Pro WPF in C# 2010: Windows Presentation Foundation in.net 4 Matthew MacDonald Apress s
Contents About the Author xxvi About the Technical Reviewer xxvii Acknowledgments xxviii Introduction xxix Chapter 1: Introducing WPF 1 The Evolution of Windows Graphics 1 DirectX: The New Graphics Engine 2 Hardware Acceleration and WPF 3 WPF: A Higher-Level API 4 Windows Forms Lives On 6 DirectX Also Lives On 6 Silverlight 6 Resolution Independence 7 WPF Units 8 System DPI 9 Bitmap and Vector Graphics 12 The Architecture of WPF 12 The Class Hierarchy 14 WPF 4 17 New Features 17 The WPF Toolkit 18 Visual Studio 2010 18 The Last Word 21 Chapter 2: XAML 23 Understanding XAML 24 Graphical User Interfaces Before WPF 24 IV
D CONTENTS The Variants of XAML 25 XAML Compilation 26 XAML Basics 27 XAML Namespaces 28 The Code-Behind Class 30 Properties and Events in XAML."32 Simple Properties and Type Converters 34 Complex Properties 35 Markup Extensions 37 Attached Properties 38 Nesting Elements 39 Special Characters and Whitespace 42 Events 44 The Full Eight Ball Example 45 Using Types from Other Namespaces 46 Loading and Compiling XAML 48 Code-Only 48 Code and Uncompiled XAML 51 Code and Compiled XAML 53 XAML Only 55 XAML 2009 56 Automatic Event Hookup 56 References 58 Built-in Types 58 Advanced Object Creation 59 The Last Word 60 Chapter 3: Layout 61 Understanding Layout in WPF 61 The WPF Layout Philosophy 62 The Layout Process 63 The Layout Containers 63 Simple Layout with the StackPanel 65
D CONTENTS Layout Properties 67 Alignment 68 Margin 69 Minimum, Maximum, and Explicit Sizes 71 The Border 74 The WrapPanel and DockPanel 75 TheWrapPanel 76 The DockPanel 77 Nesting Layout Containers 79 The Grid 80 Fine-Tuning Rows and Columns 83 Layout Rounding, 85 Spanning Rows and Columns 86 Split Windows 87 Shared Size Groups 91 The UniformGrid 93 Coordinate-Based Layout with the Canvas 94 Z-Order. 95 ThelnkCanvas 96 Layout Examples 99 A Column of Settings 99 Dynamic Content 100 A Modular User Interface 102 The Last Word 104 Chapter 4: Dependency Properties 105 Understanding Dependency Properties 105 Defining a Dependency Property 106 Registering a Dependency Property 107 Adding a Property Wrapper 109 How WPF Uses Dependency Properties 110 Shared Dependency Properties 111 Attached Dependency Properties 112 VI
D CONTENTS Property Validation 114 The Validation Callback 114 The Coercion Callback 115 The Last Word 118 IChapter 5: Routed Events 119 Understanding Routed Events 119" Defining, Registering, and Wrapping a Routed Event 120 Sharing Routed Events 121 Raising a Routed Event 121 Handling a Routed Event 121 Event Routing 123 The RoutedEventArgs Class 125 Bubbling Events 126 Handling a Suppressed Event 129 Attached Events 129 Tunneling Events 131 WPF Events 133 Lifetime Events 133 Input Events 136 Keyboard Input 137 Handling a Key Press 138 Focus 140 Getting Key State 141 Mouse Input 143 Mouse Clicks 144 Capturing the Mouse 146 Drag-and-Drop 146 Multitouch Input 149 The Levels of Multitouch Support 150 Raw Touch 150 Manipulation 153 Inertia 156 Vll
CONTENTS The Last Word 157 Chapter 6: Controls 159 The Control Class 160 Background and Foreground Brushes 160 Fonts 163 Mouse Cursors 168 Content Controls 169 The Content Property 171 Aligning Content 173 The WPF Content Philosophy 174 Labels 175 Buttons... 177 Tooltips 180 Specialized Containers 188 The ScrollViewer 188 Headered Content Controls 192 TheGroupBox 192 TheTabltem 193 The Expander 195 Text Controls...197 Multiple Lines of Text 198 Text Selection 199 Spell Checking 200 The PasswordBox 202 List Controls 202 TheListBox 203 TheComboBox 206 Range-Based Controls 207 The Slider 208 The ProgressBar 209 Date Controls 210 The Last Word 213 Vlll
n CONTENTS Chapter 7: The Application 215 The Application Life Cycle 215 Creating an Application Object 216 Deriving a Custom Application Class 217 Application Shutdown 218 Application Events 7 220 Application Tasks 222 Showing a Splash Screen 222 Handling Command-Line Arguments 223 Accessing the Current Application 224 Interacting Between Windows 225 Single-Instance Applications 227 Assembly Resources 234 Adding Resources 234 Retrieving Resources 236 PackURIs 237 Content Files 239 Localization 239 Building Localizable User Interfaces 240 Preparing an Application for Localization 241 The Translation Process 242 The Last Word 248 Chapter 8: Element Binding 249 Binding Elements Together 249 The Binding Expression 250 Binding Errors 251 Binding Modes 251 Creating Bindings with Code 254 Multiple Bindings 255 Binding Updates 259 Binding to Objects That Aren't Elements 260 Source 261 IX
D CONTENTS RelativeSource 261 DataContext. 263 The Last Word 264 Chapter 9: Commands 265 Understanding Commands 265 The WPF Command Model 267 The ICommand Interface 267 The RoutedCommand Class 268 The RoutedUICommand Class 269 The Command Library 269 Executing Commands.. 271 Command Sources 271 Command Bindings 272 Using Multiple Command Sources 275 Fine-Tuning Command Text...276 Invoking a Command Directly 276 Disabling Commands 277 Controls with Built-in Commands 280 Advanced Commands 282 Custom Commands 282 Using the Same Command in Different Places 284 Using a Command Parameter 286 Tracking and Reversing Commands 286 The Last Word 291 Chapter 10: Resources 293 Resource Basics 293 The Resources Collection 294 The Hierarchy of Resources 295 Static and Dynamic Resources 297 Nonshared Resources 299 Accessing Resources in Code 299 Application Resources 300
n CONTENTS System Resources 301 Resource Dictionaries 302 Creating a Resource Dictionary 302 Using a Resource Dictionary 303 Sharing Resources Between Assemblies 304 The Last Word :307 Chapter 11: Styles and Behaviors 309 Style Basics 309 Creating a Style Object 313 Setting Properties 314 Attaching Event Handlers 316 The Many Layers of Styles 317 Automatically Applying Styles by Type 319 Triggers 320 A Simple Trigger 321 An Event Trigger 323 Behaviors 325 Getting Support for Behaviors 325 Understanding the Behavior Model 326 Creating a Behavior 327 Using a Behavior 329 Design-Time Behavior Support in Blend 330 The Last Word 331 Chapter 12: Shapes, Brushes, and Transforms 333 Understanding Shapes 333 The Shape Classes 334 Rectangle and Ellipse 337 Sizing and Placing Shapes 338 Scaling Shapes with a Viewbox 341 Line 343 Polyline 344 Polygon 345 XI
CONTENTS Line Caps and Line Joins 348 Dashes 349 Pixel Snapping 351 Brushes 352 The SolidColorBrush 353 The LinearGradientBrush 354 The RadialGradientBrush 356 The ImageBrush : 358 ATiledlmageBrush 360 The VisualBrush 363 The BitmapCacheBrush 364 Transforms 365 Transforming Shapes 367 Transforming Elements 369 Transparency 370 Making an Element Partially Transparent 370 Opacity Masks 372 The Last Word 374 Chapter 13: Geometries and Drawings 375 Paths and Geometries 375 Line, Rectangle, and Ellipse Geometries 376 Combining Shapes with GeometryGroup 377 Fusing Geometries with CombinedGeometry 379 Curves and Lines with PathGeometry 383 The Geometry Mini-Language 388 Clipping with Geometry 391 Drawings 392 Displaying a Drawing 394 Exporting Clip Art 396 The Last Word 398 Chapter 14: Effects and Visuals 399 Visuals 399 Xll
n CONTENTS Drawing Visuals 400 Wrapping Visuals in an Element 402 Hit Testing 405 Complex Hit Testing 408 - Effects : 411 BlurEffect -...412 DropShadowEffect 413 ShaderEffect 414 The WriteableBitmap Class 416 Generating a Bitmap 416 Writing to a WriteableBitmap 417 More Efficient Pixel Writing 419 The Last Word 422 Chapter 15: Animation Basics 423 Understanding WPF Animation 423 Timer-Based Animation 424 Property-Based Animation 425 Basic Animation 426 The Animation Classes 426 Animations in Code 429 Simultaneous Animations 434 Animation Lifetime...: 434 The Timeline Class 436 Storyboards 439 The Storyboard 440 Event Triggers 440 Overlapping Animations 443 Synchronized Animations 444 Controlling Playback 445 Monitoring Progress 450 Animation Easing 452 Using an Easing Function 452 Xlll
CONTENTS Easing In and Easing Out 453 Easing Function Classes 455 Creating a Custom Easing Function 458 Animation Performance 460 Desired Frame Rate 460 Bitmap Caching 463 The Last Word 465 Chapter 16: Advanced Animation 467 Animation Types Revisited 467 Animating Transforms 468 Animating Brushes 472 Animating Pixel Shaders 475 Key Frame Animation ;477 Discrete Key Frame Animations 478 Easing Key Frames : 479 Spline Key Frame Animations 480 Path-Based Animation 481 Frame-Based Animation.' 483 Storyboards in Code 487 The Main Window 488 The Bomb User Control 490 Dropping the Bombs 491 Intercepting a Bomb 494 Counting Bombs and Cleaning Up 496 The Last Word 498 ichapter 17: Control Templates 499 Understanding Logical Trees and Visual Trees 500 Understanding Templates 506 The Chrome Classes 509 Dissecting Controls 510 Creating Control Templates 513 A Simple Button 514 XIV
n CONTENTS Template Bindings 515 Triggers That Change Properties 517 Triggers That Use Animation 520 Organizing Template Resources 521 Refactoring the Button Control Template 522 Applying Templates with Styles :. 524 Applying Templates Automatically 527 User-Selected Skins 528 Building More Complex Templates 530 Nested Templates 531 Modifying the Scroll Bar 533 The Control Template Examples 538 Visual States 540 The Last Word 541 Chapter 18: Custom Elements 543 Understanding Custom Elements in WPF 544 Building a Basic User Control 547 Defining Dependency Properties 548 Defining Routed Events 551 Adding Markup 552 Using the Control 554 Command Support 555 A Closer Look at User Controls 558 Creating a Lookless Control 559 Refactoring the Color Picker Code 560 Refactoring the Color Picker Markup 560 Streamlining the Control Template 563 Theme-Specific Styles and the Default Style 566 Supporting Visual States 568 Starting the FlipPanel Class 569 Choosing Parts and States 572 The Default Control Template 573 XV
n CONTENTS Using the FlipPanel 580 Using a Different Control Template 581 Custom Panels 582 The Two-Step Layout Process 583 The Canvas Clone 586 A Better Wrapping Panel 587 Custom-Drawn Elements 590 The OnRenderO Method 591 Evaluating Custom Drawing 592 A Custom-Drawn Element 593 A Custom Decorator 595 The Last Word 597 IChapter 19: Data Binding 599 Binding to a Database with Custom Objects 599 Building a Data Access Component 600 Building a Data Object 603 Displaying the Bound Object 604 Updating the Database 606 Change Notification 607 Binding to a Collection of Objects 609 Displaying and Editing Collection Items 610 Inserting and Removing Collection Items 614 Binding to the ADO.NET Objects 615 Binding to a LINQ Expression 616 Improving Performance in Large Lists 619 Virtualization 619 Item Container Recycling 621 Deferred Scrolling 621 Validation 621 Validation in the Data Object 622 Custom Validation Rules 626 Reacting to Validation Errors 628 XVI
O CONTENTS Getting a List of Errors 629 Showing a Different Error Indicator 630 Validating Multiple Values 633 Data Providers 636 The ObjectDataProvider 637 The XmlDataProvider.640 The Last Word 642 Chapter 20: Formatting Bound Data 643 Data Binding Redux 643 Data Conversion 645 The StringFormat Property 645 Introducing Value Converters 647 Formatting Strings with a Value Converter 648 Creating Objects with a Value Converter 650 Applying Conditional Formatting 653 Evaluating Multiple Properties 654 List Controls 656 List Styles 658 The ItemContainerStyle 659 A ListBox with Check Boxes or Radio Buttons 660 Alternating Item Style 663 Style Selectors 665 Data Templates 668 Separating and Reusing Templates 671 More Advanced Templates 672 Varying Templates 675 Template Selectors 676 Templates and Selection 679 Changing Item Layout 684 TheComboBox 686 The Last Word 689 Chapter 21: Data Views 691 xvu
CONTENTS The View Object 691 Retrieving a View Object 692 Navigating with a View 692 Creating a View Declaratively 695 Filtering, Sorting, and Grouping 697 Filtering Collections 697 Filtering the DataTable 701 Sorting 702 Grouping 703 The Last Word 707 Chapter 22: Lists, Grids, and Trees 709 TheListView 710 Creating Columns with the GridView 711 Creating a Custom View 715 TheTreeView 724 A Data-Bound TreeView 724 Binding a DataSet to a TreeView 728 Just-in-Time Node Creation ; 729 The DataGrid 732 Resizing and Rearranging Columns 734 Defining Columns 735 Formatting and Styling Columns 740 Formatting Rows 742 Row Details 744 Freezing Columns 745 Selection 745 Sorting 746 DataGrid Editing 746 The Last Word 749 Chapter 23: Windows 751 The Window Class 751 Showing a Window 754 XVlll
3 CONTENTS Positioning a Window 755 Saving and Restoring Window Location 756 Window Interaction 758 Window Ownership 760 The Dialog Model 761 Common Dialog Boxes :762 Nonrectangular Windows 763 A Simple Shaped Window 763 A Transparent Window with Shaped Content 766 Moving Shaped Windows 768 Resizing Shaped Windows 769 Putting It All Together: A Custom Control Template for Windows 770 The Aero Glass Effect 774 Programming the Windows 7 Taskbar 779 Using Jump Lists 779 Changing the Taskbar Icon and Preview 784 The Last Word 790 Chapter 24: Pages and Navigation 791 Understanding Page-Based Navigation 791 Page-Based Interfaces 792 A Simple Page-Based Application with NavigationWindow 793 The Page Class 795 Hyperlinks 796 Hosting Pages in a Frame 799 Hosting Pages in Another Page 800 Hosting Pages in a Web Browser 802 The Page History 803 A Closer Look at URIs in WPF 803 Navigation History 804 Maintaining Custom Properties 805 The Navigation Service 806 Programmatic Navigation 806 XIX
a CONTENTS Navigation Events 808 Managing the Journal 809 Adding Custom Items to the Journal 811 Page Functions 816 XAML Browser Applications 819 XBAP Requirements 819 Creating an XBAP 820 Deploying an XBAP 821 Updating an XBAP 823 XBAP Security 824 Full-Trust XBAPs 826 Combination XBAP/Stand-Alone Applications 826 Coding for Different Security Levels 827 Embedding an XBAP in a Web Page 832 The WebBrowser Control 833 Navigating to a Page 833 Building a DOM Tree 835 Scripting a Web Page with.net Code 837 The Last Word?. 840 Chapter 25: Menus, Toolbars, and Ribbons 841 Menus 841 The Menu Class 841 Menu Items 843 The ContextMenu Class 845 Menu Separators 846 Toolbars and Status Bars 847 TheToolBar 847 TheStatusBar 851 Ribbons 852 Adding the Ribbon 853 Styling the Ribbon 854 Commands 855 XX
1 CONTENTS The Application Menu 856 Tabs, Groups, and Buttons 859 Ribbon Sizing 862 The Quick access Toolbar 864 The Last Word 866 Chapter 26: Sound and Video :...865 Playing WAV Audio 865 The SoundPlayer 866 The SoundPlayerAction 867 System Sounds 868 The MediaPlayer 868 The MediaElement 871 Playing Audio Programmatically 871 Handling Errors 872 Playing Audio with Triggers 872 Playing Multiple Sounds 875 Changing Volume, Balance, Speed, and Position.-. 876 Synchronizing an Animation with Audio 878 Playing Video 880 Video Effects 881 Speech 885 Speech Synthesis 885 Speech Recognition 887 The Last Word 889 Chapter 27:3-D Drawing 889 3-D Drawing Basics 889 The Viewport 890 3-D Objects 890 The Camera 899 Deeper into 3-D 903 Shading and Normals 905 More Complex Shapes 909 XXI
O CONTENTS Model3DGroup Collections 910 Materials Revisited 912 Texture Mapping 914 Interactivity and Animations 918 Transforms 919 Rotations 920 A Fly Over... 921 The Trackball 923 Hit Testing 925 2-D Elements on 3-D Surfaces 929 The Last Word 932 Chapter 28: Documents 935 Understanding Documents 935 Flow Documents 936 The Flow Elements 937 Formatting Content Elements 939 Constructing a Simple Flow Document 941 Block Elements 942 Inline Elements 949 Interacting with Elements Programmatically 956 Text Justification 959 Read-Only Flow Document Containers 960 Zooming 961 Pages and Columns 962 Loading Documents from a File 965 Printing 966 Editing a Flow Document 967 Loading a File 967 Saving a File 969 Formatting Selected Text 970 Getting Individual Words 973 Fixed Documents 974 XXll
CONTENTS Annotations 976 The Annotation Classes 977 Enabling the Annotation Service 977 Creating Annotations 979 Examining Annotations 982 Reacting to Annotation Changes 986 Storing Annotations in a Fixed Document 986 Customizing the Appearance of Sticky Notes 987 The Last Word 988 IChapter 29: Printing 989 Basic Printing 989 Printing an Element 990 Transforming Printed Output 993 Printing Elements Without Showing Them 995 Printing a Document 996 Manipulating the Pages in a Document Printout 1000 Custom Printing 1002 Printing with the Visual Layer Classes 1002 Custom Printing with Multiple Pages 1006 Print Settings and Management 1012 Maintaining Print Settings 1012 Printing Page Ranges 1012 Managing a Print Queue 1013 Printing Through XPS 1016 Creating an XPS Document for a Print Preview 1017 Writing to an In-Memory XPS Document 1018 Printing Directly to the Printer via XPS 1019 Asynchronous Printing 1019 The Last Word 1020 IChapter 30: Interacting with Windows Forms 1019 Assessing Interoperability 1019 Missing Features in WPF 1020 XXlll
D CONTENTS Mixing Windows and Forms 1022 Adding Forms to a WPF Application 1022 Adding WPF Windows to a Windows Forms Application 1023 Showing Modal Windows and Forms 1023 Showing Modeless Windows and Forms.1024 Visual Styles for Windows Forms Controls 1024" Windows Forms Classes That Don't Need Interoperability 1025 Creating Windows with Mixed Content 1029 WPF and Windows Forms "Airspace" 1030 Hosting Windows Forms Controls in WPF 1031 WPF and Windows Forms User Controls 1034 Hosting WPF Controls in Windows Forms 1035 Access Keys, Mnemonics, and Focus 1037 Property Mapping 1039 The Last Word 1041 Chapter 31 Multithreading 1041 Multithreading 1041 The Dispatcher 1042 The DispatcherObject 1042 The BackgroundWorker : 1045 The Last Word 1054 Chapter 32: The Add-in Model 1055 Choosing Between MAF and MEF 1055 The Add-in Pipeline 1056 How the Pipeline Works 1057 The Add-in Folder Structure 1059 Preparing a Solution That Uses the Add-in Model 1060 An Application That Uses Add-lns 1063 The Contract 1063 The Add-in View 1064 The Add-In 1064 The Add-in Adapter 1065 XXIV
D CONTENTS The Host View 1066 The Host Adapter 1067 The Host ; 1067 Adding More Add-lns 1070 Interacting with the Host 1071 Visual Add-lns 1076 The Last Word 1079 IChapter 33: ClickOnce Deployment 1079 Understanding Application Deployment 1080 The ClickOnce Installation Model 1081 ClickOnce Limitations 1082 A Simple ClickOnce Publication 1083 Setting the Publisher and Production 1083 Starting the Publish Wizard 1085 The Deployed File Structure 1091 Installing a ClickOnce Application 1092 Updating a ClickOnce Application 1093 Additional ClickOnce Options 1094 Publish Version 1094 Updates 1095 File Associations 1096 Publish Options 1098 The Last Word 1099 XXV