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1. Introduction 2.Configuration - 2.1 Quantitative Advantage 240
250 200 165.5 191.3 208.0 222.5 Thousands 150 100 50 0 136.7 108.7 85.9 67.3 54.0 45.2 48.7 53.3 54.8 56.0 58.0 32.1 38.3 15.0 19.9 25.1 12.9 14.6 18.8 23.5 27.7 36.2 41.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 enrolment admission graduation Figure1 Growth of Doctorate Education (1998-2007) 2.2 A Huge Institutionalized System 241
Table 1 Distribution of Doctorate Programs and Fields of Studies in China Items Type Fields % Ins. % Programs % Ins. % HEI 1,222 89.8 193 82.5 1,506 89.9 260 73.0 Academy 74 5.4 23 9.8 93 5.5 62 17.4 Other 65 4.8 18 7.7 77 4.6 34 9.6 total 1,361 100.0 234 100.0 1,676 100.0 356 100.0 2.3 Suppliers of Scientists and Academics 242
Table 2 Number of PhD holders in charge of National R & D Projects Year Total Doctor Master bachelor Other Doctor (%) 2001 4,435 2,929 724 366 416 66.0 2002 5,808 4,041 950 461 356 69.6 2003 6,359 4,535 1,130 440 254 71.3 2004 7,711 5,872 1,132 480 227 76.2 2005 9,111 7,307 1,173 422 209 80.2 2006 10,271 8,493 1,189 407 182 82.7 Total 84,328 64,537 12,098 4,881 2,812 76.5 Source: http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/nsfc/cen/10yy/index.htm Table 3 Number of PhD holders among the totality of National Prize for Natural Sciences Year Number First Author of Prizes & Doctor (%) 2002 24 11 45.8 2003 19 11 57.9 2004 28 15 53.6 2005 38 30 79.0 2006 29 20 69.0 2007 39 33 84.6 Total 177 120 67.8 Source: report, unpublished 243
Table 4 Faculty s Quality of Academic Degree by level Year Total Doctor Master N. % N. % 1990 394,567 3,882 1.0 73,467 18.6 1992 387,585 5,404 1.4 69,433 18.0 1993 387,808 6,583 1.7 73,690 19.0 1994 396,389 8,691 2.2 77,293 19.4 1995 400,742 10,443 2.6 81,420 20.3 1996 402,469 12,532 3.1 85,775 21.3 1997 404,471 15,500 3.8 90,491 22.3 1998 407,253 18,921 4.7 94,228 23.1 1999 425,682 23,136 5.4 100,492 23.6 2000 462,772 28,228 6.1 108,210 23.3 2001 531,910 34,853 6.5 121,546 22.9 2002 618,419 43,442 7.0 149,392 24.2 2003 724,658 53,612 8.0 182,517 25.2 2004 858,393 70,487 8.2 223,860 26.1 2005 965,839 88,450 9.2 269,003 27.9 2006 1,075,989 108,605 10.0 317,823 29.5 Source: CYBEB, 2007. N=Number 244
3.Qualitative Concerns Table 5 Original Contribution of Dissertation Compared with Overseas Counterparts (the parameter of overseas dissertations assumed as 1) HS SS NS E AGR M ADM Total Original contribution 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.8 Problem- solving 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 Revision theory 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.1 Theory-copying 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 Source: Report Unpublished, HS=Human Science, SS=Social Science, NS=Natural Science, E=Engineering, AGR=Agriculture, M=Medicine, ADM=Administration 245
Table 6 Articles published by doctoral students by types (2000-2006) SCI EI ISTP Year Total Per.head Total Per.head Total Per.head 2000 5,165 0.46 3,314 0.30 805 0.07 2001 7,670 0.57 5,001 0.37 998 0.07 2002 6,406 0.45 4,410 0.31 851 0.06 2003 8,675 0.48 6,126 0.34 1,486 0.08 2004 11,570 0.52 9,212 0.41 2,317 0.10 2005 15,674 0.57 13,795 0.50 3,133 0.11 2006 28,837 0.86 22,995 0.69 6,046 0.18 Source: ADC, 2007 246
Table 7 Distribution of articles on the top 20 and its Impact factors in 2006 NO. Title of Journals N IF 1 Acta Physica Sinica( in Chinese) 494 1.051 2 Chinese Physics Letters(in English) 378 1.276 3 Applied Physics Letters 345 4.308 4 Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities(in Chinese) 287 0.771 5 Chinese Science Bulletin(in English) 274 0.783 6 Journal of Crystal Growth 262 _ 7 High Energy and Nuclear Physics(in Chinese) 246 0.271 8 Acta Chimica Sinica(in Chinese) 194 0.845 9 CA Chemical Analysis 180 0.397 10 Chinese Physics(in English) 163 1.256 12 J. Phys. Chem. B 151 _ 13 Acta Metallurgica Sinica(in English ) 148 0.366 14 Materials Letters 140 _ 15 Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 140 0.557 16 Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 138 0.383 17 Journal of Catalysis 138 0.665 19 Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 132 0.427 20 Phys. Rev. B 127 _ Sub-total 3,937 Total 31,278 Percentage 12.6 Source: Task Force,B,2008,N=Number, IF= Impact Factor 247
400 350 368 300 281 250 239 230 200 151 168 171 150 100 76 79 100 50 11 0 49 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: MOE, Educational YearBook, 2007 Figure 2 Numbers of PhD of Granting for International Students (1995-2006) 4.Negative Factors - 248
Table 8 Distribution of national R & D expenditure unit (billion. RBR) year Num. Institutes affiliated Institutes IHE with Enterprise affected with Gov. Total % Sub-Total % Sub-Total % Sub-Total % 2000 89.57 100 54.06 60.3 25.82 28.8 76.60 8.6 2001 104.25 100 63.00 64.7 28.85 24.1 10.23 7.2 2002 128.76 100 78.78 66.9 35.13 23.2 13.05 7.6 2003 153.92 100 96.02 62.4 39.90 25.9 16.23 10.5 2004 126.63 100 131.40 66.8 43.17 22.0 20.09 10.2 2005 245.00 100 167.38 68.3 51.31 20.9 24.23 9.9 2006 300.31 100 213.45 71.1 56.73 18.9 27.68 9.2 Source: Chinese Annual Finance Bulletin on Science and Technology,2000-2006 - 249
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5.Future Directions The possibility One: The possibility Two: The possibility Three: 251
The possibility Four: 6.Conclusion - 252
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