Objectives Differentiate between machine and and assembly languages Describe Describe various various ways ways to to develop develop Web Web pages pages including including HTML, HTML, scripting scripting languages, languages, DHTML, DHTML, XML, XML, WML, WML, and and Web Web page page authoring authoring software software Programming Languages and Program Development Identify and and discuss the the purpose of of procedural programming languages Discuss the the advantages and and uses uses of of visual programming languages Identify and and discuss the the characteristics of of object-oriented programming languages Identify the the uses uses of of various nonprocedural languages and and tools Identify the the uses uses of of popular multimedia authoring programs List List the the six six steps in in the the program development cycle Differentiate between structured design and and object-oriented design Explain the the basic control structures used in in designing solutions to to programming problems Next Computer Programs and Programming Languages What is a computer program? Set of instructions that directs computer to perform tasks Programming language used to write instructions Computer Programs and Programming Languages What are low-level languages and high-level languages? Low-level High-level language language Machine-dependent Often runs runs only only on on one one type type of of computer Oftenmachine-independent computer can can run run on on many many different different types types of of computers Machine computers Machine and and assembly assembly languages languages are are low-level low-level Click to view animation Click to view video p. 664 Fig. 13-1 Next p. 664 Next Low-Level Languages What is machine language? Only language computer directly recognizes Low-Level Languages What is assembly language? Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes Source program contains code to be converted to machine language Click to view animation p. 665 Fig. 13-2 Next p. 666 Fig. 13-3 Next
What is a procedural language? Programmer writes instructions that tell computer what to accomplish and how to do it Often called third-generation language (3GL) Uses series of English-like words to write instructions Most widely used are BASIC, COBOL, and C What is a compiler? Program that converts entire source program into machine language before executing it Click to view animation p. 666 Next p. 667 Fig. 13-4 Next What is an interpreter? Program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time Does not produce object program What is BASIC? Designed for use as simple, interactive problem-solving language Beginner s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code p. 667 Fig. 13-5 Next p. 668 Fig. 13-6 Next What is COBOL? Designed for business applications English-like statements make code easy to read, write, and maintain COmmon Business-Oriented Language What is C? Powerful language originally designed to write system software Requires professional programming skills then click COBOL below p. 668 Fig. 13-7 Next p. 669 Fig. 13-8 Next
What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language? Used to implement object-oriented design Object is item that contains data and procedures that act on data Major benefit is ability to reuse existing objects Event-driven checks for and responds to set of events Event is action to which program responds C++ and Java are complete object-oriented languages p. 669 Next What is C++? Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts Used to develop database and Web applications then click C++ below p. 670 Fig. 13-9 Next What is Java? Developed by Sun Microsystems Similar to C++ but uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert source code into machine code Click to view video then click Java below p. 670 Fig. 13-10 Next What is a visual programming language? Visual programming environment (VPE) allows developers to drag and drop objects to build programs Sometimes called fifth-generation language Often used in RAD (rapid application Provides visual or graphical interface for creating source code Programmer writes and implements program in segments click, Click Web Link development) then click RAD below environment p. 671 Next What is Visual Studio.NET 2003? Suite of visual programming languages and RAD tools.net is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet Visual Basic.NET 2003 is used to build complex object-based programs What is Delphi? Powerful visual programming tool Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications Step 1. The programmer designs the user interface. Step 2. The programmer assigns properties to each object on the form. click, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Visual Studio.NET 2003 below Step 3. The programmer writes code to define the action of each command button. Step 4. The programmer p. 672 Fig. 13-11 Next tests the application. p. 673 Fig. 13-12 Next
What is PowerBuilder? Another powerful visual programming tool Best suited for Web-based and large-scale object-oriented applications What are nonprocedural languages and program development tools? Nonprocedural Language The The programmer programmer writes writes Englishliklike instructions instructions or or interacts interacts with with English- a a visual visual environment environment to to retrieve retrieve data data from from files files or or a a database database Program Development Tools User-friendly User-friendly programs programs designed designed to to assist assist both both programmers programmers and and users users in in creating creating programs programs p. 674 Fig. 13-13 Next p. 674 Next What is RPG (Report Program Generator)? Nonprocedural language used for generating reports, performing computations, and updating files What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)? Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in database Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to manage data in relational DBMS p. 674 Fig. 13-14 Next p. 675 Fig. 13-15 Next What is an application generator? Program that creates source code or machine code from specification Consists of report writer, form, and menu generator Form provides areas for entering data What is Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)? Macro programming language Macro series of statements used to automate tasks p. 675 Fig. 13-16 Next then click Macros below p. 676 Fig. 13-17 Next
What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)? Used to create Web pages How are special effects and interactive elements added to a Web page? Script interpreted program that runs on client Applet usually runs on client, but is compiled Servlet applet that runs on server ActiveX control small program that runs on client then click HTML below p. 678 Fig. 13-18 Next Counter tracks number of visitors to Web site Image map graphic image that points to URL Processing form collects data from visitors to Web site p. 679 Next What is the common gateway interface (CGI)? Communications standard that defines how Web server communicates with outside sources CGI script program that manages sending and receiving across CGI Step 1. The Step 2. The Webmaster creates a programmer stores link between the CGI program and the CGI program in Web page. When a user displays the a special folder on Web page, the CGI program the Web server such automatically starts. as /cgi-bin. Step 4. The CGI Database Step 3. When the user submits a program receives request, it is sent to the CGI program. information from the The CGI program contacts the database, assembles database and requests information for it in an HTML the user. In this case, it looks for a format, and sends it movie titled The Wizard of Oz. to the user s Web browser. p. 680 Fig. 3-19 Next What is a scripting language? Typically easy to learn and use JavaScript adds dynamic content and interactive elements to Web page VBScript (Visual Basic, Scripting Edition) adds intelligence and interactivity to Web page Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language) has powerful text processing capabilities then click Scripting Languages below p. 681 Fig. 13-20 Next What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)? Allows developers to include more graphical interest and interactivity in Web page p. 682 Fig. 13-21 Next What are XHTML, XML, and WML? XHTML (Extensible HTML) enables Web sites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers XML (Extensible Markup Language) allows developers to create customized tags Includes features of HTML and XML Server sends entire record to client, enabling client to do much of processing without going back to server WML Uses wireless application protocol (WAP), (Wireless Markup Language) standard that specifies allows developers to design pages click, Click how wireless devices Web Link from left specifically for microbrowsers communicate with Web navigation, then click XML below p. 682 Next
What is Web page authoring software? Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML Generates HTML Dreamweaver MX Flash MX FrontPage 2003 Multimedia Program Development What is multimedia authoring software? Combines text, graphics, animation, audio, and video into interactive presentation Used for computerbased training (CBT) and Web-based training (WBT) Software includes Toolbook, Authorware, and Director p. 683 Next p. 684 Fig. 13-22 Next Other Programming Languages What are other available programming languages? FORTH ADA FORTRAN ALGOL HYPERTALK APL LISP The Program Development Cycle What is the program development cycle? Steps programmers use to build computer programs Programming team Group of programmers working on program LOGO MODULA-2 PASCAL PILOT PL/I PROLOG SMALLTALK p. 685 Next p. 686 Fig. 13-24 Next Step 1 Analyze Requirements What is involved in analyzing the requirements? 1. Review requirements 2. Meet with systems analyst and users 3. Identify input, output, processing, and data components IPO chart Identifies program s inputs, outputs, and processing steps What is involved in designing the solution? Object-oriented Two design approaches Devise solution Structured design, sometimes algorithm, called top-down design step-by-step procedure to solve problem Programmer begins with general design and moves toward detailed design p. 687 Fig. 13-25 Next p. 688 Next
What is a hierarchy chart? Shows program modules graphically Also called structure chart What is object-oriented (OO) design? Programmer packages data and procedure into single unit, an object Objects are grouped into classes Class diagram represents hierarchical relationships of classes graphically p. 688 Fig. 13-26 Next then click Object-Oriented Design below p. 689 Fig. 13-27 Next What is a sequence control structure? Control structure that shows actions following each other in order Control structure depicts logical order of program instructions What is a selection control structure? Tells program which action to take, based on a certain condition Two types Case control structure If-then-else control structure yields one of two possibilities: true or false p. 690 Fig. 13-28 Next p. 690 Fig. 13-29 Next What is a case control structure? Yields one of three or more possibilities What is a repetition control structure? Enables program to perform one or more actions repeatedly Do-while control structure repeats as long as condition is true Do-until control structure repeats until condition is true Do-While Control Structure Do-Until Control Structure p. 690 Fig. 13-30 Next p. 691 Figs. 13-31 13-32 Next
What is a program flowchart? Graphically shows logic in solution algorithm What is an example of a flowchart? p. 692 Fig. 13-33 Next p. 692 Fig. 13-34 Next What is flowcharting software? Used by programmers to develop flowcharts What is pseudocode? Uses condensed form of English to convey program logic then click Flowcharting Software below p. 692 Fig. 13-35 Next p. 694 Fig. 13-36 Next Step 3 Validate Design Step 4 Implement Design What is involved in validating the design? Check program design for accuracy Desk check programmers use test data to step through logic Test data sample data that mimics real data that program will process Programmer checks logic for correctness and attempts to uncover logic errors Logic error design flaw that causes inaccurate results Structured walkthrough programmer explains logic of algorithm while programming team steps through program logic p. 694 Next What is implementation? Writing the code that translates the design into a program Syntax rules that specify how to write instructions Comments program documentation Extreme programming (XP) coding and testing as soon as requirements are defined then click Extreme Programming below p. 695 Fig. 13-37 Next
Step 5 Test Solution Step 6 Document Solution What is involved in testing the solution? What is involved in documenting the solution? Programmer performs two activities Ensure program runs correctly and is error free Debugging locating and correcting syntax and logic errors, or bugs Test copy of program, called beta, sometimes used to find bugs Reviews program code removes dead code, program instructions that that program never executes Reviews documentation p. 696 Next p. 698 Next Summary of Programming Languages and Program Development Various programming languages used to to write and develop computer programs The program development cycle and the tools used to to make this process efficient Web development and multimedia development tools Complete