Salaries, Student Debt, and Employment Opportunities in Psychology Brittany M. Hart William E. Pate, II, M.A. APA Center for Workforce Studies Midwestern Psychological Association 83rd Annual Meeting Chicago, IL May 6, 2011
Mission Statement The Center for Workforce Studies (CWS) collects, analyzes, and disseminates information relevant to psychology's workforce and education system.
Data Source Agency Web Location Doctorate Employment Survey, 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers, Master s, Specialist s, and Related Degrees Employment Survey, Survey of Graduate Departments of Psychology, Student Affiliate Survey American Psychological Association (APA) http://www.apa.org/workforce/ Faculty Salaries Survey APA http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/index.as px Salaries in Psychology APA http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/index.as px The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) U.S. Department of Education http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest Survey of Earned Doctorates1 National Opinion Research Center (NORC) http://www.norc.org/issues/docdata.htm SESTAT National Science Foundation (NSF) http://srsstats.sbe.nsf.gov/ Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering National Survey of Recent College Graduates Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards NSF NSF NSF http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/gradpostdoc/ http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvyrecentgrads/ http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/doctorates/ Survey of Doctorate Recipients2 NSF http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/survey.cfm CPST Commission on Professionals in Science & Technology http://www.cpst.org/ (1) Survey of Earned Doctorates is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the U.S. Department of Education (USED), the National Endowment for Humanities (NEH), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The National Opinion Research Center (NORC) is responsible for the survey. (2) NORC conducts the Survey of Doctorate Recipients for NSF and NIH. 3
Contact Information Email: CWS@apa.org Website: www.apa.org/workforce Telephone: 1-800-374-2721, ext. 5980 4
For Further Information www.apa.org/workforce/presentations A PDF version of this presentation is available for download. 5
Overview Demographic Shifts Degrees in Psychology Financial Support and Debt Employment Characteristics Salaries in Psychology Challenges and Opportunities
Demographic Shifts
Women Demographic Shifts in Psychology % % % Annual Growth % of bachelor s degrees 1 : 1976 & 2006 54 77 3 % of graduate enrollments 2 : 1977 & 2006 47 76 2 % of new doctorates 3 : 1976 & 2009 33 75 3 % of PhDs in workforce 4 : 1973 & 2003 20 50 3 People of Color % of bachelor s degrees 1 : 1976 & 2006 12 27 3 % of graduate enrollments 2 : 1980 & 2006 12 27 3 % of new doctorates 3 : 1977 & 2009 8 19 3 % of PhDs in workforce 4 : 1973 & 2003 2 11 6 Sources: (1) IPEDS, US Department of Education. (2) Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering, NSF. (3) Doctorate Employment Survey, APA. (4) NSF/NIH; Survey of Doctorate Recipients: (1973, 2003). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies. February, 2009. Notes. PsyDs are included in doctoral counts from Doctorate Employment Survey (APA). The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report. 8
Characteristics of Recent Psychology Doctorates: 2009 % Female 75 % Ethnic minority 23 Median Age 34 Mean Age 34 % in HSP subfields 66 % in Research/Other subfields 33 Source: 2009 APA Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Includes PsyDs.
Characteristics of APA Members: 2009 % Female 56 % Ethnic minority 7* Mean Age 54 % in HSP subfields 63** % in Research/Other subfields 15** % in Other (Non-Psychology) fields 6** Source: 2009 APA Directory. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010. Notes. *Ethnic minority percentage represents an undercount due to high non-response rate for ethnicity item. **Subfield percentages represent an at least count due to non-response rate for this item in the Directory Survey.
Degrees in Psychology Degrees Awarded Time to Degree
Psychology s Educational Pipeline High School Community College BA/BS MA MS PhD PsyD Continuing Ed
Number of Psychology Degrees Conferred by Level of Degree: 1970-2009 95,000 90,000 85,000 80,000 75,000 70,000 65,000 60,000 55,000 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Bachelors Masters Doctorate Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), "Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred" surveys, and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), "Completions" surveys. 13
Science, Engineering and Health Graduates by Field of Degree: 2006 Health Engineering Psychology Computer Sciences Bachelor's Master's Life Sciences Physical Sciences 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Percent Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, National Survey of Recent College Graduates (2006). Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.
Degree Fields of Psychology PhDs Awarded in 1988-2008 Percent 40 30 20 10 0 Clinical Counseling General Social & Personality Developmental Experimental/Physiological I/O Cognitive School Educational Human Dev. & Family Other 1988 1998 2008 Source: NSF/NIH/USED/NEH/USDA/NASA; 2008 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA CWS, June 2010. Notes. Data for Human Development and Family Psychology was not available for 1988. 15
Number of PhDs and PsyDs Awarded in Psychology 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1988 1991 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008 PhD PsyD Source: Data are from APA s Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April, 2009 Note. Data on PsyDs represent an undercount as several departments did not report number of PsyDs awarded. 16
Number of Clinical PhDs and PsyDs Awarded in Psychology: 1988-2008 1,600 Number of Degrees 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 PhD PsyD Source: Data on PsyDs are from Graduate Study in Psychology (APA). Data on PhDs are drawn from NSF/NIH/USED/NEH/USDA/NASA; 2007 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, June 2010. Note. Data on PsyDs represent an undercount as several departments did not report number of PsyDs awarded. 17
Debt and Financial Support Levels of Debt Sources of Support
Debt Related to Graduate Education Reported by Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 <10K - 9.8% 10-20K - 10.4% 20-40K - 16.6% No Debt 31.8% Debt 68.2% 40-60K - 15.5% 60-80K - 11.2% 80-100K - 13.9% >100K - 22.6% Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Includes PsyDs. 19
Debt Related to Graduate Education by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Health Service Provider Subfields Research/Other Subfields No Debt 21.9% Debt 48.4% No Debt 51.6% Debt 78.1% Median $80,000 Mean $88,610 SD $57,749 Median $32,000 Mean $49,440 SD $44,871 Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Includes PsyDs. 20
$70,000 $60,000 $50,000 Median Debt by Year: Doctorate Recipients Who Reported Any Debt $40,000 $30,000 Actual Adjusted $20,000 $10,000 $0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Source: Doctorate Employment Survey, selected years, APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009. Note: Debt adjusted for inflation from Consumer Price Index. 21
Level of Debt by Type of Degree for Recent Doctorates: 2009 30 Percent 20 10 0 <10K 10-20K 20-40K 40-60K 60-80K 80-100K Amount of Debt 100-120K 120-140K 140-160K >160K PhD (N=577) PsyD (N=272) Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. 22
Primary Sources of Financial Support by Broad Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Health Service Provider Subfields Research and Other Subfields Not Specified 1.8% Univ. Scholarship 6.3% Grants 4.0% Other 2.7% Own Earnings 18.5% Univ. Scholarship 10.2% Not Specified 2.2% Other 3.7% Own Earnings 13.2% Grants 9.8% Loans 41.8% Univ. RA/TA 24.8% Loans 14.3% Univ. RA/TA 46.6% Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Includes PsyDs.
Loan Repayment/Forgiveness Programs National Health Service Corps www.hrsa.loanscholarships/repayment American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 www.hrsa.loanscholarships/repayment National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities www.nimhd.gov National Institutes of Health www.lrp.nih.gov Federal Student Loan Repayment Program www.opm.gov/oca/pay/studentloan U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Army Reserve Medical Corps www.goarmy.com/ammed
Financial Support and Debt Summary Those in HSP subfields complete their programs with debt at a higher proportion when compared to those in research and other subfields. Debt levels and financial support are functions of degree and subfield. Tuition costs and living expenses = highest contributors to debt HSP psychologists that do have debt report it at higher levels than non-hsp psychologists. In general, PhDs report lower debt levels than PsyDs. Overall, for those PhDs that do report debt, it is significantly less than PsyD debt. Research available loan forgiveness/repayment programs!
Employment Characteristics
Recent Psychology Graduates by Employment Sector and Level of Degree: 2006 70 60 50 Percent 40 30 20 10 Bachelors Masters 0 Educational Institution Government Business/ Industry Employment Sector Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, National Survey of Recent College Graduates (2006). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, January 2010. Note. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report. 27
Time to Current Job: Recent Doctorates in Psychology 60 50 40 Percent 30 20 10 0 In job when began Before completing program Within 3 months 4-6 months More than 6 months Not specified 1993 (N=1,657) 1997 (N=1,702) 2001 (N=1,353) 2005 (N=1,327) 2009 (N=862) Source: APA Doctorate Employment Surveys, specified years. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Includes PsyDs. 28
Primary Full-time Employment Settings by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Academia School/Other Educ. Setting Hospitals Managed Care Health Service Provider (N=472) Research/Other (N=267) Independent Practice Other Human Service Bus./Gov't/Other 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Percent Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011. Note. Includes PsyDs. 29
Employment Characteristics of Psychology PhDs: 2006 Psychology PhDs 100% Employed 89.4% Not Employed 10.6% Full-time 68.8% Part-time 20.6% Retired 7.8% Unemployed, Seeking employment 0.8% Unemployed, not seeking 2.0% Source: NSF/NIH; 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009 Notes. Postdoctorate information is not included in this chart, but is reported separately. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.
Employment Characteristics of Psychology PsyDs: 2008 Source: 2008 APA Directory data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009 Notes: *Approximately 4% of employed PsyDs have an unknown status, 1% of PsyDs fall into an other category not listed above. Psychology PsyDs 100% Employed* 97.2% Not Employed 2.8% Full-time 71.4% Postdoctoral Study 3.3% Part-time 18.7% Retired 1.2% Unemployed, Seeking employment 0.7% Unemployed, not seeking 0.9%
Primary Employment Settings for Full-Time HSP Psychologists: 2008 Human Service 28.7% University 12.4% Private Practice 37.7% Other 9.3% Other Educational Setting 10.4% Source: 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers. Compiled by APA CWS, June 2010. 32
Employment Characteristics Summary Most psychologists are employed low unemployment rate. Recent doctorates find positions quickly (if not already in those positions). Private practice is the most common work setting for HSP psychologists.
Salaries in Psychology
Median Annual Full-time Salaries in Psychology By Degree Type: 2006 $70 $60 $70 $50 Thousands $40 $30 $20 $30 $40 $10 $0 BA/BS Masters PhD Degree Type Source: NSF/Division of Science Resources Statistics, 2006 National Survey of Recent College Graduates, and NSF/NIH 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.
Median Annual Full-time Salaries in Psychology By Level of Degree and Median Years Work Experience: 2009 Thousands $100 $90 $80 $70 $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 $58 $85 $89 Masters (10 yrs.) Doctorate (18 yrs.) Other (14 yrs.) Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010. Note: Other degree=e.g. J.D., or LCSW
Median Annual Full-time Salaries in Psychology By Type of Degree and Median Years Work Experience: 2009 Thousands $100 $90 $80 $70 $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 $75 PsyD (8 yrs.) $84 Clinical PhD (8 yrs.) Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009. Note. PsyD N=1114, Clinical PhD N=100.
Starting Salaries in Psychology by Gender and Position: 2007 $80 $70 $60 Thousands $50 $40 Female $30 Male $20 $10 $0 Assist.Prof Applied Psych Research Employment Position Direct Human Services Source: 2007 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009.
Starting Salaries for Full-time Employment Positions of Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Asst professor* (N=133) Lecturer/Instructor* (N=14) Other positions (N=46) Research positions (N=72) Direct human svcs (N=270) Educational Admin (N=13) Admin of human svcs (N=21) Applied (N=60) $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 Thousands Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June 2011. Notes. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. * Faculty salaries are for all higher education, including undergraduate and community college. Salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.
Starting and Expected Starting Salaries for Faculty in US Doctoral Departments of Psychology: 2009-2011 U.S. Dollars Public $66,000 $64,000 Private $62,000 $60,000 $58,000 $56,000 $54,000 $52,000 Median '09-'10 Salary Expected '10-'11 Salary Expected with 2 yrs. PD* Starting Salary Type Note: *= postdoc. Salaries are reported on a 9-10 month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalents, multiply by 11/9. Source: 2009-2010 Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology Survey, Preliminary Data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010.
9-10 Month Salaries for Full-Time Faculty in US Graduate Departments of Psychology* by Faculty Rank and Department Type: 2009-2010 $120,000 Doctoral $100,000 Master's U.S. Dollars $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 $0 Full Professor Associate Professor Faculty Rank Assistant Professor Source: 2009-2010 Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology Survey, Preliminary Data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010. Note.*= Public institutions only.
Full-time Salaries of Doctoral-Level Psychologists by Employment Position and Median Years Work Experience: 2009 Full professor* (28 yrs.) Associate professor* (13 yrs.) Assistant professor* (6 yrs.) Lecturer/Instructor* (11 yrs.) Admin of human svcs (20 yrs.) Applied psych./i-o (15 yrs.) Direct human services (17 yrs.) Education admin (25 yrs.) Other admin (22 yrs.) Other position (18 yrs.) Research admin (19 yrs.) Research position (9 yrs.) $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 Thousands Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey, Preliminary Data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009. Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate 11-12 month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.
Full-time Salaries of Doctoral-level Psychologists by Employment Setting: 2009 Business School or Dept. (N=97) Federal Gov. Agency (N=220) VA Med. Center (N=170) Medical School, Psychiatry (N=366) Individual Private Practice (N=1076) Non-Profit Org. (N=179) Group Psych Practice (N=439) Criminal Justice System (N=168) University Psych Dep. (N=1271) Private general hospital (N=160) Comm. Mental Hlth. Cntr. (N=191) $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 Thousands Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA-Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009. Notes. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs.
Employment and Salaries Summary Employment At all degree levels: majority are employed Self-employment & academia still most popular settings Men: women ratio differs by employment setting Salaries Large ranges dependent on: years experience, setting, position, degree, etc. Adjusting for inflation psych salaries have decreased over time for all settings Sources: 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers, 2009-2010 APA Faculty Salaries Survey, NSF/Division of Science Resources Statistics, 2006 National Survey of Recent College Graduates, and NSF/NIH 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients and 2009 APA Salaries in Psychology Survey. Data compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.
Challenges and Opportunities Internship Match Imbalance Challenges for Psychology Areas of Need and Opportunities
Internship Match Imbalance Insufficient numbers of internships offered in the APPIC internship match to meet the numbers of students seeking internships. Long-standing in duration 846 students (23%) did not get an internship in 2010 match (279 unfilled positions).* Source: *Association for Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC).
Challenges for Psychology Organizational shifts affecting work Defining Psychology Attracting and retaining a diverse workforce Masters-level population Perceived underemployment Salaries and Reimbursement Internship Imbalance-APA s active role Debt levels
Areas of Need/Opportunities for those in the Field Underserved populations Individuals in corrections Chronically mentally Ill (Axis I diagnosis) Veterans/military Youth/children Elderly/geriatric population Retiring/Aging baby boomer generations psychology Opportunities for prevention vs. intervention Health Care Reform-medical teams, holistic care teams
For Further Information Website: www.apa.org/workforce Telephone: 1.800.374.2721 ext 5980 2011 APA Center for Workforce Studies
Thank You! Salaries, Student Debt, and Employment Opportunities in Psychology 2011 APA Center for Workforce Studies