Disability and Rehabilitation Research Project: Health and Health Care Disparities Among Individuals with Disabilities (Health Disparities) Project Highlights Charles E. Drum, MPA, JD, PhD, Principal Investigator December 3, 2014
Overview Acknowledgements Brief introduction to Health Disparities Project, including need and approach Introduction of Panel presentations Introduction of Panel members 12/3/2014 2
Acknowledgements Funded by the U.S. Department of Education, National Institute for Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR), grant #H133A080031 (2008-2010) & H133A100031 (2010-2014) 1 study collaborated with the Research and Training Center on Community Living grant #H133B11000 12/3/2014 3
Acknowledgements Health Disparities & Disability Expert Panel: Glenn Fujiura, PhD, Lisa Iezzoni, MD, MSc, Gloria Krahn, PhD, MPH, Elena Andresen, PhD, and Charles E. Drum, MPA, JD, PhD (Chair) 12/3/2014 4
Acknowledgements Core project staff included: UNH Research Team OHSU Research Team Pacific University Additional project staff from University of Kansas, RTC on Community Living 12/3/2014 5
Project Need: NIDRR Growing body of research on health and health care disparities experienced by persons with disabilities Need research on factors that explain disparities within different disability groups Factors that explain disparities may include systems level (e.g., insurance payer type, provider type), environmental level (e.g., urban/rural), or individual level (e.g., disability type, severity, SES, race and ethnicity) 12/3/2014 6
Project Approach Systematic scoping reviews: Health outcomes among disability subgroups Health care utilization among disability subgroups Scoping reviews are a rigorous, systematic method for locating and reviewing previously published research 12/3/2014 7
Project Approach Secondary data analysis studies: Pooled data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (2002-2008; 2004-2010) Factors that relate to health and health care disparities among different disability groups 12/3/2014 8
Panel Presentations Summary of the systematic scoping reviews Key findings from the secondary data analysis studies Policy recommendations deriving from the Health Disparities Project Q and A at the end of the session Complete project bibliography available as handout or electronically 12/3/2014 9
Panel Members Monica McClain, PhD, Research Associate Professor, Institute on Disability (IOD), University of New Hampshire (UNH) Amanda Reichard, PhD, Research Assistant Professor, IOD, UNH Kimberly Phillips, MA, PhD Candidate, Project Director, IOD, UNH 12/3/2014 10
Systematic Scoping Reviews of the DRRP Health Disparities Project Monica R McClain, MS, PhD 12/3/2014
Topics To Be Covered Definition of Scoping Review Summary of Clinical Preventive Services (CPS) review (Peterson-Besse, J., et al. 2014) Summary of Health Outcomes Review (Rowland, M., et al. 2014) 12/3/2014 12
What Is A Scoping Review? Scoping reviews are often conducted to examine previous research activity, disseminate findings, identify gaps in the research and/ or determine the value of conducting a full systematic review Rapid gathering of literature in a given policy or clinical area where the aims are to accumulate as much evidence as possible and map the results (Source: Wilson, et al., 2012; HLWIKI International, 2014) 12/3/2014 13
Scoping Review Process Review Question Inclusion Criteria Identify Studies Select Studies Extraction Mapping the literature landscape (analysis/ synthesis) Interpretation Dissemination 12/3/2014 14
Key question: CPS Scoping Review What studies have been published in the peer-reviewed literature that examine clinical preventive service (CPS) use disparities among subgroups of people with disabilities ages 18-64? 12/3/2014 15
CPS Scoping Review 4,160 abstracts reviewed 107 full text articles assessed 27 articles included for data extraction Disability factors: Disabling condition category, Disability severity, Secondary conditions Demographic factors: Age, Gender, Race/ethnicity, Language, Marital status, Income or socioeconomic status, Education Geography: Urban/rural, U.S. region Health care system: health insurance payer type, usual source of care, health care provider type 12/3/2014 16
mammography clinical breast exam cervical cancer screening cholesterol testing tobacco screening alcohol screening exercise counseling nutrition counseling # of studies CPS Scoping Review Disability Severity 5 4 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Evidence of difference Mixed evidence No evidence of difference 12/3/2014 17
mammography cervical cancer screening cholesterol testing preventive dental care # of studies CPS Scoping Review Disabling Condition Category 5 4 3 2 1 0 3 2 2 4 3 1 2 Evidence of difference Mixed evidence No evidence of difference 12/3/2014 18
# of studies CPS Scoping Review - Insurance 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 cholesterol testing 3 CPS in general Evidence of difference Mixed evidence No evidence of difference 12/3/2014 19
# of studies CPS Scoping Review - Age 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 cholesterol testing 2 Evidence of difference Mixed evidence No evidence of difference 12/3/2014 20
# of studies CPS Scoping Review - Ethnicity 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 CPS in general 2 Evidence of difference Mixed evidence No evidence of difference 12/3/2014 21
Systematic Scoping Review Results Many gaps exist in the research on CPS, disability, and determinants Variety of research methods & disability definitions Directionality of evidence not consistent 12/1/2014 22
Health Outcomes Scoping Review Key question: What studies published in the peerreviewed literature examine disparities in health, related to the leading causes of death, in the US among subgroups of people with disabilities ages 18-64? 12/3/2014 23
Health Outcomes Scoping Review 4,248 abstracts reviewed 239 full text articles assessed 29 articles included for data extraction No assessment of directionality of evidence 12/3/2014 24
diabetes mellitus heart disease accidents/injuries cancer respiratory disease # of studies Health Outcomes Scoping Review Type of Disability 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 7 7 6 4 12/3/2014 25
# of studies Health Outcomes Scoping Review Disability Severity 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 accidents/injuries 3 respiratory disease 12/3/2014 26
# of studies Health Outcomes Scoping Review - Age 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 5 accidents/injuries diabetes mellitus 12/3/2014 27
diabetes mellitus heart disease accidents/injuries cancer respiratory disease # of studies Health Outcomes Scoping Review - Gender 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 4 6 3 4 12/3/2014 28
# of studies Health Outcomes Scoping Review Race/Ethnicity 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 3 accidents/injuries 4 diabetes mellitus 12/3/2014 29
# of studies Health Outcomes Scoping Review Income/Socioeconomic Status & Education 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 3 accidents/injuries 12/3/2014 30
Conclusions Many significant gaps in research on health disparities among people with disabilities Heterogeneity of populations and factors studied 12/1/2014 31
Recommendations For Future Health Disparities Research Rigorous methods Clear and consistent definitions Identification of individual characteristics associated with suboptimal receipt of CPS and adverse health outcomes 12/1/2014 32
Secondary Data Analysis Studies Methods and Results Amanda Reichard, PhD 12/3/2014
Methods Pooled data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS) Nationally-representative sample of US Working age, community-dwelling adults Descriptives, Chi-square, Logistic regression and Wald tests 12/3/2014 34
Methods Pooled data set 1 (2002-2008) Used hearing impairment as referent group Excluded no disability group Pooled data set 2 (2004-2010) More current data Used no disability as referent group 12/3/2014 35
Methods Some analyses compared large all limitations to no limitations groups Classified population into 1 of 6 mutually exclusive groups: Cognitive limitations Physical limitations Hearing impairments Visual impairments Multiple limitations No limitations 12/3/2014 36
Statistical Justification Statistical testing demonstrated: Health outcomes differ sufficiently among the heterogeneous disability population to justify using empirically relevant subgroups in research. Further, the results suggest that each of the five disability subpopulations should be examined separately. 12/3/2014 37
Outcomes to be Discussed Health Outcomes Physical health Mental health Multiple chronic conditions Access to Health Care Clinical Preventive Services & Screenings 12/3/2014 38
Health Outcomes In comparison to the general population, people with disabilities experience poorer health outcomes related to: Physical health (self-report) Mental health (self-report) Chronic conditions, including comorbidity (MCC) Disability subgroups experience disparities in these outcomes differentially 12/3/2014 39
60% Prevalence Reporting Fair or Poor Physical Health 55 50% 40% 30% 33 31 20% 10% 0% 10 12 Hearing Vision Physical Cognitive Multiple (Source: Horner-Johnson, W., et al., 2013 10; Dobbertin, et al., 2014 11; Reichard et al., 2014 16) 12/3/2014 40
60% Prevalence Reporting Fair or Poor Mental Health 50% 40% 30% 39 32 20% 10% 5 6 11 0% Hearing Vision Physical Cognitive Multiple (Source: Horner-Johnson, W., et al., 2013) 12/3/2014 41
Multiple Chronic Conditions (MCC) Includes: Asthma Cardiovascular disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) Diabetes High blood pressure Stroke 12/3/2014 42
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 11 No Disability Prevalence of Multiple Chronic Conditions, by Disability Type 49 25 21 19 Physical Cognitive Visual Hearing Multiple 61 (Source: Reichard, A., et al., 2014 15) 12/3/2014 43
Asthma Working-age adults with physical limitations are more likely to have asthma, but no disparities in asthmarelated health care quality, utilization, or cost were found Working-age adults with physical limitations had more poorly controlled asthma than people without disabilities, suggesting that they likely received suboptimal care, resulting in poor asthma management (Source: Stransky, M., et al., 2014) 12/3/2014 44
Access To Care In comparison to the general population, people with disabilities experience differential access to care related to: Usual Source of Care (USC) Insurance Status Delayed/Not Received Care Prevalence of these variables also differs among disability subgroups (Source: Stransky, M., et al., 2014) 12/3/2014 45
Access To Care Access to care among disability subgroups is based (in part) on variability in: Complexity of health profile and care needs Sociodemographics Health factors (Source: Reichard, A., et al., 2014 15; Dobbertin, K., et al., 2014 15) 12/3/2014 46
100% Prevalence Of Having A Usual Source Of Care, By Disability Type 90% 80% 70% 71 85 82 70 75 87 60% 50% No disability Physical Cognitive Visual Hearing Multiple (Source: Reichard, A., et al., 2014 15) 12/3/2014 47
50% Prevalence Of Uninsured, By Disability Type 40% 30% 20% 10% 18 16 11 22 17 14 0% No disability Physical Cognitive Visual Hearing Multiple (Source: Reichard, A., et al., 2014 15) 12/3/2014 48
50% 40% Prevalence Of Delayed/Not Received Necessary Care 45 30% 29 29 27 23 20% 10% 11 0% No disability Physical Cognitive Visual Hearing Multiple (Source: Reichard, A., et al., 2014 15) 12/3/2014 49
Clinical Preventive Services (CPS) Compared to people without disabilities, people with disabilities are less likely to receive recommended clinical preventive services and screenings (CPS) Mammogram Pap test Dental check-up (Source: Drum, C., et al., 2014; Horner-Johnson, W., et al., 2014 10, 12) 12/3/2014 50
Clinical Preventive Services (CPS) Disability subgroups have differential receipt of CPS Receipt of CPS differs by sociodemographics and health factors Re mammography and Pap test, complexity of limitations matters Basic limitations Complex limitations Basic and complex limitations (Source: Drum, C., et al., 2014; Horner-Johnson, W., et al., 2014 10, 12) 12/3/2014 51
Mammogram In Last Two Years HP 2020 Target: 81% 90 80 80 75* 77 83 69* 70 63* 62* 60 50 No Disability Any Disability Physical Cognitive Visual Hearing Multiple (Source: Drum, C., et al., 2014) 12/3/2014 52
Dental Check-Up 1/Year 70 64 HP 2020 Target: 49% 60 50 40 50* 53* 45* 48* 49* 39* 30 No Disability Any Disability Physical Cognitive Visual Hearing Multiple (Source: Drum, C., et al., 2014) 12/3/2014 53
Sociodemographic Influence Impact and association of sociodemographic and systems-level variables on individuals likelihood of receiving CPS Age, race/ethnicity, marital status, residence in MSA, region, education, income Health insurance, usual source of care Degree of disparity changes depending on which factors are included in statistical models 12/3/2014 54
Policy Implications Kimberly Phillips, MA, PhD Candidate 12/3/2014
Disability-Related Health Disparities People with disabilities can enjoy good health Experience disparities in health related to Access (physical, financial) Receipt of care Quality of care Outcomes 12/3/2014 56
Surveillance and Monitoring Type of disability Standardized definitions of disability and severity Severity of disability or complexity of limitations Age of onset or acquisition 12/3/2014 57
Disability Subgroups Infusion approach to programs & policies? Separate programs & policies costly Obligation to include people with disabilities to the greatest extent possible Use knowledge of unique needs & circumstances to ensure universal accessibility 12/3/2014 58
Before And After The ACA Usual source of care & health insurance are important ACA suggests > access to affordable health insurance & ability to afford needed care Impact studies will need statelevel information to assess change over time 12/3/2014 59
Provider Training Programs ACA calls for training for health care providers Culturally appropriate Respectful Overcome communication barriers Logistical issues Accessible medical equipment Transfers Accessible facilities 12/3/2014 60
Public Education Programs Health education campaigns Education about changes to law and new health policies 12/3/2014 61
Creative Partnerships Education & training across disparity areas Creative partnerships leverage each others to strengthen messages National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities: Regional Health Equity Councils 12/3/2014 62
12/3/2014 63 Question And Answers
Comments? Charles.Drum@unh.edu Monica.McClain@unh.edu Amanda.Reichard@unh.edu Kimberly.Phillips@unh.edu 603-862-4320 12/3/2014 64
Non-Project References Wilson, et al., Health Research Policy and Systems, 2012; 10:36 HLWIKI International. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2014, from http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php/ HLWIKI_International 12/3/2014 65