ITU Kaleidoscope 2014 Living in a converged world - impossible without standards? An experimental test bed for the evaluation of the hidden terminal problems on the IEEE 802.15.5 standard David Rodenas-Herraiz, Antonio-Javier Garcia-Sanchez, Felipe Garcia-Sanchez and Joan Garcia-Haro Department of Information and Communications Technologies Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena (Spain) 1
Summary Motivation IEEE 802.15.5 Mesh Network Forma0on Asynchronous Energy Saving Mode Architecture and Implementation Performance Evaluation 2
Motivation Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs) Destination Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Wireless Mesh Sensor Network (WMSN) Wireless sensor platform: TelosB device provided by MEMSIC Inc. Source Mesh capability Link Scalability Energy reliability efficiency Self-organization Interoperability Robustness Security Multi-hop mesh routing 3
Motivation Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs) 216 surveyed industrial automation professionals and end users (%) 75% have installed or planed a Wireless Sensor Network 75% consider employing IEEE 802.15.4-based WSNs including mesh capability 20% intend to exclusively use Wireless Mesh Sensor Network solutions Fig. 1.3. Trend shown by the industrial automation market in the last few years. On World (Hatler et al., 2012) By 2016, 39% applications and services will be uniquely enabled by Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Mesh Networks (LR-WPAN Mesh) (Hatler et al., 2012) 4
Motivation Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs) Smart Santander City Up to 12.000 nodes deployed in Santander (Spain) to create a Smart City 5
Motivation Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs) GreenOrbs More than 1000 nodes deployed in TianMu Mountain, Zhejiang (China), for long-term ecological surveillance 6
Motivation Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs) 7
Motivation Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs) Feature Multi-hop mesh routing ü û NA NA û û ü Scalability û û NA NA ü ü ü Energy efficiency û û û ü ü ü ü Link reliability û û NA ü û ü ü End-to-end reliability û û NA NA ü ü û Robustness û û NA ü ü ü û Interoperability ü ü ü ü û û ü Self-organization ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Security ü û NA NA ü ü NA Mobility support ü ü NA û ü ü ü 8
Motivation Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs) Decisions Use of IPv6 û ü ü Compatible û ü Compatible In-network addressing scheme 16- bit 128- bit 16- bit 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit Available source code ü ü û Open issue û û Open issue Free-payment contributions û ü û ü û û ü Memory and CPU usage ü ü ü û û û ü Cost ü ü ü ü û û ü Flexibility ü ü ü ü û û ü Large-scale networks û û û û ü ü ü Energy-saving support û û û ü ü ü ü 9
Motivation Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs) The IEEE released in 2009 the IEEE 802.15.5 standard to extend traditional Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) to scalable, robust, energy-efficient and interoperable WMSNs Despite the sought after features already offered by this standard, there is still very few experimental work accessing the performance of IEEE 802.15.5 networks Lack of an open-source implementation available to the scientific and development communities 10
The IEEE 802.15.5 LR-WPAN Mesh standard Anatomy of the current communication stack OSI Reference Model APPLICATION LAYER PRESENTATION LAYER LR-WPAN Mesh Application SESSION LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER NETWORK LAYER DATA LINK LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER IEEE 802.15.5 Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network Mesh layer IEEE 802.15.4-2006 Medium Access Control (MAC) layer IEEE 802.15.4-2006 Physical (PHY) layer 11
The IEEE 802.15.5 LR-WPAN Mesh standard Mesh network formation [14] + [Branch B] Branch 0 A (0-65534) Branch B [11] + [3] = [14] [8] + [3] = [11] 1 (1-15) 4 (4-15) 7 (9-15) [1] 10 (10) 11 (11) [1] [1] + [1] + [3] + [3] = [8] [1] + [3] = [4] 12 (12-15) 15 (15) [1] Mesh Coordinator Mesh device End device 12
The IEEE 802.15.5 LR-WPAN Mesh standard Asynchronous Energy Saving (ASES) mode Conceived for the majority of traditional WSN applications Wakeup Interval (WI) RECEIVER Wakeup Notification (WN) SENDER ID AD Active Duration (AD) AD WN ID WI WN AD WN AD ID DATA Ack Data arrival Wait for the receiver s WN ID WN AD WI = meshbaseactiveduration 2 WO [ms] AD = meshbaseactiveduration 2 AO [ms] 0 Active Order (AO) Wakeup Order (WO) 14 time time Transmission by means of the unslotted CSMA-CA 13
IEEE 802.15.5 Architecture for TinyOS IEEE 802.15.4 implementation (TKN154) by J.-H. Hauer 14
Performance Evaluation The hidden terminal problem The HT problem gives rise to message collisions, leading to further retransmissions and messages lost High energy waste TX 1 TX 1 WN ID DATA DATA AD DATA ID time RX RX ID WN AD time TX 2 TX 2 AD DATA DATA DATA ID time Hidden terminals 15
Performance Evaluation 25 m 25 m 25 m 25 m 25 m Scenario (1.i) Scenario (1.ii) 25 m Receiver Sender Scenario (2) Deployed TelosB devices in an indoor scenario Traffic generation rate: 0.1, 1 and 2 messages per second (127 bytes at the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer) All nodes configured with WO = 4 (WI = 80 ms) and AO = 3 (AD = 40 ms) 16
Results: Single-hop scenario 17
Results: Mesh scenario 18
Conclusions and Future Work Developed first opensource implementation of the IEEE 802.15.5 LR-WPAN Mesh standard for TinyOS Assessed WMSN operation considering HT problems HT problems degrade significantly the WMSN performance q Complete the implementation of the IEEE 802.15.5 standard q Investigate and evaluate solutions to alleviate the HT problems in an IEEE 802.15.5 networks The complete software can be found in the following repository: https://github.com/upct/mesh802155.git 19
Thanks! antoniojavier.garcia@upct.es 20