Coordinating Flexible, Responsive Demand in Isolated Energy Systems Daniel Livengood (MIT) October 14, 2011 Workshop: Energy Issues facing Cyprus 1
Presentation Outline Evidence of increased response from flexible with enabling technology Coordination within a home or business with enabling technology Coordination across homes and business with enabling technology 2
20 th Century Electric Grid 21 st Century Smart Grid Unidirectional flow of electricity Bidirectional flow of electricity http://static.howstuffworks.com/ http://visual.merriam-webster.com/ http://www.consumerenergyreport.com/ http://www.pge.com/ 3
Balancing Electricity Supply and Demand Strategies for Balancing Electricity Supply and Demand Peak Management Days, Hours and Minutes Seconds Demand Supply Direct load control [Le et. al. 1983] Energy efficiency programs Demand response (e.g. EnerNOC) Time-varying, -sensitive pricing [Schweppe et. al. 1980, Constantopoulos et. al. 1991, and many others] FAPERs [Schweppe et. al. 1980, Black and Ilic 2005, Brokish 2009] Grid-friendly Appliances TM [Hammerstrom et. al. 2007] Supply Demand Build new power plants Schedule power plant operations 4 Automatic generation control (AGC) 4
% Reduction in Peak Load Evidence of Increased Response from Enabling Technology Image from The Power of Experimentation by The Brattle Group, 2008 5
Balancing Electricity Supply and Demand Strategies for Balancing Electricity Supply and Demand Peak Management Days, Hours and Minutes Seconds Demand Supply Direct load control [Le et. al. 1983] Energy efficiency programs Demand response (e.g. EnerNOC) Time-varying, -sensitive pricing [Schweppe et. al. 1980, Constantopoulos et. al. 1991, and many others] FAPERs [Schweppe et. al. 1980, Black and Ilic 2005, Brokish 2009] Grid-friendly Appliances TM [Hammerstrom et. al. 2007] Supply Demand Build new power plants Schedule power plant operations 6 Automatic generation control (AGC) 6
Early Energy Box Research: Coordination within a home Energy Box The Energy Box: A Home Energy Management System 7
Ongoing Energy Box Research: Coordination across homes Energy Box 8
Ideas for Coordination Across Homes What are the best strategies for coordination across homes? Open research question: Time-varying pricing? (consumer controls appliances) Direct load control? (utility controls appliances ideally within consumer constraints) Aggregators? Microgrids? Centrally coordinated local control? (e.g. consumer controlled by selecting a random starting time from a utilitydetermined distribution) 9
Example of Centrally Coordinated Local Control Assume that some residents have agreed to schedule appliances like dishwashers to run overnight. The utility could broadcast a distribution of starting times to all participating appliances, and the appliance could then randomly choose when it will begin its load based on the distribution. 10
21:00 21:21 21:42 22:03 22:24 22:45 23:06 23:27 23:48 0:09 0:30 0:51 1:12 1:33 1:54 2:15 2:36 2:57 3:18 3:39 4:00 4:21 4:42 5:03 5:24 5:45 6:06 6:27 6:48 Notional Aggregate Electric Power Demand Example of Centrally Coordinated Local Control Notional Aggregate Electric Power Demand (Uncontrollable + Schedulable) Normal operation of schedulable electricity 9pm Hour of the Day 7am Uncontrollable electricity 11
Example of Centrally Coordinated Local Control Uniform distribution of starting times, ensuring that the appliance completes its cycle by 7am Schedulable electricity 9pm 7am Uncontrollable electricity 12
Example of Centrally Coordinated Local Control Triangular distribution of starting times still ensures that the appliance completes its cycle by 7am but also flattens the overnight aggregate electricity better than the uniform distribution Schedulable electricity 9pm 7am Uncontrollable electricity 13
Example of Centrally Coordinated Local Control The distribution of starting times could take on any shape to match the expected overnight supply of electricity from wind turbines, for instance Schedulable electricity 9pm 7am Uncontrollable electricity 14
What is the best strategy for coordinating responsive, flexible in Cyprus? 15