The Future of Data Storage Principles, Potential and Problems Hans Coufal IBM Almaden Research Center
Areal Density Megabits/in2 arpers2001ab2.prz 1E+6 10 6 1E+5 10 5 1E+4 10 4 1E+3 10 3 1E+2 10 2 1E+1 10 1 1E+0 10-1 1E-1 10-2 1E-2 10-3 1E-3 IBM Areal Density Perspective 45 Years of Technology Progress 1st Thin Film Head IBM RAMAC (First Hard Disk Drive) 1st MR Head 25% CGR 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Production Year Travelstar 40GN 1st AFC Media Microdrive II 1st GMR Head IBM Disk Drive Products Industry Lab Demos 60% CGR Ultrastar 73LZX 100% CGR ~17 Million X Increase Deskstar 120GXP Ed Grochowski at Almaden
100 IBM Server HDD Access/Seek Time Performance Increase Time, milliseconds 10 Seeking Accessing Ultrastar 2XP Ultrastar 18XP Ultrastar XP Ultrastar 36XP Ultrastar 9ZX Ultrastar 18ZX Ultrastar 36LZX Ultrastar 73LZX Ultrastar 36ZX Ultrastar 36Z15 Rotating SEEK2001A.PRZ 1 seek time ~(inertia/power) 1/3 x (data band) 2/3 rotational time ~ (RPM) -1 (latency) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Availability Year
drtrd2001va.prz Maximum Internal Data Rate, MBytes/s 100 10 1 GHz Magnetic Hard Disk Drive Internal Data Rate IBM Products Data Channel Performance 3.5 inch Server Products 100 MHz Sawmill Corsair 1,2 10 MHz 40 % CGR Ultrastar 18XP Spitfire Allicat Ultrastar 36XP Ultrastar 18ZX Ultrastar 9ZX Ultrastar 2XP Travelstar 14GS Travelstar 8GS Travelstar 10GT Ultrastar XP Travelstar 5GS Travelstar 6GT Travelstar 3XP Travelstar 3GN Travelstar XP Travelstar 2XP Travelstar LP Travelstar Travelstar 2LP Ultrastar 36ZX Travelstar 4GT Travelstar VP Ultrastar 36 LZX 1 90 95 95 2000100 2005 105 Availability Year Ultrastar 73 LZX Ultrastar 36Z15. Deskstar 75GXP Travelstar 60GH Travelstar 48GH Travelstar 32GH Travelstar 25GS Deskstar 120GXP 2.5 inch Mobile Products Data rate = Linear x RPM x Disk Density Diam. Ed Grochowski at Almaden
Price/MByte, Dollars oemprc2001a1.prz 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 8KB Seagate ST500 Wren II 32KB Range of Paper/Film 64KB DRAM 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Average Price of Storage HDD DRAM Flash Paper/Film 128KB IBM6150 256KB Flash 128KB Flash 512KB Flash 512KB 2MB Seagate ST125 1MB 4MB Flash 1MB Flash IBM0615 4MB 16MB Flash 64MB Flash Maxt170 96 MB Flash Camera Mem. 128MB Flash 64MB IBM0663 128MB Flash IBM 340 MB Microdrive Flash 64MB IBM 9.1GB Ultrastar IBM 1 GB Microdrive Seagate B'cuda4 Flash Projection IBM Deskstar3 IBM 8.1GB DataQuest 2000 Travelstar IBM Deskstar4 Quant 4.5GB Toshiba 6.4GB 1" HDD Projection IBM 18.2GB Ultrastar Travelstar 25GS DataQuest 2000 IBM 16.8GB Deskstar Seagate 8.6GB Seagate 36GB 15K IBM Deskstar 25GB Travelstar 30GN IBM Deskstar 37GB Travelstar 60GH 1 " HDD IBM Deskstar 75GXP Maxtor 60GB IBM Deskstar 120 GXP 2.5 " HDD IBM 9.1GB Ultra 2XP 3.5 " HDD Desktop HDD Projection IDC 2000 Ed Grochowski at Almaden
spac2000f.prz Physical Spacing, nm 100 10 Physical spacing and disk surface evolution 3 Gbits/in2 Slider Overcoat Lube Magnetic Spacing Ultrastar XP Ultrastar 2XP Travelstar 2XP Travelstar 4LP Magnetic Element Overcoat Magnetic Film High ID/low OD air bearing surface Disk Substrate Supersmooth disk/substrate Ultrastar 18XP Ultrastar 18ZX Textured Disk Ultrastar 36XP Ultrastar 36ZX Ultrastar 36LZX Travelstar 4GT 5 Gbits/in2 Travelstar 3GN Travelstar 6GT Travelstar 6GN Ultrastar 73LZX Travelstar 30GT 12.1 Gbits/in2 Travelstar 18GT 20.3 Gbits/in2 35.3 Gbits/in2 demo Recession Physical Spacing Server Products-3.5 Inches Mobile Products-2.5 Lab Demos 1 92 94 96 98 2000 100 102 104 Year Smooth Disk Load/Unload
10000 IBM Advanced Storage Roadmap 1000 Superparamagnetic Effect Advanced Storage Technology Areal Density, Gbits/in2 100 10 1 0.1 130 Gbits/in2 Enhanced 106 Gbits/in2 63.2 Gbits/in2 Magnetic 35.3 Gbits/in2 Travelstar40GN 20.3 Gbits/in2 Deskstar 120GXP 12.1 Gbits/in2 Ultrastar 73LZX 5 Gbits/in2 Demo 3 Gbits/in2 Demo Milliactuator AFC media 1 Gbit/in2 Demo 15K RPM Microdrive 10K RPM Integrated Head/Suspension Giant MR Head/Pico Slider Ramp Load/Unload, Glass Substrates No-ID MR Head/Nano-slider PRML Data Channel Thin Film/High Coercivity Disks Small Form Factor Disk Drive Lab Demos 3.5 Inch FF 2.5 Inch FF >10 Inch FF advrdmp21a.prz 0.01 2000 85 90 95 100 15 05 105 10 110 115 Availability Year ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADEN
Non-Volatile Magnetic Memory SL m-1 SL m SL m+1 Sense path Select row Select column I B Current for write I W WL WL n-1 WL n WL WL n+1 SL SL Magnetic Tunnel Junction Amplifier Tunneling Barrier Diode p n
Moving Atoms
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage Single Lever Write / Read Principle Nanoscience and Nanotechnology IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage Single Lever Write / Read Principle Video Animation
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage Single Lever Write / Read Principle Video Animation
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage Highly Parallel Recording Nanoscience and Nanotechnology IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage Highly Parallel Recording Video Animation
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage Highly Parallel Recording Video Animation
Thermomechanical read/write Results 40 nm bit size 400 Gbits/inch 2 120 nm pitch
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage erasing two lines
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage keeping one line
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage erasing line but keeping one line
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Fabricated "Millipede" Chip Integration in a 7 14 mm 2 chip size of: An array of 32 32 (1024) Cantilever Approaching, leveling sensors (4) Thermal sensors (4) Heaters
Microfabricated Si / Cu Scanner Cu springs fixed frame suspended platform 30 mm
Experimental System Millepede Magnetic xyz actuators Polymer damped spring support Magnets coated in Ferro-fluid
Holographic Storage - Recording Data electronic pages from cpu laser light spatial light modulator recording medium record one page at a time, each with a different reference beam reference beam(s) Science & Technology
Holographic Storage - Retrieving Data recording medium electronic pages to cpu reference beam detector array retrieve one page from many by using corresponding reference beam Science & Technology
DEMON I
Retrieve by Content search pattern recording medium correlation peaks reference beam M. Sanchez - ln98.prz Science & Technology
Associative Retrieval Search pattern Correlation peaks Retrieved data Decoded images
ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADEN Holographic Storage 4 Product Scenarios Extended DRAM Product Hard Disk Drive (DASD) Product Hard Disk Drive (CDROM-Type) Product Rack Mounted Archive Product Total Capacity: 25 GB High Capacity: 1 TB High Capacity: 1 TB High Capacity: 1 PB Access Time: 10 s Access Time: 10 ms Access Time: 10 ms Access Time: 10 s Non Volatile Cache High Reliability/Availability High Capacity/Low Cost High Volumetric Density HOLOHD9.CDR IBM Advanced Technology
PRISM (media tester) Demon I (first test bed) Associative Retrieval Optical Beam Apodizer Demon II (second test bed)
10000 IBM Advanced Storage Roadmap Areal Density, Gbits/in2 1000 100 10 1 0.1 1 Gbit/in2 Demo Superparamagnetic Effect 5 Gbits/in2 Demo 3 Gbits/in2 Demo >60 Gbits/in2 35.3 Gbits/in2 20.3 Gbits/in2 12.1 Gbits/in2 Travelstar30GN AFC media 15K RPM Microdrive 10K RPM Integrated Head/Suspension Giant MR Head/Pico Slider Ramp Load/Unload, Glass Substrates No-ID MR Head/Nano-slider PRML Data Channel Thin Film/High Coercivity Disks Small Form Factor Deskstar 40GV Ultrastar 73LZX Enhanced Magnetic Disk Drive Advanced Storage Technology/Holography Lab Demos 3.5 Inch FF 2.5 Inch FF >10 Inch FF advrdmp21a.prz 0.01 85 90 95 2000 100 105 110 10 115 15 Availability Year ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADEN