Computers and Society: Security and Privacy
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1 1 Chapter 12 Computers and Society: Security and Privacy 2 Chapter 12 Objectives 3 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards What is a computer security risk? 4 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is a computer virus? 2 Potentially damaging program that affects computer negatively by altering way computer works Segment of program code from some outside source that implants itself in computer 5 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What are the ways viruses can be activated? 2 Opening infected file Running infected program Booting computer with infected floppy disk in disk drive 6 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is the source of a virus? 2 Written by programmer Some write viruses as challenge Others write viruses to cause destruction or to slow Internet 7 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards What are signs of a virus infection? 8 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards What are the three main types of virus? 9 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards How do viruses activate? 10 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 How can you protect your system from a macro virus? 2 Set macro s security level in all applications that allow you to write macros At medium security level, warning displays when you attempt to open document that contains macro 11 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What does an antivirus program do? 2 Detects and identifies viruses Inoculates existing program files Removes or quarantines viruses Creates rescue disk 12 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1
2 1 How does an antivirus program scan for a virus? 2 Scans for Programs that attempt to modify boot program, operating system, and other programs that normally read from but not modified Files you download from the Web attachments Files you open All removable media, such as a floppy 13 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 How does an antivirus program inoculate a program file? 2 Antivirus program records file size and creation date and uses this information to detect if a virus tampers with inoculated program file 14 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards What two types of virus are more difficult to detect? 15 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What does an antivirus program do once it detects a virus? 2 Removes virus if possible Quarantines infected file in folder on hard disk 16 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is a rescue disk? 2 Removable disk that contains uninfected copy of key operating system commands and startup information Upon startup, rescue disk finds and removes boot sector virus 17 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What should you do if a virus infects your system? 2 Remove virus If you share data with other users, then immediately inform them of virus infection 18 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 How can you stay informed about viruses? 2 Several Web sites publish list of virus alerts and virus hoaxes 19 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is unauthorized access? 2 Use of computer or network without permission 20 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards How can unauthorized access and use be prevented? 21 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 How can you make your password more secure? 2 Longer passwords provide greater security 2
3 22 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 How should you select a user name and password? 2 Avoid obvious passwords, such as your initials or birthday Select password that is easy for you to remember 23 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is a biometric device? 2 Translates person s characteristics into digital code that is compared to digital code stored in computer 24 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is a fingerprint scanner? 2 Captures curves and indentations of a fingerprint 25 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is a hand geometry system? 2 Measures shape and size of person s hand Typically used as time and attendance device by large companies 26 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is a face recognition system? 2 Captures face image and compares it to stored image to see if person is legitimate user Can recognize people with or without glasses, makeup, or jewelry, and with new hairstyles 27 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is an iris verification system? 2 Reads patterns in tiny blood vessels in back of eye 28 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is an audit trail? 2 Records in file both successful and unsuccessful access attempts 29 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is software theft? 2 Can range from someone stealing media that contains software to intentional piracy of software Software piracy is unauthorized and illegal duplication of copyrighted software 30 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards Single-User License vs Site License 31 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is encryption? 2 Process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access 3
4 Used to transmit files over Internet 32 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What are some data encryption methods? 2 Encryption key (formula) often uses more than one of these methods 33 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards How does public key encryption work? 34 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is a system failure? 2 Prolonged malfunction of computer Can cause loss of hardware, software, data, or information 35 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is a surge protector? 2 Smoothes out minor noise, provides stable current flow, and keeps overvoltage from reaching computer Amount of protection proportional to its cost Also called surge suppressor 36 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is an uninterruptible power supply (UPS)? 2 Surge protector and battery that can provide power during temporary loss of power 37 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards How do the types of backup compare? 38 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What are backup procedures? 2 Specify regular plan of copying and storing important data and program files 39 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards What is a three-generation backup policy? 40 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What is a disaster recovery plan? 2 Written plan describing steps company would take to restore computer operations in event of a disaster Contains four major components 41 Computer Security: Risks and Safeguards 1 What services can help with security plans? 2 International Computer Security Association (ICSA) can assist companies and individuals who need help with computer security plans 4
5 42 Internet and Network Security 1 How do Web browsers provide secure data transmission? 2 Many Web browsers use encryption Web site that uses encryption techniques to secure its data is k nown as secure site Use digital certificates with security protocol 43 Internet and Network Security 1 What is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)? 2 Provides private-key encryption of all data that passes between client and server 44 Internet and Network Security 1 What is Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)? 2 One of most popular digital encryption programs Freeware for personal, non-commercial users Uses public-key encryption scheme 45 Internet and Network Security 1 What is a digital signature? 2 Encrypted code that person, Web site, or company attaches to electronic message to verify identity of message sender Code usually consists of user's name and hash of all or part of message 46 Internet and Network Security 1 What is a personal firewall? 2 Software program that detects and protects personal computer and its data from unauthorized intrusions Constantly monitors all transmissions to and from computer Informs you of any attempted intrusions 47 Internet and Network Security 1 What is another way to protect your personal computer? 2 Disable File and Print Sharing on Internet connection 48 Information Privacy 1 What is information privacy? 2 Right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict collection and use of information about them More difficult to maintain today because huge databases store this data in online 5
6 databases 49 Information Privacy What are ways to safeguard personal information? 50 Information Privacy What are ways to safeguard personal information (continued)? 51 Information Privacy What is an electronic profile? 52 Information Privacy 1 What is a cookie? 2 Small file that Web server stores on your computer Typically contains data about you Web site can read data only from its own cookie file Some Web sites sell or trade information stored in your cookie to advertisers 53 Information Privacy How can cookies track user preferences? 54 Information Privacy 1 How can you set your browser to control cookies? 2 Set browser to accept cookies automatically, or prompt you if you wish to accept cookie, or disable cookie use Many Web sites do not allow you to access features if you disable cookie use 55 Information Privacy 1 What is a cookie manager? 2 Software program that selectively blocks cookies 56 Information Privacy 1 What is spyware? 2 Program placed on computer without user's knowledge Secretly collects information about user Can enter computer as virus or as a result of installing new program 57 Information Privacy How can you control spam? 58 Information Privacy 1 What privacy laws have been enacted? 2 Many federal and state laws regarding storage and disclosure of personal data, such as: 59 Information Privacy 1 What is employee monitoring? 2 Using computers to observe employee s computer use, including , keyboard activity, and Web sites visited Legal for employers to use monitoring software programs 60 Information Privacy 6
7 1 What is one of the most controversial issues surrounding the Internet? 2 Availability of objectionable material such as racist literature and obscene pictures 61 Information Privacy 1 What is filtering software? 2 Can restrict access to specified Web sites Some filter sites use specific words Others filter messages and chat rooms 62 Summary of Computers and Society: Security and Privacy Computer security: risks and safeguards How viruses work and how to prevent them Internet and network security Information privacy 7
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