COB 302 Management Information System (Lesson 8) Dr. Stanley Wong Macau University of Science and Technology Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges 安 全 與 倫 理 挑 戰 Remarks: Some of the contents in this series of files are taken from the course book (Management Information Systems by O Brien and Marakas) and other materials published by McGraw-Hill. 1-2
Learning Objectives Identify several ethical issues on how the use of information technologies in business affects Employment Individuality Working conditions Privacy Crime Health Solutions to societal problems 13-3 Learning Objectives Identify several types of security management strategies and defenses, and explain how they can be used to ensure the security of business applications of information technology Propose several ways that business managers and professionals can help to lessen the harmful effects and increase the beneficial effects associated with the use of information technology 13-4
IT Security, Ethics, and Society 13-5 IT Security, Ethics, and Society Information technology has both beneficial ( 有 益 ) and detrimental ( 有 害 ) effects on society and people Manage work activities to minimize the detrimental effects ( 盡 量 減 少 不 利 的 影 響 ) of information technology Optimize the beneficial effects ( 優 化 正 面 影 響 ) 13-6
Business Ethics Managers in making decisions day-to-day may need to address the following ethics questions Equity ( 公 平 ) Rights ( 權 利 ) Honesty ( 誠 實 ) Exercise of corporate power ( 行 使 公 司 權 力 ) 13-7 Categories of Ethical Business Issues 知 識 產 權 私 隱 權 公 司 信 息 安 全 工 作 場 所 安 全 13-8
AITP Standards of Professional Conduct 13-9 Responsible Professional Guidelines A responsible professional Acts with integrity ( 誠 信 ) Increases personal competence ( 個 人 能 力 ) Sets high standards of personal performance Accepts responsibility ( 承 擔 責 任 ) for his/her work Advances ( 提 升 ) the health, privacy, and general welfare of the public 13-10
Computer Crime Computer crime includes Unauthorized use, access, modification, or destruction of hardware, software, data, or network resources The unauthorized release of information The unauthorized copying of software Denying ( 拒 絕 ) an end user access to his/her own hardware, software, data, or network resources Using or conspiring ( 串 謀 ) to use computer or network resources illegally to obtain information or tangible property 13-11 Hacking Hacking is The obsessive use ( 濫 用 ) of computers The unauthorized access and use of networked computer systems Electronic Breaking and Entering Hacking into a computer system and reading files, but neither stealing nor damaging anything Cracker A malicious ( 惡 意 ) or criminal ( 犯 罪 ) hacker ( 黑 客 ) who maintains knowledge of the vulnerabilities ( 漏 洞 ) found for private advantage ( 私 利 ) 13-12
Common Hacking Tactics Denial of Service (DoS, 拒 絕 服 務 ) Hammering ( 攻 擊 ) a website s equipment with too many requests for information ( 資 訊 請 求 ) Clogging ( 堵 塞 ) the system, slowing performance, or crashing the site Scans Widespread probes ( 試 探 ) of the Internet to determine types of computers, services, and connections Looking for weaknesses 13-13 Common Hacking Tactics Sniffer ( 嗅 探 ) Programs that search individual packets of data as they pass through the Internet Capturing passwords or entire contents Spoofing ( 偽 冒 ) Faking an e-mail address or Web page to trick users into passing along critical information like passwords or credit card numbers 13-14
Common Hacking Tactics Trojan Horse ( 特 洛 伊 木 馬 ) A program that, unknown to the user, contains instructions that exploit a known vulnerability in some software Back Doors A hidden point of entry to be used in case the original entry point is detected or blocked Malicious Applets ( 惡 意 小 程 序 ) Tiny Java programs that misuse your computer s resources, modify files on the hard disk, send fake email, or steal passwords 13-15 Common Hacking Tactics War Dialing 撥 號 偵 測 閒 置 的 數 據 機 Programs that automatically dial thousands of telephone numbers in search of a way in through a modem connection Logic Bombs ( 邏 輯 炸 彈 ) An instruction in a computer program that triggers a malicious act Buffer Overflow ( 緩 存 溢 出 ) Crashing or gaining control of a computer by sending too much data to buffer memory 13-16
Common Hacking Tactics Password Crackers Software that can guess passwords Social Engineering ( 社 交 工 程 ) Gaining access to computer systems by talking unsuspecting company employees out of valuable information, such as passwords Dumpster Diving ( 垃 圾 桶 尋 寶 ) 直 接 向 對 方 套 話 Sifting through a company s garbage to find information to help break into their computers 13-17 Cyber Theft Many computer crimes involve the theft of money The majority are inside jobs that involve unauthorized network entry and alternation of computer databases to cover the tracks of the employees involved Many attacks occur through the Internet Most companies don t reveal ( 不 會 透 露 ) that they have been targets or victims ( 受 害 者 ) of cybercrime ( 網 絡 犯 罪 ) 13-18
Unauthorized Use at Work Unauthorized use of computer systems and networks is time and resource theft ( 盜 用 時 間 和 資 源 ) Doing private consulting Doing personal finances Playing video games Unauthorized use of the Internet or company networks Sniffers Used to monitor network traffic or capacity Find evidence of improper use 13-19 Internet Abuses ( 濫 用 ) in the Workplace General email abuses Unauthorized usage and access Copyright infringement/plagiarism Newsgroup postings Transmission of confidential data Pornography Hacking Non-work-related download/upload Leisure use of the Internet Use of external ISPs Moonlighting 13-20
Software Piracy Software Piracy Unauthorized copying of computer programs Licensing Purchasing software is really a payment for a license for fair use ( 合 理 使 用 / 公 平 使 用 ) Site license allows a certain number of copies A third of the software industry s revenues are lost to piracy 反 思 : 什 麼 是 公 平? 13-21 Theft of Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Copyrighted material Includes such things as music, videos, images, articles, books, and software Copyright Infringement is Illegal Peer-to-peer networking techniques have made it easy to trade pirated intellectual property Publishers Offer Inexpensive Online Music Illegal downloading of music and video is down and continues to drop 不 公 平 的 價 格 可 能 是 知 識 產 權 盜 竊 的 主 要 原 因 13-22
蠕 蟲 是 可 以 自 動 自 我 複 製 的 病 Viruses ( 病 毒 ) and Worms ( 蠕 蟲 ) A virus is a program that cannot work without being inserted into another program A worm can run unaided ( These programs copy annoying or destructive routines into networked computers Copy routines spread the virus Commonly transmitted through The Internet and online services Email and file attachments Disks from contaminated computers Shareware 毒 ) 13-23 The Cost of Viruses, Trojans, Worms Cost of the top five virus families Nearly 115 million computers in 200 countries were infected in 2004 Up to 11 million computers are believed to be permanently infected In 2004, total economic damage from virus proliferation was $166 to $202 billion Average damage per computer is between $277 and $366 13-24
Adware and Spyware Adware ( 廣 告 軟 件 ) Software that purports ( 看 來 ) to serve a useful purpose, and often does Allows advertisers to display pop-up and banner ads without the consent of the computer users Spyware ( 間 諜 軟 件 ) Adware that uses an Internet connection in the background, without the user s permission or knowledge Captures information about the user and sends it over the Internet 13-25 Spyware Problems Spyware can steal private information and also Add advertising links to Web pages Redirect affiliate payments Change a users home page and search settings Make a modem randomly call premium-rate phone numbers Leave security holes ( 安 全 漏 洞 ) Degrade system performance Removal programs are often not completely successful in eliminating spyware 13-26
Privacy Issues The power of information technology to store and retrieve information can have a negative effect on every individual s right to privacy Personal information is collected with every visit to a Web site Confidential information stored by credit bureaus, credit card companies, and the government has been stolen or misused 13-27 Security Management of IT The Internet was developed for inter-operability ( 互 通 性 ), not impenetrability ( 互 斥 ) Business managers and professionals alike are responsible for the security, quality, and performance of business information systems Hardware, software, networks, and data resources must be protected by a variety of security measures 13-28
Security Management The goal of security management is the accuracy ( 準 確 性 ), integrity ( 完 整 性 ), and safety of all information system processes ( 系 統 進 程 ) and resources ( 資 源 ) 13-29 Internetworked Security Defenses Encryption Data is transmitted in scrambled form It is unscrambled by computer systems for authorized users only The most widely used method uses a pair of public and private keys unique to each individual 13-30
Public/Private Key Encryption 13-31 Internetworked Security Defenses Firewalls A gatekeeper system that protects a company s intranets and other computer networks from intrusion Provides a filter and safe transfer point for access to/from the Internet and other networks Important for individuals who connect to the Internet with DSL or cable modems Can deter hacking, but cannot prevent it 13-32
Internet and Intranet Firewalls 13-33 Denial of Service Attacks Denial of service attacks depends on three layers of networked computer systems The victim s website The victim s Internet service provider Zombie or slave computers that have been commandeered by the cybercriminals 13-34
Defending Against Denial of Service At Zombie ( 殭 屍 ) Machines Set and enforce security policies ( 制 定 和 執 行 安 全 政 策 ) Scan for vulnerabilities ( 漏 洞 掃 描 ) At the ISP Monitor and block traffic spikes ( 尖 峰 ) At the Victim s Website Create backup servers and network connections 13-35 Internetworked Security Defenses Email Monitoring ( 郵 件 監 控 ) Use of content monitoring software that scans for troublesome words that might compromise corporate security Virus Defenses ( 病 毒 防 禦 ) Centralize the updating and distribution of antivirus software Use a security suite that integrates virus protection with firewalls, Web security, and content blocking features 13-36
Other Security Measures Security Codes ( 安 全 碼 ) Multilevel password system Encrypted passwords ( 加 密 密 碼 ) Smart cards ( 智 能 卡 ) with microprocessors Backup Files ( 文 件 備 份 ) Duplicate files of data or programs Security Monitors ( 安 全 監 控 ) Monitor the use of computers and networks Protects them from unauthorized use, fraud ( 詐 騙 ), and destruction ( 破 壞 ) 13-37 Other Security Measures 視 網 膜 掃 Biometrics ( 生 物 識 別 技 術 ) Voice recognition, fingerprints, retina scan ( Computer devices measure physical traits that make each individual unique ( 個 人 獨 特 的 ) Computer Failure Controls ( 電 腦 故 障 控 制 ) Prevents computer failures or minimizes its effects Preventive maintenance Arrange backups with a disaster recovery organization 描 ) 13-38
Other Security Measures In the event of a system failure, fault-tolerant systems have redundant ( 冗 餘 ) processors, peripherals, and software that provide Fail-over capability ( 容 錯 移 轉 能 力 ) : shifts to back up components Fail-save capability ( 故 障 保 护 能 力 ) : the system continues to operate at the same level Fail-soft capability ( 故 障 弱 化 能 力 ) : the system continues to operate at a reduced but acceptable level 13-39 Other Security Measures A disaster recovery plan ( 災 難 恢 復 計 劃 ) contains formalized procedures to follow in the event of a disaster Which employees will participate What their duties will be What hardware, software, and facilities will be used Priority of applications that will be processed Use of alternative facilities Offsite storage of databases 13-40
Information System Controls Methods and devices that attempt to ensure the accuracy ( 準 確 性 ), validity ( 有 效 性 ), and propriety ( 合 乎 規 範 ) of information system activities 13-41 Auditing IT Security IT Security Audits Performed by internal or external auditors Review and evaluation of security measures and management policies Goal is to ensure that proper and adequate measures and policies are in place 13-42
Protecting Yourself from Cybercrime 13-43