How To Diagnose And Treat Community Acquired Pneumonia



Similar documents
Urinary Tract Infections

PLAN OF ACTION FOR. Physician Name Signature License Date

Nursing college, Second stage Microbiology Dr.Nada Khazal K. Hendi L14: Hospital acquired infection, nosocomial infection

Marilyn Borkgren-Okonek, APN, CCNS, RN, MS Suburban Lung Associates, S.C. Elk Grove Village, IL

Pneumonia Education and Discharge Instructions

ANTIBIOTICS IN SEPSIS

Right-sided infective endocarditis:tunisian experience

UPDATE ON PNEUMONIA COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA - UPDATE. PNEUMONIA Incidence. Michael E. Hanley, M.D. University of Colorado

Oxygen Therapy. Oxygen therapy quick guide V3 July 2012.

Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults

Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults

The new Heart Failure pathway

Oxygen - update April 2009 OXG

Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection Treatment Guideline

Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection that makes the tiny air sacs in your lungs inflamed (swollen and sore). They then fill with liquid.

Community-Acquired, Health Care Associated, and Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia Three Variations of a Serious Disease

Management of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Primary Care

The Sepsis Puzzle: Identification, Monitoring and Early Goal Directed Therapy

Solid Organ Transplantation

Irish Association for Emergency Medicine (IAEM) submission to the National COPD Strategy

SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX AS A COMPLICATION OF SEPTIC PULMONARY EMBOLISM IN AN INTRAVENOUS DRUG USER: A CASE REPORT

Develop an understanding of the differential diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis

Documenting & Coding. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Presented by: David S. Brigner, MLA, CPC

Antimicrobial Stewardship for Hospital Acquired Infection Prevention: Focus on C. difficile infection

Why Do Some Antibiotics Fail?

April 2015 CALGARY ZONE CLINICAL REFERENCE PULMONARY CENTRAL ACCESS & TRIAGE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

The Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases

TB CARE EARLY DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS (TB) IN CHILDREN. Risk factors in children acquiring TB:

Influenza (Flu) Influenza is a viral infection that may affect both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. There are three types of flu virus:

Prevention of Acute COPD exacerbations

Standard of Care: Pulmonary Physical Therapy Management of the patient with pulmonary disease

11/2/2015 Domain: Care Coordination / Patient Safety

Department of Surgery

National Learning Objectives for COPD Educators

Recognizing and Treating Fevers in Children with Complex Medical Issues by Susan Agrawal

NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital Sites: Columbia University Medical Center Guideline: Medication Use Manual Page 1 of 12

Recurrent or Persistent Pneumonia

High Impact Intervention Care bundle to reduce ventilation-association pneumonia

Clinical Quality Measure Crosswalk: HEDIS, Meaningful Use, PQRS, PCMH, Beacon, 10 SOW

Sepsis: Identification and Treatment

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CLINICAL EXCELLENCE. Health Technology Appraisal. Drugs for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Respiratory Concerns in Children with Down Syndrome

CLINICAL PATHWAY. Acute Medicine. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Table 1 Performance Measures. Quality Monitoring P4P Yr1 Yr2 Yr3. Specification Source. # Category Performance Measure

HLTEN609B Practise in the respiratory nursing environment

Community health care services Alternatives to acute admission & Facilitated discharge options. Directory

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE THREATS. in the United States, 2013

Breaking the Code: ICD-9-CM Coding in Details

Common Ventilator Management Issues

4. Infection control measures

James F. Kravec, M.D., F.A.C.P

Maria Dalbey RN. BSN, MA, MBA March 17 th, 2015

NORTH WALES CRITICAL CARE NETWORK

Stroke Coding Issues Presentation to: NorthEast Cerebrovascular Consortium

Limited Pay Policy (L-222B) - Underwriting Guidelines

CPT codes are for information only; consult your payer organization for reimbursement information.

CARDIO/PULMONARY MEDICINE FOR PRIMARY CARE. Las Vegas, Nevada Bellagio March 4 6, Participating Faculty

Severe asthma Definition, epidemiology and risk factors. Mina Gaga Athens Chest Hospital

Highlights of the Revised Official ICD-9-CM Guidelines for Coding and Reporting Effective October 1, 2008

GUIDELINES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Vtial sign #1: PULSE. Vital Signs: Assessment and Interpretation. Factors that influence pulse rate: Importance of Vital Signs

POAC CLINICAL GUIDELINE

Bachir K. Younes, M.D., M.P.H.

Practice Guidelines. Updated Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Intra-abdominal Infections

Alameda Alliance for Heath ICD-9 to ICD-10 TRANSLATION CODES E10.10

Sepsis Awareness Month

Management of Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Enterobacteriaceae in health care settings

2010 QARR QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Adults

Clinical Audit in Hospital Authority. Dr Betty Young Convenor for Clinical Audit, Hospital Authority

CDC TB Testing Guidelines and Recent Literature Update

Substandard Underwriting Structured Settlements

How To Treat Mrsa From A Dead Body

Treatment of skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in adults

Received 4 July 2010; returned 10 August 2010; revised 27 September 2010; accepted 30 September 2010

Table. Positive Purified Protein Derivative Results (Pediatrics In Review Apr 2008)

METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) COMMUNITY ACQUIRED vs. HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED

Cough, as a leading symptom, would certainly be in the top 10 of reasons for seeing a GP.

written by Harvard Medical School COPD It Can Take Your Breath Away

Acute Care Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Certification Exam. Detailed Content Outline

EUROPEAN LUNG FOUNDATION

NHS outcomes framework and CCG outcomes indicators: Data availability table

Weaning the Unweanable

PATIENT REGISTRATION

Intra-abdominal abdominal Infections

Levofloxacin for the Treatment of Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis: Position in Recent Guidelines

2016 PQRS OPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASURES: REGISTRY ONLY

Tuberculosis. Subject. Goal/Objective. Instructions. Rationale. Operations Directorate, Health Branch Immigration Medical Examination Instructions

American Thoracic Society Documents

EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY INFECTION CONTROL POLICY. Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus: Management in the Outpatient Setting

Dutch Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults

Transcription:

Supplementary appendix This appendix formed part of the original submission and has been peer reviewed. We post it as supplied by the authors. Supplement to: Prina E, Ranzani OT, Torres A. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 2015; published online Aug 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60733-4.

Supplementary appendix This appendix formed part of the original submission and has been peer reviewed. Supplement to: Prina E, Ranzani OT, Torres A. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet Seminar 2015. efigure 1: Symptoms and signs of community-acquired pneumonia etable 1: Differential diagnosis in community-acquired pneumonia efigure 2: Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia efigure 3: Framework for community-acquired pneumonia efigure 4: Risk factors for resistant pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia etable 2: Antibiotics suggested for specific pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia etable 3: Clinical stability criteria and expected time for resolution etable 4: Bundles for prevention to reduce the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in adults

efigure 1: Symptoms and signs of community acquired pneumonia Respiratory Dyspnoea Cough Fever Sputum production Chills Pleuritic chest pain Haemodynamic Hypotension Shock Tachycardia Extratoracic Otitis, pharyngitis Skin alteration Haemolytic anaemia Headache Gastrointestinal symptoms Confusion Hyponatremia

etable 1: Differential diagnosis in community-acquired pneumonia Diagnosis Symptoms and sings Chest-X-ray Key points Acute bronchitis Acute lung injury secondary to sepsis Congestive heart failure Acute exacerbation of COPD Acute exacerbation of asthma Pulmonary infarction Lung Cancer or pulmonary metastasis Acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis Acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis Other lung infections (Tuberculosis / Histoplasmosis) Autoimmune disease with lung involvement Pleural empyema Pulmonary toxicities due to medications Mild symptoms, not dyspnoea, not lung crackles Dyspnoea, symptoms of another infection Dyspnoea, tachycardia, chest pain Dyspnoea, increased expectoration and cough Dyspnoea, cough, signs of bronchospasm DVT, dyspnoea, tachycardia, chest pain Dyspnoea, Constitutional symptoms Dyspnoea, increased expectoration and cough Dyspnoea, dry cough, fine basal late inspiratory crackles Constitutional symptoms, prolonged time of symptoms Dyspnoea, extra pulmonary manifestations Dyspnoea, Constitutional symptoms Dyspnoea No condensation Bilateral alveolar-interstitial pattern Bilateral interstitial pattern (>apical), pleural effusion No condensation No condensation Focal condensation, small pleural effusion Focal or multiple condensation, pleural effusion No condensation Interstitial pattern Focal consolidation, cavitation, linfoadenopaties Interstitial pattern Signs of pleural effusion, considered loculated pleural effusion Prevalent interstitial pattern, condensation and nodules Limited use of antibiotics (in most of the cases are viral infection) Respiratory symptoms in patients with infection in other site History of cardiac disease, alteration of echocardiogram Resolution after NIV History of COPD / smoking History of asthma Risk factors for thrombosis History of smoking, no-resolving pneumonia, history of cancer History of bronchiectasis / repetitive infections History of pulmonary fibrosis History of specific exposure (contacts, cave) History of autoimmune disease Improvement with corticosteroid History of recent respiratory infection History of medications COPD denotes chronic respiratory disease, DVT denotes deep-venous thrombosis, NIV denotes noninvasive ventilation

efigure 2: Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia 1

efigure 3: Framework for community-acquired pneumonia Suspect of CAP Need for different approach Immunosuppression Risk factors for aspiration Risk factors for resistant pathogens Viral pneumonia Standard CAP antibiotic treatment

efigure 4: Risk factors for resistant pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia 2-10 Comorbidities: Chronic lung disease Immunosuppression Cerebrovascular disease Heart failure Diabetes mellitus Chronic renal disease Haemodialysis Previous pneumonia Habits: Smoking Alcohol abuse Medication: Gastric Acid Suppression Previous antibiotic use RESISTANT PATHOGENS Previous Infection: MRSA colonization Prior CAP due to resistant pathogen Acquired dysfunction: Cognitive impairment Poor Functional Status Oropharyngeal dysphagia Patient status: Tube Feeding Indwelling Catheter Health Care Contact: Prior Hospitalization Long Term Care Wound Care Infusion Therapy

etable 2: Antibiotics suggested for specific pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia 9,11,12 Pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae Non-resistant (MIC <2 µg/ml) Streptococcus pneumoniae Suspected or Resistant (MIC 2 µg/ml) P. aeruginosa Preferred antibiotic treatment Penicillin G or Amoxicillin Agents identified using in vitro susceptibility tests, including cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, fluoroquinolone Antipseudomonal Beta-lactam (piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, imipenem, or meropenem) plus either ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin or aminoglycoside Alternative antibiotic treatment Macrolide, cephalosporins, clindamycin, doxycyline, respiratory fluoroquinolone Vancomycin, linezolid, high-dose amoxicillin Aminoglycoside plus (ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin) MRSA Vancomycin Linezolid Enterobacteriaceae ESBL+ Carbapenemics Beta-lactam/ Betalactamase inhibitor; aminoglycoside MIC denotes Minimal Inhbitor Concentration; MRSA denotes Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus meticilline resistant staphilococcus aereus; ESBL denotes extended-spectrum β-lactamase positive bacteria

etable 3: Clinical stability criteria and expected time for resolution 12,13 Clinical stability criteria Temperature 37.8 C Heart rate 100 beats/min Respiratory rate 24 breaths/min Systolic blood pressure 90 mmhg Arterial oxygen saturation 90% or po2 60 mmhg on room air Ability to maintain oral intake Normal mental status Expected time for resolution of symptoms and signs Temperature 37.8 C 3 days Median time of clinical stability 4 days Cough 8 days Crackles 3 weeks Persistence of pneumonia-related symptom 2 weeks to long-term Chest-X-ray resolution 4 to 8 weeks

etable 4: Bundles for prevention to reduce the risk of CAP in adults 1 Risk factor Evidence Recommendation Vaccination against influenza Current guideline Following the guideline and S. pneumoniae Smoking Risk of CAP increase in Stop smoking smoker and passive smoker Alcohol Alcohol abuse increase risk for Stop alcohol CAP Nutritional status Malnutrition is a risk for CAP, more controversial data Maintain good nutritional status regarding obesity Swallowing disturbance is a Specialist evaluation Swallowing disturbance risk factor for pneumonia and recurrent pneumonia Recent visit decrease risk for Regular dental visits Dental hygiene CAP CAP denotes Community Acquired Pneumonia; S. pneumoniae denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae

References: 1. Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, Blasi F. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax 2013; 68(11): 1057-65. 2. Aliberti S, Cilloniz C, Chalmers JD, et al. Multidrug-resistant pathogens in hospitalised patients coming from the community with pneumonia: a European perspective. Thorax 2013; 68(11): 997-9. 3. Shorr AF, Zilberberg MD, Reichley R, et al. Validation of a clinical score for assessing the risk of resistant pathogens in patients with pneumonia presenting to the emergency department. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54(2): 193-8. 4. Shorr AF, Myers DE, Huang DB, Nathanson BH, Emons MF, Kollef MH. A risk score for identifying methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients presenting to the hospital with pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13(1): 268. 5. Shindo Y, Ito R, Kobayashi D, et al. Risk factors for drug-resistant pathogens in community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188(8): 985-95. 6. Gross AE, Van Schooneveld TC, Olsen KM, et al. Epidemiology and predictors of multidrug-resistant community-acquired and health care-associated pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58(9): 5262-8. 7. Webb BJ, Dascomb K, Stenehjem E, Dean N. Predicting risk of drug-resistant organisms in pneumonia: Moving beyond the HCAP model. Respir Med 2014. 8. Prina E, Ranzani OT, Polverino E, et al. Risk factors associated with potentially antibiotic-resistant pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12(2): 153-60. 9. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin InfectDis 2007; 44 Suppl 2: S27-S72. 10. American Thoracic S, Infectious Diseases Society of A. Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Hospital-acquired, Ventilator-associated, and Healthcare-associated Pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2005; 171: 388-416. 11. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009; 64 Suppl 3: iii1-55. 12. NICE. Pneumonia: Diagnosis and management of community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults. NICE guidelines, 2014. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 (accessed Jan 15, 2015). 13. Halm EA, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, et al. Time to clinical stability in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: implications for practice guidelines. JAMA 1998; 279(18): 1452-7.