls access and is in charge of operation and maintenance3. People are charged for water either per jerry can, per animal, or per water truck. Some WUAs give free water to extremely vulnerable community members, though this is not always the case; and credit is rarely given. The operation of a borehole entails a number of running costs, including: fuel for the generator (typically diesel), personnel (borehole operator, watchmen, water user association members), spare parts, mechanics (for repairs), transport costs (spare parts/mechanics/fuel). The cost of a major breakdown can be very expensive (20,000 400,000 KES). Cost recovery mechanisms are in place at every borehole, in which users are charged either by volume (jerry can or water truck) or per animal (different animals incur different charges). The ministry of Water & Irrigation (MoWI) has mechanic and electrician available for more complex repairs. The local NGO District Pastoral Association (DPA) also employs electro-mechanical technicians to perform repair work. Normal Dry Season the majority of boreholes with pumping systems in Wajir operate between 6 5 hours per day during a normal dry season, with a small number of them report operating 20 hours per day due to high number of livestock. The boreholes typically serve people in nearby villages (who are served by the pipeline distribution system from the borehole) and middle and better-off livestock owners. Severe Drought - During a severe drought, boreholes operate from 2 24 hours per day, with the majority of them operating more than 20 hours per day. However, many boreholes reported operating 24 hours per day. This heavy use of the pumping systems (along with low levels of regular maintenance) results in frequent breakdowns of the generators and submersible pumps. The allowances of the mechanics are paid by NGOs. WUAs tend to call on NGOs and MoWI first for support and repairs sometimes they get mechanics and spare parts this way. Only if this fails do they use their own resources to pay for these services. They either call MoWI mechanics or District Pastoral Association (DPA), a national NGO which employs 2 mechanics. Most spare parts can be delivered on-site within -2 days, 97
but a few times they have had to wait up to days for the repair to be completed (due to spares not being in stock). Minor spare parts can be found in hardware stores in Wajir and Moyale towns; however, major spare parts are kept in stock in Wajir town by the DPA, though they sometimes need to be purchased from Nairobi. DPA has a good link with major suppliers in Nairobi in terms of spare parts (even complex/expensive ones); they can be delivered from Nairobi quickly (within -2 days) and are obtained by DPA at a discounted rate 4. In severe droughts, and especially in the severe drought of 20, most boreholes received fuel subsidies from NGOs, in the form of donated barrels of fuel. While this sometimes 7.3 Water Transporters The water transportation market in Wajir has a high capacity, and involves a variety of actors. Commercial water trucking in the area started after 2005, initiated by individuals in the communities who owned trucks, and was then taken up by NGOs contracting water transporters. The number of water trucks has increased substantially since 2008-2009 after the severe drought and the extensive use of emergency water trucking by NGOs that encouraged local truck owners to increase their transportation capacity through buying more trucks. The three main types of water transporters that make up the market are as follows: Transporters owning trucks: Transporters owning flat-bed trucks and / or water bowsers (trucks with a permanently installed water reservoir only used to transport liquids). These are mainly based in Wajir town. Transporters owning only water bowsers. It is rare for transporters to only own bowsers, but those that do are mainly based in Wajir town. NGOs as Market Actors Government trucking. Middlemen with no trucks, renting trucks from other areas during periods of high demand. 98
Figure 2.Village Typology and Water Access Framework The most limiting factor for people to access water is the purchasing power. While the market system is able to provide water and transportation services to cover needs, the population is not able to afford sufficient amounts of water to reach water security. 7.4 Crop production Three main food crops grown in the County are sorghum, cowpeas and maize. Crop production contributes to 30 and 5 percent of cash incomes in agro pastoral and pastoral all species livelihoods respectively. In agro pastoral livelihood zone maize, sorghum and cowpeas contribute to 40, 30 and 20 percent of food respectively. These crops are grown under rain fed production. The three main crops under irrigation are paw paw, vegetable and water melon. Main crops produced include sorghum, drought resistant maize, beans, melons, cowpeas, green grams and horticultural crops like kales, spinach, tomatoes, sweet and hot peppers. These activities are undertaken in small scale because there is no commercial farming registered so far. However, there are indications of huge potential in this sector as witnessed by the water melons flooding the markets across the county during rainy season. 99
7.4. Acreage under Food Crops and Cash Crop The acreage under food and cash crop is negligible with most of the farmers adapting the nomadic pastoralism due to the climatic conditions which are not favourable for crop farming. The acreage under food crops is approximate 3,823 Ha with the total arable land being,024.06 Km 2. There are efforts to increase the acreage through irrigation where the National Irrigation Board is in the process of drilling boreholes to provide irrigation water in Wajir South constituency. Farms are small scale with average holding of 2.4 Ha. Crop activities are carried out in Lorian swamp and along the drainage lines in Bute Ward in Wajir North Constituency. There are initiatives by NGO s and the department of agriculture to promote greenhouse farming in Wajir East Constituency. 7.5 Main Livestock Breed The main types of livestock are cattle (mostly Borana type and dairy crosses), sheep, goats (dominantly Totenberg goats), camels and donkeys. Poultry keeping is more pronounced in Wajir Town. According to the 2009 population and housing census, there were 794, 552 cattle,,406,883 sheep,,866,226 goats, 5,503 donkeys and 533,65 camels. The production of milk and meat is estimated at 3,875,940 litres and 9,00 Kgs respectively per year. 7.6 Main Industrial Activities There are small scale industries in lime production, gums & resins, juice production and hides & skins tannery. Currently the county has two bakeries, jua kali associations and jua kali artisans. The gum and resin factory was built in Wajir East Constituency by Ewaso Nyiro North Development Authority (ENNDA) although it s yet to be operationalized. The county has large potential in lime production which is yet to be explored. Livestock farming can also be done on large scale hence the need to establish a milk and meat processing plant. 7.7 Main Wildlife The county is endowed with various game species like Ostrich, Hyenas, Gazelles; Lions, Zebras, Giraffes, Warthog and Birds. Full exploitation of wildlife resources is hampered by frequent human-wildlife conflict. The wildlife is found all over the vast county hence conservation and management has been a challenge. 7.8 Main Forest types and size of forests The county has no gazetted forest. However, most of the forest cover is comprised of woody trees and shrubs used for grazing camels, goats and wildlife. The dominant species is acacia trees. 00
The main forest products include gum and resin, charcoal, firewood, posts, barks, honey, wood carvings and wild fruits. Firewood is harvested for individual household use and for sale to households living around town and food kiosks. 7.9 Demand Situation The demand for water tends to grow faster than reliable supplies in many regions of the world due to economic development, population growth and shifting population in search of water and grazing pasture. This situation has critically enhanced the awareness that influencing the demand for water is a necessity to guarantee the sustainable use of the resource. Demand management consists of a combination of economic, technical, administrative, legal and behavioral measures aiming at a more efficient use of the water, influencing both quality and quantity. The optimal use involves developing priorities on how water will be utilized sustainably. Water demands in both rural and urban areas mainly depend on:- Human Population Livestock Population Social Economic Infrastructure The Wajir County water demand is determined by the population of human and livestock in the study area based on an accepted and/or justifiable water consumption rate in the study specific areas. The water consumption rates in urban centers are also influenced by the social and Economic infrastructure existing in the area. The current situations have been estimated, based on data from the 2009 Census and other available official data. The projections are used as reference values in the study. 7.0 Population Projection The latest available information regarding population and its distribution is the 2009 Census. Thus, the study will be formulated based on such data. The total population (urban and rural population) of Kenya in 2030 was projected in Kenya Vision 2030. However, Kenya Vision 2030 does not show population projections by each urban centre and county. These projections were carried out in the study, and were used for planning the conditions of the present and future water demand for Wajir County. For the population projection, population is divided into the following two groups: Urban population in the 2009 Census living outside the 37 urban centres Rural population 0
The planning population growth rate between 205 and 2050 are set in Table 5 below; Table 5. Urban and Rural Population projection between 205-2050 in Wajir County Year Urban Population Rural Population Total Population 206 3,977 72,378 826,355 2020 32,902 823,226 956,27 2030 82,46,30,205,32,666 2050 34,257 2,32,923 2,474,80 7. Water Demand Projection According to the design manual of water supply in Kenya (Ref.4.2), water demand projections should be made for the initial, the future and the ultimate year whereby the future is 0 years and the ultimate is 20 years from the initial year. Population projection formulae can also help to plan the initial, future and ultimate design periods. Practically, a period varying from 20-30 years is considered sufficient for design purposes where:- Initial period- four years from the commencement of design Future period - ten years from the initial period Ultimate period twenty years from initial period This study however, projects the water demand in the sequence of; Initial period (206), Future period (2020), Ultimate period (2030), Penultimate (2050). It is certain that the existing water resources structures/ facilities will not be able to satisfy the greatly increased 2050 water demands, therefore new structures/ facilities should be developed. The following four types of water demands were projected for 2030 and 2050:. Domestic Water Demand The domestic water demand includes residential water demand, institutional water demand and commercial water demand. The residential water demand was estimated based on the projected population and the unit water demand given in the Guidelines for Water Allocation (WRMA, 200). The institutional and commercial water demands were calculated by considering the proportion of the residential water demand. 2. Industrial Water Demand The industrial water demand was estimated considering the proportion of the residential water demand and the economic growth rate. 02
3. Livestock Water Demand The livestock water demand was estimated considering the projected number of livestock units and the unit water demand given in the Guidelines for Water Allocation (WRMA, 200). 4. Wildlife Water Demand The wildlife water demand was estimated considering the projected number of wildlife and the unit water demand. 7... Domestic Water Demand Domestic water demand is comprised of residential water demand, institutional water demand and commercial water demand. The results of the water demand projection for 2050 could be used for the purposes of conducting the water balance study for water resource development planning, and formulating water supply projects to meet the water demand in 2050. Water demand calculations basically follow the methodology set out in the MWI Design Manual for Water Supply in Kenya, October 2005. Such methodology is also given in the Guidelines for Water Allocation (WRMA, 200). The calculations were carried out using data on population projection, unit water consumption ratio, ratio of institutional/commercial water use, and NRW ratio. Water demand projection is calculated as follows: - Pt = Po ( + r/00) t Where; Pt = population after time t, Po = population at the beginning at time t R = population growth rate in percentage. Initial Period Water Projection by year 206 2. Future Period Water Projection by year 2020 3. Ultimate period water projection by year 2030 4. Penultimate period water projection by year 2050 7... Present Water Demand For the calculation of water demand in 205, the population was estimated based on the 2009 Census, and the urban and rural water consumption rates, in L/person/day, were taken from the MWI Design Manual. The water consumption rates are given in the table 6 below. 03
Table 6.Design Water Consumption Ratio (Unit: L/person/day) Consumer Urban Areas High-Class Housing Medium- Class Housing Low-Class Housing High Potential Rural Areas Medium Potential People with individual 250 50 75 60 50 40 connections People without connections - - 20 20 5 0 Source: MWI Design Manual for Water Supply in Kenya Low Potential The MWI Design Manual states that the water consumption rates include an allowance of 20% for water losses through leakage and wastage. The current piped water connection in Wajir is at %, thus our calculations for the current water demand will be based on the assumption that Wajir County has people without connections and will use the lowest acceptable standards of water requirements. Therefore, the current urban population water demand will be 20 l/person/day and the rural will be 0 l/person/day. Therefore the current water demand is at 9403.32 m 3 /day. See Table 7 Table 7.Current Water Demand YEAR Urban Urban Water Rural Rural Water Total water Population demand M 3 /day Population Demand M 3 /day demand M 3 /day 206 3,977 2279.54 72,378 723.78 9403.32 7...2.Future Water Demand () Target Coverage Ratio Kenya Vision 2030 aims to ensure that improved water and sanitation are available and accessible to all by 2030. Based on the policy of Kenya Vision 2030, Water Service Strategic Plan 2009 prepared by the MWI, the targets for water supply development plan of the NWMP 2030 were set as follows: ) Increase coverage of improved supply to 00% in both urban and rural areas 2) Increase coverage of piped water supply by registered WSPs to 00% of the urban population 3) Increase unit water supply amount to suitable national standard levels 4) Decrease NRW rate to 20% for efficient water use 04
In order to achieve the above targets, the concrete target water connection for 2030 was set as shown in the table below together with the current conditions. (2) Unit Water Demand of Domestic Water Use The domestic water demand includes residential water demand, institutional water demand, commercial water demand, and water loss. (Hereinafter, the NRW ratio was used also as an approximation ratio of water loss). For water demand calculation, first of all, a unit water demand for residential use was assumed based on standard values in the Guidelines for Water Allocation (WRMA, 200). In the draft of the new Water Act 202, the minimum requirement of unit residential water demand was set at 25 L/person/day, although some of the standard values are less than 25 L/person/day in the guidelines. In the water demand projection, the unit residential water demand was proposed at not less than 25 L/person/day. Table 8 below shows the standard values and proposed unit water demands for residential use. Table 8.Standard Values and Proposed Values for Unit Residential Water Demand (Unit: L/person/day) Urban Population Rural Population Standard Value Standard Value Proposed Value Category (including (excluding (excluding allowance for water allowance for allowance for loss) water loss) water loss) High-Class Housing 250 200 200 Middle-Class Housing 50 20 20 Low-Class Housing Individual Connection Non-individual Connection Individual connection Non-individual connection 75 - Note: Water loss was assumed at 20%. High: 60 Medium: 50 Low: 40 High: 20 Medium: 5 Low: 0 Source: Guidelines for Water Allocation (WRMA, 200) 60 20 High: 48 Medium: 40 Low: 40 High: 20 Medium: 5 Low: 0 60 30 High: 60 Medium: - Low: 40 High: 30 Medium: - Low: 25 Following the Guidelines for Water Allocation (WRMA, 200), the water demands were estimated for each category of water users in the urban and rural populations separately. However, there is not enough information on the percentage of future water users by category, such as high-, middle- and low-class housing, and individual and non-individual connections. 05
Therefore an assumption was made for the urban population to have connections by the year 2030, and rural population not to have. Therefore the estimate usage for the urban population would be 75 l/person/day and that of rural at 40 l/person/day. As shown in the table 9 below the water demand for the county rises to over 00,000 m 3 /day. Table 9.Future Water Demand year Urban Urban Water Rural Rural Water Total Water Population Demand m 3 /day Population Demand m 3 /day Demand m 3 /day 2020 32,902 9,967.65 823,226 32,929.04 42,896.69 2030 82,46 3,684.58,30,205 45,208.2 58,892.78 2050 34,257 25,594.28 2,32,923 85,36.92 0,9.2 7..2. Industrial Water Demand Data relevant to commercial and industrial activities were insufficient for carrying out analytical calculations of the present and projected water demand per district. A list of all major industrial firms registered in Kenya and operating in Wajir was provided by the Ministry of Industrialization; however, this was not a comprehensive list, and does not provide the exact location or the water source utilised. Furthermore, water consumption rates of registered companies or the standards for different industry sectors were not available. Although there is a link between industry type and water use, previous studies have shown that industrial water use is strongly correlated to the type and size of operation, processes, materials and technology used and less dependent on the end product. Hence, the standard water use rates per type of industry are difficult to be allocated and sometimes misleading. The methodology for calculating the present and future industrial water demands is presented below. 7..2.. Present Industrial Water Demand Under this study the existing data on registered firms and unregistered firms in Wajir was analysed to identify whether the county is a high, medium or low zone industrial area. The following consumption rates as a percentage of urban water demand were applied in this study. Please note that the percentages were adjusted from the Aftercare Study (998) to account for the different approaches in the industrial activity grouping of the districts and the separation of commercial activities included under domestic. See Table 20 06
Table 20.Water Consumption Rate by Industrial Group Industrial Group High Activity Group 25% Medium Activity Group 5% Low Activity Group 5% No Activity Group 0% Source: Guidelines for Water Allocation (WRMA, 200) % of Urban Water Demand Under current conditions Wajir County is under the Low Activity Group and water demand was based on industries was assumed to take up only 5% of urban water demand. Thus the current industrial water demand is at 3.98 m 3 /day. 7..2.2. Future Industrial Water Demand The future water demand for upto 2050 was projected based on the premise that industrial water usage will increase in line with the growth of urban water demand. Industrial water demand up to 2030 was calculated using the same method of present water demand calculation. The year 2050 estimates assumed that the economy will have matured sufficiently to almost double the current water demand. See Table 2 Table 2.Future Industrial Water Demand year Urban Water Demand m 3 /day Industrial water Demand m 3 /day 2020 9,967.65 498.38 2030 3,684.58 684.23 2050 25,594.28 2559.43 7..3. Livestock Water Demand The 2009 Census provides livestock population data for the Wajir County and will be used as a basis for this projection. My and is central to ensuring food security. 7..3.. Present Livestock Water Demand There are many different forms of livestock. The livestock unit (LU) is used as a standard for the purpose of estimating water demand. According to the Guidelines for Water Allocation (WRMA, 200), water consumption ratio is 50 L/head/day on the basis of LUs, and the following conversion factors are applied. See Table 22 07
Table 22. Livestock Unit One grade cow Equivalent to Livestock Unit (LU) Three indigenous cows Equivalent to Livestock Unit (LU) 5 sheep or goats Equivalent to Livestock Unit (LU) Five donkeys Equivalent to Livestock Unit (LU) Two camels Equivalent to Livestock Unit (LU) Source: Guidelines for Water Allocation (WRMA, 200) According to the 2009 population and housing census, there were 794, 552 cattle,,406,883 sheep,,866,226 goats, 5,503 donkeys and 533,65 camels. The production of milk and meat is estimated at 3,875,940 litres and 9,00 Kgs respectively per year. A growth rate of 3.20% was used to determine the current number of livestock units in Wajir County. The growth rate unit was thus used to project the current livestock numbers. An assumption was made that the cows were all of indigenous nature. See table 23 Table 23.Present Livestock Unit Livestock 2009 Census Projected 206 Livestock Unit Numbers Numbers Cattle 794,552 993,90 33,063 Sheep,406,883,758,603 7,240 Goats,866,226 2,332,782 55,58 Donkeys 5,503 44,378 28,875 Camel 553,65 692,063 346,03 Total 978,727 LU For calculation of the livestock water demand, the number of livestock was calculated only for cattle, sheep, goat and camel, while other livestock such as poultry, donkeys, pigs, etc. were assumed negligible. Each livestock unit consumes 50l/day, therefore the current water demand would be 48,936.35 m 3 /day for Wajir County. 7..3.2. Future Livestock Water Demand The growth of livestock population varies depending on the demand for meat, desire of farmer to breed livestock and government policy. A simple projection methodology was employed for this study, namely, livestock population would increase in accordance with demand on milk and meat to ensure food security as a minimum. The increasing population would put more pressure for the provision of meat and milk. Thus an 08
assumption was made to reduce the growth rate by half from the year 2030-2050. See Table 24. Table 24.Future Livestock Water Demand Livestock 2009 Census Numbers 2030 Livestock Projections Livestock Units 2050 Livestock Projections Livestock Units Cattle 794,552,54,430 53,80 2,,759 703,99 Sheep,406,883 2,729,353 8,956 3,739,23 249,280 Goats,866,226 3,620,478 24,365 4,960,054 330,670 Donkeys 5,503 224,075 44,85 306,982 6,396 Camel 553,65,074,083 537,04,47,493 735,746 Total,58,987 2,08,0 Water Demand 75,949.35 m 3 /day 04,050.55 m 3 /day 7..4. Wildlife Water Demand Data relevant to wildlife populations were insufficient for carrying out analytical calculations of present and future demand. 7..4.. Present Water Demand Water consumption for animals varies depending on the species as well as their surrounding conditions such as water availability or vegetation. Some mammals such as elephants and buffalos, require fairly large amounts of water frequently. Others such as giraffes sometimes live long without drinking water for a month if succulent vegetation is available. In order to assume the water consumption, the abovementioned species were grouped, i.e. Group A for species which require relatively much water, and Group B for those which require relatively less water. Group A: Elephant, Zebra, Wildebeest, Kudu, Warthog, and Buffalo Group B: Giraffe, Gazelle, Gerenuk, Impala, Hartebeest, Topi, Eland, Oryx, and Ostrich Water consumption for one LU (450 kg) is 50 L/day, and that for elephants are said to be 40-270 L/day. Generally, the actual water consumption of wildlife has not been made clear. Accordingly, water consumption of respective species was assumed as follows: Water consumption of species is directly proportional to their average body weights. Species in Group A require water at a rate of about 50% of standard water consumption of LU. Accordingly, the daily consumption was set at 5.0 L/00 kg-weight. 09
Species in Group B require water at a rate of about 25% of standard water consumption of LU. Accordingly, the daily consumption was set at 2.5 L/00 kg-weight. Based on the above assumptions, the daily water consumption of respective species have been estimated as presented in the Table 25 below. Table 25.Unit Water Consumption Rates for Wildlife Group Group A Group B Unit Water Consumption 5 L/00 kg/day 2.5 L/00 kg/day Source: Based on data from DRSRS. Remarks About 50% of standard water consumption of LU About 25% of standard water consumption of LU No. of Animals (head) 698,040 348,67 247,000 5,320 Water Consumption (m 3 /day) Based on the above estimated water consumptions and estimated numbers derived from DRSRS, the total annual wildlife water demand of major species in 200 was estimated at 8.3 MCM (22,88 m 3 /day) for a total of 945,040 heads as shown in Table 26 below. Table 26.Estimated Daily Water Consumption by Species Group Species Water Consumption (L/00 kg) Average Weight Unit Water Consumption (L/day/animal) Water Consumption (m 3 /day) A Buffalo 5 700 35,83 A Elephant 5 7,500 375 7,059 A Greater Kudu 5 95 9.75 4 A Lesser Kudu 5 75 3.75 0 A Warthog 5 65 3.25 7 A Waterbuck 5 230.5 30 A Wildebeest 5 425 2.25 0,763 A Zebra Burchell 5 400 20 2,75 A Zebra Grevy's 5 400 20 25 Subtotal of Group -- -- -- 2,896 A B Bushbuck 2.5 60.5 0 B Eland 2.5 600 5 0 B Gazelle Grants 2.5 55.375 0 B Gazelle Thomsons 2.5 2 0.525 22 B Gerenuk 2.5 38 0.95 2 B Giraffe 2.5,000 25 46 B Hunters 2.5 00 2.5 Heartebeest B Impala 2.5 57.425 44 B Kongoni 2.5 00 2.5 6 B Oryx 2.5 250 6.25 54 0
B Ostrich 2.5 90 2.25 6 B Topi 2.5 0 2.75 39 Subtotal of Group B -- -- -- 92 Grand Total -- -- -- 22,87 Source: DRSRS data Table 27.Estimate of Distribution of Wildlife Catchment Area ENNCA Ratio 5% Source: DRSRS Wildlife water demand for ENNCA is 40.85 m 3 /day which constitutes 5% of the total wildlife water demand for the country. An assumption was made that only 5% of the total wildlife population in ENNCA is found in Wajir County. Therefore, the current wildlife water demand for Wajir is 57.0425 m 3 /day. 7..4.2. Future Wildlife Water Demand It was assumed that the water demand of wildlife will remain constant in the future as efforts are made to sustain the wildlife population in Kenya so that the proportion of the wildlife demand is expected to decrease more. It was therefore assumed that the current water demand would be stable throughout the years and conservation efforts will ensure that the wildlife species are not depleted. Therefore the future water demand will remain at 57.0425 m 3 /day. 7.2. Water Abstraction Water abstraction in Wajir is dependent on the rainy seasons. This is solely because it affects directly the mode of abstraction being used. Pans are used during and after the rainy seasons for an extended period of up to 2 months. The boreholes are used after the pans have dried up. Thus the water abstraction scenario in Wajir is: Pans: April, May, June & October, November Boreholes: December, January, February, March & July, August, September To analyse water abstraction in Wajir County, and determine whether it is sufficient; the total holding capacity of pans in the county was derived and the total borehole yield. Then a comparison was done with the current demand. An assumption was made that when the pans are filled in one rainy season they are not filled again till the next rainy season. Also, the boreholes have functioning pumps and will all be pumped to a maximum of 5 hours a day. This brings the total holding capacity of pans in the County to 2,42,400 m 3 ; and that of boreholes is 20,623.65 m 3 /day. Please note that the value of the pans is expected to sustain the population
for two to three months. The current water demand is at 58,50.69 m 3 /Day. See Table 28. Table 28.Summary of Water Demand in Wajir County Use Water Demand m 3 /Day Domestic 9403.32 Industrial 3.98 Livestock 48, 936.35 Wildlife 57.04 Total 58,50.69 During the months that the pans are being used, under ideal circumstances; the pans can only sustain the population for 37 days after the rainy season. This period is usually prolonged or shortened depending on the length of the rainy seasons; also some pans dry up earlier than others depending on their capacity and abstraction. The residents of Wajir County prefer using the water pans because the water quality is better than that of the boreholes. The boreholes total yield is 20,623.65 m 3 /day, when they are pumped for a maximum of 5 hours a day; the demand of water per day is at 58,50.69 m 3 /Day. Even when the boreholes are pumped for 20 hours a day and an assumption is made that all the pumps are working efficiently with no breakdowns, the boreholes will yield 27,498.2 m 3 /Day. This total yield is barely enough to meet half the needs of water demand. See Table 29. Table 29. Current Water Deficit Current Demand Available water BH pumped 5 Hrs/day Available water BH pumped 20 Hrs/day 58,50.69 m 3 /Day 20,623.65 m 3 /day 27,498.2 m 3 /Day Deficit 37,887.04 m 3 /day 3,02.49 m 3 /day 7.3. Conclusion The water needs of the population of the people of Wajir County are only met during the rainy seasons when the pans have filled with water and accessibility by all residents is guaranteed. Pans are available all over Wajir County with sufficient water to meet the demands of the residents. During the dry season, most pans are dry and residents depend on boreholes for their water needs. There is a critical water shortage and majority of the residents are forced to reduce their water usage by more than half. Even when the boreholes are pumped for 20 hours a day the deficit is still 3,02.49 m3/day. This is more than half of the water demand scenario. 2
CHAPTER EIGHT PROPOSED OPTIMUM WATER RESOURCE MONITORING NETWORK 8.. Introduction Steady management of water resources is possible only under condition of availability of adequate qualitative and quantitative information about state of the water body at any moment of time. Such information is necessary for taking decisions about allowable water usage and for substantiation of controlling actions and verification of their observation. Such minute-by-minute information can be provided by the process of water monitoring. The process of monitoring consists of collection of information at certain points, in certain time intervals, for obtaining data reflecting current situation and allowing to determine trends in its development. 8.2. Current Monitoring Initiatives Water resources monitoring systems in ENNCA are established, focusing on the southwestern part of the catchment area in the upper reaches of the Ewaso Ng iro North River. As for the current monitoring situation, the ratio of actual monitoring stations against the WRMA s target is 60% (24 stations) for surface water level, 50% (five stations) for groundwater level and 3% (8 stations) for rainfall. Water resources evaluation is not properly done using the above monitored data, therefore it is necessary to establish a system to evaluate water resources in Wajir County. Monitoring items are rainfall, surface water, ground water and water quality. For the surface water and groundwater, water quantity and quality are monitored. The current monitoring system is not effective in monitoring the water resources in Wajir County. Surface water monitoring stations are concentrated in the upper reaches of the Ewaso Ng iro North River. Rainfall monitoring stations have been set up without consideration of the climatic division of the catchment area. Groundwater monitoring stations have not been set up in areas where groundwater demand will increase in the future, namely, areas that have both a water supply development plan and a sewerage development plan. 8.3. Surface Water Monitoring 8.3.. Design of Optimal Hydro-Meteorological Network The assessment of the status of the Hydro-Meteorological Network has revealed that the status of the hydrometric network in Wajir County basin is far from satisfactory. Most of the rainfall and climatic stations are non-functional due to lack of measuring instruments or lack of maintenance of the stations. Wajir Met. Station (ID 8840000) is designated by Kenya Meteorological Services (KMS) as synoptic station and therefore 3
very important in assessing the climatic parameters in the County. Taking note of the fact that the sustainable management and utilization of water resources requires consistent quality data to characterize the available water resources, establishment of an optimal hydro-meteorological network in discharge point of Ewaso Ng iro River (Lorian swamp) and Ewaso Laggas drainage basin is of crucial importance. This sections deals with the design of the hydro-meteorological network in the basin. 8.3.2. Objectives of the Hydro-Meteorological Network in Wajir County The objectives of having in place a sustainable hydro-meteorological network in the basin are: To provide information to support the management of water resources of Ewaso Laggas drainage basin and Wajir County. To provide information to support the design and construction of water related projects at various sectors, i.e., Water Sector (water supply, water management functions); Infrastructure (drainage structures, i.e bridges and culverts); Agriculture (Irrigation); Livestock (water supply); Environment or environmental flow requirements (water supply for the ecosystem); Mining and Health (Water related diseases) among others. To provide data to evaluate spatial and temporal trends and changes of hydrological/climatic variables. To provide data to support research related to basin water resources management needs. 8.3.3. Data to be collected The optimum hydro-meteorological network to be established in county will collect the following data: Stage (water level) and Discharge Data. Most of the problems of hydrological design and operation are solved on the basis of stage and discharge data. In view of the fact that discharge data is derived from continuous records of stage, these two types of data cannot be separated. Sediment transport. The data on sediment transport is useful in estimating sediment outflow and is used in the reservoirs, dams, pans and canals. Evaporation. The data on evaporation is useful in the design of reservoirs, studies of water budget of catchments and estimation of the water requirements for irrigation purposes. 4
Climatic data. Climatic data include dry and wet air temperatures; wind run, solar radiation, sunshine duration and humidity. These data is useful for depicting the climate of the basin, which is an important factor for agricultural use? 8.3.4. Hydrometric Network Currently, there is no hydrometric network in Ewaso Laggas basin. Stations to constitute the hydrometric network have been proposed based on the WMO Guide to Hydrological Practices (WMO-No. 68) criteria. The key areas considered were: Accessibility of the stations. Suitability of the station to measure flow. Relevance of the station for the planning and management of the water resources in the basin. Sustainability of the network as far as the cost for the operation and maintenance is concerned. Operation and maintenance of hydrometric network is quite expensive and experience from other catchments has shown that funds provided by the Government for this work has been very limited. Under these circumstances, it is preferred therefore, to have a minimum optimum network that can be operated and maintained from modest resources that can be made available by the County Government. In view of this, ten (0) river gauging station are proposed to constitute the hydrometric network. These stations will measure flow in Ewaso Ng iro River at Habaswein and the three main laggas, i.e Lag Bor, Lag Bogal and Lag Katulo. Two gauging stations should be installed in the upper reaches of the laggas and one in the middle or lower reaches. The stations should have data loggers to ensure that all flow regimes are captured when they occur. The proposed sites for the stations to constitute the hydrometric network are shown in Plate 40. 5
Plate 40 Proposed River Gauging Stations 8.3.5. Precipitation Network The number of rainfall stations installed in Wajir County cannot be accurately determined since they belong to different organizations. There are 2 stations available in WRMA database but all of them have data up to the last last ten to twenty years. It is proposed that the twelve (2) rainfall stations be rehabilitated to constitute the rainfall network in the basin. 6
Table 30.Proposed Precipitation Network in Wajir County Station ID Name Longitude Latitude Altitude 8839002 Wagala Chief s Centre 39.933333.783333 262 8840000 Wajir Met Station 40.066667.750000 262 884000 Quaaley Primary School 40.33333.600000 246 8840002 Leheley Primary School 40.06667.66667 246 8840003 Wajir Bor Primary School 40.500000.733333 223 873900 Giriftu Police Post 39.750000 2.06667 32 8739002 Ajao Primary School 39.700000 2.950000 820 8739003 Eldas Chief s Camp 39.566667 2.500000 459 874000 Korof Harar Police Post 40.750000 2.250000 328 8740002 Tarbaj Chief s Office 40.800000 2.26667 40 8639002 Bute Chief s Camp 39.450000 3.46667 48 8639004 Godoma Chief s Camp 39.333333 3.500000 984 8839000 Habbaswein Police Post 39.4907.06870 258 8.3.6. Climatic Network Three (3) climatic stations are proposed to constitute the climatic network in basin. The full climatic stations should be established at the high altitude, middle altitude and low altitude areas. The following stations are proposed to be installed with full climatic stations with automatic loggers: Wajir Met. Station (ID 8840000), Bute Chief s Camp (ID 8639002) and Ajao Primary School (ID 8939002). 8.3.7. Sediment Monitoring Network The rate of sediment transport in basin is import for answering a number of questions and providing management tools for deciding on mitigation measures. Which land use types is sediment originating from? What pollutants do the suspended sediments in the rivers contain? What effect does the sediment discharge have on the river, reservoirs and pans? What effect does the sediment discharge have on water quality, treatment costs and lifespan of reservoirs? The sediment network is required to answer the above questions. It is recommended that the suspended sediment sampling points to include all hydrometric stations which have been proposed to constitute the hydrometric network in Ewaso Laggas basin. 8.3.8. Required Equipment s for Surface Water Measurements The hydrometric stations will collect water levels and will also be used as gauging points for stream flow (discharge) and sediment measurement. Discharge and sediment measurement should be done periodically by WARMA along with other water quality parameters. For this reason, the following equipment will be required: 7
a) Staff gauges (30 of.5m units) b) Discharge measurement equipment (Current meter) ( No) c) Wading rods ( set) d) Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) ( No) e) ADCPs for measurements in big rivers ( No) f) Automatic water level recorders (4 No) g) Field Computer ( No) h) Sediment Sampler ( No) i) Survey equipment ( No) 8.3.9. Budget for Implementing the Proposed Networks The budget has been prepared based on the assessment that was carried out to establish requirements for equipment to be installed at the proposed stations to constitute the hydro-meteorological network stations for surface water resources monitoring. Consideration has been made for facilities required for data downloading and construction costs for the installation of staff gauges, data loggers and climatic stations. Availability of transport is necessary for the operation of the stations to be established. A cost for the acquisition of a four-wheel vehicle to facilitate water resources monitoring needs to be taken into consideration. Table 4 presents the details of cost estimates for the procurement of water resources monitoring equipment required to be installed at the different stations that have been recommended to constitute the hydro-meteorological network in the whole of Wajir County. Costs for construction and installation are also given. The total cost is estimated to be USD 75,384 The specifications of the water resources monitoring equipment and instruments required to be procured for the establishment of stations in the proposed hydrometeorological monitoring network in Wajir County are presented in Annex 9. 8.4. Ground Water Monitoring During times of drought residents of Wajir County mainly depend on groundwater as the main source of water. Thus monitoring and management of this water resource is very important. The proposed groundwater monitoring network will collect data on the ground water rest levels and water quality in different aquifers.test pumping is also recommended every time a new borehole is drilled in the County.See plate 4 for the proposed ground water monitoring boreholes. 8
Plate 4.Ground Water Monitoring Network 9
Instruments and methods of Ground water Monitoring Direct measurement of groundwater levels in observation wells can be accomplished either manually or with automatic recording instruments. The following descriptions relate to principles of measurement of groundwater levels. The references include descriptions of certain instruments. Manually operated instruments The most common manual method is by suspending a weighted line (for example, a graduated flexible steel or plastic-coated tape or cable) from a defined point at the surface, usually at the well head, to a point below the groundwater level.the most common tool is the electric dipper which is recommended. This can be done once per month. Automatic recording instruments Many different types of continuous, automatically operated water-level recorders are in use. Although a recorder can be designed for an individual installation, emphasis should be placed on versatility. Instruments should be portable, easily installed, and capable both of recording under a wide variety of climatic conditions and of operating unattended for varying periods of time. They should also have the facility to measure ranges in groundwater fluctuation at different recording speeds by means of interchangeable gears for time and water-level scales. Thus, one basic instrument, with minimum ancillary equipment, can be used over a period of time at a number of observation wells and over a range of groundwater fluctuations. The most suitable analogue recorder currently in operation is float actuated. The hydrograph is traced either onto a chart fixed to a horizontal or vertical drum or onto a continuous strip chart. To obtain the best results with maximum sensitivity, the diameter of the float must be as large as practicable with minimum weight of supporting cable and counterweight. Currently the best systems are the electronic based systems. These have the capacity to record and store the data for a period of time. There is a wide range of electronic systems for example Transducer/logger, Pressure sensors, Ultrasonic level sensors and well sounder systems. The transducers/loggers system can be installed on the borehole to give a continuous and consistent water level data 20
8.5. Water Quality Monitoring Surface and ground water monitoring stations will also double up as water quality monitoring stations. The monitoring variables will be divided into two parts.the first part will be the general practically obligatory quality indices of both surface and ground water.the second part will contain specific indices reflecting features and problems of a given water point. As a rule, the following parameters will be monitored: Water Temperature ph Colour Turbidity Conductivity (25 0 C) Iron Manganese Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Total Hardness Total Alkalinity Chloride Fluoride Nitrate Nitrite Sulphate Free Carbon Dioxide Total Dissolved Solids Arsenic 8.5.. Instrumentation in Water Quality Monitoring The key intruments for water quality monitoring include; ph meter, Electrical Conductivity/TDS/Salinity meters, Turbidimeter and Colorimeter. It is recommended that sampling for specialised analysis to be done regularly and should be referred to a registered Laboratory 8.6. Data System Control Management The control data system (CDS) is a component of the water resources monitoring system. It is an autonomous subsystem, responsible for storage and future use of data obtained on the monitoring network, for data analysis and transformation into information applicable to water management. CDS also should provide for access to the monitoring information in accordance with a predetermined order. The data 2
obtained through implementation of monitoring programmes must be official, accessible and prepared for long-term storage (for archiving). An important function of the monitoring programme consists in data conversion into information suitable for satisfaction of specific water management needs. Prior to use of collected data and their storage for future use it is necessary to perform the following data management actions: Prior to making data available for users or ready for archiving it is necessary to officially approve them; Data should be analyzed, interpreted, and converted in pre-determined formats, with application of corresponding analytical methods; Data should be presented in layered format amenable to use in various aimoriented groups; Monitoring information should be available for decision making, obtaining management evaluations, or for more detailed investigations. Data storage is the weakest link in the data management circuit. It is necessary to store data for future use so that they would be available and sufficient in their conditions to satisfy demands for their analysis. It is also necessary to store a sufficient volume of secondary information (i.e. metadata) allowing to interpret and analyze data of monitoring. For example, it is necessary to store data on sampling time and site, the sample type, methods of sample processing and analyzing. If it is desirable to analyze other components of the water resources (e.g. suspended solids, biota) it would be necessary to have corresponding meta information on total amount of a component, size of its particles, their distribution, etc. Data transformation into information demands their analysis and interpretation. As a rule, data are saved in the computer system. So data analysis mainly it consists in statistical treatment may be performed with the help of standard software packages. Data interpretation procedures should include as a minimum methods for determination of trends in metered values of water resources properties, verification of correspondence to standards, computation of pollutants mass and quality indices. Organization of information interexchange among its users is an important CDS task. It can be performed with the help of special interexchange formats. The final stage of the data management system s operation cycle consists in delivery of reports, including presentation of monitoring information to its users. 22
9.. Introduction CHAPTER NINE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The of the national development targets on the water sector in Kenya Vision 2030 especially on water and sanitation is to ensure that improved water and sanitation are available and accessible to all by 2030. In Wajir County the water resources are distributed unevenly in terms of time and space. Actual usable water resources are considered limited. The need to supply water of good quality and in quantities that are sufficient to meet the various water needs including poverty alleviation, while ensuring safe disposal of wastewater and environmental protection cannot be over emphasised. This assessment on available water resources in Wajir County is therefore important as it lays the foundation of establishing water development opportunities and limitations to support the County make informed decisions on water resources investments. The issues and related recommendations presented below are meant to guide policy makers attempting to improve the quantity and quality of water resources in Wajir County. 9.2. Existing Water Supply The water supply sources in Wajir County include laggas/streams, boreholes, shallow wells, earth dams, sand dams, water pans and rainwater harvesting. The characteristics which influence preferential use of water sources are:- Water quality Walking distance Water cost at source Operational status and number of consumers Water yield and its constraints during the dry seasons Number and density of the water points. There are no reliable permanent surface water sources so most of the reliable water sources are subsurface such as boreholes, shallow wells and pans. During both rainy seasons, the population covers its water needs mainly from rain water and run-off water, collected in diverse surface collection points, in particular in water pans, combined with permanent water sources (boreholes and shallow wells). 23
During both dry seasons (Jilal and Hagaa), the population relies on water pans, shallow wells and boreholes, especially once water pans have dried up. Although in normal years the water available in water pans can last throughout the dry season, in years of severe drought, pans are no longer able to act as a water source, as they cannot last 3 months after the last rains. There are 4,360 shallow wells and 252 boreholes (CIDP,203). Only 965 households in the county have roof catchment representing per cent of the households. The average distance to the nearest water point is 0 Kms. The current water supply coverage is not equitable with most areas not having access to clean reliable water supply. The survey also revealed that many of the abstractors in the County did not have legal permits. It was also noted that data, especially borehole records are either incomplete or critical information has been omitted. The following observations were made from the borehole records collected from MOWI, WRMA, NWCPC and the County Government of Wajir; Some borehole records did not have borehole coordinates and names. Most of the borehole records have not been updated and therefore the borehole status after drilling and commissioning is not known. Very few of the borehole records had complete test pumping data. The only data was the tested yields and the dynamic level. None of the borehole water quality records includes results of bacteriological analyses. The available records are too bulky 9.2.. Conclusions Results from the abstraction survey show that there is an acute water scarcity with only 40 per cent of the population having access to safe water. The proportion of households with access to piped water is.4% of the county s population. Griftu, Eldas, Habaswein, Masalale are some of the centers with water supply systems serving consumers mainly through water kiosks. Approximately,320 households and institutions in these centers are connected to the system. The rest of the population use unsafe water direct from the laggas, boreholes, shallow wells and pans. The Water quality for piped sources depend mainly on the type of source used. Water quality of boreholes is generally good and treatment may not be necessary before distribution. Shallow wells have high contamination levels and hence chlorination is required to supply safe drinking water. Water from laggas/streams require treatment before distribution due to contamination and high turbidity. 24
There is also need to protect the water supplies from contamination especially in areas of shallow aquifer like Wajir town as experience has shown many times that investments in water supply protection are more effective and efficient than site remediation. Indeed, after a site is contaminated, it is not always feasible to restore it. 9.2.2. Recommendations Continuous monitoring needs to be instituted to ensure compliance of abstractors to the permitted volumes of abstraction. Water permit issuance and control should be improved as most of the abstraction in Wajir County is illegal. Areas where there is evidence of over-abstraction, issuance of permits should be stopped. Discharge of waste substances that may be toxic into the river/stream is illegal and should be strictly avoided to preserve water quality. Water intakes should be desilted regularly to avoid clogging and non-piped water supply sources upgraded to reduce water point contamination. Management of these water points should be improved and abstraction rates controlled. Water from rivers and streams have high turbidity contamination and require treatment before distribution. Shallow wells have high bacteriological contamination levels and thus chlorination is recommended. Improvement in record keeping especially on borehole data and better management of water permit issuance and control is recommended as most of the water supply points are illegal. Increased surveillance of public health and the water distribution points should be prioritized. Attention should also be placed on waste disposal especially in urban centres and areas of shallow aquifers like Wajir town. 9.3. Surface Water The main sources of surface water in Wajir County are mainly dams and pans which draw the water from the seasonal river (laggas) and runoff from localized catchments and hills. Water pans in Wajir are rain-fed twice per year, during the months of April and October. Pans along the Lagh Bor are filled by flood waters from the Ethiopian highlands. The capacity of these pans ranges from 2,000 m 3 to 6,000 m 3. The length of time that a pan holds water depends not only upon total capacity but also upon water depth, seepage losses through the soil, and evaporation rates. Most water pans dry out completely after 2 to 3 months of the normal dry season (between July and September). However, there are a few large pans (notably in Bute, Korondile, Qudama, Adidijole) that hold water the entire year during a normal year. As water levels decrease, water is rationed and human consumption is prioritized above animal consumption. 25
The water quality also decreases, as sediment becomes more concentrated in the water pan. 9.3.. Conclusions Surface water has not been fully utilized in Wajir County. Though most of the rivers are seasonal (laggas/streams), storage infrastructure facilities can be developed and put in place to harvest the water during the rainy season to be used during the dry spell. Surface water from rivers/laggas is contaminated and has high levels of turbidity which require treatment before human consumption. A total of 67 water pans were identified in Wajir County. The general status of the pans is that they are silted with no riparian vegetation. The pans have no proper silt traps thus the silts end up in the pans. Although the pans are a major source of water for domestic and livestock use, they are not well taken care of and most are not fenced and have no provision for livestock watering. Most of the pans (64%) are community owned while the County Government of Wajir and National Irrigation Board (NIB) own one pan each, accounting for.2%. Other pans are owned by the public (23%), Groups (5%) and Individuals (7%). 9.3.2. Recommendations Surface water has not been fully utilized to optimum capacity in the County, this can be done by developing storage infrastructure facilities to harvest the water during the rainy season to be used during the dry season. Currently water harvesting by roof catchment in Wajir County stands at % with only 965 households. Harnessing water harvesting through roof catchment should therefore be encouraged as one of the method of optimizing the use of surface water and as one of the strategies for addressing the water needs of Wajir County. The pans are a major source of water for domestic and livestock use, it is therefore recommended that to prevent contamination they should be fenced and troughs constructed as a provision for livestock watering. The flood flows from Ethiopian highlands can be harnessed for domestic, livestock or irrigation use by constructing a dam especially on the basement rocks of Wajir County. A complete feasibility study should be carried out to select a suitable site for a dam or several dams. 9.4. Ground Water Groundwater is one of the major sources of water in Wajir County. The main controlling factor for occurrence of ground water is the type of rocks it occurs in. These water bearing rocks are classified as either regional or local aquifers. Under regional aquifers are found: 26
iii. iv. Regional aquifers in sedimentary rocks - This is a system that occurs in pervious sedimentary rocks. It allows continuous groundwater flow over large areas with recharge usually occurring on one side. The aquifer is recharged by rainfall and from the Marsabit high ground Area. Regional Aquifers in Volcanic Rocks Areas - Groundwater in volcanic rocks is limited to fractures, weathering and erosional levels (old land surfaces) within the volcanic. The suitability of the volcanic as aquifers depend largely on the development of secondary structures mainly faults. Another major factor is the degree of weathering of these volcanic rocks and their porosity. The recharge in this aquifer is mainly replenished from high lying areas to the North West and partly from percolation of annual rainfall. The Lagh Bogal fault is presumed to be a recharge zone for this aquifer. This aquifer cover a small area to the west of Wajir. Local aquifers occur as isolated groundwater pockets, which do not allow inter-aquifer groundwater movement. They occur in three types of sub-system; iv. Local Aquifer Systems in Localized Sedimentary Deposits - This consists of localized fluviatile, lacustrine deposits, which are isolated from each other aquifers by other impervious rocks (mostly clays). In this category are placed the perched aquifers found in the fluviatile deposits of the Lorian Swamp and other ephemeral river systems, as well as all perched aquifers found in Wajir shallow aquifer, Lagh Dera, Lagh Suri and Lagh Bogal alluvial aquifers. v. Local Aquifer Sub-System Faulted and/or Weathered Basement - This consists of local weathered pockets and/or faulted zones in the Basement System. These are pockets containing small isolated groundwater reservoirs which are surrounded by pockets of non-weathered Basement rocks fully separating them from other aquifers. The major water bearing formations in the area are; weathered and fractured Basement system rocks, contact zones between weathered and fresh Basement rocks and alluvial deposits overlying Basement rocks. vi. Colluvial - Alluvial Aquifers - These are located along the existing seasonal rivers extending longitudinally and transversely in the area. They include Lagh Dera, Lagh Bhogal, Lagh Bor and Lagh Kotulo and other small rivers within the study area. 9.4.. Chemical Composition of Groundwater The quality of ground water from alluvial ground waters is generally good, though it may be prone to contamination where it is shallow and unconfined. The Basement and alluvial formations are known to exhibit poor water quality, with predominantly saline water at greater depths especially in areas where there is no groundwater movement. 27
In volcanic rocks, groundwater is of bicarbonate type with low TDS and low electrical conductivity. There are also pockets of high fluoride content 9.4.2. Groundwater Recharge Zones In most cases, the local aquifer systems are recharged by the local rainfall except where the aquifer lies in a river valley in which case the river also helps to recharge such aquifers. This is the commonest case in the local aquifers located in the weathered Basement zones. In regional aquifer systems, recharge occurs on one side of the aquifer and groundwater flows to distant sections of the aquifer where it is either stored or it is discharged naturally as springs, swamps, rivers or into the sea. For Wajir County, the high altitude areas considered to be recharge zones include, Mt. Kenya. Mt. Marsabit and the hills along Kenya-Ethiopia boarder. 9.4.3. Groundwater Potential Three classes of groundwater potential zones were identified for Wajir County as follows:- i. High groundwater potential zones These areas have yields of >0 m 3 /hr and include the Merti Aquifer which forms several oval shaped rings running in a NW-SE direction Shantabak Lorian Swamp area, Habaswein-Dadaab- Liboi axis coinciding with Lagh Dera. The lateral extent of the aquifer appear well defined ranging between 40 and 65 kilometres width, covering an area of about 2,400 km 2. On the fringes of the Merti Aquifer, the yields are poorer, with lower Q/s and deteriorating water quality the further you move from Lagh Dera. ii. Medium groundwater potential zones - Borehole yields in the medium groundwater potential zone falls within the range of 5 0 m 3 /hr. Most areas in this zone lie around the Merti aquifer zone where the tested borehole yields are in the range of 5-0 m 3 /hr. It coincides with the Lagh Dera / Ewaso Ngiro River. iii. Low groundwater potential zones - Boreholes usually have yields between 0.5 and 5 m 3 /hr and water level depths reach 50 00 m. It includes the greater part of Wajir County, the areas north and south of the Merti Aquifer. The Mansa Guda formation of Wajir County falls within this low groundwater potential. 9.4.4. Conclusions The occurrence of groundwater is closely related to the geology of Wajir County. The types of rocks are the main controlling factor for ground water occurrence. Two types of aquifer systems, Regional and Local aquifers have been identified to be the source of ground water. Regional aquifers allow continuous groundwater flow over large areas and they occur in two types of rocks, sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Local aquifers occur as isolated groundwater pockets, which do not allow inter-aquifer groundwater 28
movement and they also occur in three types of sub-systems, localized sedimentary deposits, faulted and/or weathered basement and alluvium/colluvial aquifers Groundwater abstraction has not been fully utilized hence deficit in some areas. This is due to lack of awareness and understanding of aquifer systems coupled with inadequate data or un-validated data on ground water in Wajir County. It is therefore important to understand the complex nature of groundwater flow, storage and contamination to reduce the vulnerability of the resource base to irreversible damage through over abstraction. Although the Merti aquifer zone is underutilized in terms of groundwater abstraction, the general problem in the study area is to find water in economically exploitable quantities. The study also reveals that there is insufficient hydrogeological evidence of the boreholes drilled in both basement and volcanic formations. To curb the low rate of successful boreholes in the study area, it is necessary to carry out extensive surveys using a combination of survey methods to understand the different rock formation and if they have high, medium or low water potential. It is also important to institute measures for groundwater quality monitoring as water from different rock types have different chemical composition. Basement and alluvial formations are known to exhibit poor water quality, which is saline at greater depths. In volcanic rocks, groundwater is of bicarbonate type with low TDS and pockets of high fluoride content. Thus it is indispensable to make clear the various aspects of water quality and also to define specific levels of drinking water standards, especially for the small community water supplies. 9.4.5. Recommendations An assessment of the inventory of borehole records revealed that most of the records either had incomplete data or the borehole test data was not accurately recorded. To avoid misstating the groundwater resources of the study area, it is recommended that accurate borehole data records be kept. These records should also contain updates on the status of the boreholes after drilling and commissioning. To gauge the quality of drilling, design and development of newly-completed wells, it is recommended that pumping tests be carried out. Pumping test will also give vital information on aquifer parameters and an understanding of the hydrogeology of the area. The study revealed that there is insufficient geological and hydrogeological evidence of the boreholes drilled in both volcanic and basement aquifers. Further studies are recommended to understand the ground water potential and future borehole drilling should be based on detailed geophysical surveys in order to pinpoint the favourable spots for exploitation. 29
Based on the analysis of the available data collected during the survey, it is recommended that dug wells and pans be constructed in areas where the water demand is high and where development of boreholes is not possible. Dug wells can be developed in the areas of shallow aquifer where the water table is considered to be high and close to the ground surface. The shallow aquifers occur mainly in areas of basement and in the Merti aquifers. The groundwater potential of the Merti aquifer is high as there is an approximate recharge of 30M m 3 /year (Gibb Africa, 2004) of water and what is abstracted is approximately 3.7M m 3 /year. Boreholes can be developed in areas with high potential (well fields) and the water channeled to other areas where the potential is low. The proposed Habaswein-Wajir Water Supply project is a case in point. The project proposes to draw water from the Merti Aquifer to supply Wajir town with drinking water, through a 20 km pipeline. It is technically more cost effective to rehabilitate and improve existing groundwater sources especially shallow wells and construction of subsurface dams than the construction of new boreholes. It is therefore recommended that the County should implement projects with less technical know-how and financial resources in the short and mid-term while those that require specialized expertise and more financial outlay to be implemented as long-term projects. One of the methods for improving water supply in Wajir County is through Artificial Ground Water Recharge. This can be done on a pilot scheme, one scenario is by diverting flood waters from Ethiopian Highlands into flat open areas along the main river channels of Lagh Bor and Lagh Kotulo. Through percolation this water can recharge the shallow aquifers of Wajir town and its environs. 9.5. Water Quality Water quality is a term used to define the suitability of water for various uses. Any particular use will have certain requirements for the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water hence water may be unsuitable for human use but is quite suitable for irrigation or livestock use. Although many uses have some common requirements for certain parameters, defined below is the water quality for different uses in Wajir County. (i) Human Consumption In general the water quality in Wajir County is suitable for human consumption but should undergo treatment before direct ingestion depending on the source. Water from the rivers/laghas, pans and dams is very turbid and grossly contaminated with Feacal Coliforms and therefore not suitable for direct human consumption. The sources 30
require full water treatment involving coagulation, filtration and disinfection. Disinfection alone without first removal of turbidity may not achieve the desired goals. Water from boreholes is generally safe and suitable for human consumption except where the levels of some elements may pose human health challenges due to concentrations which are above the recommended thresholds. The suitability should therefore be assessed per individual borehole basis but generally boreholes in the county are safe for human use. It is however advisable to undertake frequent water quality tests for both chemical and bacteriological quality to ensure good quality water is supplied. (ii) Livestock Consumption The quality of most water resources in Wajir County can support livestock production. Animals are more hardy and tolerant to diverse water quality conditions than human and therefore a number of water sources which may not be suitable for human consumption can still support livestock. However care must be taken to avoid the risk of human contamination by undesirable levels of pollutants through food chain, e.g. milk. (iii) Irrigation The main parameters determining the suitability of water for irrigation purposes are Sodium, Calcium and Potassium. Their concentrations in the County are relatively low. Most rivers/laghs, pans and dams have very turbid water which though may be chemically suitable for irrigation but may pose challenges to irrigation systems by clogging the channels through deposition of suspended matter. This may require frequent desilting and de-clogging of the channels which can make irrigation expensive. Boreholes in the county are generally clear and chemically suitable for irrigation but some are highly mineralised which may render them unsuitable for irrigation purposes. In general the water in Wajir County is suitable for irrigation. 9.5.. Conclusions Water pans and dams play an important role in water provision in these area, however many of them are not protected and allow access by both human and animals to the water points. This has compromised their water quality by some having extremely high turbid water and high levels of faecal contamination. The water quality can be improved by providing cattle troughs outside the dam and pan area to allow for cattle to be watered away from the facilities. The facilities should be desilted and silt traps 3
constructed to prevent suspended solid loads from silting the facilities. Some of the pollutants are transported to the dam and pans by Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The threat of water resources pollution through human waste contamination is real in and around Wajir town. The town lies on a shallow aquifer and the water table in the area is very high which has encouraged the development of many individual shallow wells in the town and its environs to meet the growing water demand due to population increase. The water from these wells is free, and hence they are very important to the poor and very poor who do not possess the purchasing power to buy water from boreholes. It was also observed that a number of shallow wells around Wajir town were contaminated with faecal coliforms. This could possibly have been due to interaction between the wells and the pit latrines in the town since they share the same water level and some are sited very close to one another. This is not only a threat to public health but also to the groundwater resources. 9.5.2. Recommendations Water quality monitoring and surveillance programs should be incorporated into the ground and surface water monitoring systems. This will forestall incidences of water quality degradation and determine trends which can help in management decisions. Simple portable instruments are available which are easy to use and maintain. Examples are ph meter, Electrical Conductivity/TDS/Salinity meters, Turbidimeter and Colorimeter. It is recommended that sampling for specialised analysis be done regularly and should be referred to a registered Laboratory. The shallow wells especially in Wajir town should be frequently disinfected and tested to make them safe and suitable for human use. Piped water supplies should be extended to cover all parts of the town including the informal settlements. Siting of the wells in relation to the pit latrines should be addressed by the relevant authorities. Full water treatment or provision of alternative water sources is recommended for areas without good quality water. These areas include Sebule sub county, Gurar, Habaswein, Hadado, areas surrounding Lagh Bogol.. It is recommended that those staying close to and using surface water sources should disinfect and or boil drinking water to avoid the risk of contracting waterborne diseases. Fencing of the water facilities especially the dams to deter unauthorized entry should be considered. Trees should be planted around the pans which will also aid in desilting. 32
An assessment of individual water source s Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) should be studied to effectively determine which type of crops can thrive in specific locations of the county. 9.6. Water Demand The water demand Wajir County is determined by both human, livestock population and social economic infrastructure based on an accepted and/or justifiable water consumption rate in specific areas. The water consumption rates in urban centers are also influenced by the social and economic infrastructure existing in the area. The current situations have been estimated based on data from the 2009 Census and other available official data. 9.6.. Water Demand Projections This study projects the water demand in the sequence of; Initial period (206), Future period (2020), Ultimate period (2030), Penultimate (2050). The projections as shown in table below. Water Demand Present and Future Projections Water Use Water Demand m 3 /day 206 (Present) 2020 (Future) 2030 (Ultimate) 2050(Penultimate) Domestic 9403.32 42,896.69 58,892.78 0,9.2 Industrial 3.98 498.38 684.23 2,559.43 Livestock 48, 936.35 56,654.35 75,949.35 04,050.55 Wildlife 57.04 57.04 57.04 57.04 Total 58,50.69 00,06.46 35,583.4 27,578.22 9.6.2. Water Abstraction Water abstraction in Wajir is dependent on the rainy seasons as it influences the mode of abstraction being used. Pans are used during and after the rainy seasons for an extended period of up to 2 months. Boreholes are used after the pans have dried up. The total holding capacity of pans in the County is 2,42,400 m 3. The boreholes yield is 20,623.65 m 3 /day, when they are pumped for a maximum of 5 hours a day and the demand of water per day is at 58,50.69 m 3 /day. Even when the boreholes are pumped for 20 hours a day and an assumption is made that all the pumps are working efficiently with no breakdowns, the boreholes will yield 27,498.2 m 3 /day. This total yield is barely enough to meet half the needs of the water demand. 33
9.6.3. Current Water Deficit The current water deficit is shown in the table below Current Demand Available Water BH pumped 5 hrs/day Available Water BH pumped 20 hrs/day 58,50.69 m 3 /day 20,623.65 m 3 /day 27,498.2 m 3 /day Deficit 37,887.04 m 3 /day 3,02.49 m 3 /day 9.6.4. Conclusions The water needs of the population of the people of Wajir County are only met during the rainy seasons when the pans have filled with water and accessibility by all residents is guaranteed. Pans are available all over Wajir County with sufficient water to meet the demands of the residents for two months. During the dry season, most pans are dry and residents depend on boreholes for their water needs. There is a critical water shortage and majority of the residents are forced to reduce their water usage by more than half. Even when the boreholes are pumped for 20 hours a day the deficit is still 3,02.49 m 3 /day. This is more than half of the water demand scenario. 9.6.5. Recommendations The water demand in 2030 will be double the current demand, this puts a lot of pressure on the current water sources bearing in mind the current demand cannot be met especially during severe drought. In the short and long term, alternative water sources have to be considered and developed. Urban Water Supply System should increase their water supply capacity. An additional capacity of 20,000 m 3 /day should be added by 2030. This can be realised through the development of the following three types of projects;. Rehabilitation of Existing UWSS -Water meters should be installed in every household and old pipes replaced with new ones that can handle larger volumes of water. In addition, the rehabilitation should include replacement and repair of mechanical and electrical equipment and pumping stations. 2. Expansion and construction of new UWSS - The total capacity of expansion to meet future demands should be 20,000 m 3 /day by the year 2030. This will include expansion of Wajir town and Habaswein water supply system. New water supply systems should be undertaken in Tarbaj, Bute, Griftu and Eldas urban centres. 3. Construction of a sewerage system - Construction of sewer system in urban centres will help in preserving the ground water especially in urban centres with 34
high ground water levels like Wajir town. The sewer water can be recycled and used for other purposes like irrigation. 4. Feasibility studies be carried out for areas and projects that are viable to increase the water supply in Wajir County. 35
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Swarzenski WV & Mundorff MJ 977: Geohydrology of North Eastern Province, Kenya. USGS Water Supply Paper 757-N. Washington, DC, USA. Swarzenski, W. V. and Mundorff, M.O..(977). Geohydrology of North Eastern Thompson AO & Dodson RG 958: Geology of the Derkali-Melka Murri Area (: 25,000) Thompson AO & Dodson RG 960: Geology of the Bur Mayo-Tarbaj Area (: 25,000) Walsh J 972: Geology of the Moyale Area (: 25,000) Wanyecki S 979: Well Field Design for the Merti Beds Aquifer, North Eastern Province, Kenya. M.Sc. thesis, Ohio University, USA. Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) 2007: Water Resources Allocation Thresholds for Classification of Permits. WRMA HQ, Nairobi, October 2007. World Bank 2006: Climate variability and water resources degradation in Kenya: improving water resources development and management. Written by Mogaka H, Gichere S, Davis R & Hirji R. World Bank working paper no. 69, ISBN-3: 978-0-823-657-5. Wright JB 973: Geology of the Kora Wells Area (: 25,000) 38
Samp le No. 2 3 4 5 7 8 6 7 8 9 20 22 Station Name Ewasongir o river Tem p 0C Colo ur mgpt /l ph uni ts DO mg /l Turbidi ty NTU Iron mg/ l habaswein bridge 25 20 8.3 4.6 500 0.3 Tracktalei water pan 27.8 0 8.0 2 Jubaland water pan 29.5 7.5 8.2 Abdi Ali water pan 30.3 0 Muhamme d omar water pan 3.8 0 4.6 4 79 0.3 3.9 20 0.73 8. 3 4.2 200 0.07 8. 2 3.8 7 50 0.47 Sirat water pan 30.5 0 8.6 6.7 220 0.2 Maalim hassan water pan 3.9 5 8.3 Hirbeti water pan 3.5 5 8.8 Abdikadir sabuk water pan 30.7 25 8.9 Osman abdikadir water pan 3.3 30 4.7 2 260 0.2 3.7 650 0.3 4.3 500 8.7 4.7 600 0.5 Abdulahi Osman water pan 33.4 5 8.6 5. 270 0.2 Idris hussein water pan 34.3 35 8.6 7.4 700 0.27 Issack musa water pan 33. 0 24 Bule 33.5 0 Bule water 25 pan 33. 40 Injir farmer's group 26 water pan 27.3 5 Karu water 28 pan 29.6 7.5 8.4 8 ANNEX..WATER PANS & DAMS Mn mg/ l Con d µs Na mg /l K mg /l 99 33 8 Mg mg/ l 4. 32 83 7 6. 5.36 68 75. 6 6. 7.3 74 74. 3 8 22.8 5 40 87. 5 23 6 6.32 70 58. 4 5 5.4 8.27 68 47. 8 9 4.9 6.32 72 33. 8 46 7 9.73 86 39 T. Hard mgcaco 3/l Ca mg /l 29. 6 8. 4 7. 6 8. 4 7. 6 3. 6 8. 4 F mg /l Total Alkalini ty m/l CaCO3 Chlori de mg/l Cl Sulpha te mg/l SO4 0.6 3 24 <0.3 0.2 8 8 <0.3 0.2 4 20 0 <0.3.2 7 460 68 36. 0.3 9 38 3 <0.3 0.2 9 0 <0.3 0.2 6 4 0 <0.3 Nitri te mg/l TDS mg/l Total colifor ms per 00ml Feacal colifor m per 00ml 29 240 5 09 485 305 8. 4 0.8 28 0 67.6 0.8 97 6 9.2 7.3 70 6 0.3 32 6 <0.3 5.0 4 300 3.53 0.2 8.3 4 2.5 0 8.7 4.3 8 390 3.7 0.8 9.9 3.8 50.7 9.2 5 62. 6 0 7.4 2.93 58 76. 8 6 7.9 7.3 74 209. 6 4 7. 275. 4 25 0 549 70 9.2 3.5 3 70 0.99 0.08 3. 3 96.6 8 04 27.7 66 8. 4 7. 6 6. 8 22. 8 20. 8 289. 8 57 4.2 4.86 42 8.8 46. 6 5 3.7 5.36 74 58 4 4 5.9 5.5 6 22 0.3 2 4 0 34.3 0.3 48 26.9 0.3 2 40 8 45 0.4 90 6 4..2 6 476 82 39.3 0.8 6 84 6 58. 20. 8 0.3 78 2 28.9 23. 2 0.2 4 06 34.9 05. 06 425 285 04. 5 440 30 2. 5 40 295 95.0 4 495 355 88.6 8 380 275 203. 9 320 20 28. 05 430 320 05. 69 50 365 4. 92 605 445 36. 24 480 390 79. 0 755 600 356. 8 87. 85 50 95 95.2 9 200 5 02. 96 0 0
29 30 32 35 36 4 42 44 45 49 50 5 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Ajouf natural pond 30.3 0 Ajouf water pan 29.3 5 Haraqotqot water pan 3.8 0 Furmat water pan 32.5 50 Abore water pan 30.5 40 Aden hajji Muhamme d water pan 26.3 0 Abdi omar water pan 27.4 5 Dagahle farmers water pan 29.6 25 Dagahle natural pond 3. 25 Udole 2 water pan 27.7 25 Udole water pan 29.9 7.5 Aden mukhtar water pan 3.5 7.5 Ali mukhtar water pan 30.5 20 8.6 8.2 9 8.6 7 9.2 2 7.9 2.0 20.57 3.3 2 50 0.83 44.5 5 8.6 9.72 64 9.6 3.7 70.86 0.2 3.2 6 550 0.3 0.0 2 00 0.83.5 9.8 3 2 45 0.67 0.6 9. 9.8 9 8.9 8 3.8 5 90 0.3 0.4 3.8 9 400 2.6 0.06.3 8 500 0.57 0.08 03. 4 5.4 8.9 7.3 64 225. 5 0 9.5 8 62 20. 2 9.4 0 3.4 46 56. 9 5.3 200 26. 8 28 7. 4.5 9 98 6.0 7 92 44. 3 20 5.3 4.87 64 24. 5 4 5.7 6.8 56 257. 3 28 7.2 9.6 2 0 450 2.73 0.08 82 2 7 9.0 0 05.4 0.08 8.6 6 6.5 300 0.3 8.9 9 6.0 4 220 0.87. 9 90.6 7 90 69. 6.2 8.76 92 254. 6 4 9.8 5. 6 230. 5 26 8.8 0.7 88 Hassan Bule Omar Water pan 29.7 0 8.9 4.6 20 0.27 0.2 236 8 9.9.2 4 Ismael khalif water pan 29.8 0 Hassan Dubow 29.9 5 Muhamme d hussein water pan 30. 5 Abdi Nurie water pan 29.9 205 Rashid Hajji Yusuf water pan 30. 5 Abdulahi Ahmed water pan 29.4 25 8.4 8 8.4 5 8.4 3 8.3 7 8.3 3 8.2 9 4.3 6 200 0.8 0.2 3. 6 0.2 76 3 <0.3 0.6 0.2 90 NIL 50 35. 2 0.4 38 7 66.7 2. 8 5. 2 50. 4 7. 6. 2 7. 8 6. 8 22. 4 2. 6 7. 6 226. 6 0 0 0.2 02 24 4.9 2 200.39 0.4 209 7.9 3 8.29 90 4.3 2 40 0.9 0.08 4.3 280 0.57 0.08 4.3 6 80 3.9 5 200.4 0.03 28. 2 5.2 0 3.6 2 4 82. 8 5 9.8 9.24 80 226. 5 5.2 9.9 4. 22 88 7.2 0 8.27 76 0.3 7 72 5 79 0.6 7 62 23 <0.3 0.7 7 34 4 96.7 0.6 8 98 0.2.3 8 46 8 <0.3.0 9 38 9 <0.3 0.5 4 42 2 <0.3 0.3 5 24 <0.3 0.6 2 56 NIL <0.3 0.6 5 56 4 <0.3 27. 2 0.4 56 2 2.3 22. 4 23. 2 6. 8 25. 6 6. 8 0.3 9 30 3 <0.3 0.3 9 08 2 <0.3 0.5 3 44 NIL 2.2 0.5 6 2 <0.3 0.5 7 56 2 5.2 0.5 6 04 <0.3 28.9 3 325 55 67.2 290 45 46. 57 0 0 78. 3 0 0 0. 99 450 75 70. 7 4 0 93.7 95 355 35 57 0 0 67.2 5 8. 3 0 0 09. 9 375 5 65. 49 395 00 49. 82 400 85 52. 75 370 65 47. 4 405 25 35. 85 365 90 4. 83 360 55 8. 82 405 80 46. 9 355 70 22. 2 390 55 40
60 6 63 64 65 66 67 80 8 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 92 93 Bishar Ahmed water pan 29.9 5 8.2 8 5.0 50.59 0.2 Ahmed mukhtar water pan (Bimbam) 30.8 40 8.5 4.9 550.96 0.8 Sheikh Shaba water pan 32.4 5 8.9 Abdi gedi water pan 33.3 5 8.6 Ahmed jama water pan 32.5 50 8.5 Fartaqunb ura flood 9.2 plane 33.5 7.5 Fadiwein communit y water 3.9 2 20.27 4.4 3 50. 0.08 3.6 4 700 5.9 8.2 7 200.57 pan 3.7 5 9.2 5.3 305. 0.2 Ali Dumal water pan 32.7 9.8 3 Madha libah water pan 35.6 8.7 Madha libah public water pan 33.2 8.6 3 Guticha water pan 32.4 8.5 Madha libah water pan 2 32. 8.4 26. 4 6 250. 8 3 2. 2 2 8.4 236. 5 6.6 9. 42. 8 3.8 6 8 3. 3 88 3.6 2 08 8.4 8 28 4 26. 4 3. 6 20. 8 20. 8 6.2 2 7 6.32 46 8 327. 6 52 9.3 8.75 54 7.2 208. 4 6.5 3 2.2 2 2.3 400.86 0.2 98 4 6 7.79 80 2.3 2 370.33 0.8 254 40 9.3 2.92 44 2.4 2 82 0.6 Kanjara water pan 3.9 8.4.9 20 Kanjara water pan 2 3 8.2 4 Kanjara water pan 3 30.4 9. Tesoriye water pan 28.4 9.2 Sheba Sheba water pan 30.8 9. Kursin water pan 32 8.3 5 24 30 7.8 5.35 66.7 2 500 3.43 0.2 450 2 2.4 7.78 64.9 4 500 2.9 0.2 2.0 4 40 0.27 2.2 7 50 0.4.5 376 47. 2 23 5.7 5.85 06 77. 2 4 7.9 22.4 270 0.5 6 80 2 <0.3 0.7 5 52 5 <0.3 0.6 7 34 NIL <0.3 0.5 7 56 <0.3 0.6 3 88 NIL <0.3.0 7 88 7 3.2 24. 8 0.5 2 3 5.3 9. 2 2. 8 7. 6 2. 8 32. 8 7. 2 0.7 9 90 NIL <0.3.3 3 30 3 <0.3. 2 34 6 24. 0.6 4 66 2 <0.3 0.6 4 58 69 0.5 6 02 58.3 33 29.2 60 6 3.8 880 650 27.4 289. 2 28 6.5 9.74 6.5 6 50 0.47 0.8 245 8 9 3.9 30.8 4 700 5.63 0.2. 2 30.66 0.2 33. 2 6 2.4 9.24 82 30. 4 45. 6 7. 6 62. 2 3 7.4 5.84 64 6 0.4 2 78 3 78.3 0. 5 72 NIL 55.4 0.6 3 78 8 <0.3 0.4 2 72 NIL <0.3 40. 66 385 45 63. 02 400 60 37. 2 0 0 53. 7 390 35 92.8 445 65 22. 9 35 30 35. 46 295 30 28. 7 345 35 65. 260 5 56. 6 300 20 292. 5 325 20 85.6 0 0 5. 2 290 45 244. 4 240 40 87. 9 300 40 59. 25 0 0 96.5 8 260 40 05. 54 35 30
94 95 98 99 04 05 07 08 2 5 20 3 26 27 28 29 32 33 45 Kursin water pan 2 32. 8 Kursin water pan 3 32.6 8. Machesa water pan 3.5 8.4 Machesa water pan 2 33.7 8.7 Hassan Ali water pan_sarif 33 Sarif public water pan 32. 7.8 Kurmis water pan 32.5 9. Biyamadh ow water pan 32.9 8.5 Qurdubah water pan 26.8 9. Dadachab ulla water pan 30.5 8.9 Alan uus.2 4 70 0.83.0 4 450 4.4 0.2.8 9 75 0.33.4 9 50.4 92 6 8.7 7.3 86 9.0 5.2 750 2.3 0.2.0 7 800 6.2 0.5 22. 4 33. 7 2 9.4 8.27 74 6 43. 23 7.8 9.78 290 00 435 2 5.7 3.4 56 37 6 3 5.6 0.99 60 247. 5 7.2 30 9.72 86.6 4 900 3.83 0.6 330 38 66.2 566 8.2 7 50 2.36.8 2 700.53 water pan 3 8.7 20 0.33 Madho water pan 3 29.3 5 Hadado water pan (Irrigation) 34 45 6. 8 22. 4 8. 4 85 6 9 5.36 72 20 466 87 2.8 7.78 48 6.4. 9 700.8.5 475 67 38 30.2 262 23 4 6.2 6.33 98 8.6 8.3 50 0.07 8.4 6 Hadado public water pan 3 30 8.3 Sheikh Garuine water pan 3.6 40 8.8 Korish water pan 33 30 8.6 Lag bogol water pan 28.3 5 Jubaland water pan (lag bogol ) 28.6 5 Beramo water pan 27.9 2.5 326. 9 77 3.9 6.8 60 3. 4 700.07 0.04 44 34 8.7 2.45 90 32 3.0 5 600.96 3.5 6 800 3.8 3. 8 750 2.53 0.04 389 23 50 0.4 3 24 8.5 0.2 62 2 52.6 0.5 6 84 0 247. 0. 7 70 NIL 0.9 0.2 6 34 0 <0.3 0. 9 48 35 <0.3 0.3 4 74 62 <0.3 0. 6 88 3 <0.3 5.4 2 954 6 <0.3 55. 2.4 496 6 <0.3 28. 8 0.3 2 40.5 2. 8.6 7 98 20 402 97 207 7.79 4 3. 4 68 9.5 7.78 68 8.4 2 2.3 350 0.4 0.04 33 39 7.8 8.4 9 7.9 2 2.5 8 250 0.33 0.7 9 250 0.43 280 33 9.5 257. 5 76 6.6 0.2 2 96 0.2 2 08 32. 8 4. 4 2. 6 26. 4 29.2 2 380 04 2.6 5 200 26 49.9 24. 8 0 0 86.9 0 0 93 280 30 282. 7 0 0 89.4 245 25 60. 9 275 40 24. 5 250 25 20 235 30 3.6 8 52 20 <0.3 0.26 2.7 9 322 29 <0.3 2.2 2 434 25 <0.3 0.04 2.5 228 9 <0.3 0.05.4 6 92 8 82.4 302. 9 330 45 308. 7 340 65 38. 4 235 55 22. 5 280 8 286. 6 300 48 252. 8 72 40 26. 3 600 56 202. 5 680 24 203. 45 72 204.0 6 96 5 <0.3 0.02 82 684 200.7 6 506 235 75.3 67. 3 400 26 42
47 48 49 5 54 55 56 57 60 62 63 64 66 68 69 70 73 78 8 82 Garse Ake water pan 2 29.9 2.5 8.9 5.9 3 600 0.39 Korondile water pan 2 3.6 5 8.3. 20 0.6 Dodai water pan(lesayu ) 26.9 5 Bute forest water pan 32.4 45 Godoma water pan 30.5 65 Warasilig water pan 27.2 25 Adadijole water pan 32.5 25 8.7 7.6 5 7.5 7 7.6 5 7.4 2.0 5 300 0.8 9 650. 2.2 6 400.9 2.8 4 250.63 Chufa mega water pan 37.6 60 8 2.9 500 Hara Dula water pan 2 28.9 70 7.8 Handarak a water pan 29 2.5 7.7 Handarak a water 7. pan 2 29. 2.5 Dobu water pan 32.6 2.5 7.5 Bosicha water pan 33 2.5 7.8 Ajawa water pan 3 26.4 80 7.4 Gar kilo water pan 3 30.5 7.5 7.6 5 Nasibow water pan 27 90 8.6 Basanicha water pan 30.6 30 Sarman water pan 3.6 90 7.7 2 7.5 Jehin water pan 2 3.2 30 7.7 Jehin(Tarb aj) water pan 3.8 45 572 59 6. 3.4 58 252. 5 29 2.4.46 32 50 46 4.3 3. 6 250.63 0.2 2.4 9 600 0.23 2.4 9 52 0.27 2.6 9 55 0.23 2.7 5 20 2.6 3 900 0.29 2.3 4 900 0.27 206. 8 807 7 43 7. 6 23.3 3 294 9.6 398. 7 2680 46 82 28 4 8.76 0 270 22 5. 0.98 58 207. 6 5 5.6 7.3 72 28. 4 455 2.3.4 4 70 32 <0.3 0. 4 3.5 220 37 37.9 0. 29. 6 2. 6 6. 8 38.9 2 340 72 0. 8 84 94 74.9. 4 96 3290 389.7 0. 0.3 8 02 8 40.9 0.06 0.7 5 90 9 <0.3 0.9 86 3 <0.3 7.3 4 446 580 269. 0.03 7. 6 792 0 389 2720 448 3. 294 3860 207. 0.08 237 5 6.4 3. 26 26 39 23 3.4 7 200 5.96 0.4 0.6 5 000 0.4 0.0 5 250 0.7 900 0.2 5 290 3.8 7. 20 750 2. 346. 5 5 32 2. 7 26 5. 2 5.7 2.3 86 34.4 79 5.3 8.27 76 28. 8 30. 4 45. 8 880 2 4. 4 6. 8 347. 2 3 7 4.87 50 2 5.7 25 0 0.8 6 36 6 3.7.3 3 94 22 <0.3 0.5 4 320 060 6.2 0. 60 56. 0.9 9 90 33 24.8 0. 7 60 4 <0.3 37. 8 240 42 64. 702 224 33. 5 256 38 33. 9 264 44 8. 3 42 40 75. 5 680 76 34. 9 304 38 4. 96 300 42. 54 286 50 54. 05 242 28 69. 65 220 34 225. 22 228 44 33.2 200 8 22.3 226 32 225. 68 80 23 84. 7 000 96 0.2 420 800 06.9 0.04 33.6 300 28 26. 5 790 5.3 398 960 28 47.5 80 39 24 520 256 52.6 3 2 6.32 48 8.8 50. 9 0 5.3.95 6 3.2 0.2 2 298 90 507.4 0.03 0.5 7 30 950 94.7 0. 3 60 0 <0.3 0.02 0. 4 NIL <0.3 69. 96 80 36 30.8 7 220 42 34. 9 260 44 98.0 8 248 52
83 85 86 88 93 3 4 7 8 2 35 36 37 Ogorale water pan 30.8 30 7.8 Mansa dam 30.5 30 7.5 Durwey water pan 30.6 40 7.3 El ben water pan 29.9 50 7.4 Wargadud water pan 29.6 00 7.5 5 Sukela water Pan 28.2 5 7.7 Bil el burbur water pan 28.4 5 7.5 Abakdere water pan 29.3 2.5 7.5 Hubsoy water pan 27.4 2.5 Yahud dam 3.4 0 Akitalehel water pan 2 3.6 0 Akitalehel water pan 30.2 2.5 7.8 9 8. 6 8.2 5 7.2 8 0.4 6 90 0.39 0. 4 600 2.56 0. 6 30 0.06 0. 5 550 0.5 700 0.8 32 72 8.5 69.9 8 332 35 4 9.5.95 8 4 0. 36 6 <0.3 43.3 53 44 53. 6 685 82 49.3 202 7 0.2 5 200 2.4 0.08 46.7 0.2 8 600 2. 7. 6 7.5 42 28 48. 40 432 84. 8 020 76 86 3 5 24.3 60 24 26.8 3 76 0 2.2 60 2 0.5 4 00.2 0.08 7 6 6.7 7.3 60 2 0.9 2 80 0.47 2.5 7 7.5 0.3 3.5 9 500 3.3 0.08 Abdi Adan (Kulaaley) shallow well 3.7 2.5 7.6 2.2 5 0.37 234. 5 26 5.2 7.78 68 369 0 05 5 43 87. 2 2 6 8.76 82 4. 4 296. 4 320 40 3. 4 20 0.97 0.06 52.4 5 7.8 4.87 50 2 386 0 680 96 422. 9 2680 8. 4 37. 6 0.3 7 96 39 8.7 0.0 20.8 228 60 0.2 252 4 9.7 0. 8 420 2940 435.4 0.44.2 2 290 365 527. 0.09 0.2 5 40 20 <0.3 0.2 4 20 <0.3 0.3 4 52 30 5.3 0.02 0.4 5 56 7 37. 0.5 22 280 282.6 0.3 8 70 9 <0.3 0.07 0.2 4 50 NIL <0.3 0.07 87.7 5 296 76 28. 4 264 42 99.8 4 264 42 32.0 4 504 68 30.5 5 2 20 7.4 4 80 2. 5 40 36 52. 42 24 30 2366 40 2 2. 5 268 88 34.0 6 296 90 0.7 2 362 330 778.6 0.02 2509 20 20 44
ANNEX 2.BOREHOLE BH Cno Site Name Long Lat Elev TD SWL WSL Yield(m 3 /hr) C00 BoreHole III 40.080 0.36 50 58 93.3 20.2 9.2 C3 Dadajabula Minor Meri ASAL 39.383 0.967 305 6 4.3 7.7 3.3 C2440 FinoB 39.583 3.367 94 08.3 87.2 88. 0.48 C244 Galma 39.847 0.495 59 36.9 00.6 03.7 5.3 C2485 Galma 40.250 3.383 60 9 0 0 0 C25 Galma 40.200 2.200 305 3 0 58 0 C307 Gerile 4.46 3.383 60 22 42 47 5.46 C3033 Giriftu 4.450 3.450 60 85 56 72 2.28 C3038 Biamathow 4.600 3.667 60 06.7 70.4 44 4.56 C304 Godoma 39.86-0.466 229 58 04 48 0 C3042 Golobi 39.833-0.350 229 232 37 48 4.08 C3070 Griftu 40.683 -.850 0 0 0 C3085 Griftu 40.750 -.96 0 0 0 C3085 Griftu 4.300 -.683 4 0 9 0 C309 Griftu 4.26 -.50 46 78 70 70 3.72 C30 Griftu NW 39.66 0.77 305 3 0 0 0.9 C320 Griftu NW 39.69 0.78 253 7 2.4 2.4 0 C355 GUARAR 39.26.680 0 0 35.4 8.5 0 C328 Gucchi 39.750.983 0 82 36 3. 5.4 C3240 Gurar 39.678 0.532 66 8.3.3 5.2 0.03 C3297 Gurar 39.477.038 220 34.5 22.9 26.6 6.72 C3306 Gurar BH 39.450.033 37 69 06 22 6.72 C3406 Habaswein 39.466 3.467 38 3 46 0.08 C3407 Habaswein 39.466 3.467 38 6 7 43.26 C3408 Habaswein 40.866 0.37 22 03 90 94 0. C3409 Habaswein 40.6 2.233 379 24 0 0 0 C340 Habaswein 40.6 2.27 370 6 0 0 0 C34 Habaswein 40.000 2.000 60 26 0 C34 Habaswein 39.692.758 0 0 0 C342 Habaswein 3 40.66 0.200 22 9 02 08 9.54 C3476 Habaswein Ademasajida BH 40.64 0.25 9 9.2 02.8 08.3 9.6 C3484 Habaswein ASAL BH 39.604 0.8 9 08.3 87.2 88. 6.8 C3503 Habaswein BH 40.537 2.258 36 82 06.4 20 0.4 C3507 Habaswein W 39.925 0.482 53 22 00 05.2 0 45
C355 Habaswein W 40.250 2.583 229 83 0 0 0 C357 Hadado 40.305 0.09 28 3. 06.7 6.5 9. C3527 Hadado 4.009 3.43 58 22 44. 53.3 0.4 C3527 Hadado 2 39.824 0.382 56 30.8 06.7 6.5 9. C3528 Hadado 3 40.233 3.250 534 07 0 0 0 C3539 Hadado W 39.969 0.347 5 58 57.9 67. 4.7 C3540 Hadado W 40.08 0.636 57 40 05.8 0. 0.7 C354 Hadado W2 39.627 0.754 74 44.3 05.5 2.2 8. C3542 Hag 0 39.74 0.464 69 33.6 0.9 0.7 6.8 C3543 Hag 39.557 0.636 74 5.6 92. 08.6 7.3 C3544 Hag 2 39.432 0.865 88 3.7 9.2 94.5 4.6 C3545 Hag 4 39.90 0.89 77 40 05.8 0. 0.7 C3545 Hagadera 3 39.977-0.034 7 65.3 37.5 45.8 3.7 C3546 Hagadera 5 39.900-0.33 229 09 06 3.84 C3549 Hagadera 6 39.466 0.87 625 35 06 04 3 C3566 Hagdera 39.437 0.800 89 22.9 93.6 94.9 6.4 C3566 Hammey 40.03 0.46 48 9.5 98.2 0.5 5.6 C3567 Hara Khot Khot 39.639 0.754 89 2 96. 00.6 4.6 C3568 Hara Khot KhotNew 39.47 0.694 86 58.6 98.2 4.4 5 C3569 Hegadera Standby Bh 39.50 2.000 274 28 2 20 0.2 C3570 Helati NW 40. 0.35 43 28.7 93.6 96. 8. C357 Helati SW 40.369 0.229 39 47.9 25 46.2 4.5 C3572 Hungai BH new 40.966.667 305 26 80 78 0 C3573 Hungai BH old 39.283 2.33 305 9 0 0 0 C3574 Ifo 39.234 0.208 26 29 07.3 8.9 0.9 C3590 Ifo 40.456-0.029 30 34.8 08.3 2 4.32 C359 Ifo 2 39.250 2.500 68 99 0 0 0 C3592 Ifo 4 39.000 2.000 450 28 04 96.2 0.24 C3595 Ifo 5 40.933 2.82 38 50 92 0 4.2 C3596 Ifo 6 4.66 3.250 40 76 44 53.62 C3598 Ifo 7 40.373 0.006 27 44.8 2. 34. 8 C3634 Issack Abdille's ShW 4.0 3.4 578 88.6 46.3 53.3 2.8 C3635 Kalalut 39.050 3.767 0 0 0 C3636 Kalalut 39.666 2.767 830 93 0 0 0 C3637 Kamora Liban 40.080 0.36 35 32 94.8 97 8. C3653 Khorofarar 40.44 0.287 44 37.2 94.5 96. 2.6 C3654 Khot Khot 39.483 2.483 427 9 0 0 0 C3655 Khot Khot 39.483 2.67 488 76 29 35 0.36 46
C3656 Kiliwehiri-D 39.302.486 302 23.4 90.7 95.2 2.3 C3657 Kobi Hadadi 40.06 2.47 60 84 3 4 9.2 C3668 Kolbio 40.020 2.404 405 83 3 34. 5 C367 Kolbio 2 39.49.532 287 76.8 02.2 06. 7.5 C368 Konton 39.883 2.000 305 205 66 68 0.06 C3685 Kotulo 39.883 2.433 450 52 85 6 0.36 C3686 Kotulo (El Wak) 40.083.733 304 28 4 97 2.52 C3687 Kotulo (El Wak) 39.004 2.070 348 28 00 92 0.2 C3690 Kulan 39.083 2.583 60 9 76 32 2.46 C3695 Kulan 39.083 2.47 60 29 0 0 0 C3726 Kutayu (El Wak) 40.96 2.767 425 34 37 43 0 C3727 Kutulo 38.833 2.433 60 62 38 50 0 C3753 Lagadera 39.66 0.433 52 20 0 0 0 C3769 Lagh Bogal 40.33.750 274 42 7 34 0.3 C3769 Laghbogol North 40.250.000 320 220 9 88 0.48 C3770 Laghbogol South 39.633 2.000 320 4 89 95 0 C378 NW Habasweni 39.234.208 229 0 0 0.9 C3788 Leheley 39.583 0.767 274 09 89 94 4.38 C3792 Libahiya 40.50 0.500 82 95 63 72 4.32 C3804 Liboi 39.866-0.46 23 20 0 09 3.9 C38 Liboi 39.750 0.267 243 49 6 22 3.48 C3820 Liboi 39.866-0.46 23 8 02 03 0 C382 Daga haley 39.787 0.440 62 8 0.5 03 3.7 C3828 Liboi 3 39.883 0.400 230 4 0 03 2.22 C3829 Liboi L/S 40.577 0.59 0 28 96.2 04 0 C3830 Liboi Mon 40.36 0.450 240 203 63 92 6 C3848 Lorian Swamp 40.602 0.597 98 28 96.2 04 7.2 C3849 Lorian Swamp 2 39.766 0.267 305 50 6 40 3.48 C3850 Lorian Swamp 2 39.783 0.467 83 0 0 0 0 C3853 Machesa2 40.366-0.200 52 67 24 36 4.54 C3864 Malka Galla 40.857 3.62 0 70 20.4 59 0 C3865 Malka Suftu 39.289 0.898 285 52 8 36 0 C3866 Malka Suftu 2 40.400 0.636 28 43.5 09.6 3 5 C3872 Malka Suftu 3 40.866 2.550 0 86 6 35 9.6 C3877 Malka Suftu 4 4.439 3.374 452 52 7.7 84 4.8 C394 Mansa Guda 40.600.733 0 50 49 54.26 C395 Mararani 40.008 3.403 0 200 50 54 0 C397 Marothile Borehole 39.385.58 29 76 04.5 59 4.2 47
C398 Matesa Deni 39.492.02 0 56 22 30 0 C393 Matesa Deni 40.753 2.98 349 200 66 72 7 C3964 Matesa Deni 39.67-0.33 0 0 0 C425 Matesa Deni 39.205 0.75 0 0 0 C45 Meri 40.25 0.06 0 0 0 C459 Meri 2 39.47 0.29 0 0 0 C487 Merti 40.578 -.670 0 80 0 C488 Merti 39.633 0.400 0 26 9 94 4.8 C488 Military EA Command 40.25 0.06 0 20 90 96 0 C497 Mochesa 39.633 0.500 200 6 2 8 48 C4205 N Sabule 40.064.734 265 57.5 4.9 7 0 C4207 Ndege Next to Aerodrome 40.08.68 260 26 56.3 64 0 C422 Ndovu BH 39.633 0.500 200 24 3 8 28.8 C423 Neboi 4 39.633 0.500 0 0 0 C4230 Languyata 39.700-0.500 450 20 3 6 0 C4234 NW Meri 39.700-0.500 450 20 3 8 40.8 C4235 NW Sabule 40.956 0.994 04 5 0.6 4 0 C4242 R.E -5B Finno-PP 40.503 3.074 0 58 22 40 0 C4243 R.E- 6B Finno 40.869 3.82 489 46.4 0 0 0.9 C4243 R.E -7B Finno 39.448.039 0 58 22 0 C4256 R.E-24B Finno 39.498.037 0 52 05 2 0 C4257 Range School 39.483.83 289 58 0 0 0 C426 Rhowa 40.667 2.47 0 50 0 0 0 C426 S Meri 40.876 0.357 02 23 88. 9 0 C4262 Sabena 39.932 0.455 59 60 5 30 40.6 C4269 Sabule 38.968.566 354 24.4 08.3 0 3.3 C4270 Sabule 40.306 0.05 28 4 08.4 0 6.6 C433 Sabule N 40.305 0.2 28 4 08.8 0 6.9 C438 Liboi 40.878 0.357 02 30.5 9.4 93.8.7 C434 Sarif 40.373 0.004 27 50. 07.5 0. 4.9 C434 Sarif 40.374-0.008 27 5 07.7 20.6 7.8 C4388 Sarif BH 2 40.32 0.0 27 40.4 08 8 8.8 C4402 Sarohindi 40.38 0.09 28 40 08.4 9 8.8 C4424 Kolbio 39.483.000 289 52 8 36 3.8 C4524 Kotulo 40.36 0.5 28 43.5 09.6 3 5 C4587 Shimbir Fatuma 39.503 2.795 483 39.3 38.7 54.9 0 C4638 Shimbire 39.69.758 0 0 0 C4658 Shimbirey 39.500.075 229 50.6 39.5 32 4.4 48
C4730 Shimbiri Fatuma 39.487 0.994 22 9.5 5.8 9.2 C4950 Shimbiri Fatuma 39.640.496 0 0 0 C495 Shithley 40.800 -.66 76 07 70 0.62 C5267 SW Meri 40.066.750 230 4 5 7 3 C5376 SW Wajir 39.500.333 29 58 0 22 4.5 C5506 SW Wajir 39.269.457 0 28 06.7 0 C5795 Takaba (Mandera NE) 39.633.483 0 0 0 C5796 Takabba 39.69.759 0 0 0 C6206 Takabba 40.00.733 305 86 4 26 0.78 C6207 Takabba-B 39.648.488 0 0 0 C6208 Takabba-C 39.964.527 233 07 95.8 0 C6209 Takabba-C 39.583 3.333 94 5 0 0 0 C620 Takabba-C 40.483-0.766 4 6 0 04 3.48 C63 Tarbaj 39.733 0.483 23 34 0 6.78 C6330 Tulatula BH 39.550 0.650 22 7 87 90 6.84 C672 W Kalalut 39.766 0.567 229 52 98 04 5.22 C6738 W Meri 39.983 0.27 220 39 07 0 0.6 C6738 wajir 4.033 3.367 0 22 45 53 0.78 C6769 Wajir 39.300 0.367 52 82 0 0 4.74 C6770 Wajir 39.76 0.27 235 68 04 2 0 C677 Wajir 39.56 0.633 244 55 92 08 7.08 C6776 Wajir Bor 39.483 0.867 274 26 9 94 4.5 C6777 Wajir Girls 40.000 0.750 98 07 98.5 7.68 C6885 Wajir KPLC 40.050 0.433 20 29 96 0 5.76 C6952 Wajir Port 40.66 0.300 23 35 94 96 8. C784 Wajir Power Borehole 4 40.333 0.300 52 48 25 46 4.8 C786 Wajir Water Supply 40.76 0.07 67 54 07 09 6.9 C84 Wajir: 8/63 4.050 3.500 60 84 43 53 2.88 C8692 Wal Giris 40.050 0.367 244 32 95 97 8.6 C8693 Warankara 40.33 2.267 396 49 9 95 0 C8694 Warankara 39.383.500 305 77 54 59 4.5 C8769 Warankara 39.650 2.67 549 95 36 7.86 C9009 Warankara III 39.966 2.633 60 33 2 2.38 C9573 Warankara III 39.300.483 305 23 90 95 2.28 C9749 Wargadud II 39.86-0.466 229 232 5 58 2.7 C9758 Wayamandera 40.309 0.68 0 53 04 5 C9758 Wel Merer 39.850.333 305 75 9 56 5.64 C9760 Wel Merer 40.096 0.079 76 44.3 05.5 2.2 8. 49
C976 Wel Merer 39.707 0.63 84 84 9 C9848 Yuhud (quarry) 40.509 3.509 978 43.5 09.6 3 5 C9849 Yumbis 40.300-0.366 52 37 2.28 C00 Buna 39.464 0.804 80 35. 93.57 92 8.2 C0094 Buna 40.323-0.39 42 37.2.3.3 2.3 C0095 Buna 40.566 0.583 29 54 42 49 2.94 C0096 Buna 40.598 2.402 35 20 23 50 4.2 C0097 Buna 40.934.685 0 40 0 C0098 Dagahaley N 40.797 0.04 26 64 3.8 25 9.4 C0099 Buna 39.59-0.49 0 40 4 0 0 C02 Buna 40.372 0.04 66 0 2.32 28 24 C047 Buna 40.675 0.342 80 84 48 69 0 C048 Buna 39.50-0.046 0 25 84 92 0 C049 Buna 40.26-0.253 0 40 24 25 28.8 C0420 Buna 40.93 0.089 0 83 87.93 75 24 C042 Buna 39.420 3.374 675 3 2 8.27 3.2 C0422 Buna 39.429 3.403 0 64 22 40 0 C0429 Bute 4.856 3.964 53 220 46 0 36 C0430 Bute 40.36 2.990 0 78 26 6 0 C0433 Bute borehole 4.033 3.983 0 70 02 65 34.8 C0434 Bute Girls 4.849 3.958 0 224 40 50 33 C0573 Dabader 40.000.000 305 40 0 C75 Dadajabulla 39.466 3.233 732 49 0 0 0 C76 Dag 40.04 3.95 743 6 52.4 52.4 0.05 C790 Dag 2 4.866 3.933 60 4 34 34 4.56 C833 Dag 3 4.866 3.933 60 42 34 34 4.56 C833 Dag 4 4.333 3.267 60 0 6 6 0 C333 Dag 5 4.466 3.367 60 9 58 79 3.9 C333 Dag/Ifo Mon 40.99 0.982 53 22 05.2 2.8 3.9 C3332 Dagahley 40.866 0.350 22 93 66 99 5. C3387 Dagahley Bh 6 40.456 0.029 30 08 08 2.7 C3387 Dahani 39.667-0.473 46 54.9 42.7 42.7.4 C3504 Dahani 2 4.076 -.5 65 78. 70. 70. 3.9 C3505 Dahani 2 4.57 -.5 55 79.3 6.9 6.9 3.9 C5269 Damba 40.50 -.033 9 29 29 68 0 C5328 Dambas new 40.33 -.083 6 95 0 0 0 C5355 Dambas old 40.303 0.384 35 37.2.3.3 2.3 C5364 Dif 4.000 -.500 4 98 25 0 2.22 50
C5370 Diff BH 2 40.580-0.74 29 28. 5.3 7 7.7 C5374 Dilmanyale 40.200 0.333 52 63 0 0 0 C5394 Elan 4.666 3.750 305 46 3 40 4.32 C639 Elben 40.09.782 265 262.7 70.7 70.7.33 C6468 Eldas 40.533 0.050 22 54 40 49 2.94 C6689 Fino Bolehole I 40.250 3.350 60 64 0 0 0 C963 Hegadera 6 40.375 0.008 25 0 0 0 3 SA Daghaley 3 40.300 0.90 28 43.5 09.6 4 8.3 SA 5 Bulesa 40.580 0.74 29 28. 5.3 0 SA 7 Gurar 40.073 0.006 27 46.7 07.6 08.5 8 SA 38 Ifo 7 40.782-0.472 0 44.8 2. 34. 6 SA 5 Sericho 3 40.864-0.352 04 27 9.5 92 6.6 SA 6 Sericho 2 40.874-0.356 02 25.2 9 92.5 0 SA 67 Hadado W 40.673 0.738 24 40.3 32.7 2.2 SA 63 Hadado W2 39.269.48 304 74.7 SA 9 Hagadera 3 40.632 0.003 0 0 Khorof Harar 40.279 0.95 30 47.3 7 9.6 Abakore old 40.357 0.000 35 50 5.2 0 6.8 AbakoreNew 40.270 0.95 29 50 24 0 Abakorey 39.500 2.783 488 24.4 08.3 0 3.3 Ajawa 40.350 0.004 34 54 3.6 2 28.8 Arbajahan 40.874 0.356 02 25.2 9 92.5 0 Arbajahan 40.864 0.352 04 27 9.5 92 6.6 Arbajahan BH 42.033 3.983 000 2 5 34.8 Basir BH 39.500 2.783 488 8 0 0 0 BiyamadhowNew 40.009 0.2 0 35 90.06 86.5 4.2 Biyamathow 40.320 0.065 0 0 0 0 0 5
ANNEX 3.DRY BOREHOLE BH_CNo_ Site_Name Longitude Latitude Elevation SWL Yield_Q_m3 Quality TD WSL 40.36000 2.06000 0.000000 0.000000 78.000000 6.4 39.48000 3.362000 663.000000 7. 0.000000 Saline,good for Human 6.000000 20. 39.383000 3.458000 733.000000 0.000000 Fresh 30.000000 40.97000 2.234000 45.000000 0.000000 Unknown 0.000000 40.060500.757000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 40.749000 2.000000 0.000000 66 0.000000 200.000000 72 40.009000 0.69000 69.000000 08 0.000000 50.000000 0 40.45000 0.533000 206.000000 0.000000 Fresh 0.000000 40.04200.724500 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 Bambo 2 39.466000.033300 65.000000 0 0.000000 6.000000 0 Baraki 39.5200.05300 0.000000 05.5 0.000000 Fresh 69.200000 2.9 Basir BH 39.500000 2.783300 488.000000 0 0.000000 8.000000 0 Bata 39.500000 2.783300 488.000000 0 0.000000 26.000000 0 BH Diff 39.466000.033300 289.000000 0 0.000000 7.000000 0 C02 Buna 40.934000.685000 0.000000 0.000000 40.000000 C049 Buna 40.675000 0.342000 80.000000 48 0.000000 Fresh 84.000000 69 C0424 Buna 39.429000 3.403000 0.000000 22 0.000000 64.000000 40 C0425 Bur Beit 40.325000 0.24000 43.000000 92 0.000000 Fresh 43.000000 2 C3 Dabader 40.000000.000000 305.000000 0.000000 Abandoned 40.000000 C790 Dadaab 39.950000 3.033300 70.000000 0 0.000000 37.000000 0 C333 Dadajabulla 39.466000 3.233300 732.000000 0 0.000000 49.000000 0 C5394 Dilmanyale 40.200000 0.333300 52.000000 0 0.000000 63.000000 0 C2643 Galma Galla 40.200000 2.200000 305.000000 0 0.000000 3.000000 58 C355 Habaswein 40.6000 2.233300 379.000000 0 0.000000 24.000000 0 C357 Habaswein 40.6000 2.26700 370.000000 0 0.000000 6.000000 0 C3527 Habaswein 40.000000 2.000000 60.000000 0.000000 26.000000 C3527 Habaswein 39.692000.758000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 C3542 Habaswein W 39.924700 0.48900 53.000000 00 0.000000 22.000000 05.2 C3543 Habaswein W 40.250000 2.583300 229.000000 0 0.000000 83.000000 0 52
C3634 Hungai BH new 40.966000.666700 305.000000 80 0.000000 26.000000 78 C3635 Hungai BH old 39.283000 2.33300 305.000000 0 0.000000 9.000000 0 C3653 Ifo 2 39.250000 2.500000 68.000000 0 0.000000 99.000000 0 C368 Kalalut 39.050000 3.766700 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 C3686 Khot Khot 39.483000 2.483300 427.000000 0 0.000000 9.000000 0 C3769 Kulan 39.083000 2.46700 60.000000 0 0.000000 29.000000 0 C3804 Lafey I 39.333000 2.733300 457.000000 0 0.000000 8.000000 0 C3829 Laghbogol South 39.633000 2.000000 320.000000 89 0.000000 4.000000 95 C3860 Liboi L/S 40.577200 0.590800 0.000000 96.2 0.000000 28.000000 04 C425 Mandera A 39.633000-0.450000 44.000000 3 0.000000 30.000000 3 C487 Matesa Deni 39.492000.0500 0.000000 22 0.000000 Fresh 56.000000 30 C4243 N Sabule 40.063600.734400 265.000000 4.9 0.000000 57.500000 7 C6738 Ndege Next to Aerodrome 40.0800.6800 260.000000 56.3 0.000000 26.000000 64 C4269 NW Sabule 40.956000 0.994000 04.000000 0.6 0.000000 5.000000 4 C434 R.E -7B Finno 39.447600.038950 0.000000 0.000000 Fresh 58.000000 22 C4388 R.E-24B Finno 39.497700.036800 0.000000 05 0.000000 52.000000 2 C4402 Range School 39.483000.83300 289.000000 0 0.000000 58.000000 0 C5796 Shimbir Fatuma 39.503000 2.795000 483.000000 38.7 0.000000 Saline,good for Livestock 39.300000 54.9 C6206 Shimbire 39.69000.758000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 C6209 Shimbiri Fatuma 39.640000.496000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 C626 Soda Gosa 39.67000.267000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 C6330 Takaba (Mandera NE) 39.633000.483000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 C6356 Takabba 39.69000.759000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 C6677 Takabba-B 39.648000.488000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 C672 Takabba-C 39.963900.527200 233.000000 0.000000 07.000000 95.8 C6738 Takabba-C 39.583000 3.333300 94.000000 0 0.000000 5.000000 0 C976 Warankara 40.33000 2.266700 396.000000 9 0.000000 49.000000 95 53
ANNEX 4.YIELDING BOREHOLE BH_CNo_ Site_Name Longitude Latitude Elevation SWL Yield_Q_m3 Quality TD WSL Ajawa 39.503000 2.795000 483.000000 2.900000 Saline,good for 92.700000 Livestock Arbajahan 39.009000 2.070000 0.000000 04 9.000000 Fresh 09.000000 06 Basir BH 38.877000 2.560000 435.000000 2.400000 0.000000 BiyamadhowNew 40.40000 0.68000 28.000000 6.800000 Fresh 07.000000 95.7 Dadajabulla 40.873000 0.540000 86.000000 7.200000 Saline,good for 0.000000 human Dambas old 40.09000 2.402000 405.000000 3 4.400000 Saline,good for 83.800000 40.5 Human Diff BH 2 40.954000 0.995000 24.000000 04 3.000000 50.000000 30 Elben 40.88000 2.298000 473.000000 0.600000 Fresh 0.000000 Galma Galla 40.809000.82000 88.000000 70.4 0.300000 84.000000 8 Hadado 39.443000.522000 0.000000 53. 7.000000 72.000000 59.7 Hara Khot KhotNew 39.890000 0.928000 8.000000 99.4 7.700000 Fresh 32.00000 03.7 Hungai BH old 40.97000 2.234000 448.000000.200000 Saline,good for 0.000000 Human Konton 40.909000 2.04000 249.000000 3.600000 0.000000 Ndovu BH 39.82000.970000 0.000000 20.000000 0.000000 04 SW Wajir 39.624000.527000 233.000000 5 3.000000 4.000000 29 Tulatula BH 39.82000.893000 293.000000 2.900000 Fresh 0.000000 Wajir Bor 40.527000.744000 229.000000.200000 24.000000 Wajir Minor ShW 40.059700.744500 0.000000 7.9 3.400000 2.300000 2.8 C00 Habaswein W 39.483000.033300 305.000000 5 3.240000 7.000000 7 C02 Buna 39.500000 2.783300 488.000000 2.280000 9.000000 0 C3 Habaswein 39.466000.033300 305.000000 6 3.80000 20.000000 0 C833 wajir 40.000000 3.000000 488.000000 3.7 2.280000 86.400000 26.4 C833 Wajir KPLC 40.000000.750000 305.000000 5.320000 263.000000 7 C3387 Wel Merer 40.566000 0.583300 29.000000 42 2.940000 54.000000 49 C3504 Kutulo 40.598000 2.402000 35.000000 23 4.200000 Fresh 20.000000 50 C5364 Bute 39.420000 3.374000 675.000000 2 3.200000 Saline,good for 3.000000 8.27 Human C5394 Merti 38.70000.02000 0.000000 5 0.000000 80.000000 22 54
C639 Merti 38.647000.062000 293.000000 60 4.300000 54.000000 69 C2440 Buna 39.500000 2.766700 60.000000 0 2.880000 7.000000 3 C3033 Fafi 40.303000 0.384000 35.000000.3 2.300000 37.200000.3 C304 Laghbogol South 39.853000.282000 224.000000 8 9.000000 Fresh 50.000000 22 C3042 Lagh Bogal 39.845600.290800 226.000000 8.9 5.700000 75.400000 55.5 C30 N Sabule 40.233000.650000 52.000000 23 2.040000 83.000000 0 C355 Wajir: 8/63 40.090800.74900 265.000000 3.7.000000 86.400000 26.4 C328 Habaswein 39.476700.038200 22.000000 26.3 5.00000 Fresh 43.900000 32.7 C3306 Wajir 40.090800.78900 265.000000 70.7.330000 Saline 262.700000 70.7 C3407 Takabba 40.66000 0.550000 37.000000 43 2.520000 52.000000 48 C3409 40.583000 0.533300 37.000000 43 4.020000 52.000000 48 C342 40.66000 0.533300 37.000000 43 2.520000 52.000000 48 C355 Gurar BH 39.569000 3.373000 90.000000 97.5 0.060000 Saline,good for 2.00000 03.6 Human C357 GUARAR 39.583000 3.350000 94.000000 6 0.900000 3.000000 0 C3527 Gurar 39.583000 3.366700 94.000000 6 0.480000 32.000000 5 C3527 Gurar 39.847000 0.495000 59.000000 00.6 5.300000 36.900000 03.7 C3540 Griftu 39.750000 2.000000 305.000000 3.980000 56.000000 C3637 Giriftu 39.750000.983300 0.000000 36 5.400000 Fresh 82.000000 3. C3654 Habaswein 39.476700.038200 220.000000 22.9 6.720000 Fresh 34.500000 26.6 C3655 Habaswein 3 39.450000.033300 37.000000 06 6.720000 69.000000 22 C3656 Griftu 39.750000.36700 378.000000 4 0.360000 20.000000 5 C3685 Dilmanyale 39.604400 0.80800 9.000000 87.2 6.800000 08.300000 88. C3686 Ausmaduli 40.537000 2.258000 36.000000 06.4 0.400000 Fresh 82.000000 20 C3726 Khot Khot 40.0800 0.636400 57.000000 05.8 0.700000 40.000000 0. C3727 Abakorey 39.627200 0.754400 74.000000 05.5 8.00000 Fresh 44.300000 2.2 C3769 Hara Khot Khot 39.900800 0.890800 77.000000 05.8 0.700000 Fresh 40.000000 0. C3788 Fini 40.02800 0.46400 48.000000 98.2 5.600000 Fresh 9.500000 0.5 C3792 Kalalut 39.638600 0.754400 89.000000 96. 4.600000 2.000000 00.6 C38 Griftu 39.50000 2.000000 274.000000 2 0.20000 28.000000 20 C382 Dagahaley N 40.369400 0.229200 39.000000 25 4.500000 47.900000 46.2 C3864 Merti 38.648000.062000 290.000000 2.5 3.600000 30.800000 8.8 C3880 Helati NW 39.483000 2.66700 488.000000 29 0.360000 76.000000 35 55
C3893 Hadado 39.302200.485600 302.000000 90.7 2.300000 23.400000 95.2 C3899 Damba 40.06000 2.46700 60.000000 3 9.20000 84.000000 4 C394 Dambas new 40.020000 2.404000 405.000000 3 5.000000 Saline.good for 83.000000 34. Human C397 Griftu NW 39.883000 2.000000 305.000000 66 0.060000 205.000000 68 C398 Griftu NW 40.33000 2.066700 305.000000 58 0.060000 77.000000 67 C393 Bur Beit 39.883000 2.433300 450.000000 85 0.360000 52.000000 6 C3964 Wajir Power Borehole 4 40.083000.733300 304.000000 4 2.520000 28.000000 97 C425 Arbajahan BH 39.004000 2.070000 348.000000 00 0.200000 Fresh 28.000000 92 C450 Buna 39.083000 2.583300 60.000000 76 2.460000 9.000000 32 C487 Wayamandera 39.750000.566700 243.000000 85 0.20000 223.000000 26 C4207 Wajir Water Supply 40.33000.750000 274.000000 7 0.300000 42.000000 34 C422 Mochesa 40.250000.000000 320.000000 9 0.480000 220.000000 88 C4234 Sabule N 40.50000 0.500000 82.000000 63 4.320000 95.000000 72 C4257 Sabule 40.36000 0.450000 240.000000 63 6.000000 203.000000 92 C426 Sarif BH 2 40.602000 0.597000 98.000000 96.2 7.200000 Fresh 28.000000 04 C427 Dabader 40.56000 0.333300 305.000000 98 5.00000 64.000000 54 C434 Rhowa 40.782000 0.472000 0.000000 2. 6.000000 44.800000 34. C4402 Merti 38.647000.06000 290.000000 8.200000 50.000000 42 C4524 Biyamadhow 40.400000 0.636000 28.000000 09.6 5.000000 Fresh 43.500000 3 C5267 40.600000.733300 0.000000 49.260000 50.000000 54 C5796 Khorof Harar 40.753000 2.98000 349.000000 66 7.000000 Saline,goog for 200.000000 72 Human C9380 Meri 2 39.932000 0.455000 59.000000 5 40.600000 Fresh 60.000000 30 SA 5 Habaswein 39.500300.075000 229.000000 39.5 4.400000 50.600000 32 SA 6 Arbajahan 40.066000.750000 230.000000 5 3.000000 4.000000 7 SA 67 Hadado W 39.500000.333300 29.000000 0 4.500000 58.000000 22 SA 9 Next to Aerodrome 40.00000.733300 305.000000 4 0.780000 86.000000 26 39.56000 2.783300 60.000000 5.700000 39.300000 7 39.500000.333300 29.000000 0 5.700000 52.000000 22 40.550000 2.250000 22.000000 06 0.960000 83.000000 20 39.966000 0.483300 229.000000 00 2.60000 22.000000 05 40.000000 0.750000 98.000000 00 7.680000 40.000000 04 40.050000 0.433300 20.000000 96 5.760000 29.000000 0 56
40.333000 0.300000 52.000000 25 4.800000 48.000000 46 39.383000.500000 305.000000 54 4.500000 77.000000 59 39.650000 2.66700 549.000000 36.860000 95.000000 7 39.966000 2.633300 60.000000 2.380000 33.000000 2 39.300000.483300 305.000000 90 2.280000 23.000000 95 39.850000.333300 305.000000 9 5.640000 75.000000 56 Laghbogol North 39.833000.299000 238.000000 7.200000 Fresh 20.000000 57
ANNEX 5 : RAINFALL DATA -980-989 A MERTI D.O s Office STATION ID STATION NAME YEAR PRECIPITATION; MONTHLY TOTAL 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 8838000 MERTI D.O'S 980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.8 25.5 0 8838000 MERTI D.O'S 98 0 0 63.6 55.5 8838000 MERTI D.O'S 982 0 0 9.7 3 0 0 0 0 8.5 30.4 2.6 8838000 MERTI D.O'S 983 0 5 0 5.3 23 0 0 0 0 8838000 MERTI D.O'S 985 20.7 8838003 MERTI TOWN 988 0 59.4 72.3 8838003 MERTI TOWN 989 9.3.6 2 229 20 0 0 0 0 8838003 MERTI TOWN 990 3. 65.5 07.8 57.6 8838003 MERTI TOWN 993 52.6 2 8838004 MERTI SHAMBA 988 78.6 79. 8838004 MERTI SHAMBA 989 9.8.3 23.3 259.4 7 0 0 0 0 58
B. HABBASWEIN STATION:980-202 STATION ID STATION NAME YEAR PRECIPITATION; MONTHLY TOTAL 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 8839000 HABBASWEIN 980 0 0 0 53.5 0 0 0 0. 0 5.4 38.8 0 8839000 HABBASWEIN 98 0 0 54.8 233.4 49. 0 0 4.4 0.8. 0 4.5 8839000 HABBASWEIN 982 0 0 0 89.2 0.9 0 0 4 77.9 79.9 9.7 8839000 HABBASWEIN 983 0 4.3 0 43. 0 0 0.9 2.2 22.6 8839000 HABBASWEIN 984 0.9 0 0 24.9.2 0 0.5 33.4 47.4 67.8 8839000 HABBASWEIN 985.8 7. 42 24.9 3.3 0 0 0 0 30.3 6. 8839000 HABBASWEIN 986 0 0 26.3 205.9 0 0 0 0 0 3.3 89.6 30.6 8839000 HABBASWEIN 987 8.2 0 4.2 86.9 9.5 0 0 0 0 0 2.2 8839000 HABBASWEIN 988 0 0 38 0.3 0 0 0. 3.5 9.7 49.2 95.3 8839000 HABBASWEIN 989 4.9 4.6 3.5 89.4 0 0 0 0 37.9 72 8.7 8839000 HABBASWEIN 990.6 27.4 73.9 44 3 0 0 0 5.9 6.7 8839000 HABBASWEIN 99 9.7 0 4.3 6.7 0.2 0.2 0 0 3.5 8.8 30.9 8839000 HABBASWEIN 992 0 4.2 284.6 59.5 0 0 6.6 8 74.5 8839000 HABBASWEIN 993 24.7 3.5 2 74.5 25 0.5 0 85 4.5 72 8839000 HABBASWEIN 994 0 5 28 0.5 5 77 63.5 85 8839000 HABBASWEIN 995 0 04 96 5 0 0 87.5 8839000 HABBASWEIN 997 659. 8839000 HABBASWEIN 200 0 0 22. 0 0 0 0 0 9.4 60. 8.3 8839000 HABBASWEIN 200 0 0 8839000 HABBASWEIN 20 4. 46.6 8839000 HABBASWEIN 202 06.4 0 0 0 0 0 2..9 59
C.WAJIR STATION STATION ID STATION NAME YEAR PRECIPITATION; MONTHLY TOTAL 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 8840000 WAJIR 990. 63. 2.6 9.7 0.8 2.3 0 0 0.8 45.5 8840000 WAJIR 99 2.2 4.2 4.3 32.2 57.2 0 5.3 0.8 0. 0.3 8.8 34.6 8840000 WAJIR 992 9.5 4.7 4.5 94.3 57 0 0.5.7.7 5 30.2 75 8840000 WAJIR 993 7.4 0. 3.3 84.2 34. 4.6 0.7 0.3 0 38.9 55.2 6.8 8840000 WAJIR 994 0 2.5 50.8 3.5 0.9 0.6 0.5.4 42.5 73.4.5 8840000 WAJIR 995 0 36.3 75.5 46.9 0.7 0 0 0.5 0.3 44.7 65.7 27.9 8840000 WAJIR 996.6 3.2 28. 73.7 50. 0.5.5 0 0 0 97. 0.5 8840000 WAJIR 997 0 0 74.7 30.5 9.4.3.8 0 0.4 235.6 490.9 66.3 8840000 WAJIR 998 35. 4.3 2.3 69 42.7 0 0.7 0.5 0.4 6.4 0 8840000 WAJIR 999 0 0 26 34.9 5.8 9.9 2.8 7.8 0 2.4 58. 44.2 8840000 WAJIR 2000 0 0 0 5.5 0.6 0 0 32 3.2 22.6 5.6 8840000 WAJIR 200 0 2.5 9.6 73.2 8. 4.2 0 0 5.6 90.2 3 8840000 WAJIR 2002 0.9 0 5.5 233.2 0 0.4 2. 0 6.5 23 20.4 92.5 8840000 WAJIR 2003.3 0.3 4.2 25.8 99.8 0 0.9 0 4.8 25 80.5 8840000 WAJIR 2005 0 0.9 0.6 6 39 0 8840000 WAJIR 2007 7.4 0.5.4 66.3 9.7 0 0 2.6 6.2 2.7 6.7 2.4 8840000 WAJIR 2008 94.5 0.8.5 03 5.6 4.4 0 0.5 0.3 8.3 89.7 0 8840000 WAJIR 2009 9 2.9 0 88.5 2.8 0 0 0 0 52.7 2.2 77.8 8840000 WAJIR 200 0 0 97.4 93. 5.4 5.7 0 4.3 0 9 9.3 0 8840000 WAJIR 20 0.8 0 38.7 0 0 0 0.7 334.6 70. 6.6 8840000 WAJIR 202 0.6 0.6.6 379 8.9 0 0.8 0 39.7 22.8 3 8840000 WAJIR 203 2.4 0 68.8 82.7 3.3 2.7.4 2.3 0.3 3 548.6 34 8840000 WAJIR 204 0 0 33.9 635.6 0 3 23.2 60
ANNEX 6.TEMPRETURE DATA-990-204 STATION_ID STATION NAME YEAR TEMPERATURE; MONTHLY MAXIMUM AVERAGE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 8840000 WAJIR 990 35.4 34.3 32.2 33 32. 30.9 3.6 33.2 33.6 32.2 8840000 WAJIR 99 34.9 37 36.4 34.9 33.3 3.8 30.2 30.7 32.6 34.6 33.7 34.9 8840000 WAJIR 992 35.9 37.5 36.6 35 33.7 32.7 3.3 3.2 32.8 33.6 32.2 3.4 8840000 WAJIR 993 33.7 35.8 36.5 34. 32.6 3.7 30.9 3.2 32.7 33.7 32.9 34.2 8840000 WAJIR 994 36.7 37.2 36.8 33.5 26.8 32.6 3.6 32.2 33.4 34.2 3.9 33.7 8840000 WAJIR 995 36.2 36.7 35.4 33.4 32.9 32.3 32. 33.2 33.6 32.6 34.5 8840000 WAJIR 996 36 37.2 35.9 35.4 34.5 32.3 3.8 32.2 33. 33.7 33.4 34.5 8840000 WAJIR 997 36.5 37.6 36.6 33 32 32.9 32.2 33 34.2 32 3 3.3 8840000 WAJIR 999 34 33.5 32.3 8840000 WAJIR 2000 36. 37.7 37. 36.2 34.7 32.6 3.8 32.5 33. 34.5 34.7 35.8 8840000 WAJIR 200 36.9 36.5 37.2 35 34.6 32.6 3.3 32.7 33.9 34.7 32.8 34. 8840000 WAJIR 2002 36.8 37.2 37.3 34.7 32.9 32.4 33. 32.9 34 34.9 33.9 34. 8840000 WAJIR 2003 36.6 37.8 38 36.4 33.5 33. 32.8 32.8 34.7 23.2 8840000 WAJIR 2005 35.9 34 34.6 34.9 8840000 WAJIR 2007 35.4 38.2 35. 33.8 33.3 33.3 34. 34. 32.2 35. 8840000 WAJIR 2008 35.8 36.6 36.5 34.2 33.9 32.7 33. 35. 35. 33.6 35.6 8840000 WAJIR 2009 36.7 37. 37.5 35.9 35 34.2 33 33.4 34.6 34.4 35.5 8840000 WAJIR 200 36.3 37.3 35.5 34.6 32.8 32.8 34.4 35 35 36. 8840000 WAJIR 20 36.8 37.3 36.5 35.7 34.3 33.2 33.5 34.8 33.2 3.8 32.5 8840000 WAJIR 202 36.4 37.2 37.6 35. 35 34 34. 34.9 34.9 35. 36 8840000 WAJIR 203 37.3 37.9 36.2 33.9 33.6 32.3 32.4 33.2 34.6 35.6 34.6 36. 8840000 WAJIR 204 37.3 37.2 36.4 34.5 34.3 33.7 34 34.5 35.6 6
STATION_ID STATION NAME YEAR TEMPERATURE; MONTHLY MINIMUM AVERAGE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 8840000 WAJIR 990 23.2 24.4 24. 23.4 2.7 2.7 22. 22.2 23.2 22.6 8840000 WAJIR 99 23.2 23.7 24.4 24.8 24 22.8 22. 2.5 2.9 23.6 23.5 23.4 8840000 WAJIR 992 23.8 24 24.9 25.2 24. 23 2.8 2.6 22. 23 23. 23 8840000 WAJIR 993 23 23.6 24 24.4 23.7 22.5 2.6 2.3 20.6 23 22.9 8840000 WAJIR 994 23. 22.9 23.6 22.7 22. 22.3 22.6 23.6 23. 22.4 8840000 WAJIR 995 22.2 23.9 23.6 23. 22 22.2 2.8 22 23 22.9 22.9 8840000 WAJIR 996 23.4 24.2 24.4 24.8 24 22.8 2.7 2.3 2.3 22.3 22.7 2.6 8840000 WAJIR 997 2.3 22.3 24 23.8 22.3 22.5 2.9 22. 22.7 22.8 22.7 22.9 8840000 WAJIR 998 23.2 23.6 24.6 24.8 23.5 22.2 2.9 22. 22.2 23 22.9 22.8 8840000 WAJIR 999 22.9 23. 24.7 24.5 23.5 22.4 2.8 2.7 22.2 22.7 23.3 22.5 8840000 WAJIR 2000 2.8 22.2 23.9 24.9 24 22.6 22.2 22 22 23.3 24. 23.8 8840000 WAJIR 200 23.7 23.7 24.6 24.8 24.7 22.8 2.6 2.9 22.5 23.7 23.7 23.3 8840000 WAJIR 2002 23.7 23.4 25.4 24.6 23.5 22.5 2.9 22.2 22.3 23.6 23.6 24 8840000 WAJIR 2003 23 23.9 25. 25 24 22.8 22.2 2.9 22.6 23.5 22 8840000 WAJIR 2005 22.4 2.4 22.5 23.6 23.7 23.4 8840000 WAJIR 2007 22.3 23.8 24.5 23.4 22.7 22.8 23 23.4 23. 22.9 8840000 WAJIR 2008 23.6 23 24.7 24. 23.5 2.9 22. 22.3 22.7 22. 8840000 WAJIR 2009 24.3 23.4 22.3 22.5 23 23. 23 24. 8840000 WAJIR 200 23.5 24.3 24.6 25 22.6 22.4 22.4 23.3 23.5 22.7 8840000 WAJIR 20 22.8 24.2 25. 25 23.8 22.6 22. 23 23.7 23.3 2.4 8840000 WAJIR 202 9.9 2.7 23 24 22.7 2.3 2.9 22.2 23.2 23.2 23. 8840000 WAJIR 203 22. 22.2 23. 22.3 22. 22. 2.8 2.7 22.6 23.6 24.3 23.6 8840000 WAJIR 204 22.8 23.3 24.3 24.2 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.7 24.2 62
ANNEX 7.EVAPORATION DATA -990-202 STATION_ID STATION NAME YEAR EVAPORATION; PAN; MONTHLY TOTAL 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 8840000 WAJIR 990 233. 93. 50.2 222. 228.4 20.5 58 8840000 WAJIR 99 29 284.7 279.3 203.8 90.2 96.5 76.8 222.8 255.6 240.3 82.3 57. 8840000 WAJIR 992 239.3 207.5 243.5 239.3 25.2 263.2 245 89.9 82.4 8840000 WAJIR 993 205.4 237. 297.8 88.5 65. 94. 22.7 227 242.5 255.4 56.2 86.3 8840000 WAJIR 994 245.5 27 49.5 52.5 97.4 246.6 247 50 8840000 WAJIR 995 246 27.3 238.5 44 49 200.2 24 92.4 96.7 53.9 8840000 WAJIR 996 27.5 220.7 49.9 203.3 89 27.2 240.5 226.5 30.5 8840000 WAJIR 200 6 86.5 20.5 95.5 99.2 35. 62 8840000 WAJIR 2002 22.9 2.5 204.8 43.6 45 59.4 95. 203.5 80.6 77.2 34.9 40.5 8840000 WAJIR 2003 20.8 222.8 239.7 76.8 42.7 63.5 93 203.9 28 4.5 55.2 8840000 WAJIR 2005 29.5 26.9 24. 226.5 75.5 24.5 8840000 WAJIR 2007 84.7 29.5 222.9 83.6 7 99 89.9 200.2 59.3 07.6 58.4 8840000 WAJIR 2008 7.3 9 204.5 42.6 53.4 67.4 98.3 22.7 79.9 44.2 78.5 8840000 WAJIR 2009 66.7 223.9 256.5 59.8 2 22.5 59.5 6.6 64.4 8840000 WAJIR 200 226.5 233.5 77.9 49. 235 97.2 77 25.5 74.3 256 8840000 WAJIR 20 230.9 278 233.2 25 232 248 255.5 260.3 50.3 92.5 8840000 WAJIR 202 22.5 63
A a: Pans I Kotulo Division ANNEX 8: ANALYSIS OF PANS, PER DIVISION Pan Name Storage Capacity (m 3 ) Use Catchment/Source of water Status/Action Required Warmudo water pan Dasheq twin water pan Tanja mega pan 60,000 Domestic Localized catchment Pan in good condition Wargadud water pan Kotulo water pan 2 Kotulo water pan 0,800 Domestic localized catchment Proper fencing, desilting repair of silt trap and spillway and also deepening 25,000 Domestic Hungai Lagga Proper fencing, desilting repair of silt trap and spillway and also deepening 24,000 Domestic Adablaha bulle grounds Desilting and deepening and repair of silt trap and also vegetate the buffer zone 30,000 Domestic Burqual grounds Fencing, construction of a water point 5,000 Livestock localized catchment Fencing, construction of a water point, desilting and deepening and repair of silt trap 64
A b: Pans in Bute Division Pan Name Storage Capacity (m 3 ) Use Catchment/Source of water Status/Action Required Orgorji group water Subistence_Irrig From Gurar lagga 23km pan 4,400 ation away Desilting, fencing, vegetate the buffer zone and repair of silt trap Kukuba water pan 4,600 Domestic Gurar hills Desilting, deepening, fencing and construction of a silt trap and water point Deepening, desilting, reconstruction of the spill way and Orgorji water pan 6,300 Livestock Lagga Bor embankment Warasilig water pan 3,000 Domestic Lagga Bor The spillway is damaged and inlet silted up -should be re done Chufa mega water pan 33,000 Domestic Malaba and Chufa hills Fencing desilting repair of silt trap Mabuyu water pan 3,500 Domestic MalabaHills, Bute Proper fencing, vegetate the buffer zone and repair of silt trap Adadijole water pan 2 5,500 Domestic Diniqo Hills Proper fencing, vegetate the buffer zone and repair of silt trap Adadijole water pan 3,500 Domestic Diniqo Hills Desilting and construction of a silt trap and water point Bute women group water pan 3,000 Domestic Simba Hills Proper fencing desilting repair of silt trap Bute forest water pan 9,700 Domestic localized catchment Fencing construction of a water point and repair of silt trap Watraya water pan 30,500 Domestic Roca Hills, Ethiopia Expansion due to the large catchment repair of silt trap and fencing Watraya water pan 2 25,000 Domestic Roca Hills, Ethiopia Fencing and repair of silt trap Godoma water pan 2 4,000 Domestic Sogoska Hills Fencing, desilting and construction of a water point and repair of silt trap Godoma water pan 2,000 Domestic Godoma Hills Desilting, fencing, vegetate the buffer zone and repair of silt trap Ali Hared water pan 5,500 Domestic localized catchment Fencing desilting repair of silt trap and spillway Karduse water pan 26,400 Domestic localized catchment Fencing, desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap 65
A c: Pans in Buna Division Pan Name Storage Capacity (m 3 ) Use Catchment/Source of water Status/Action Required Funa bua water pan 0,700 Domestic Funa bua Hills Construction of silt trap, desilting and construction of a water point and repair of the fence Buna ewasongiro water pan 36,000 Domestic/Livestock Funa bua Hills Construction of a cattle trough Buna slaughter water pan,600 Domestic localized catchment Appropriate site for a water pan development. Basanicha water pan 3 25,000 Domestic/Livestock Batalu Hills Construction of a water point Basanicha water pan 25,000 Livestock Batalu Hills Desilting and deepening and repair of silt trap and spillway. Fencing and vegetating the buffer zone Basanicha water pan 2 25,000 Livestock Batalu Hills Desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap Wogaras water pan 6,000 Domestic Rock Catchment Construction of a water point, fencing and desilting Nasibow water pan 9,000 Domestic Batalu Hills Desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap and spillway. Due to the high sippage the pan should be provided with a liner Milisaded water pan 2,375 Domestic localized catchment Fencing, desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap Warwein water pan (lesayu ) 48,000 Domestic Rock Catchment Fencing desilting and construction of a water point Dodai water pan (lesayu) 8,900 Domestic Rock Catchment Desilting and deepening and repair of silt trap and spillway Ismitley water pan (lesayu ) 9,900 Domestic Rock Catchment Construction of a water point, fencing and desilting 66
Garse Ake water pan 2 9,600 Domestic localized catchment Desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap and spillway Garse Ake water pan 8,00 Domestic localized catchment Desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap Beramo mega water pan 42,000 Commercial Irrigation Lagh Bor Vegetate the pan wall, construction of a silt trap Beramo water pan 27,000 Domestic Lagh Bor Construction of a water point, fencing and installation of a silt trap Korondile water pan 22,000 Domestic Korondille Hills Desilting of the inlet channel and repair of silt trap Korondile water pan 2 7,990 Domestic Korondille Hills Deepening construction of a water point and repair of silt trap Wardigle water pan 29,700 Domestic Korondille Hills Repair of the silt trap, construction of a water point for the community as the pan supplies the town Milisaded water pan 2,300 Domestic localized catchment Fencing, desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap Nyata mega pan 20,000 Domestic localized catchment Desilting and deepening and repair of silt trap and spillway Kobole water pan 2 32,000 Domestic localized catchment Fencing, vegetate the buffer zone and lining Kobole water pan 35,00 Domestic localized catchment Fencing and desilting Woyare water pan 8,000 Domestic Korondille Hills Desilting and improvement of the embankment and also fencing 67
A d: Pans in Eldas Division Pan Name Storage Capacity (m 3 ) Use Catchment/Source of water Status/Action Required Dela water pan 4,200 Domest ic Delayarey water pan 2,400 Livesto ck localized catchment Desilting, proper fencing, repair of silt traps,improvement of the embarkment. Horoto Hills Desilting, fencing, repair of silt trap,improvement of the embarkment A e: Pans in Tarbaj Division Pan Name Storage Use Catchment/Source of Status/Action Required Capacity (m 3 ) water El yunis water pan 0,500 Domestic localized catchment Desilting and improvement of the embankment 2 War eri water pan 48,000 Livestock localized catchment Fencing and repair of silt trap and spillway Warwein (Tarbaj ) water pan Jehin water pan 2 0,000 Domestic Localized catchment (mansa and dambas road) JRRS water pan 40,000 Domestic Affat lagga, barasadiq (Hungai ) lagga 40,000 Domestic Mansa Road Desilting and deepening Fencing, desilting and deepening and also repair of the inlet and spillway Sloping of the pan wall, vegetate the buffer zone and repair of silt trap, compaction of the cut soil Warbisiq water pan 600 Livestock Barasadiq lagga Desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap and spillway and fencing. Expansion should also be considered El ben water pan 5,000 Domestic Af ad Hills Desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap and spillway. Fencing should also be done Dambas water pan 6,200 Domestic Ali Galo Hills Desilting, fencing Durwey water pan 2,000 Domestic Harawo lagga Desilting and improvement of the inlet. Construction of silt traps 68
Durwey water pan 2 2,000 Domestic Masairi Hills Desilting and improvement of the fence, construction of silt traps and also construction of a water point provision of a liner. Mansa dam 8,000 Domestic Abdi gane Hills 2km away Fencing and control of the individual shallow wells within the dam Kokai (colonial) 5,000 Livestock Ali Galo Hills None water pan Dunto warwein 6,300 Domestic Ali Galo Hills Desilting and improvement of the embankment, repair and dam improvement of the silt trap and spillway. Vegetate the buffer zone War Yare water pan (natural) 5,000 Domestic Dunto Hills Fencing and vegetating the buffer zone Ogorale water pan 2 Ogorale water pan 3 9,600 Domestic Localized catchment Fencing desilting repair of silt trap and spillway. A management committee should be put in place as well 9,000 Domestic Localized catchment Fencing and desilting Tarbaj mega pan 72,000 Domestic Oloke lagga and Tarbaj Provision of a liner and repair of silt trap Hills Ogorale water pan 20,000 Domestic Alo aalin Hills Fencing and desilting 69
A f: Pans in Wajir Bor Division Pan Name Storage Capacity (m 3 ) Use Catchment/Source of water Status/Action Required Wajir bor mega 50,000 Domestic Localized catchment weak fence,open the inflow, desilting required pan SitaWario Pan 2 2,000 Domestic Localized catchment Fencing of the pan, resulting, construction of cattle trough Qahira Pan 20,000 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting and proper fence Wajir bor pan 2 5,000 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting construction of silt trough,fencing Arbakheranso 5,000 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting,fencing of the pan pan Riba water pan 23,600 Domestic Khorof Harar - Wajir road runoff Desilting and deepening. Improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap and spillway Wargeley water 4,200 Domestic Colluvial formation Desilting and deepening and repair of silt trap and spillway. pan Fencing should also be considered 70
A g: Pans in Giriftu Division Pan Name Storage Capacity Use Catchment/Source of water Status/Action Required (m 3 ) Korish water pan 40,000 Domestic Lagga bogol Proper fencing and desilting Bojiare water pan,200 Domestic Bojiare Lagga Desilting and compaction of the embankment 3(CDF) Bojiare water pan 6,500 Domestic Bojiare Lagga Desilting and compaction of loose soils Bojiare water pan 2,0 Domestic Bojiare Lagga Desilting and improvement of the embankment improve the silt trap Barmish twin water pans Barmish town water pan 6,800 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting, vegetate the buffer zone and construction of a silt trap 0,400 Domestic Localized catchment Fencing, desilting and improvement of the embankment Boa Pan 8,000 Domestic Localized catchment Removal of cut soils, desilting, lining of the pan, proper fencing War Adey water Pan 75,000 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting, development of a silt trap construction of a water point and repair of the fence Adow Boshe water pan 28,000 Livestock Localized catchment Desilting, deepening and repair of silt trap Fatuma Noor water pan 0,800 Domestic Lag bor Desilting, installation of a silt trap, construction of water points Qara water pan 9,500 Domestic Localized catchment Alignment with clay soil, fencing, deepening, repair of silt trap El yunis water pan 0,500 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting and improvement of the embankment Kubey surur water pan 0,500 Domestic Darmstadt lagga Desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt traps Adan Awale water pan 3,50 Domestic Griftu kabisuru road Desilting, deepening and repair of silt trap Adan Awale Pan 75,000 Domestic Warhan lagga under construction Madho water pan 3 54,000 Domestic Madho lag wein(lag bor) Desilting and improvement of the silt traps Madho water pan 66,000 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting, deepening, fencing and installation of a silt trap Madho water pan 2 900 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting, fencing, deepening expansion of the catchment Chandarua water pan 2,800 Domestic Lag bogol Desilting and improvement of the embankment and fencing Baji water pan 9,600 Domestic Lag bogol Repair of the silt traps fencing 7
A h: Pans in Hadado Division Pan Name Kanjara water pan 2 Kanjara water pan Lag bogol water pan 2 Lag bogol water pan Sheikh Garuine water pan Hadado public water pan Noor Gows water pan Lolo quta North water pan Storage Capacity (m 3 ) Use Catchment/Source of water Status/Action Required 5,000 Domestic Kanjara lagga Desilting, fencing, capacity building of the management committee 50,000 Domestic Kanjara lagga Fencing and planting of trees around the embarkment 5,940 Domestic/Liv estock Lag bogol Vegetate the buffer zone desilting and fencing 3,500 Domestic/Liv Lag bogol Improvement of the silt trap and vegetate the buffer zone, fencing estock 5,000 Livestock Lag bogol Improvement of the water point, desilting and fencing 2,600 Livestock Lag bogol Fencing, construction of a silt trap, 4,400 Domestic Lag bogol Desilting and improvement of the embankment, construction of a better spill way and silt trap 20,000 Domestic Localized Deepening and repair of silt traps fencing and improvement of the embankment Hadado water pan 40,000 Domestic Lag bogol Reinforcement of silt trap with gabions, vegetate the buffer zone and desilting 72
A i: Pans in Central Division Pan Name Storage Capacity (m 3 ) Use Catchment/Source of water Status/Action Required Qoqar water 3,500 Domestic Wajir-Qoqar road Proper fencing,desilting,deepening and repair of silt pan trap.construction of a water point Bil el burbur 7,200 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting deepening and fencing water pan Abakdere water pan 20,000 Domestic Localized catchment Proper sighting of the inlet to maximize on water harvesting from the two catchments,provision of a watering point Sukela water 8,00 Livestock Kurar lagga Fencing,desilting, Deepening pan Hubsoy water 3,500 Domestic Ibrahim sharua water Construction of a water point and expansion pan course Ohiye water pan 6,800 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting and repair of silt trap Yahood dam 25,000 Domestic Merti aquifer Fencing A j: Pans in Diff Division Pan Name Akitalehel water pan 2 Akitalehel water pan Burder water pan Burder water pan 3 WAJIR. BOR. Pan. Storage Capacity (m 3 ) Use Catchment/Sourc e of water 3,600 Domestic Localized catchment Status/Action Required Repair of inlet and construction of silt traps, desilting and improvement of the embarkment. 9,600 Domestic Bur der Desilting, deepening, expansion and compaction 5,000 Domestic Fulae bor Fencing, deepening, desilting,improvement of the embarkment catchment 25,200 Domestic Burder-wajir road Desilting, repair of silt trap and provision of a watering point 0,000 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting, repair of silt trap and provision of a watering point 73
A k: Pans in Sebule Division Pan Name Shimbur bul water pan Dadachabulla water pan Qurdubah water pan Biyamadhow water pan Sarif public water pan Hassan Ali water pan Kurmis water pan Machesa water pan Machesa water pan 2 Sheba Sheba water pan Kursin water pan 3 Kursin water pan 2 Kursin water pan Storage Capacity (m 3 ) Use Catchment/Source of water 5,600 Domestic Lambaraha_biyamadho w rd Status/Action Required Clay alignment ad soil removal from the edge of the pan and construction of silt traps. No water available in the pan 6,000 Domestic Lagga dub-sihar Remove loose soil away from the pan. Construction of silt traps and fencing 9,600 Domestic Dejebula sarif road Desilting and construction of cattle troughs 2,000 Domestic Shubwaraba lagga Fencing construction of cattle troughs 2,700 Domestic Shubwaraba lagga Fencing and desilting 600 Domestic Shubwaraba lagga Fencing and desilting 4,000 Domestic Runoff from the road Compaction of the cut soil, desilting and relocation of the hand pump and cattle troughs deepening of the silt traps 25,200 Domestic Localized catchment Growing of trees around the embarkment 8,900 Domestic Localized catchment Construction of cattle troughs 90,000 Domestic Localised - haraqotqot Removal of cut soil way from the pan and deepening of the pan kursin road 24,000 Domestic Lagbor lagga Fencing and planting of trees around the embarkment 9,000 Domestic Lagbor lagga Fencing and construction of cattle troughs 25,000 Domestic Lagbor lagga Construction of a watering point silt traps training of the management committee 74
A l: Pans in Gurar Division Pan Name Storage Use Catchment/Sou Status/Action Required Capacity (m 3 ) rce of water Ajawa water pan 3 7,550 Domestic/ Livestock Ajawa Hills Desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap and spillway. A pan liner should also be considered Ajawa (Warwein)wate 3,200 Livestock( m3/day) Gale Hills Fencing, improvement of the embankment and silt trap and also provision of a pan liner r pan 2 Dobu water pan 4,000 Domestic/ Lagh Dima/lagh Desilting and proper fencing and construction of a water point Livestock dobu Gar kilo water 3,00 Domestic/ Sara Hills Desilting, removal of the cut soil from the pan pan Livestock Gar kilo water 24,000 Domestic/ Sara Hills_3km Desilting and improvement of the embankment and also repair of the silt trap pan 2 Livestock away Gar kilo water 3,500 Domestic/ Sara Hills_3km Desilting, construction of a water point pan 3 Livestock away Qudama water pan 3,000 Domestic/ Livestock Localized catchment Desilting,fencing and construction of a water point and repair of silt trap and spillway Qudama water pan 2 2,000 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting, deepening fencing, construction of a silt trap and spillway Basakorow 24,000 Domestic/ Kadida lagga Repair of silt trap and spillway water pan Livestock and danale Hills Hara Dula water pan 9990 Domestic/ Livestock Qerumsa lagga Redesign the spillway and inlet Qarsa Bulla 0260 Domestic Qerumsa Hills Compaction of the pan edges, construction of a silt trap and also lining up the water pan pan due to sippage Qarsa Bulla 7200 Domestic/ Gurar Hills Deepening and repair of silt trap and spillway and also water pan 2 Livestock Bamba Gurar 45000 Domestic/ Gurar Hills Desilting and improvement of the spillway and inlet and vegetating the buffer water pan Livestock zone. A liner should also be considered due to the high sippage 75
Handaraka water pan Handaraka water pan 2 Hargurati water pan Bosicha water pan 22500 Domestic/ Ethiopia Proper fencing, desilting, repair of the silt trap and spillway Livestock through lagh Dima 55500 Domestic/ Ethiopia Desilting and deepening, fencing and clearing of the embankment off animal Livestock through lagh waste Dima 9000 Domestic Danaba Hills Desilting, deepening construction of a silt trap, fencing 735 Domestic/ Livestock Urungu /lagga Hills Repair of the silt trap, construction of a water point and vegetating the buffer zone 76
A m: Pans in Habaswein Division Pan Name Storage Use Catchment/Source of Status/Action Required Capacity (m 3 ) water Siligil water pan 32,60 Domestic Abakorey lagga Fencing and desilting Fadiwein water pan 5,000 Domestic Habaswein - Garrisa Rd Desilting and construction of cattle troughs Ahmed Jama water,275 Domestic Diversion from Habaswein - Desilting and construction of cattle troughs pan Garrisa Rd Abdi gedi water pan,344 Domestic Diversion from Habaswein - Construction of silt traps and cattle troughs Garrisa Rd Sheikh Shaba water pan 29,250 Domestic/Live stock Localized catchment Construction of silt traps and cattle troughs Bishar Ahmed water 3,20 Domestic Habaswein - Garrisa rd Construction of silt traps pan Abdulahi Ahmed water pan 2,070 Domestic Habaswein - Garrisa rd Expansion and deepening Rashid Hajji Yusuf,200 Domestic Habaswein - Garrisa rd Deepening water pan Muhammed hussein,020 Domestic Habaswein - Garrisa rd Fencing and construction of cattle troughs water pan Ismael khalif water pan,560 Domestic Habaswein - Garrisa rd Silt traps and growing of trees around the embarkment Hassan Bule Omar,500 Domestic Localized catchment Expansion and deepening Water pan Chandarua water pan 360 Domestic Lagga bogol Desilting and improvement of the embankment and fencing Aden mukhtar water 360 Domestic Habaswein - Garrisa Rd Deepening and growing of trees around the pan embarkment 77
Udole water pan 53940 Domestic Udole lagga Desilting and fencing Tesoriye water pan 90,000 Domestic Madha libah-teso riye lagga Fencing and desilting, construction of cattle troughs and silt traps Ali Dumal water pan 25,000 Domestic Qote lagga Fencing and desilting and training of the management committee Kanjara water pan 3 20,000 Domestic Localized catchment Desilting and fencing, capacity building of the management committee Madha libah water pan 2 0,000 Domestic Shub lagga Fencing and capacity building of the management committee Alan uus water pan 90,000 Domestic Lagga jara Improve on the fence and also remove soil from the silt traps Madha libah public 20,000 Domestic Shub lagga Desilting and capacity building of the management water pan committee Madha libah water pan 0,000 Domestic Shub lagga Desilting Guticha water pan 30,000 Domestic Localized catchment Fencing and capacity building of the management committee Jubaland water pan 0,800 Domestic Lagga bogol Construction of a water point and repair of silt trap (lag bogol ) and also deepening 78
ANNEX 9: SPECIFICATIONS OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENTS A 2a: Water Level Loggers (WLL), Staff Gauges and Field Computers. WLL With the Pressure Transducer Sensor Purpose: Designed for long term un attended accurate measurement of river stage/water level. The pressure sensor exhibits high resolution signal conversion and the level measurements are compensated for temperature and density of water as well as barometric changes (via the vented cable), The cables are factory fitted to the pressure probe and the system completely sealed and does not allow water in the electronic systems thus Ensuring correct operation throughout its lifetime of operation. Specifications Transducer Accurate Ceramic Pressure Sensor Resolution: mm in the 0-0m measuring range or 0.% FS Long term <±0. % FS /year stability: Operating 0 to 40 C temperature Materials Cover stainless steel or equivalent and all other submersible materials are salt water resistant selectable ; Probe size Compact and shock resistant, fits in a 50mm diameter pipe Power supply Provided with standard commonly available lithium batteries; Data Logger Recording mode: Capacity Communication: O&M power supply Accessories and fixing elements Temperature Sensor Temperature sensor Accuracy Resolution (i) time interval minute to 24 hours (ii) event mode recording (iii) dynamic mode recording, (iv) Average and recording of min./max. Values. 4.0 Mbytes or more of memory Communication through RS 232 and IrDA; Provided with LCD display. Automatic zero-point calibration in the field, Lithium Batteries, which can easily be changed in the field. Provide fixing elements for logistic/logger unit in a housing of 00mm dia. Pipe cap Accurate NTC ±0.5 C 0. C 79
Sensor Cables Upgrade to telemetry Note: The following specs to be provided: The pressure transducer cables are vented, shielded, Kelviar reinforced and provides atmospheric pressure compensation, the system is provided with dry air system, which prevents condensation of moisture in the pressure sensor. Measuring range should be 0-50m. Provide remote data transfer (Telemetry) systems via GSM /SMS, complete with modem, antenna, software including software and fixing elements for two of the water level loggers.. A 2a:Specifications for Field Computers, Staff Gauges and plates, Levelling Instrument 2. A 2b: Current Meters, ADCP, Suspended Sediment Sampler 3. A 2c: Automatic Weather Stations, Standard Rain Gauges and Evaporation Pans 80
ANNEX 0 COST ESTIMATE FOR MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATION Lot Description of goods Units Quantity Estimated Cost (US$) No. Unit Cost Total Cost Water Level Loggers, Staff gauges, Levelling instruments and Field Computer Water level logger with pressure transducer No 4 2,000 8,000 2 Field Computer No 2,500 2,500 3 Staff gauges (.5 meter units) No 30 200 6,000 4 Levelling Instrument No 2,000 2,000 2 Current meters, ADCP, ADV and Suspended sediment sampler Current meter (small/pigmy type) No 5,000 5,000 2 Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) No 0,000 0,000 3 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) No 25,000 25,000 4 Suspended Sediment Sampler No 3,000 3,000 3 Automatic Weather Stations, Standard Raingauges and Evaporation pans Automatic Weather Stations No 3 5,000 45,000 2 Standard Rain-gauges No 2 500 6,000 3 Measuring cylinder No 2 20 240 4 Evaporation pan No 2 20 240 5 Barbed wire Rolls 2 60 720 6 Chain link Rolls 24 60,440 7 Contingencies-handling costs + unforeseen costs (0%),54 Sub Total (Lots,2&3) 26,654 4 Installation Costs (Hydrologists, casual labor & Materials) Installation of staff gauges 6 800 4,800 2 Installation of data logger plus staff gauge 4 5,000 20,000 3 Installation of Climate Station 3 2,500 7,500 4 Installation of Standard Rain gauge 2 500 6,000 5 Installation of Evaporation pan 2 500 6,000 6 Contingencies (0%) 4,430 Sub Total (Lot 4) 48,730 GRAND TOTAL 75,384 8
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