City planning 1
Background Urbanization is the movement of population from rural to urban areas. Urban Planning: - design and regulation of the uses of space that - focuses on the physical form, economic functions, and social impacts of the urban environment, - and on the location of different activities within it. It involves goal setting, data collection and analysis, forecasting, design, strategic thinking and public consultation. Three actors have main role in urban planning: decision-makers, technicians, users. 2
Background Central place theory explains the reasons behind the distribution patterns, size and number of cities and towns. Generally people gather together in cities to share goods and ideas. 3
Planning theories Rational planning Synoptic planning Advocacy planning Bargaining model Communicative approach Public participation 4
Planning similarities Long-term strategic planning: provides an integrated vision for the future based on an overall evaluation. Plan making: provides frameworks through development strategies at different geographical scales, and includes a wide spectrum of content. Development control: includes legal or administrative procedures operating at the local level to control the location and form of development. 5
Planning levels Comprehensive plan: is the adopted official statement of a government for future development. Regional plan: cover geographic areas transcending the boundaries of individual governmental units but sharing common characteristics. Master plan: operate at the municipality or city-wide levels. Local land-use plan: more precise and detailed. Action plan: is an implementation oriented approach to solving problems at a local level with community participation. Urban design plan: focuses on design of the public realm, which is created by both public spaces and the buildings that define them. 6
Planning process 7
Planning aspects Aesthetics Safety and security Infrastructure Environmental factors Green spaces Transport 8
Planning models Grid model Concentric Zone model Sector model Multiple Nuclei model Urban Realms model Core frame model 9
Planning models Grid model Proposed by Hippodamus of Miletus who is considered the father of rational city planning. The center of the city contains the agora (market place), theaters, and temples. Private houses surround the city s public areas. The plan can be laid out uniformly over any kind of terrain since it s based on angles and measurements. 10
Planning models Concentric Zone model Also known as the Burgess model or the Bull's eye model. Developed in the 1920's by the urban sociologist Ernest Burgess. The model portrays how cities social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. The size of the rings may vary, but the order always remains the same. But the model does not fit polycentric cities and it describes the typical American geography. 11
Planning models Sector model Developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt. It is a model of the internal structure of cities. Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads, rivers, or train routes. But it does not take into account cars and modern transport infrastructure. 12
Planning models Multiple Nuclei model It is an ecological model created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945. City grows from several independent points rather than from one central business district. As these expand, they merge to form a single urban area. Ports, universities, airports and parks also act as nodes. Based on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership. But no consideration of inhomogenity, influence of physical relief and government policy 13
Planning models Urban Realms model Developed by James E. Vance Jr. in the 1960 s. Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger framework. Suburbs are within the sphere of influence of the central city and its metropolitan CBD. Now urban realms have become, so large they even have exurbs, not just suburbs. 14
Planning models Core frame model A model showing the urban structure of the Central Business District. The model includes an inner core, an outer core and a frame. The various land uses are linked to the bid rent theory, which is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district. 15
Case study Montpellier is a city in southern France, located on the south coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea with ca 300 000 inhabitants. 16
Case study History of land use 10th century: agricultural property on a hill near the Lez River, acquired by a small lord of the region. 13th century: property of the Kings of Aragon, joined the network of major trade places. 18th century: building of prestigious houses in the countryside around Montpellier. The Montpellier area has more than a hundred villages and about 65,000 people. 17
Case study History of land use second half of the 19th century: arranged according to the urban model of the era. Montpellier is a provincial town in touch with its wine region. Some urban equipments or town-planning realizations in Montpellier were made and reinforced some locations in the city. The main one was the Place de la Comédie, which became the focal point of urban transit. 18
Case study History of land use After the First World War: required to draw up plans for facelift of town and urban development. In Montpellier, the town council made reflexions about some new qualifications of places and equipments. After the Second World War: the city gradually loosed its last industrial activities, which was followed by a low population growth and young people migration to Paris. Its population stagnated with 98,000 inhabitants. 19
Case study History of land use The 1960s: are years of demographic, economic and spatial growths up to 200,000 inhabitants. As administrative capital of the region the city received major public and private investments. Its spatial extension was supported by the diffusion of the car in households, new roads and new peripheric districts were built. ZUP ( Zones à Urbaniser en priorité ) were priority areas to urbanise, a national tool for housing needs. The ZUP was built in a west limit of the commune, far to the city centre. The spatial planning organized two main areas: south with industries and urban residential districts, north with main public equipment. 20
Case study History of land use As the agglomeration grew, municipality fixed the priority of land ownership control and new developments of urban districts. A new project became the symbol of that new political choice: Antigone project, launched in 1978. 21
Case study History of land use End of the 20th century: population became younger. The city grew and its suburbs won some 70,000 and formed a metropolitan area of nearly 400,000 people. The strong growth of Montpellier continues since the early 2000s. The last population census results indicate that the urban area of Montpellier reaches more than 518,000 inhabitants. Half of the population growth of the area is located on the commune of Montpellier. 22
Planning tools 23
Stake holders 24
Goals and objectives Overall goals: managing population growth, supporting economic growth (sustainable development), saving land and controlling property speculation, preserving the long term attractivity by protecting the environment (natural areas, urban transport) Objectives of the agglomeration: higher density housing, improving urban transport network, managing spatial limits, preserving agricultural land and natural areas, support to periurban farming, waste management (recycling, ultimate waste), flood prevention 25
Stakeholder position to the objectives 26
SCOT 27
SCOT territory characteristics 28
SCOT key elements 29
SCOT the natural city 30
SCOT the shared city 31
SCOT the thifrty city 32
SCOT the thifrty city 33
SCOT synthesis 34
SCOT landscape change 35
SCOT village extension 36
SCOT rehabilitation 37