Advances in Power Line Communications and Application to the Smart Grid

Università degli Studi di Udine Wireless and Power Line Communications Lab Tutorial at EUSIPCO 2012 August 27, 2012 Advances in Power Line Communications and Application to the Smart Grid Andrea M. Tonello Wireless and Power Line Communications Lab University of Udine, Italy tonello@uniud.it www.diegm.uniud.it/tonello A. M. Tonello 2012. This material is for the tutorial use only. It cannot be copied and/or distributed without author s permission.

Introduction 2

Fare clic per Andrea modificare M. Tonello lo stile del titolo Andrea M. Tonello Aggregate professor at Univ. of Udine Vice chair IEEE TC PLC Steering committee member IEEE ISPLC Milan Udine Venice University of Udine: 17.000 students (ranked in the top ten) WiPLi Lab 15 members, part of the Department of Electrical, Mechanical and Management Engineering (150+ members) Activities: Wireless and Power Line Communications Communication theory and signal processing System and protocol design Measurements and emulation RF and base band prototyping Home networking, smart grid, vehicular communications Projects: several EU FP5 FP7 and industrial projects Rome 3

Fare clic per Acknowledgment modificare lo stile del titolo acknowledges the work of his PhD students: M. Antoniali, S. D Alessandro, F. Versolatto 4

Fare clic per modificare Contents lo 1 stile del titolo Introduction of the speaker Acknowledgment Power line communications and Smart Grids (p. 8) History and application scenarios of PLC Application and role of PLC in the Smart Grid Channel characterization (p.21) Bands and coupling In home channel Outdoor LV/MV channel Effect of circuit discontinuity elements Can we model the channel? (p.39) Top down modeling approach Bottom up modeling approach MIMO channel: multiple input multiple output (p.52) 5

Fare clic per modificare Contents lo 2 stile del titolo Noise characterization (p. 56) Background noise Impulsive noise Common noise model in the literature (p. 67) Physical layer techniques (p. 69) Single carrier modulation (FSK), multicarrier modulation, adaptation, and performance increase Possible capacity increases from extended bandwidth and MIMO Other modulation schemes: Impulsive UWB Cooperative algorithms (p. 95) Relaying and flooding Media access techniques (p. 111) Scheduling in linear periodically time variant (LPTV) channels 6

Fare clic per modificare Contents lo 3 stile del titolo Systems, standards and MAC details (p. 116) Summary of systems and standards Status of standardization MAC in narrowband systems MAC in broadband systems Conclusions and evolution of PLC (p. 138) References (p. 141) Short bio of the speaker (p. 149) 7

Power Line Communications and Smart Grids History and Application Scenarios of PLC 8

Fare clic per Application modificare Scenarios lo stile del titolo Idea: exploit the power delivery network to convey data signals Application of power line communications is ubiquitous Broad band internet access In Home In Vehicle Smart grid applications 9

Fare Some clic History per modificare about PLC lo stile Technology del titolo PLC exists since early 1920s Used by power utilities for voice and data communications over HV lines. Original solutions were based on ultra low data rate transmission (below 3 khz) A first generation of narrow band (NB) technologies has been then developed, most of them using FSK in Cenelec bands (say below 130 khz) and rates in the order of some tens of kbps. A second generation of NB modems has then been designed using multicarrier modulation (OFDM, below 500 khz) to achieve higher rates below 1 Mbps. In parallel, there has been a lot of activity in broad band (BB) PLC (2 30 MHz). First generation with rates up to 10 Mbps, Second generation with rates up to 200 Mbps, Third generation with rates up to 500 Mbps and possibly above. Development has been fostered by industry, initially, with proprietary solutions and only recently standardization has been started Some credit in fostering interactions and disseminations can be given to IEEE ComSoc Technical Committee on PLC (TC PLC) started in 2004 International Symposium on PLC (ISPLC), started in 1997 (in Essen, Germany), and fully sponsored by IEEE from 2006. Next year will be held in Johannesburg. 10

Fare Outdoor clic per Broad modificare Band Internet lo stile del Access titolo INTERNET Network Operator house building LV PLC LV PLC house MV/LV substation LV PLC MV PLC MV PLC MV/LV substation MV PLC MV/LV substation HV/MV station Itenablescustomerpremisesto access the Internet through the existing electrical infrastructure Services High Speed Internet connection, video on demand, voice over IP, Technology Broad band PLC in the bands 2 30 MHz Deployments Italy, Austria, Germany, Spain, USA,. under development countries Market suffers of highly penetrated xdsl services 11

Fare clic per Home modificare Networking lo stile del titolo In Home high speed services delivered through the home gateway Home office networking, video conferences, IPTV, 3D games, video streaming Integration of different technologies is advisable PLC, Wireless (WiFi), UWB, visible light communications This objective can be realized with the use of a convergent layer where PLC provides a high speed backbone Example 1: inter MAC approach developed in the EU FP7 Omega project Example 2: convergence at network layer ADSL FTTH RLL PLC PLC Narrow band PLC for home automation and energy management REF. EU FP7 Omega Project. [Online]. Available: http://www.ict omega.eu/ 12

Fare clic per modificare In Vehicle PLC lo stile del titolo In vehicle communications via DC/AC power lines: Alternative or redundant communication channel (e.g., to CAN bus) Command and control of devices and sensors Multimedia services distribution (music, video, games, etc.) Benefits Weight reduction Lower the costs Wipli Lab team in a cruise ship measurement campaign REF. A. B. Vallejo Mora, J. J. Sánchez Martínez, F. J. Cañete, J. A. Cortés, L. Díez, Characterization and Evaluation of In Vehicle Power Line Channels, Proc. of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM) 2010, Dec. 2010. REF. M. Antoniali, A. M. Tonello, M. Lenardon, A. Qualizza, Measurements and Analysis of PLC Channels in a Cruise Ship, Proc. of Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC 11),Udine,Italy,April 3 6, 2011. REF. M. Antoniali, A. M. Tonello, et al., In car PLC Advanced Transmission Techniques, Proc. of the 5th Biennial Workshop on Digital Signal Processing for In Vehicle Systems, Kiel, Germany, September 2011. 13

Power Line Communications and Smart Grids Application and Role of PLC in the Smart Grid 14

Fare clic per modificare Smart Grid lo stile del titolo generation transmission distribution A Smart Grid is composed by several domains Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Customer Intelligent and dynamic grid with Distributed generation and storage options Active participation by customers The Smart Grid elements of each domain are interconnected through two way communication customer from: http://smartgrid.ieee.org Convergence of Communication and Electrical Networks 15

Fare clic per PLC modificare in the Smart lo stile Grid del titolo house building LV PLC LV PLC house User domain MV/LV substation LV PLC INTERNET MV PLC MV PLC MV/LV substation MV PLC MV/LV substation HV/MV station Network Operator Distribution domain PLC provides an easy to install two way communication infrastructure The user domain is very important for the penetration of SG services Distribution Domain Monitoring and control Fault detection, monitoring of power quality and islanding effects Energy management Decentralized production and storage control Charging of electrical vehicles Smart metering Demand side management Demand response Dynamic pricing Acquisition of user behavior User Domain Internet access Smart home Home networking Automation and control 16

Fare Some clic per Specific modificare Applications lo stile of del PLC titolo Monitoring and control with 2 way communications to ease the integration in the distribution grid of Renewable energy sources (PV and wind plants) Decentralized Storage systems (batteries and e cars) Control, authentication and payment of e car charge Smart metering Home energy management systems (HEMS) Demand response and demand management User behavior profiles 17

Fare Some clic per Specific modificare Applications lo stile of del PLC titolo Monitoring and control of the grid HV/MV lines status, faults Islanding of micro grids Power quality (frequency, voltage/current, harmonics) Monitor power systems status (transformers, CBs) Load shedding and generator control in remote areas 18

Fare Classification clic per modificare of PLC Technologies stile del titolo Extremely Narrow Band PLC Very low data rates (in the order of bps) for application in large grids Narrow Band (NB) PLC Low data rate (up to 1 Mbps) and narrow spectrum Broad Band (BB) PLC High data rate (above 10 Mbps) and large spectrum 19

Role Fare of clic Narrow per modificare Band and lo Broad stile del Band titolo PLC All these services and applications have different requirements: Data rate, latency, robustness, energy efficiency It is believed that NB PLC is the right choice for SG applications. This is because: Low data rates are required Longer distances are covered by NB PLC signals Cheap modems have to be deployed BB PLC has been designed for internet access and home networking 20

Channel Characterization Bands and Coupling 21

Fare clic per PLC modificare Operating lo Bands stile del titolo AM Radio [520 khz, 1610 khz] Amateur Radio [1.8 MHz, 30 MHz] Defence Systems + FM Radio Radio PMR/PAMR [87.5 MHz, [30 MHz, 87.5 MHz] 108 MHz] TV + Radio VHF [108 MHz, 240 MHz] 0 1 2 30 100 240 MHz Narrowband PLC Broadband PLC PSD equal to 50 dbm/hz + Notching 1.8 30 (MHz) A Band B Band C Band D Band FCC / ARIB extended bands (prohibited in EU) 3 9 95 125 140 148.5 500 (khz) Spectral masks have been defined to limit the emissions (EMC) Cenelec: A (power utilities), B (any applications), C (home networks with CSMA), D (security applications) Third generation broadband solutions go beyond 30 MHz (80 and even 250 MHz) REF. IEC, CISPR/I/301/CD, Amendment 1 to CISPR 22 Ed.6.0: Addition of limits and methods of measurement for conformance testing of power line telecommunication ports intended for the connection to the mains, 2009 07 31. 22

Fare clic per modificare Couplinglo stile del titolo Coupling is necessary to remove the 50/60 Hz power signal Capacitive coupling is often used, especially in LV capacitor protection circuitry RF transformer Size is an issue if used in MV/HV lines Inductive coupling simplifies installation but has lower pass behavior Capacitive coupling in MV lines, courtesy of RSE Inductive coupling in MV lines, courtesy of RSE 23

Fare clic Channel per modificare Characteristics lo stile del titolo The channel exhibits Multipath propagation due to discontinuites and unmatched loads Frequency Selective Fading Cyclic time variations due to periodic change of the loads with the mains frequency (mostly bistatic behaviour in home networks) 24

Channel Characterization In Home Channel 25

Fare In Home clic per Channel modificare Characterization lo stile del titolo Real life residential sites Italian in home scenario Up to 100 MHz More than 1200 links Channel frequency response Line impedence Static and time variant channel acquisitions 26

Fare A clic Look per atmodificare the In Home lo stile Topology del titolo In-home Grid Main panel Layered tree structure from the main panel with many branches and outlets fed by derivation boxes. This is typical of EU networks. 27

Path Loss and Phase from Measurements Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo Path Loss Phase 20 50 0 0 Phase (rad) Path Loss (db) -20-40 -60-50 -100-80 -150-100 -120 0 20 40 60 Frequency (MHz) 80 100 On average High attenuation Frequency increasing attenuation -200 0 20 40 60 Frequency (MHz) 80 100 The phase is not uniformly distributed The average phase is not linear at low frequencies Strong fading effects Average channel gain is log normal Tutorial Advances in PLC EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 28

Fare clic per Statistical modificare Analysis lo stile del titolo It is important to characterize statistically the channel We define the Root Mean Square Delay Spread as 2, D 2 D 2 D 2 P d P d P t h t h d 0 0 0 We define the Coherence Bandwidth as B2 * 0.9 c 0.9 0 B R f H H f d R B R 1 h(t) We define the Average Channel Gain as H(f) 1 2 10log 10 B B1 2 B 1 B 2 G H f df 29

Fare clic Relations per modificare between lo Metrics stile del titolo The higher the channel attenuation, the higher the delay spread Coherence bandwidth is an hyperbolic function of the delay spread Data from campaigns in Italy, in France, in USA, and in Spain RMS-Delay Spread (s) 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 3000 2-100 MHz Italy 2-100 MHz Italy 2-30 MHz Italy 2500 2-30 MHz US 2-30 MHz Spain Italy (2 100) 35.75 2000 0.32 301 State (Band in MHz) ACG (db) RMS DS (s) CB (khz) Coherence Bandwidth ( = 0.9) (khz) France (2 100) 0.21 310 1500 Italy (2 30) 32.38 0.36 226 US (suburban) (2 30) 48.9 0.52 1000 Spain (2 30) 30 0.29 500 2-100 MHz Italy 2-100 MHz Italy 2-100 MHz France 0-60 -50-40 -30-20 -10 0 Average Channel Gain (db) 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 RMS-Delay Spread (s) REF. M. Tlich, A. Zeddam, F. Moulin, F. Gauthier, Indoor Power Line Communications Channel Characterization Up to 100 MHz Part II: Time Frequency Analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Del., 2008. REF. S.Galli, ASimpleTwo Tap Statistical Model for the Power Line Channel, Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2010. REF.F. J. Cañete, et al., On the Statistical Properties of Indoor Power Line Channels: Measurements and Models, Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2011. REF F. Versolatto,, On the Relation Between the Geometrical Distance and Channel Statistics in In Home PLC Networks, Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2012. 30

Fare Narrowband clic per modificare Channel Measurements lo stile del titolo Results from Italian campaign measurements (20 khz 2 MHz) Lower average attenuation than broad band Path Loss (db) 20 0-20 -40-60 -80-100 -120-140 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Frequency (MHz) Phase (rad) 15 10 5 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 -30 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Frequency (MHz) 31

Channel Characterization Outdoor LV/MV Channel 32

Fare clic Distribution per modificare Grid Topology stile del titolo Medium Voltage: 10-30 kv length 5-10 km 1 7 MV/LV substation supply cell ~ 300 houses 9 14 16 21 HV/MV station MV/LV substation L2 L1 European LV supply grid L3 N LV supply cable max length 1 km 400 V L-L 230 V L-N 23 30 High Voltage: 110-380 kv length ~100 km European LV power supply grid HV/MV station LV (230/400 V) 3 phase distribution system divided in supply cells MV/LV Each supply cell is connected to a substation MV/LV transformer station 300 houses connected via branches (30 houses/branch) Maximal branch length ~1 km Asian/American LV power supply grid LV (125/250 V) single or split phase Many MV/LV transformers Smaller supply cells: few houses Maximal branch length ~100 m Three wires (neutral grounded at the main panel) REF. Power Line Communications Theory and Applications for Narrowband and Broadband Communications over Power Lines, eds. Ferreira, Lampe, Newbury, Swart, Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2010. Chapter 2. 33

Path Loss (db) Fare Outdoor clic per LV modificare vs. In Home lo PLC stile Channel del titolo Comparison between OPERA (Open PLC European Research Alliance) reference channels and a typical In Home channel 0-20 -40-60 -80-100 -120-140 -160-180 150 m 350 m 250 m In-Home Outdoor LV -200 0 10 20 30 40 50 frequency (MHz) In Home channels have high frequency selectivity and low attenuation Veryhigh number of branches, discontinuities and unmatched loads Short cables Outdoor LV channels have high attenuation but negligible fading Cable attenuation dominates REF. M. Babic et al., OPERA Deliverable D5. Pathloss as a Function of Frequency, Distance and Network Topology for Various LV andmveuropeanpowerlinenetworks, 2005. 34

Fare clic per Outdoor modificare MV Channel lo stile del titolo MV channels exhibit in general (but not always) lower attenuation than Outdoor LV PLC Further investigations have to be done Coupling effects have also to be considered Inductive / Capacitive coupling 35

Measurement Fare clic per modificare Results in MV lo stile Test del Network titolo Measurements in a real test network (RSE) with loop length 300 m Three representative channels are here shown Full statistical analysis in REF 0 Border switch Inductive coupler MS C1 C2... HV/MV Transformer Amplitude (db) -50-100 Average Best -150 Worst (not electrical continuity) G5H10R/43 SS1 SS2 SS3 G5H10R/43 100 Best SW... 0 C8 C7 C6 C5 C4 RG7H1R RG7H1R RG7H1R LV LV Test network of RSE, Italy LV LV C3 Phase (rad) -100-200 Average Worst -300 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Frequency (MHz) REF., et al. Analysis of Impulsive UWB Modulation on a Real MV Test Network, Proc.ofIEEE Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. ISPLC 11, Apr. 2011. 36

Channel Characterization Effect of Circuit Discontinuity Elements 37

Fare Effect clic per of modificare Circuit Discontinuities lo stile del titolo Broadband PLC benefits of strong coupling effects at high frequencies Broadband may also help to mitigate the low line impedance problem Crossing an open switch LV Circuit Breaker Cross phase communications Industrial environment Bypass MV/LV transformer -30-40 -50 Path Loss (db) -60-70 -80-90 -100 H 11 (f) H 12 (f) H 22 (f) -110 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Frequency (MHz) 38

Can We Model the Channel? Top down Modeling Approach 39

Fare Top Down clic per modificare Statistical lo Modeling stile titolo The channel transfer function can be deterministically modeled according to the Multipath Propagation Model (MPM) d i N p K i H f A pi f e e i1 a0a1f d j2 fd Propagation phase shift Cable attenuation Reflection effects IDEA: introduce the variability into the model (statistical extension) N p : Poisson random variable with intensity L max pi f : log normal frequency dependent r.v. with a random sign flip : Erlang random variable (uniform distribution in [0, L max ] given N p ) REF., Wide Band Impulse Modulation and Receiver Algorithms for Multiuser Power Line Communications, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing 2007. REF., F. Versolato, B. Bejar, S. Zazo, "A Fitting Algorithm for Random Modeling the PLC Channel," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 2012 i 40

Fare clic Fitting per modificare the Top Down lo stile Model titolo The MPM can be fitted to the experimental measures It requires the knowledge of the average path loss profile and the RMS delay spread of the measured channels To catch the full variability, we define classes of channels. Each class is associated to a certain occurrence probability, and a set of parameters Examples of fitting the measures in home nets: EU FP7 Omega project (France campaign) Italian campaign (discussed before) Path Loss (db) 0-10 -20-30 -40-50 Class 9 A SW Generator is available at: www.diegm.uniud.it/tonello REF. et al., ATop Down Random Generator for the In Home PLC Channel, Proc. Global Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM 11), Dec. 2011. REF. A.Tonello,F.Versolatto,B.Bejar,S.Zazo, AFittingAlgorithmfor Random Modeling the PLC Channel, Trans. on Power Delivery, 2012. -80 0 20 40 60 80 100 Frequency (MHz) REF. FP7Theme3ICT 213311 OMEGA, PLC Channel Characterization and Modeling, Deliverable 3.2, Dec. 2008. -60-70 Target Path Loss Class 1 41

Fare clic per Average modificare Channel lo stile Gaindel titolo The generated channels (with the simulator) show the same ACG spread of the measures The best fit (in db) is given by the normal distribution Average ACG= 35.59 db (Italian case) Quantiles of Average Channel Gain (db) 20 10 0-10 -20-30 -40-50 -60-70 Model - French Setup Measured - Italy Model - Italian Setup -80-4 -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Standard Normal Quantiles 42

Fare clic per RMS modificare Delay Spread lo stile del titolo 1 Excellent fit with measured data in terms of RMS delay spread The best fit is given by the log normal distribution Average RMS DS=0.257 s (Italian case) Cumulative Distribution Function 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Measured - Italy Model - Italian Setup Model - French Setup 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 RMS-Delay Spread (s) 43

Fare clic per Coherence modificare Bandwidth lo stile del titolo Again, good fitting of the generator with data Average CB= 390 khz (Italian case) Cumulative Distribution Function 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Measured - Italy 0.1 Model - Italian Setup Model - French Setup 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Coherence Bandwidth ( = 0.9) (khz) 44

Can We Model the Channel? Bottom up Modeling Approach 45

Fare clic Bottom Up per modificare Channel lo Modeling stile titolo Idea: Use transmission line theory to determine the channel transfer function Requirements: Knowledge of topology, cables and loads Statistical extension: Develop a statistical model for the topology, etc. In the following, we consider the application to the in home case 46

In Home Fare clic : per Bottom Up modificare Statistical lo stile Modeling titolo Random topology generation Regular structure: the area can be divided in clusters (typically one room/cluster) Eachcluster has a derivation box National practices and norms can also be implemented (e.g., UK ring topology) Applying Trasmission Line theory, we can compute the CTF among any pair of outlets for a topology realization : outlets Efficient method based on voltage ratio approach has been developed : derivation boxes REF., F. Versolatto, Bottom up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling Part I: Random Topology Model and Efficient Transfer Function Computation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 891 898, Apr. 2011. 47

Fare clic per TL Theory modificare Application lo stile del titolo From topology to graph representation From graph representation to electrical quantities representation TL theory approach based on efficient methods are fundamental: e.g., the voltage ratio approach (VRA), ascalar version of the ABCD method unit N unit N 1 unit 1 transmitter port V N ZB N γ N ZC N N ρl N VN 1 γ N 1 ZC N 1 Z B N 1 N ρ 1 L N 1 γ 1 V1 V0 Z C 1 ZB 1 1 ρ L1 receiver port Z IN ZI N 1 Z I1 H V x axis x N 1 b xn 1 b1 L b f f f Vb e L f e b b b b b f x 1 x 0 N H f Hb f b1 REF., T. Zheng, Bottom up Transfer Function Generator for Broadband PLC Statistical Channel Modeling, Proc. of Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC 10), Apr. 2009, pp. 7 12. 48

Fare clic Why per a Bottom Up modificare Approach lo stile del? titolo 1 Cumulative Distribution Function of RMS Delay Spread Quantile-Quantile Plots of Average Channel Gain CDF 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 A f = 100 m 2 A f = 200 m 2 A f = 300 m 2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 RMS Delay Spread (s) -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 Standard Normal Quantiles The bottom up approach allows the connection to physical reality (topology, distance, time variant loads ). But more complex. This theoretical approach matches the measured metric distributions, e.g., delay spread and average channel gain. db Average Channel Gain quantiles 0-20 -40-60 -80-100 A f = 100 m 2 A f = 200 m 2 A f = 300 m 2 REF., F. Versolatto, Bottom up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling Part II: Inferring the Capacity, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2356 2363, Oct. 2010. 49

Fare clic Why per a Bottom Up modificare Approach lo stile del? titolo The PLC channel can be time variant due to Changes of topology Time variant loads connected to the network The bottom up approach allows to take into account these effects Examples of time variant loads are: AC/DC converters and chargers Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) Dimmers Variant load banks Industrial machinery Overall home load changing with time 50

Time Fare Variant clic per Loads modificare and Effect lo stile of the del Topology titolo Time variance is less pronounced when the receiver is far away from the time variant load Channel acquisition 1 Channel acquisition 2 The channel can be modeled as linear periodically time variant (LPTV) because of the periodic change of load impedances with the mains cycle (2 state cyclic behavior) REF. F. J. Cañete, J. A. Cortés, L. Díez, and J. T. Entrambasaguas, Analysis of the Cyclic Short Term Variation of Indoor Power Line Channels, IEEE J. on Sel. Areas in Commun., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1327 1338, Jul. 2006. 51

MIMO Channel: Multiple Input Multiple Output 52

Fare MIMO clic per Channel modificare Main Characteristics lo stile del titolo In the presence of more than two conductors, multiple input multiple output links are available network transmitter transmitter receiver receiver The channels are strongly correlated The ratio between the minimum and the maximum eigenvalue has been shown to be constant in frequency and equal to 0.2 on average (for in home channels) The noise is correlated as well Higher correlation in the lower frequency range P PE and N PE noises are the most correlated (more than P N) REF. D. Veronesi, R. Riva, P. Bisaglia, F. Osnato, K. Afkhamie, A. Nayagam, D. Rende, L. Yonge, Characterization of In Home MIMO Power Line Channels, Proc. of Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC 11), Apr. 2011, pp. 42 47. REF. D. Rende, A. Nayagam, K. Afkhamie, L. Yonge, R. Riva, D. Veronesi, F. Osnato, P. Bisaglia, Noise Correlation and Its Effect on In home MIMO Power Line Channels, Proc. of Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC 11), Apr. 2011, pp. 60 65. 53

An Fare Approach clic per to modificare MIMO Channel lo stile Generation del titolo We combine multiple transmission line theory with the bottomup approach to obtain random MIMO PLC channel responses 0-10 Phase-Neutral / Phase-Neutral Phase-Neutral / PE-Neutral PE-Neutral / Phase-Neutral PE-Neutral / PE-Neutral -20 + unit N unit N 1 unit 1 Amplitude (db) -30-40 -50 transmitter port YB N γ N ZC N l N ρl I, N γ N 1 ZC N 1 YB N l 1 N ρ 1 L I, N 1 γ 1 Z C 1 Y B l 1 1 ρl I,1 receiver port -60-70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Frequency (MHz) YI N YI N 1 Y I1 x axis x N xn 1 x 1 x 0 REF. F.Versolatto,A.M.Tonello, A MIMO PLC Random Channel Generator and Capacity Analysis, Proc. of Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC 11), Apr. 2011, pp. 66 71. 54

Fare clic per Model modificare Validation lo stile del titolo E s We have realized a T shaped MTL test network We have simulated and measured the coupled insertion loss Z s tx Yr tx V g tx V r l l l 1 2 3 l l 1 3 l 2 5.22m 2.30m 3.60m rx V g rx V r br Y g br Y r Y br rx Y g rx Y r Y rx Insertion Loss (db) 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 -30-35 -40 Coupled Direct 20 40 60 80 Frequency (MHz) (a) Amplitude Direct Phase (rad) Coupled Phase (rad) Simulated 4 2 0-2 -4 4 2 0-2 -4 20 40 60 80 Frequency (MHz) (b) Phase Measured Strong matching between the measured and generated insertion loss REF. F. Versolatto, A. M. Tonello, An MTL Theory Approach for the Simulation of MIMO Power Line Communications Channels, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1710 1717, Jul. 2011. 55

Noise Characterization 56

Fare clic PLC per Noise modificare Classification lo stile del titolo The PLC noise comprises five components Impulsive Noise Background Noise Narrowband Noise Colored Noise Periodic Impulsive Noise Synchronous Periodic Impulsive Noise Asynchronous Aperiodic Impulsive Noise channel REF. M. Gotz, M. Rapp, K. Dostert, Power Line Channel Characteristics and their Effect on Communication System Design, IEEE Comm. Mag., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 78 86, 2004. 57

Noise Characterization Background Noise 58

PSD (dbm/hz) -90-100 -110-120 -130-140 -150-160 Fare Background clic per modificare Noise Comparison lo stile del titolo Noise PSD Comparison In-Home (worst) Outdoor Low Voltage Outdoor Medium Voltage 0 10 20 30 40 50 Frequency (MHz) Background noise has an exponential PSD Narrowband interference exhist FM disturbances (> 87.5 MHz) AM (< 1.6 MHz) Radio amateur (from 1.9MHz up to SHF) In Home PLCs experience the highest level of noise Overhead MV background noise due to corona discharges The strong electric fields determine the avalanche generation of free charges in the surrounding air, which in turn induce current pulses in the conductors REF. Noise models from : 1. T. Esmailian, F. R. Kschischang, and P. Glenn Gulak, In Building Power Lines as High Speed Communication Channels: Channel Characterization and a Test Channel Ensemble, Int. J. of Commun. Syst., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 381 400, Jun. 2003 2. EU OPERA Project, Deliverable D5, 2005. 59

Noise Characterization Impulsive Noise 60

Fare clic Impulsive per modificare Noise Components lo stile del titolo Periodic impulsive noise Synchronous: components with low rate (50/100 Hz): rectifiers Asynchronous: components with high rate (200 khz): switching devices The amplitude is small with spectrum confined in frequency Aperiodic impulsive noise Bursty nature: on off and plug in out Less frequent, but more disruptive High amplitude greater than 50 V Amplitude (V) Amplitude (V) 50 40 30 20 10 0-10 -20-30 -40 0.15 0.1 0.05 0-0.05-0.1 0 5 10 15 20 Time (ms) -50 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 Time (ms) 61

Fare clic per modificare Furthermore lo stile del titolo Appliances generate asynchronous noise components that are periodic with the mains cycle Noise PSD (dbm/hz) 0-20 -40-60 -80-100 We measured the noise by the inverters Spikes of asynchronous periodic noise Motor 2.2 kw Motor 5.5 kw Motor 7.5 kw Inverter 10 kw Inverter 3 kw -120 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 Frequency (MHz) Measurements at the Micro Grid Test Lab Strathclyde, by WiPli Lab team within FP7 EU DERrI Project 62

Fare clic per Time Variant modificare Analysis lo stile del titolo The stationary characterization of the noise is not sufficient to get the picture of its whole complex nature PSD (dbv/hz) -130-135 -140-145 0 5 10 Frequency (MHz) 15 0 5 15 10 Time interval (ms) 20 short term PSD during the mains cycle REF. V. Degardin, M. Lienard, A. Zeddam, F. Gauthie, and P. Degauque, Classification and Characterization of Impulsive Noise on Indoor Power Line Used for Data Communications, IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 913 918, Nov. 2002. REF. J. A. Cortés, L. Diez, F. J. Cañete, and J. J. Sanchez Martinez, Analysis of the indoor broadband power line noise scenario, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 849 858, Nov. 2010. REF. M. Katayama, T. Yamazato, and H. Okada, A Mathematical Model of Noise in Narrowband Power Line Communication Systems, IEEE J. Sel. Areas in Commun., vol.24, no.7, pp. 1267 1276, Jul. 2006. 63

Time instant 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Fare Periodic clic per modificare and Synchronous lo stile Noise del titolo Time frequency characterization of the noise The noise PSD varies within the mains cycle of 20 ms Example of synchronous noise measurement at the source Laptop PC battery charger 20 2 4 6 8 10 Frequency (MHz) -128-130 -132-134 -136-138 -140-142 -144-146 dbm/hz Typical rate of 100 Hz The synchronous periodic noise is generated by the input stage of the rectifier circuit of the power supply unit Noisy devices Laptop PC battery chargers LCD monitors, desktop PC, Light dimmers 64

Fare Periodic clic per and modificare Asynchronous lo stile Noise del titolo The asynchronous noise causes spectral lines in the PSD It can be isolated from the synchronous noise components Example of asynchronous noise measurement at the source Flat LCD monitor PSD (dbv/hz) -110-115 -120-125 The asynchronous periodic noise is generated by the switching activity of the power supplies It is concentrated below 10 MHz -130-135 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frequency (MHz) 65

Fare clic Aperiodic modificare Impulsive lo stile Noise del titolo The impulsive noise is generated by plugging in/out devices switching on/off devices It is characterized by Amplitude A Inter arrival time t IAT Amplitude (V) 25 20 15 10 5 0-5 t IAT A Duration t W -10 t w -15-20 -25 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Time (ms) REF. M. Zimmermann, K. Dostert, Analysis and Modeling of Impulsive Noise in Broad Band PowerLline Communications, IEEE Trans. Electromag. Compat., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 249 258, Feb. 2002. REF. T. Esmailian, F. R. Kschischang, and P. G. Gulak, In building power lines as high speed communication channels: Channel characterization and a test channel ensemble, International Journal of Communication Systems, vol. 16, pp. 381 400, 2003. REF. L. Di Bert, P. Caldera, D. Schwingshackl, and, On Noise Modeling for Power Line Communications, Proc.ofInt.Symp.onPower Line Commun. and Its App., pp. 283 288, 2011. 66

Common Noise Model in the Literature 67

Fare clic Common per modificare PLC Noise lo stile Model titolo Background noise R nb [dbm/hz] -90-95 -100-105 -110-115 -120-125 -130-135 -140 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Frequency [MHz] b PSD f a b f c Worst case Best case dbm Hz a b c Best case 140 38.75 0.72 Worst case 145 53.23 0.337 Two terms Gaussian p Sum of two Gaussian PDFs weighted by a Bernoulli process with occurrence probability P v 2 2 1 0, b 0, b p v P N PN K Middleton Class A Weighted sum of Gaussian PDFs A k 2 e A 1 v exp 2 k 0 k k! 2 2 2 k 80 70 60 A = 0.1, = 0.001 A = 0.1, = 0.01 1 k A 1 1 2 2 k b Gaussian Middlteon pdf 50 40 A = 1, = 0.1 A = 2, = 0.1 30 20 10 0-0.02-0.015-0.01-0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 Amplitude [V] 68

Physical Layer Techniques Single Carrier Modulation (FSK) Multi Carrier Modulation Adaptation Performance Increase 69

1 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0-0. 2-0. 4-0. 6-0. 8 1 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0-0. 2-0. 4-0. 6-0. 8-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0-0. 2-0. 4-0. 6-0. 8-1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Fare Single clic per Carrier modificare Modulation: lo stile del FSKtitolo Binary FSK 1 0 2E T S 2E T S cos 2 f t H cos 2 f t L Modulated Signal 0 1 1 0 1 0 Modulation index: h fh fl T Normalized cross correlation: sinc 2h Symbol error probability in AWGN power spectral density N 0 : M ary FSK P e Es (1 ) Q N 0 2E T S i th symbol T cos 2 ft, i 0,1,, M1 i 70

Fare Spread clic Frequency per modificare Shift lo Keying stile del (S FSK) titolo Spread FSK Adjustment of FSK for transmission in PLC channels Tones are now placed far from each other (usually 10 khz) f H f L > 10 khz f L M FSK is suited to be combined with a spreading code (a sort of frequency hopping spread spectrum) Congruential codes have been proposed. They specify the hopping pattern Immunity to narrow band interference can be increased with erasure decoding of spread FSK The standard IEC 61334 5 1 uses a form of spread FSK REF. T. Shaub, Spread frequency shift keying, IEEE Trans. Commun., pp. 1056 1064, Feb./Mar./Apr. 1994 REF. A.J.HanVinckandJ.Haring,"Coding and Modulation for Power Line Communications," Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2000 f H f 71

Fare Unified clic per View modificare of MC lo Modulation stile del titolo b (k) (mn): g (k) (n): N: QAM data symbols sub channel pulses, obtained from the modulation of a prototype pulse interpolation factor N M number of sub channels 72

Fare clic Cyclically per modificare Prefixed lo OFDM stile del titolo M tones (sub channels) Rectangular sub channel pulse (window) of duration N > M samples Cyclic prefix (CP) of length µ=n M samples (typically longer than the channel duration) 73

Fare clic per modificare Notchinglo stile del titolo It is fundamental to generate low radiations in certain parts of the spectrum, e.g., Radioamateursignals Further notching can be done beyond 30 MHz to grant coexistence with other systems -40 Notching Mask PSD [dbm/hz] -50-60 -70-80 917 tones out of 1536 FM -90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Example of spectrum mask up to 30 MHz in HPAV f [MHz] 74

Fare clic per modificare Notchinglo stile del titolo It is fundamental to generate low radiations in certain parts of the spectrum, e.g., Radioamateursignals Further notching can be done beyond 30 MHz to grant coexistence with other systems -40 Notching Mask PSD [dbm/hz] -50-60 -70-80 917 tones out of 1536-80 dbm/hz FM -90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Example of spectrum mask up to 30 MHz in HPAV f [MHz] 75

Fare Spectrum clic per modificare of OFDM and lo stile PS OFDM del titolo G(f) 2 (db) 0-10 -20-30 -40-50 -60 OFDM G(f) 2 (db) 0-10 -20-30 -40-50 -60 PS-OFDM -70-70 -80-4 -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 f MT -80-4 -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 f MT Use a root raised cosine window (or other), to fulfill the mask with a higher number of active tones 76

Fare clic per Pulse modificare Shaped OFDM lo stile del titolo It is a filter bank system with a prototype pulse equal to the window If no symbol overlapping exists, we obtain windowed OFDM It introduces a transmisison rate penalty. Overhead β=µ+α=n M The transmission rate is R = M M NT = ( M + m + a ) T 77

Fare clic Filter per modificare Bank Approaches lo stile del titolo Can we increase the sub channel frequency selectivity? Yes, by privileging the frequency confinement What schemes are available? Wavelet OFDM (one solution adopted by IEEE P1901) Filtered Multitone Modulation (FMT) Other FB approaches are also possible (see the large signal processing literature on FBs) 78

Fare clic per Wavelet modificare OFDM lo stile del titolo Wavelet OFDM is a cosine modulated filter bank It was proposed in REF1 and called DWMT Example of spectrum Sub channels have high overlapping. Nevertheless, it is possible to construct a perfect reconstruction critically sampled filter bank Channel distortion introduces ISI and ICI. Therefore, single tap equalization is not sufficient and multichannel equalizers may be needed REF1. S. Sandberg, M. Tzannes, Overlapped discrete multitone modulation for high speed copper wire communications, IEEE JSAC, Dec. 1995. REF2. Power Line Communications Theory and Applications for Narrowband and Broadband Communications over Power Lines, eds. Ferreira, Lampe, Newbury, Swart, Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2010. Chapter 5. 79

Fare clic per modificare FMT Basics lo stile del titolo 0-10 -20 G(f) 2 (db) -30-40 -50-60 -70-80 -4-3 -2-1 0 1 2 3 4 f MT Pulses obtained from modulation of a prototype pulse Root raised cosine Time/Frequency confined pulses Perfect reconctruction solutions provided that N > M REF. G. Cherubini, E. Eleftheriou, S. Olcer, Filtered multitone modulation for very high speed digital subscriber lines, IEEE J. Select. Areas Comm. 2002. REF., F. Pecile, Efficient Architectures for Multiuser FMT Systems and Application to Power Line Communications, IEEE Trans. on Comm. 2009. 80

Fare clic per Efficient modificare Realization lo stile del titolo Synthesis M point IDFT and Cyclic extension to...(, ) Pulses: PP components of order N, i.e., Sample with period L 2 Analysis M l cm M N LM L N 2 1 2 () i g ( nn) g( i nn) i 0,..., N 1 Dual operations Complexity: M log 2 M + L g,h (pulse length) operations/sample REF. N. Moret,, Design of Orthogonal Filtered Multitone Modulation Systems and Comparison among Efficient Realizations, EURASIP Journal on Adv. In Signal Processing, 2010. 81

Fare How clic per to Increase modificare Performance lo stile del? titolo Increase bandwidth up to 100 MHz or even above for BB PLC up to 500 khz for NB PLC Use powerful channel coding Perform adaptation of the transmitter parameters: bit and power loading adaptive scheduling (exploiting cyclic SNR variations) cognitive use of spectrum Use MIMO transmission 82

What Fare Can clic We per Gain modificare with Increased lo stile del Bandwidth titolo? 1600 1400 Channels Class 5 1200 Rate (Mbit/s) 1000 800 600 400-50 dbm/hz -80 OFDM, 100 MHz, -50 dbm/hz OFDM,100 MHz, -80 dbm/hz OFDM, 30 MHz, -50 dbm/hz 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 channel realization 4096 Tones in 100 MHz, fixed CP=5.57 us, PSD noise 110 dbm/hz PSD signal: 50 dbm/hz + HPAV notching 0 30 MHz, 50/ 80 dbm/hz 30 87.5 MHz 83

What Fare Can clic We per Gain modificare with Increased lo stile del Bandwidth titolo? 1600 1400 Channels Class 5 Capacity Rate (Mbit/s) 1200 1000 800 margin Capacity OFDM, 100 MHz, -50 dbm/hz 600 400 margin OFDM,100 MHz, -80 dbm/hz Capacity OFDM, 30 MHz, -50 dbm/hz 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 channel realization 4096 Tones in 100 MHz, fixed CP=5.57 us, PSD noise 110 dbm/hz PSD signal: 50 dbm/hz + HPAV notching 0 30 MHz, 50/ 80 dbm/hz 30 87.5 MHz 84

Fare clic Adaptive per modificare OFDM and lo stile FMT del titolo We can adapt the pulse shape and the overhead β = N M such that capacity is maximized æ ( k SINR ) ( b) ö 1 R( b) = å log2 1 + bit / s ( M + b) T kîk ç G ON çè ø [ ] For example, in CP OFDM we adapt the CP to the channel response channel response CP CP CP t t t REF., S. D Alessandro, L. Lampe, Cyclic Prefix Design and Allocation in Bit Loaded OFDM over Power Line Communication Channels, IEEE Trans. on Communications, Nov. 2010. 85

Example Fare clic of per Performance: modificare System lo stile del Parameters titolo Number of carriers: M={256,512,1024,2048,4096} SNR Gap for P e =10 2 : Γ=3.4 db PSD of the transmitted signal: 50 dbm/hz (in 0 100 MHz) PSD of the Gaussian background noise: 140 dbm/hz Test channel response of class 5 Average SNR at the receiver: 44, 24 or 4 db Pulse Shaped OFDM: Raised cosine window FMT: Truncated root raised cosine pulse Single tap equalization Fractionally spaced sub channel equalization REF. F. Pecile,, On the Design of Filter Bank Systems in Power Line Channels Based on Achievable Rate, Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2009. REF. Power Line Communications Theory and Applications for Narrowband and Broadband Communications over Power Lines, eds. Ferreira, Lampe, Newbury, Swart, Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2010. Chapter 5. 86

Achievable Fare clic per Rate modificare as a Function lo stile of N. del of titolo Tones Masked 2-100 MHz Masked 2-28 MHz Average SNR=24 db Average SNR=24 db Target notching mask below 30 MHz: HPAV 500 450 Pulse-Shaped OFDM FMT Equal. 1 Tap FMT FS Equal. 2 Taps FMT FS Equal. 10 Taps FMT FS Equal. 20 Taps 160 140 Pulse-Shaped OFDM FMT Equal. 1 Tap FMT FS Equal. 2 Taps FMT FS Equal. 10 Taps FMT FS Equal. 20 Taps 120 PSD [dbm/hz] -40-50 -60-70 -80 Notching Mask 400 350 300 Achievable Rate [Mbit/s] 100 80 60 250 40 20 0 M (Overall System Carriers) 256 512 1024 2048 4096 200 150 M (Overall System Carriers) 256 512 1024 2048 4096-90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 f [MHz] Achievable Rate [Mbit/s] 87

Fare clic per FMT modificare vs. PS OFDM lo stile del titolo The lower the SNR the higher is the advantage of FMT w.r.t. PS-OFDM FMT has better notching capability FMT achieves the maximum rate with a smaller number of tones Achievable rate can be used as a design metric to choose properly the number of carriers and the equalization method in the system Adaptation of the parameters is beneficial The achievable rate increases significantly using 100 MHz band (depending, however, on the transmitted PSD beyond 30 MHz) 88

Physical Layer Techniques Possible Capacity Increases from Extended Bandwidth and MIMO 89

Fare Inferring clic per modificare the Capacity lo stile Increase del titolo Used power Spectral Density of the Transmitted Signal and Noise Model -40-60 Signal PSD (dbm/hz) -80-100 -120-140 Noise -160 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Frequency (MHz) Real capacity of PLC channels is unknown since the channel is not just Gaussian and disturbances are not fully characterized yet 90

Inferring Fare clic the per Capacity modificare Increase lo stile (In Home del titolo Case) Capacity can be improved with MIMO and/or Bandwidth Increase With MIMO (2 100 MHz) With extended bandwidth (SISO) 1 0.95 MIMO SISO 1 0.95 2-100 MHz 2-300 MHz 0.9 0.9 0.85 0.85 C-CDF 0.8 C-CDF 0.8 0.75 0.7 simulated channels and noise as in prev. slide 0.75 0.7 measured channels noise as in prev. slide 0.65 0.65 0.6 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Achievable Rate (Mbps) 0.6 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Achievable Rate (Mbps) REF1. R. Hasmat, P. Pagani, T. Chonavel, MIMO Communications for In home PLC Networks: Measurement and Results up to 100 MHz, Proc. of ISPLC 2010. REF2. F.Versolatto,A.Tonello,"An MTL Theory Approach for the Simulation of MIMO Power Line Communication Channels, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 2010. 91

Physical Layer Techniques Other Modulation Schemes: Impulsive UWB 92

Fare clic Impulsive per modificare UWB: lo I UWB stile del titolo For low data rate: Impulsive UWB -70 PSD of the Transmitted Signal and Noise Gaussian monocycle D=50 200 ns, T f = 2 us, R = 0.5 Mpulses/s. Symbol energy is spread in frequency by the monocycle (frequency diversity) The monocycle is spread in time via a binary code (time diversity) Coexistence with broadband systems is possible due to the low PSD and high processing gain PSD (dbm/hz) -150 0 20 40 60 80 100 Frequency (MHz) REF., Wideband Impulse Modulation and Receiver Algorithms for Multiuser Power Line Communications, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2007, pp. 1 14. -80-90 -100-110 -120-130 -140 Signal In-Home Noise 93

PSD (dbm/hz) -40-60 -80-100 -120-140 -160-20 Fare Comparison clic per modificare of I UWB with lo stile NB OFDM del titolo I PLC may be suitable also for outdoor communications Same transmitted power: higher data rates with I UWB than NB OFDM Same data rate: very low transmitted PSD with I UWB G3 Bandwidth = 54.7 khz, PRIME Bandwidth = 46.9 khz (here, only G3 because they perform similarly) Transmitted Signal Broadband MV Noise Broadband O-LV Noise 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0.5 Frequency (MHz) CDF 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 MV Scenario AVG RATE 3.9 kbit/s O-LV Scenario PSD (dbm/hz) -40-60 -80-100 Narrowband Noise 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Frequency (khz) 0.3 0.2 0.1 Power Gain with Equal Target Capacity 0-120 -100-80 -60-40 -20 PSD max (dbm/hz) AVG RATE 114.8 kbit/s Equal Target Capacity Power Constraint -100-80 -60-40 -20 PSD max (dbm/hz) REF., et al. Comparison of Narrow Band OFDM PLC Solutions and I UWB Modulation over Distribution Grids, Proc. Of IEEE Smart Grid Communications Conference, Oct. 2011. 94

Cooperative Algorithms Relaying and Flooding 95

Fare Relay clic per and modificare Flooding lo Techniques stile del titolo Relaying (well studied in the wireless context) Decode and Forward Amplify and Forward Opportunistic Protocols Flooding REF. J. Laneman, D. Tse, and G. Wornell, Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks: Efficient Protocols and Outage Behavior, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3062 3080, 2004. REF. D. Gunduz and E. Erkip, Opportunistic Cooperation by Dynamic Resource Allocation, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1446 1454, Apr. 2007. REF. A. M. Tonello, F. Versolatto, S. D Alessandro Opportunistic Relaying in In Home PLC Networks, Proc. of IEEE GLOBECOM 2010, Miami, Florida, USA, Dec. 2010. REF. S. D Alessandro,, F. Versolatto, Power Savings with Opportunistic Decode and Forward over In Home PLC Networks, Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2011, Udine, Italy, Apr. 2011. 96

Fare clic per Direct modificare Transmission lo stile del titolo C x,y : Capacity of the link (x,y) C SR, C R, D C SD, 0 t time The source (S) transmits its data to the destination (D) during all the time slot whose duration is T f The relay is silent T f 97

Fare clic Decode per modificare & Forward lo stile (1/2) del titolo C x,y : Capacity of the link (x,y) C SR, C R, D C SD, 0 t T f time During the first part of the time slot the source (S) transmits its data to both the destination (D) and the relay (R) The relay is silent 98

Fare clic Decode per modificare & Forward lo stile (2/2) del titolo C x,y : Capacity of the link (x,y) C SR, C R, D C SD, 0 t T f time During the second part of the time slot the relay transmits its data to the destination (D) using an independent codebook The source is silent 99

Fare clic Amplify per modificare & Forward lo stile (1/2) del titolo C x,y : Capacity of the link (x,y) C SR, C R, D C SD, 0 T f /2 T f time During the first part of the time slot the source (S) transmits its data to both the destination (D) and the relay (R) The relay is silent 100

Fare clic Amplify per modificare & Forward lo stile (2/2) del titolo C x,y : Capacity of the link (x,y) C SR, C R, D C SD, 0 T f /2 T f time During the second part of the time slot the relay amplifies and forwards the data received from the source (S) to the destination (D) The source is silent 101

Opportunistic Fare clic per DF modificare (ODF): Capacity lo stile Improvements del titolo ODF uses the relay whenever it allows for capacity improvements w.r.t. the direct transmission. Its capacity is: where C t max C, C t C ODF DT DF t min t C, t C 1 DF S, R S, D R, D t C C DT C S, D CRD, P * t arg max CDF t t[0,1] CSR, CSD, P P 0 t * 1 t 102

Opportunistic Fare clic per AF modificare (OAF): Capacity lo stile Improvements del titolo OAF uses the relay whenever it allows for capacity improvements w.r.t. the direct transmission. Its capacity is: where C max C, C OAF DT AF C C 1 log 1P k k k k k 1 log 1 P P P SAF, SR RAF, RD AF 2 k k k k SAF, SD 2MT kk 1P ON SAF, SR PRAF, RD k DT 2 S, DT SD MT kk k XY G P k k ch, XY noise. Y ON 2 k k 103

Fare Application clic per of modificare Relay in Home lo stile Networks del titolo MAIN PANEL CIRCUIT BREAKER DERIVATION BOX D OUTLET S REF. A. M. Tonello, F. Versolatto, Bottom Up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling Part I: Random Topology Model and Efficient Transfer Function Computation, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 26, n. 2, 2011. 104

Fare clic per Relay modificare Configurations lo stile del titolo MAIN PANEL CIRCUIT BREAKER DERIVATION BOX D OUTLET RELAY S Source Derivation Box (SDB) The relay is located in the derivation box that feeds the source node. 105

Fare clic per Relay modificare Configurations lo stile del titolo MAIN PANEL CIRCUIT BREAKER DERIVATION BOX D OUTLET RELAY S Main Panel Single Sub Topology (MPS) The relay is located immediately after the CB of the main panel. 106

Numerical Fare clic per Results: modificare Simulation lo stile Parameters del titolo Parameter Value Flat Area U(100 300) m 2 Cluster Area U(15 45) m 2 Average Outlet / Area 0.5 outlets / m 2 Probability of Open loads 0.3 Sample Frequency (1/T) 37.5 MHz M 1536 1/(MT) 24.414 khz Considered Band (1 28) MHz Transmitted PSD limit 50 dbm/hz Noise PSD ( 110) dbm/hz 107

Numerical Fare clic per Results: modificare Capacity lo stile Improvements del titolo 1 0.98 0.96 ODF Noise PSD = -110 [dbm/hz] Source Derivation Box Main Panel Direct Transmission 1 0.98 0.96 OAF Noise PSD = -110 [dbm/hz] Source Derivation Box Main Panel Direct Transmission 0.94 0.94 CCDF(C) 0.92 0.9 0.88 CCDF(C) 0.92 0.9 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 @0.8 Gain:177% 0.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 C [Mbit/s] 0.86 0.84 0.82 @0.8 Gain:61% 0.8 0 10 20 30 C [Mbit/s] CCDF of capacity using ODF and OAF with the relay located according to the considered configurations. For the DT configuration, no relay is connected to the network. REF. S. D Alessandro,, On Rate Improvements and Power Saving with Opportunistic Relaying in Home Power Line Networks, submitted to EURASIP JASP, 2012. 108

Fare Flooding clic per for modificare Large Scale lo stile Networks del titolo Multi hop communication protocol Suitable for command and control applications with large number of nodes, e.g., lightning systems Network nodes forward the received packets altruistically G F E D A sends a broadcast packet that is received by B, C, and G A B C Nodes B, C, G forward the packet that will be now received also by D, E, F REF. G. Bumiller, L. Lampe, H. Hrasnica, Power Line Communication Network for Large Scale Control and Automation Systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 4, April 2010. 109

Fare clic Flooding: per modificare Considerations lo stile del titolo Pros No routing overhead Robust against network changes Shortest path always used Cons Redundant transmissions Loop cycles Waste of energy for many retransmissions Improvements In highly populated networks, only a subset of nodes are allowed to retransmit Counters for packets (number of retransmissions) MAC protocol based on hybrid TDMA CSMA/CA The master broadcasts a network wide TDMA frame Within each TDMA frame there are contention free and contention based time slots 110

Media Access Techniques 111

Fare clic per modificare MAC Aspects lo stile del titolo The media access scheme depends on the application and type of data traffic Metering, sensor network, QoS traffic (audio/video), Throughput but also latency are important Contention free and contention based schemes are used in PLC CSMA/CA (hidden node problem) Dynamic TDMA (some overhead is required) Network synchronization can exploit the mains cycle Scheduling of resources can exploit SNR cyclic behavior 112

Media Access Techniques Scheduling in Linear Periodically Time Variant (LPTV) Channels 113

Optimal Time Slot over LPTV Channels CCo User 1 User 4 User 2 User 3 The Central Coordinator (CCo) manages the channel access in a TDMA fashion We consider the downlink case The CCo sends training sequences to the users that estimate the periodic time variant SINR experienced in a mains cycle We want to compute the optimal slot duration, scheduling, and bit loading REF. A. M. Tonello, J. A. Cortés, S. D Alessandro, Optimal Time Slot Design in an OFDM TDMA System over Power Line Time Variant Channels, Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2009, Dresden, Mar. 2009. 114

Optimal Scheduling The optimal time slot scheduling and duration can be found maximizing the aggregate rate (AR) Aggregate Rate [Mbit/s] 60 40 20 N ITS : OFDM symbols in a time slot T 0 : OFDM symbol duration Example: 4 users optimal slot (423 OFDM symbols in a main cycle) 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 N ITS AR u us, u α (u,s) : binary coefficient equal to one if slot s is assigned to user u, zero otherwise p (u) : weighting factor. 1 N = max R N ITS s ITS u1 s0 NU us, subject to 1 u1 U TS s0,..., N 1, and NTS 1 NTS 1 us, u u R s NITS Rs NITS s0 100 s0 p u 1,..., N U N TS N 115

Systems, Standards and MAC Details Summary of Systems and Standards 116

Fare clic per Protocol modificare Stacks lo stile del titolo PLC specifications and standards typically cover layer 1 and 2 (PHY and MAC) Network layer and above, up to application: is specified by other standards, e.g., AMR (IEC 61334 4 32) convergent layers are under investigation, e.g., from IPv4 to IPv6 and/or protocols for certain applications Application IP SG application dependent PLC MAC PLC PHY 117

Narrow Fare clic Band per modificare PLC Systems lo and stile Standards del titolo Standard body Insteon Konnex X10 CEBus Proprietary EN50090 EN13321 1 ISO/IEC 14543 Home Automation Spectrum CENELEC C CENELEC B CENELEC B UPB Universal PLC bus Single carrier Low data rate: some kbits/s Proprietary EIA 600 Proprietary CENELEC FCC ARIB CENELEC A HomePlug C&C Command and Control HomePlug Consortium CENELEC A C FCC ARIB Meters & More (Enel, Endesa) G3 PLC PRIME PowerLine Intelligent Metering Automatic MeterReading Proprietary Open Meter Project CENELEC ERDF CENELEC A FCC G.Hnem ITU T 9955 NB standard Multicarrier Prime ITU Alliance data rate: CENELEC A CENELEC A, B,C,D FCC IEEE P1901.2 NB standard IEEE hundred of kbits/s CENELEC A, B,C,D FCC Modulation BPSK S FSK PPM Spread Spectrum PPM DCSK differential code shift keying BPSK OFDM DQPSK DBPSK OFDM D8PSK DQPSK DBPSK OFDM QPSK 16 QAM Bit rate 2.4 kbps 1.2 kbps 50 or 60 bps 8.5 kbps 240 bps 0.6 to 7.5 kbps Up to 4800 bps 34 to 240 kbps 128 kbps up to 1 Mbps MAC ND CSMA CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA TDMA CSMA/CA 118

Fare Broadband clic per PLC modificare Systemslo and stile Standards del titolo HomePlug AV HP Green PHY HD-PLC IEEE P1901 ITU-T G.hn ITU-T G.9960 Standard body HomePlug Consortium HomePlug Consortium High Definition PLC Alliance IEEE ITU Spectrum 2-28 MHz 2-28 MHz 2/4-28 MHz Modulation & Coding OFDM (1536 tones) Bit-loading Up to 1024-QAM Convolutional, Turbo codes Multicarrier data rate: Over 200 Mbits/s OFDM (1536 tones) QPSK Wavelet OFDM (512 tones) Bit-loading Up to 16-PAM RS, Convolutional, LDPC 2-28 2-60 MHz OFDM (HPAV) (3072 tones) Bit-loading Up to 4096- QAM W-OFDM (HD-PLC) (1024 tones) Bit-loading Up to 32-PAM Bit-rate 200 Mbit/s 3.8-9.8 Mbit/s 190 Mbit/s 540 Mbit/s MAC TDMA-CSMA/CA CSMA/CA TDMA-CSMA/CA TDMA- CSMA/CA PLC, Coax, phone line: up to 100 MHz (BB) PLC: 100-200 MHz (PB) Coax: up to 100 MHz (PB, Fc=0.35-2.45 GHz) OFDM (up to 4096 tones) Bit-loading Up to 4096-QAM LDPC >200 Mbps Up to 1Gbps TDMA-CSMA/CA 119

Systems, Standards and MAC Details Status of Standardization 120

Fare Standards: clic per IEEE modificare P1901 lo and stile ITU T del G.hn titolo IEEE P1901 covers both indoor (in home) and outdoor PLC (last mile) Two frequency bands 2 30 MHz: rate up to 200 Mbit/s. 2 60 MHz: rate up to 545 Mbit/s PHY 1: Pulse shaped OFDM with turbo coding (from HPAV) PHY 2: Wavelet OFDM with RS/CC and LDPC (from Panasonic HD PLC) MAC: TDMA for QoS traffic and CSMA for best effort traffic. Coexistence mechanism for the two PHYs (IPP, inter PHY protocol) ITU T G.9960 (G.hn) PHY and MAC for in Home devices that use power line, coax, and phone lines Frequency bands 2 50 MHz (optional 50 200 MHz): rate up to 1 Gbit/s PHY: scalable windowed OFDM (2048 tones for PLC) MAC layer: TDMA for QoS traffic, CSMA for best effort traffic Coexistence with IEEE P1901 devices but not interoperability 121

Standards: Fare clic per IEEE modificare P1901.2 lo and stile ITU del G.hnem titolo IEEE P1901.2: to be ratified in 2012 Narrow band (less than 500 khz) PLC standard for both AC and DC lines low voltage indoor/outdoor, as well as medium voltage in both urban and in long distance (multi kilometer) rural communications Operating in the Cenelec and FCC bands (up to 500 khz) Scalable data rates up to 500 kbps depending on the requirements It addresses communication for: Grid to utility meter, management of local energy generation devices Electric vehicle to charging station In home networking for command and control ITU T G. hnem: ratified in Dec. 2011 MAC & PHY for in home energy management, and LV metering Operating in the Cenelec and FCC bands (up to 500 khz) up to 1 Mbps 122

Systems, Standards and MAC Details MAC in Narrowband Systems 123

Fare clic per MAC modificare in NB PLC lo stile del titolo We consider, as examples, the MAC specified in the NB PLC systems: PRIME (power line intelligent metering) G3 PLC (for meter reading) ITU G.hnem G3 PLC and PRIME have been used as baseline for standardization in the working group IEEE P1901.2 and also in ITU G.hnem 124

Fare clic PRIME per modificare MAC: Definitions lo stile del titolo The subnetwork is a tree with two kind of nodes Service Node Can be either a leaf or in a branch point In Terminal state it can send its own data In Switch state it forwards data Base Node It is the root of the tree It assigns the network identifier to the Service Nodes It manages the channel allocation in contention free periods Each node has a MAC address (48 bits) REF. PRIME Alliance Technical Working Group, Draft Standard for PoweRline Intelligent Metering Evolution, R1.3E. 125

PRIME MAC: Address Resolution A: Base S=(0,0) B: Terminal Switch C: Terminal D: Terminal B: Disconnected C: Disconnected D: Disconnected T=(0,1) S=(1,0) T=(0,2) T=(0,3) E: Terminal F: Terminal E: Disconnected F: Disconnected T(1,1) T(1,2) At the first step, only the Base node has an address S=(Sub Net ID, Local Net (node) ID) Nodes B, C, D ask for addresses to the Base node A A assigns the address E, F are not visible from A but are visible from B. B asks A to have a switch node identifier too B becomes a switch node B assigns the network ID to E and F 126

Fare PRIME: clic MAC per modificare Frame and lo Channel stile del Access titolo B 1 B 2 Shared Contention Period (SCP) (Optional) Contention Free Period (CFP) Beacon reserved to the Switch Node Beacon reserved to the Base Node Each Beacon contains information on the SCP and CFP SCP: based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) The nodes contend to occupy the channel Priority mechanisms are provided CFP: based on TDMA where the slot are assigned by the Base Node In both SCP and CFP, the packets go always through the Base Node It is possible to establish direct connections for peer to peer communication 127

Fare clic per modificare G3 PLC MAC lo stile del titolo Based on the contention access scheme of IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) Two types of devices: Private Area Network (PAN) Coordinator (typically, the concentrator) It performs device discovery Reduced Function Devices (RFD) Represented by meters Distributed access procedure (peer to peer communication is possible) Two priority levels are possible: high and low priority 64 bit address (extended address) used to join the network by the node The address is reduced to 16 bit (short PAN address) once the node joins REF. ERDF, PLC G3 MAC Specifications, online at: http://www.maxim ic.com/products/powerline/pdfs/g3 PLC MAC Layer Specification.pdf the network via the PAN REF. IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group, Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), 2006. 128

Fare G3 PLC clic per MAC: modificare Network lo Architecture stile del titolo PAN Coordinator PAN ID+node 3 address PAN ID+node 2 address PAN ID+node 1 address The PAN Coordinator defines the network ID Each RFD node asks the PAN Coordinator for a beacon with the ID to join the network The PAN Coordinator has the complete list of the network nodes Other PANs can be established 129

Fare clic G3 PLC per modificare MAC: Channel lo stile Access del titolo The channel access is based on CSMA/CA Communication from the coordinator to the devices is done under a polling procedure initiated by the device who asks the coordinator to transmit pending data Communication from the devices to the coordinator is done using CSMA/CA. The coordinatorreceiver isalwayson Note that the network devices are not synchronized at all (unslotted scheme) 130

Fare clic per ITU T modificare G.hnem lo MAC stile del titolo Similar to the G3 PLC MAC Basedon IEEE 802.15.4 (CSMA/CA) Four priority levels are offered The fourth is reserved for emergency signals The network is split in domains (LV networks) Each domain is managed by a Domain Manager (DM) that acts as a data concentrator DMscan be connected to the utility head end through DSL or wireless Inter domain bridges are providedforcommunication betweennodes belonging to different domains More DMs are managed by a Global Master (GM) to reduce interdomain interference REF. V. Oksman, J. Zhang, G.hnem: The new ITU T Standard on Narrowband PLC Technology, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49. no. 12, Dec. 2011. 131

Systems, Standards and MAC Details MAC in Broadband Systems 132

Fare clic per MAC modificare in BB PLC lo stile del titolo We consider the MAC specified in the BB PLC systems: IEEE P1901 ITU G.HN 133

Fare clic per IEEE modificare P1901 MAC lo stile del titolo Twokindofnodes LocalAdministrator(BSS): first node that joins the network Network setup, synchronization, coordination Station slave (SS) Nodes are identified by MAC addresses Multiple BSS can be located in the same network Channel Access CSMA/CA for best effort traffic 7 levels of priority are provided TDMA for QoS Two PHY layers coexist thanks to the inter PHY protocol (IPP) REF. M. Rahman, et al. Medium Access Control for Power Line Communications: An Overview of the IEEE 1901 and ITU T G.hn Standards, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49, no. 6, June, 2011. REF. S. Galli, O. Logvinov, Recent Developments in the Standardization of Power Line Communications within the IEEE, IEEE Commun. Mag., July 2008. 134

IEEE Fare P1901: clic per MAC modificare Frame and lo stile Channel del titolo Access Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Beacon Region Contention Period (CP) Contention Free Period (CFP) AC line 50/60Hz Beacons are sent by the BSS to provide info on CP and CFP periods Nodes are synchronized with the AC line Stations can contend the channel using CSMA/CA Slots assigned by BSS to stations (TDMA) 135

Fare clic per ITU T modificare G.hn MAC lo stile del titolo Two kind of nodes Domain Manager (DM): first node that joins the network Network setup, synchronization, coordination Station slave (SS) Nodes are identified by MAC addresses Channel Access CSMA/CA for best effort traffic 4 levels of priority are provided TDMA for QoS REF. M. Rahman, et al. Medium Access Control for Power Line Communications: An Overview of the IEEE 1901 and ITU T G.hn Standards, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49, no. 6, June, 2011. 136

ITU T Fare G.hn: clic per MAC modificare Frame and lo stile Channel del titolo Access TXOP MAP STXOP TXOP TXOP TXOP AC line 50/60Hz Medium Access Plan (MAP) Describes TXOP and STXOP of next cycle/cycles Transmission Opportunities (TXOP) Contentionfree TDMA access scheduled by the DM Shared Transmission Opportunities (STXOP) Contention based access (CSMA/CA) STXOP is divided into time slots Onlysome nodes can contend for a certain time slot 137

Conclusions and Evolution of PLC 138

Fare clic per modificare Conclusions lo stile del titolo PLC technology has reached a certain maturity The in home BB market is significantly increasing PLC will play an important role in the SG (both NB and BB PLC) Importance of definition of applications and requirements in the SG (many domains) Smart metering is probably the killer application in the short term Coexistence of technologies is fundamental Standardization needs to be completed for mass deployment 139

Fare clic per modificare Evolutionlo stile del titolo New applications EMC, coexistence/interoperability mechanisms also with other technologies Advances at the PHY, e.g., filter bank modulation, MIMO, optimal channel coding, mitigation of interference and impulsive noise. Advances at the MAC, e.g., adaptation and applicable resource allocation algorithms, cooperative techniques, New grid topologies, new cables, and possible new bandwidths might come out PLC network synchronization Routing with PLC technology 140

References 141

Fare clic Useful per modificare Information lo Source stile del titolo PLC DocSearch ( http://www.isplc.org/docsearch/ ) links to papers published in IEEE journals and conferences since 1986, in Wiley, Elsevier, and Hindawi journals (likely incomplete) full text papers contained in the proceedings of ISPLC, the International Symposium on Power Line Communications, from 1997 to 2004 (those proceedings were not published by the IEEE) full text papers contained in the proceedings of WSPLC, the Workshop on Power Line Communications, from 2008 Best Readings on Power Line Communications (http://www.comsoc.org/best readings ) a collection of selected books, articles, and papers on PLC. IEEE Communications Society Technical Committee on Power Line Communications (http://cms.comsoc.org/eprise/main/sitegen/tc_plc/content/home.html ) a good gateway to PLC research world 142

Fare clic References per modificare from WiPli lo stile Lab del 1 titolo Channel Characterization and Modeling 1), F. Versolatto, B. Bejar, S. Zazo, A Fitting Algorithm for Random Modeling the PLC Channel, Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 27, no. 3, 2012. 2) F. Versolatto, A. M. Tonello, "On the Relation Between Geometrical Distance and Channel Statistics in In Home PLC Networks," in Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2012, Beijing, China, March 27 30, 2012. 3) et al., A Top Down Random Generator for the In Home PLC Channel, Proc. Global Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM 11), Dec. 2011. 4) F. Versolatto, and, An MTL Theory Approach for the Simulation of MIMO Power Line Communication Channels, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1710 1717, Jul. 2011. 5) A.Tonello, and F. Versolatto, Bottom Up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling Part I: Random Topology Model and Efficient Transfer Function Computation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 891 898, Apr. 2011. 6) M. Antoniali,, M. Lenardon, and A. Qualizza, Measurements and Analysis of PLC Channels in a Cruise Ship, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 102 107, Apr. 3 6, 2011, Udine, Italy. Best Paper Award. 7) F. Versolatto, and, A MIMO PLC Random Channel Generator and Capacity Analysis, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 66 71, Apr. 3 6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 8) L. Di Bert, P. Caldera, D. Schwingshackl, A. M. Tonello, " On Noise Modeling for Power Line Communications," in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, Udine, Italy, April3 6, 2011. 9), and F. Versolatto, Bottom Up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling Part II: Inferring the Statistics, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2356 2363, Oct. 2010. 10) F. Versolatto, and, Analysis of the PLC Channel Statistics Using a Bottom Up Random Simulator, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2010, pp. 236 241, Mar. 28 31, 2010, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Best Paper Award. 11), and F. Versolatto, New Results on Top down and Bottom up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling, in Proc. Third Workshop on Power Line Communications (WSPLC 09) pp. 11 14, Oct. 1 2, 2009, Udine, Italy. 12) P. Pagani, M. Tlich, A. Zeddam,, F. Pecile, S. D'Alessandro, G. Mijic, and K. Kriznar, PLC Channel Transfer Function Models for the OMEGA ICT Project, in Proc. ICT Mobile Summit 2009, June 2009, Santander, Spain. 13), and T. Zheng, Bottom Up Transfer Function Generator for Broadband PLC Statistical Channel Modeling, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2009, pp.7 12, Mar. 29 Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. Multicarrier Modulation and Resource Allocation 1) S. D Alessandro,, On Rate Improvements and Power Saving with Opportunistic Relaying in Home Power Line Networks, subm. to EURASIP Journ. Adv. In Signal Process. 2012. 2), S. D Alessandro, F. Versolatto, and C. Tornelli, Comparison of Narrow Band OFDM PLC Solutions and I UWB Modulation over Distribution Networks, in Proc. Smart Grid Commun. Conf. (SmartGridComm 11),Oct.17 20, 2011, Bruxelles, Belgium. 3), M. Antoniali, F. Versolatto, and S. D Alessandro, In car PLC Advanced Transmission Techniques, in Proc. of the 5th Biennial Workshop on Digital Signal Processing for In Vehicle Systems, Kiel, Germany, Sep. 2011. 4) S. D Alessandro,, and L. Lampe, Adaptive Pulse Shaped OFDM with Application to In Home Power Line Communications, Springer Journal on Telecommunication Systems, Jan. 2011. 5) S. D'Alessandro,, and F. Versolatto, Power Savings with Opportunistic Decode and Forward over In Home PLC Networks, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 176 181, Apr. 3 6, 2011. Udine, Italy. 143

Fare clic References per modificare from WiPli lo stile Lab del 2 titolo 6), F. Versolatto, and C. Tornelli, Analysis of Impulsive UWB Modulation on a Real MV Test Network, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 11, pp. 18 23, Apr. 3 6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 7) S. Weiss, N. Moret, A. P. Millar, A. M. Tonello, R. Stewart, "Initial Results on an MMSE Precoding and Equalisation Approach to MIMO PLC Channels, in Proc. IIEEE SPLC 2011, Udine, Italy, April 3 6, 2011. 8), F. Versolatto, and S. D'Alessandro, Opportunistic Relaying in In Home PLC Networks, in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf. (GLOBECOM 10), December 6 10, 2010, Miami, USA. 9), S. D Alessandro, and L. Lampe, Cyclic Prefix Design and Allocation in Bit Loaded OFDM over Power Line Communication Channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 58, no. 11, pp.3265 3276, Nov. 2010. 10) S. D'Alessandro,, and L. Lampe, On Power Allocation in Adaptive Cyclic Prefix OFDM, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2010, pp. 183 188, Mar. 28 31, 2010, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. 11), and F. Pecile, Efficient Architectures for Multiuser FMT Systems and Application to Power Line Communications," IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 57, no. 5, pp.1275 1279, May 2009. 12) F. Pecile, and, On the Design of Filter Bank Systems in Power Line Channels Based on Achievable Rate, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2009, pp. 228 232, Mar. 29 Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. 13) S. D'Alessandro,, and L. Lampe, Bit Loading Algorithms for OFDM with Adaptive Cyclic Prefix Lenght in PLC Channels, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2009, pp. 177 181, Mar. 29 Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. 14), J. A. Cortés Arrabal, and S. D'Alessandro, Time Slot Design in an OFDM TDMA System over Power Line Time variant Channels, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2009, pp. 41 46, Mar. 29 Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. 15), S. D Alessandro, and L. Lampe, Bit, Tone and Cyclic Prefix Allocation in OFDM with Application to In Home PLC, Proc. IEEE (IFIP) Wireless Days (WD 08), pp. 24, 27, Nov. 23 27, 2008, Dubai, UAE. 16), and F. Pecile, A Filtered Multitone Modulation Modem for Multiuser Power Line Communications with an Efficient Implementation, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2007, pp.155 160, Mar. 26 28, 2007, Pisa, Italy. 17) J. A. Cortés,, and L. Diez, Comparative Analysis of Pilot based Channel Estimators for DMT Systems over Indoor Power line Channels, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2007, pp. 372 377, Mar. 26 28, 2007, Pisa, Italy. Ultra Wide Band 1) A. M. Tonello, S. D'Alessandro, F. Versolatto, C. Tornelli, "Comparison of Narrow BandOFDMPLC Solutionsand I UWB Modulation over Distribution Grids," Proc. of IEEE SMARTGRIDCOMM 2011, Brussels, Belgium, September 2011. 2) F. Versolatto, A. M. Tonello, M. Girotto, C. Tornelli, "Performance of Practical Receiver Schemes for Impulsive UWB Modulation on a Real MV Power Line Network," Proc. of IEEE ICUWB 2011, Bologna,Italy,Sept. 14 16, 2011. 3) A. M. Tonello, F. Versolatto, C. Tornelli, "Analysis of Impulsive UWB Modulation on a Real MV Test Network," Proc. of ISPLC 2011, Udine, Italy, April 3 6, 2011. 4), and N. Palermo, Soft Detection with Synchronization and Channel Estimation from Hard Quantized Inputs in Impulsive UWB Power Line Communications in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Ultra Wideband (ICUWB 09), pp.560 564, Sep. 9 11, 2009, Vancouver, Canada. 5), Wide Band Impulse Modulation and Receiver Algorithms for Multiuser Power Line Communications, EURASIP J. on Advances in Signal Processing Special Issue on "Advanced Signal Processing and Computational Intelligence Techniques for Power Line Communications, Volume 2007, art. id. 96747, pp. 1 14, 2007. EURASIP 2007. Best Paper Award. 144

Fare clic References per modificare from WiPli lo stile Lab del 3 titolo 6), and F. Pecile, Synchronization for Multiuser Wide Band Impulse Modulation Systems in Power Line Channels with Unstationary Noise, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2007, pp. 150 154, Mar. 26 28, 2007, Pisa, Italy. 7), A Wide Band Modem Based on Impulse Modulation and Frequency Domain Signal Processing for Powerline Communication, in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf. (GLOBECOM 06), pp.1 6, Nov. 27 Dec. 1, 2006, San Francisco, CA, US. 8) G. Mathisen, and, WIRENET: An Experimental System for In House Powerline Communication, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2006, pp. 137 142, Mar. 26 29, 2006, Orlando, FL, US. 9), An Impulse Modulation Based PLC System with Frequency Domain Receiver Processing, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2005, pp. 241 245, Apr. 6 8, 2005, Vancouver, Canada. 10), R. Rinaldo, and M. Bellin, Synchronization and Channel Estimation for Wide Band Impulse Modulation over Power Line Channels, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2004, pp. 206 210, Mar. 31 Apr. 2, Zaragoza, Spain. 11), R. Rinaldo, and L. Scarel, Detection Algorithms for Wide Band Impulse Modulation Based Systems over Power Line Channels, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2004, pp. 367 371, Mar. 31 Apr. 2, Zaragoza, Spain. Other: Smart Grid, Smart Home, In Vehicle 1) L. Di Bert, S. D'Alessandro, A. M. Tonello, "An Interconnection Approach and Performance Tests for In home PLC Networks," Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2012, Beijing, China, March 27 30, 2012. 2) A. M. Tonello, M. Antoniali, F. Versolatto, S. D'Alessandro, "Power Line Communications for In car Application: Advanced Transmission Techniques," Proc. of the 5th BiennialWorkshopon DigitalSignalProcessingfor In Vehicle Systems, Kiel, Germany, Sept. 2011. 3), P. Siohan, A. Zeddam, and X. Mongaboure, Challenges for 1 Gbps Power Line Communications in Home Networks, in Proc. IEEE Personal Indoor Mobile Radio Commun. Symp. (PIMRC 08), pp.1 6, Sep. 14 19, 2008, Cannes, France. 4) R. Bernardini, M. Durigon, R. Rinaldo,, and A. Vitali, Robust Transmission of Multimedia Data over Power lines, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2005, pp. 295 299, Apr. 6 8, 2005, Vancouver, Canada. 145

Fare clic per Other modificare References lo stile 1 del titolo PLC, Smart Grids, and Broad Coverage 1) S. Galli, A. Scaglione, Z. Wang, For the Grid and Through the Grid: The Role of Power Line Communications in the Smart Grid, Proc. of IEEE, vol.99, no.6, pp.998 1027, June 2011. 2) Power Line Communications Theory and Applications for Narrowband and Broadband Communications over Power Lines, eds. Ferreira, Lampe, Newbury, Swart, Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2010. 3) Special issue on Power Line Communications for Automation Networks and Smart Grid, IEEE Commun. Mag.,Dec. 2011. Channel Modeling 1) F. J. Cañete, J. A. Cortés, L. Díez, and L. G. Moreno, On the Statistical Properties of Indoor Power Line Channels: Measurements and Models, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 271 276, Apr. 3 6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 2) A. Schwager, D. Schneider, W. Bäschlin, A. Dilly, J. Speidel, MIMO PLC: Theory, Measurements and System Setup, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 48 53, Apr. 3 6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 3) D. Veronesi, R. Riva, P. Bisaglia, F. Osnato, K. Afkhamie, A. Nayagam, D. Rende, L. Yonge, Characterization of In Home MIMO Power Line Channels, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 42 47, Apr. 3 6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 4) D. Rende, A. Nayagam, K. Afkhamie, L. Yonge, R. Riva, D. Veronesi, F. Osnato, P. Bisaglia, Noise Correlation and Its Effect on In home MIMO Power Line Channels, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 60 65, Apr. 3 6,2011, Udine, Italy. 5) S. Galli, A Novel Approach to the Statistical Modeling of Wireline Channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 1332 1345, May 2011. 6) M. Tlich, A. Zeddam, A. Moulin, and F. Gauthier, Indoor Power Line Communications Channel Characterization Up to 100 MHz Part I: One Parameter Deterministc Model, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1392 1401, Jul. 2008. 7) M. Tlich, A. Zeddam, A. Moulin, and F. Gauthier, Indoor Power Line Communications Channel Characterization Up to 100 MHz Part II: Time Frequency Analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1402 1409, Jul. 2008. 8) F. J. Cañete, J. A. Cortés, L. Díez, and J. T. Entrambasaguas, Analysis of the Cyclic Short Term Variation of Indoor Power Line Channels, IEEE J. Sel. Areas in Commun., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1327 1338, Jul. 2006. 9) S. Galli, and T. C. Banwell, A Novel Approach to the Modeling of the Indoor Power Line Channel Part II: Transfer Function and Its Properties, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1869 1878, Jun. 2005. 10) S. Galli, and T. C. Banwell, A Novel Approach to the Modeling of the Indoor Power Line Channel Part I: Circuit Analysis and Companion Model, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 655 663, Apr. 2005. 11) I. C. Papaleonidopoulos, C. Karagiannopoulos, N. J. Theodorou, and C. N. Capsalis, Theoretical Transmission Line Study of Symmetrical Indoor Triple Pole Cables for Single Phase HF Signalling, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 646 654, Apr. 2005. 12) T. Esmailian, F. R. Kschischang, and P. Glenn Gulak, In Building Power Lines as High Speed Communication Channels: Channel Characterization and a Test Channel Ensemble, Int. J. of Commun. Syst., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 381 400, Jun. 2003. 13) M. Zimmermann, and K. Dostert, A Multipath Model for the Powerline Channel, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 553 559, Apr. 2002. 14) H. Phillips, Modelling of Powerline Communication Channels, in Proc. Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. Its App. (ISPLC 99), pp. 14 21, Mar. 1999. 146

Fare clic per Other modificare References lo stile 2 del titolo Noise Modeling 1) J.A. Cortes, L. Dıez, F.J. Canete and J. Lopez, "Analysis of the Periodic Impulsive Noise Asynchronous with the Mains in Indoor PLC Channels," in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2009, pp. 26 30, Mar. 29 Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. 2) M. Katayama, T. Yamazato, and H. Okada, A Mathematical Model of Noise in Narrowband Power Line Communication Systems, IEEE J. Sel. Areas in Commun., vol.24, no.7, pp. 1267 1276, Jul. 2006. 3) D. Benyoucef, "A New Statistical Model of the Noise Power Density Spectrum for Powerline Communication," in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2003, pp. 136 141, Mar. 26 28, 2003, Kyoto, Japan. 4) T. Esmailian, F. R. Kschischang, and P. Glenn Gulak, In Building Power Lines as High Speed Communication Channels: Channel Characterization and a Test Channel Ensemble, Int. J. of Commun. Syst., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 381 400, Jun. 2003. 5) M. Zimmermann and K. Dostert, An Analysis of the Broadband Noise Scenario in Powerline Networks, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2000, pp. 131 138, Apr. 5 7, 2000, Limerick, Ireland. 6) R. S. Blum, Y. Zhang, B. M. Sadler, and R. J. Kozick, On the Approximation of Correlated Non Gaussian Noise Pdfs Using Gaussian Mixture Models, in Proc. 1st Conference on the Applications of Heavy Tailed Distributions in Economics, Engineering and Statistics, Washington DC, USA, June 1999. 7) D. Middleton, Canonical and Quasi Canonical Probability Models of Class A Interference, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 25, no.2, pp.76 106, May 1983. 8) D. Middleton, Canonical Non Gaussian Noise Models: Their Implications for Measurement and for Prediction of Receiver Performance, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 21, no. 3, pp.209 220, Aug. 1979. 9) D. Middleton, Statistical Physical Models of Electro Magnetic Interference, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol 19, no.3, pp.106 127, Aug. 1977. Physical Layer 1) V. Oksman, and S. Galli, G.hn: The New ITU T Home Networking Standard, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 138 145, Oct. 2009. 2) S. Galli, Advanced Signal Processing for PLCs: Wavelet OFDM, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2008, pp. 187 192, Apr. 2 4, 2008, Jeju Island, Korea. 3) G. Cherubini, E. Eleftheriou, and S. Olcer, Filtered Multitone Modulation for Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Lines, IEEE J. Sel. Areas in Commun., vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1016 1028, Jun. 2002. 4) J. Campello, Optimal Discrete Bit Loading for Multicarrier Modulation Systems, in Proc. Int. Symp. Inf. Theory (ISIT 98), pp. 193, Aug. 16 21, 1998, Cambridge, UK. 5) S. Sandberg, and M. Tzannes, Overlapped Discrete Multitone Modulation for High Speed Copper Wire Communications, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol.13,no. 9, pp. 1571 1585, Dec. 1995. 6) I. Kalet, The Multitone Channel, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 37, pp. 119 124, Feb. 1989. 7) S. Weinstein and P. Ebert, Data Transmission by Frequency Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform, IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol., vol. 19, pp. 628 634, May 1971. 147

Fare clic per Other modificare References lo stile 3 del titolo MAC, Resource Allocation and Cooperative Schemes 1) Y. Ohtomo, K. Kobayashi, and M. Katayama, An Access Control Method Using Repeaters for Multipoint Cyclic Data Gathering Over a PLC Network, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp.376 381, Apr. 3 6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 2) G. Bumiller, L. Lampe, and H. Hrasnica Power Line Communication Network for Large Scale Control and Automation Systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.48,no. 4, Apr. 2010. 3) N. Sawada, T. Yamazato, and M. Katayama, Bit and Power Allocation for Power Line Communications under Nonwhite and Cyclostationary Noise Environment, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC 09), pp. 307 312, Mar. 29 Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. 4) G. Kramer, I. Maric, and R. Yates, Cooperative Communications, Foundation and Trends in Networking, 2007 5) D. Gunduz and E. Erkip, Opportunistic Cooperation by Dynamic Resource Allocation, IEEE Trans. Wireless Comm., pp. 1446 1454, Apr. 2007. 6) L. Lampe, R. Schober and S. Yiu, Distributed Space Time Block Coding for Multihop Transmission inpowerlinecommunicationnetworks, IEEE J. on Sel. Areas in Commun., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1389 1400, Jul. 2006. 7) J. Laneman, D. Tse, and G. Wornell, Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks: Efficient Protocols and Outage Behavior, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3062 3080, Dec. 2004. PLC Standards 1) M. Rahman, et al., Medium Access Control for Power Line Communications: An Overview of the IEEE 1901 and ITU T G.hn Standards, IEEE Commun. Mag.,vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 183 191, Jun. 2011. 2) HomePlug Powerline Alliance, Home Plug Green PHY The Standard For In Home Smart Grid Powerline Communications, v. 1.0, Jun. 2010. 3) V. Oksman and S. Galli, G.hn: The New ITU T Home Networking Standard, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 138 145, Oct. 2009. 4) KNX Association, KNX System Specifications Architecture, v. 3.0, Jun. 2009. 5) HomePlug Powerline Alliance, HomePlug Command & Control (C&C) Overview White Paper, Sep. 2008. 6) HomePlug Powerline Alliance, HomePlug AV System Specifications, Version 1.0.09. Feb. 2007. 7) S. Galli and V. Loginov, Recent Developments in the Standardization of Power Line Communications within the IEEE, IEEE Comm. Mag., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 64 71, Jul. 2008. 8) Unversal Powerline Bus, The UPB System Description, v. 1.4, Apr. 2007. 9) S. Katar, B. Mashburn, K. Afkhamie, H. Latchman, and R. Newman, Channel Adaptation based on Cyclo Stationary Noise Characteristics in PLC Systems, in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2006, pp. 16 21, Mar. 26 29, 2006, Orlando, FL, US. 10) OPERA Specification Part 1: Technology, v1.0, 31/01/06, WP SSWG 11) ERDF, PLC G3 MAC Specifications, [online]. Available: www.maxim.com 12) IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group, Part 14.4: Wireless MAC and PHY Layer Specifications for Low Rate Wireless PAN, 2006. 13) PRIME Alliance Technical Working Group, Draft Standard for Powerline Intelligent Metering Evolution, R. 1.3E. 14) Insteon, The Details, [online]. Available: http://www.insteon.net/pdf/insteondetails.pdf 15) G. Evans, CEBus Demystified, McGrow Hill, 2001. 16) X10, webpage, [online]. Available: http://www.eurox10.com 17) Wavenis OSA, Fact sheet, [online]. Available: http://www.wavenis osa.org/documents/wavenis_osa_membership_pack.zip 18) IEC, CISPR/I/301/CD, Amendment 1 to CISPR 22 Ed.6.0: Addition of limits and methods of measurement for conformance testing of power line telecommunication ports intended for the connection to the mains, 2009 07 31. 148

Short Bio of the Speaker 149

Fare clic per Andrea modificare M. Tonello lo stile Biodel titolo www.diegm.uniud.it/tonello 1996 2002: Member of Technical Staff, and then technical Manager and Director at Bell Labs Lucent, Whippany NJ, USA. 2003 to date: Aggregate professor at the University of Udine. PhD in Electrical Eng. from University of Padova, Italy. Founder and chair of WiPli Lab since 2005. Founder and CEO of WiTiKee s.r.l. Awards: Bell Labs Lucent Recognition of Excellence Award 1999, Royal Academy of Engineering (UK) Distinguished Visiting Fellowship Award 2010, IEEE Vehicular Technology Society Distinguished Lecturer Award for years 2011 12. Paper awards: EURASIP Best Journal Paper Award 2007, IEEE ISPLC 2010 Best Student Paper Award (co author with F. Versolatto), IEEE ISPLC 2011 Best Student Paper Award (co author with. M. Antoniali, M. Lenardon and A. Qualizza), IEEE VTC 2011 Spring Best Paper Award MIMO Track (co author with N. Moret and S. Weiss). IEEE positions: Vice Chair of IEEE TC PLC, Chair of Awards and Nominations Committee of TC PLC, Steering Committee Member of IEEE ISPLC. Editorial positions: Associate editor of IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, Editor IEEE Trans. on Comm., Member of the Editorial Board of ISRN Communications and Networking. Conference positions: Chair of WSPLC 2009, Chair of IEEE ISPLC 2011, TPC co chair IEEE ISPLC 2007, and several others. 150