Modelling Electricity Spot Prices A Regime-Switching Approach

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Modelling Electricity Spot Prices A Regime-Switching Approach Dr. Gero Schindlmayr EnBW Trading GmbH Financial Modelling Workshop Ulm September 2005 Energie braucht Impulse

Agenda Model Overview Daily Price Process Hourly Profile Process Backtesting Applications Outlook 2

Electricity Spot Prices Features seasonality (yearly, weekly, daily) spikes Explanation power not efficiently storable => no cash-and-carry arbitrage inelastic demand curve seasonal weather-dependent demand pattern events can cause market shocks (plant outages, low water levels, extreme temperature) 3

Marginal Costs of Generation costs include CO2 emission certificates Demand??? brown coal nuclear coal oil equilibrium price gas 4

Historical Hourly Spot Prices EEX 5

Fundamental and Stochastic Approaches Fundamental model system generation and load price = marginal generation costs needs fuel prices and data about generation capacity many sources of uncertainty (generation, import/export, ) Stochastic view power prices as time series choose appropriate stochastic process calibrate to price data needs only prices as input data Hybrid use both approaches (e.g. SMaPS 1 ) Here we concentrate on the stochastic approach! 1 M.Burger, B.Klar, A.Müller, G.Schindlmayr A spot market model for pricing derivatives in electricity markets, Quantitative Finance 4 (2004) 109-122 6

Model Overview Notation: hourly log prices regime-switching AR(1)-process daily mean log price s(t) daily log profile h(t) PCA-decomposition + ARMA-process Different processes for business days and non-business days 7

Daily Price Process: Seasonality Seasonal component: dummy variables for weekdays, holidays, vacation periods (1,..,N d ) sin/cos regressors for yearly seasonality linear trend 8

Daily Price Process: Seasonal Component EEX 9

Daily Price Process: Regime-Switching AR(1) Model: r k = regime at time k transition matrix (for two regimes): calibration: Hamilton filter (max. likelihood optimization) example: EEX (Jan 01 May 05) 10

Daily Price Process: Regime Identification residuals probability spike regime 11

Daily Price Process: Autocorrelation of Residuals 12

Daily Price Process: Q-Q Plot of Residuals 13

Hourly Profiles: PCA Decomposition Regression: seasonal component PCA decomposition for 24h-residuals stochastic model for factor loads ARMA(p,q) for z i k For spike regime: take random historical profile according to season and weekday 14

Hourly Profiles: Seasonal Component 15

Hourly Profiles: Principal Component Vectors 16

Hourly Profiles: PCA Explained Variance 17

Hourly Profiles: Factor Load Autocorrelation of Residuals 18

The Long-Term Dynamics Model: f(t) : seasonal (deterministic) component y t : regime-switching process h t : hourly profile process l t : long term process t Future price: for T>>t short term dynamics: long term dynamics long-term approximation: Black s future price model Calibration s = f ( t) + y + h + l t t t t t l µ + "! 1 2 + 1 = ( t # 2 " l ) [ yt ]! E[ yt ], Et[ ht ] E[ ht ] = E [ S ]! C( T ) [ exp( l )] E! F t, T t T Et l l t t 19 historical volatility or implied volatility (depending on application)

Simulation Results: Sample Paths 20

Simulation Results: Histogram Prices 100-250 /MWh 21

Backtesting: Calibration Stability moving two-year calibration period parameter base regime parameter spike regime transition probabilities 22

Backtesting: 1-Day-Forecasting Quality (excl. Holidays) Holidays 23

Backtesting: Quantile-Statistics How do the probability distributions compare? histogram to analyze, how often the real spot price falls into which quantile of the model distribution period: 01.07.2004 30.06.2005 calibration off-sample (uses data from 01.01.2001-30.06.2005) frequency 24 quantile

Applications: Option Pricing Electricity Option Option on Forwards Underlying: Forward contract for delivery month/quarter/year Swing Option Daily/hourly exercise energy constraints Daily/Hourly Option Virtual Power Plants Hourly exercise multi-commodity technical constraints Strip of options for daily/hourly exercise Underlying: daily product (base/peak) or single hour 25

Applications: Option Pricing and Hedging Hourly call option period: 01/01/2006 01/01/2007 strike: 60 /MWh capacity: 10 MW Pricing results price: 380.000 inner value: 190.000 profit-at-risk (95%): 160.000 mean exercise 16 GWh (1600 h) 26

Applications: Mean Exercise Schedule 12 10 8 MW 6 4 2 0 January 2006 27

Applications: Hedging Strategies energetic hedging calculate mean exercise schedule sell energetic equivalent base and peak contracts delta hedging calculate delta sensitivities with respect to base/peak forward prices construct delta neutral portfolio variance-minimizing hedge calculate hedge ratios by minimizing portfolio variance 28

Applications: Analyzing Hedging Strategies 350 frequency 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 no hedge delta hedge energy hedge 0-500.000-400.000-300.000-200.000-100.000 100.000 200.000 300.000 400.000 500.000 P&L [EUR] 29

Outlook better coupling of business days and non-business days improve dynamics of hourly profiles, especially during spike regime integration of spot and future price models multi-commodity model: integrate fuel and CO2 prices 30