Project note no. 9-2013 Tim Genge Heat pumps in Norwegian households Results from online interviews
SIFO 2013 Project note no 9 2013 NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH Sandakerveien 24 C, Building B P.O. Box 4682 Nydalen N-0405 Oslo www.sifo.no Due to copyright restrictions, this report is not to be copied from or distributed for any purpose without a special agreement with SIFO. Reports made available on the www.sifo.no site are for personal use only. Copyright infringement will lead to a claim for compensation.
Project note no. 9-2013 Title Heat pumps in Norwegian households Number of pages 39 Date 24 June 2013 Author Tim Genge Prosjektnummer 11201116 Faglig ansvarlig sign. Oppdragsgiver Norges Forskningsråd Summary This project note describes the findings of a number of online interviews which were conducted in the first quarter of 2013. The online interview in the form of a Microsoft Word document as a working platform aimed to get a fuller picture of the general procurement and usage of heat pumps (focused on air-to-air models) in Norwegian households. The questionnaire contains 37 questions organized into four different categories, aiming at covering a number of overall themes like basic information, questions about the current heating behavior, questions about the reasons for installing a heat pump, and questions about the expectations of its performance. We seek among other things for possible similarities, discrepancies and changes of behavior in using the heat pump as an energy saving or as a comfort enhancing technology. Keywords Heat pumps, heating practice, consumption, energy
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Heat pumps in Norwegian households Results from online interviews by Tim Genge 2013 NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH P.O. Box 4682 Nydalen, 0405 Oslo, Norway
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Preface This project note and its results are part of Work Package 2 in the project Energy saving technologies in households: the heat pump. The project is a part of the Norwegian Research Councils Renergi-program and lasts from 2012-2014. In addition to the author, Nina Heidenstrøm and Pål Strandbakken contribute to this project and give inspiration to the text and the development of the questionnaire. Work Package 2 is concerned with identifying heat pump practices in Norwegian households and is analyzing the link between consumers and technology, especially how they talk about energy consumption and what households actually do to control it. To obtain valid information SIFO decided to split the data collection in two different methods. Personal interviews in households and an online questionnaire via email were developed and set up. Both the interview guide for the personal face- to- face interviews as well as the online questionnaire, are attached at the end of this project note. This project note will be used as background information for further project work. Oslo, June 2013
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Content Preface... 5 Content... 7 Summary... 9 1 Introduction... 11 2 Methods... 13 2.1 Part 1: Before the installation... 14 2.2 Part 2: After the installation... 14 2.3 What are qualitative interviews and online interviews about?... 14 2.3.1 Qualitative interviews in Oslo and Trondheim... 15 2.3.2 Online interviews... 17 3 Findings from online interviews... 19 3.1 Overview of participants and variables... 19 3.2 Heating practices in household A F... 20 3.2.1 Household A... 20 3.2.2 Household B... 20 3.2.3 Household C... 21 3.2.4 Household D... 22 3.2.5 Household E... 23 3.2.6 Household F... 23 4 Discussion... 25 4.1 Responsibilities and heating practices... 25 4.2 Technology interest, challenges, and expectations... 26 4.3 The E in Environment or in Economy: Why our households invest in a HP... 27 5 Conclusion... 29 References... 31 Appendix I... 33 Appendix II... 35
8 Heat pumps in Norwegian households
Summary This project note describes the findings of a number of online interviews which were set up in the first quarter of 2013. The online interview was presented in the form of a Microsoft Word document as working platform, aiming to get information about the general procurement and usage of heat pumps (focused on air-to-air heat pumps) in Norwegian households. To get voluntarily participants for this study, SIFO, at the end of the year 2012, published an online request on its own and on some other websites. In total 31 volunteers responded who had read the applications. We decided to set up nine interviews personally on- site. Qualitative on-site interviews were held in two Cities in Norway: Oslo and Trondheim. A lack of time and the variety of geographical localizations of the different households, linked to the high number of volunteers, lead to the decision to create additional online interviews for the rest of the applicants. This questionnaire embodies 37 questions divided in four different categories with the aim to cover a number of overall themes like basic information, questions about the current heating behavior, questions about the reasons for implementing a heat pump and questions about the expectations of its performance. Six households in total responded. Every household differs from the others in one way or another. To compare the household which each other we seek among other things for possible similarities, discrepancies and changes of behavior in using the heat pump as an energy saving or comfort increasing technology. Our households show common actions in heating their houses linked to the question of responsibility among the members and show similarities in the relationship towards heat pumps and its requirements. We consider family structures and draw attention to some differences in heating practices, general technology interest and attitudes towards the environment. The fact that heat pumps are embodied in daily conversations and the fact that our participants wish to use the biggest advantage heat pumps offer, namely to save energy costs, are interesting features and gives some insight into how heat pumps will develop as an energy saving technology/efficient heating system in Norwegian households.
10 Heat pumps in Norwegian households
1 Introduction The research project Energy saving technologies in households: the heat pump, which runs from 2012 to 2014, is financed by the Norwegian Research Council and is coordinated by SIFO. This paper contains results from qualitative online interviews and is part of Work Package 2. It aims at getting information about the general procurement and usage of heat pumps (focused on air-to-air heat pumps) in Norwegian households, and to analyze the link between consumers and technology. Due to a high number of participating households SIFO decided to run two methods of collecting information: Qualitative face- to- face interviews and online interviews. This project note is mainly focusing on the results of a number of online interviews, which were set up in the first quarter of 2013. The approach of these online interviews covers a number of overall themes like basic information, questions about the current heating behavior, questions about the reasons for implementing a heat pump and questions about the expectations of its performance. SIFO intends to compare this information, in so called Part 1, with information which will be collected later on in this project (Part 2).This comparison is important in analyzing the before- and after- effect. We seek among other things for possible similarities, discrepancies and changes of behavior in using the heat pump as an energy saving technology. The results of the qualitative face-to-face interviews will be presented in a separate project note.
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2 Methods As already pointed out, this project deals with questions about usage of heat pumps in Norwegian households. Heat Pumps are constructed to heat houses and dwellings over the colder periods of a year as well as to offer the possibility to create comfortable indoor temperatures by cooling rooms during warm seasons (Heidenstrøm & Strandbakken 2012). To get as much information about the procurement and the usages of heat pumps as possible, SIFO chose to divide the method of interviewing into two parts. The first part ( Before the installation ) took place from December 2012 to March 2013. The second part ( After the Installation ) will take place in spring/summer 2013 (May- August). The study combines qualitative interviews with an additional approach of online interviews. To obtain valid information from households, SIFO planned to set up qualitative interviews in different households in Norway. By doing so we published at the end of the year 2012 an online request for voluntarily participants on our website. Nina Heidenstrøm and Pål Strandbakken wrote at the 11 th December 2012 on www.sifo.no/page/nyheter under the title Forskningsprosjekt om varmepumper søker informanter! : Planlegger du å kjøpe varmepumpe? SIFO studerer luft-til-luft-varmepumper i norske husholdninger og vil gjerne snakke med deg som planlegger å kjøpe en slik varmepumpe. Alle deltakere i prosjektet vil motta et gavekort på kr 500,- og være med i trekningen av et varmepumpehus! Vi ønsker å gjennomføre intervjuene fra desember 2012 til medio februar 2013. SIFO er nå i gang med et nytt forskningsrådsfinansiert prosjekt, denne gangen med fokus på varmepumper: I dette prosjektet skal vi identifisere varmepumpepraksiser i norske husholdninger, og vi skal undersøke forbindelsen mellom brukere og teknologi. Målet er å få informasjon om hvordan varmepumpen faktisk brukes i husholdningen. Vi skal gjennomføre intervjuer med omkring 10-12 varmepumpeeiere i deltakernes egne hjem. Intervjuene skal gjøres i Oslo og Trondheim. Et siktemål er i første omgang å rekruttere folk som planlegger å anskaffe seg en varmepumpe, og så intervjue dem etter at varmepumpen er på plass og i gang. Ta kontakt med oss for mer informasjon. The application via SIFO s website was not the only one used for recruiting volunteers. Online requests were as well uploaded by the Norwegian Heat Pump Association (NOVAP), a Norwegian institute for research on the changeover to more environmentally friendly consumption and generation of energy (ENOVA SF) and at a financial online magazine www.dinepenger.no, which is linked to VG Nett a big newspaper in Norway. In total 31 volunteers responded who had read the applications. We decided to set up nine interviews personally on- site. Qualitative on-site interviews were held in two Cities in Norway: Oslo and Trondheim. A lack of time and a variety of localizations by the different households, linked to the high number of volunteers, lead to the decision to create additional online interviews for the rest of the 22 applicants. To test the online interview for mistakes and discrepancies, an employee at SIFO, who was planning to install a heat pump himself, tested its functionally. These test data are included in our study.
14 Heat pumps in Norwegian households All in all we had the chance to collect information from 31 volunteers plus one employee at SIFO. Out of these 32 households in total, nine participants were strategically elected for personal face- to- face interviews. The other households were invited to take part in the approach of online interviews. It is worth to note that the households were self-recruited. That means that we can guarantee for a high dimension of randomness with regard to evenhandedness and neutrality. All households show differences related to the number, age, gender and education of the residents and in type and extent of the houses/dwellings. 2.1 Part 1: Before the installation In Part 1of the data collection, from January to March 2012, we collected relevant information before or right after the investment in a heat pump (HP). With regard to the heat pump installation the basic idea was to have the interviews before the installation and the heating season. Part 1 is focusing on: - the current heating and comfort practices in the households. - the negotiation in the households until the final decision to buy a HP. - the expectations of an installation. - the current consumption. - the indoor temperature before the installation. Both the personal face-to- face interviews and the online interviews cover these topics. This information will be used to compare them later on with information and data collected in Part 2. 2.2 Part 2: After the installation This Part will proceed from May to August 2013 and will be the base for both the personal face-to-face interviews and the online interviews. In this part we want to collect detailed consumer descriptions at the end of the heating period. We want to see how the participants adapted to the performance of the heat pumps during the colder months and how the heat pumps were integrated into the heating practices. Part 2 is focusing on: - the changes in heating and comfort practices. - the experiences with the usage of heat pumps. - new types of negotiations in the home after purchasing. - the indoor temperature after installation. - technical aspects: is the heat pump properly installed, cleaned, etc.? - the current consumption: in- or decrease of electricity and wood usage? All data will be compared with the data from Part 1. 2.3 What are qualitative interviews and online interviews about? The qualitative research interview seeks to describe the meanings of central themes in the life world of the subjects. The main task in interviewing is to understand the meaning of what the interviewees say. A qualitative research interview seeks to cover both a factual and a meaning level, though it is usually more difficult to interview on a meaning level (Kvale, 1996).
Methods 15 Interviewing is a method which offers several advantages compared to other methods of data collection. The flexibility between interviewer and an interviewee, a higher degree of intimateness leading to a better information exchange and the opportunity to probe or ask follow up questions are just some advantages to name here. But it is important to know that medals always have two sides. Pål Repstad is explaining that interviewing methods have been criticized to be idealistic and individualizing. He is pointing out that they focus too much on the individual opinions and are neglecting social and material structures and frameworks (Repstad, 1998). Nevertheless Repstad holds that it is sometimes necessary to talk to people and is saying: If you want to understand the world view of actors and the meaning they attach to their action, a clean observation of actions can be insufficient (1998:63). Unlike face- to face interviews, online interviews allow us to reduce or obviate geographical distances. Personal interviews might be time consuming and resource intensive. Questionnaires via mail are relatively easy, need not much technical know-how and a wide range of information can be collected. The time factor is often very important for collecting data. The form of online questionnaires allows us to be efficient and flexible in gathering information from participants. Online interviews are good methods for many research questions, but it is important to consider that they have to fit into a given situation. That means that a researcher has to determine if a form of online interviewing is the best method or if another method would be more appropriate. 2.3.1 Qualitative interviews in Oslo and Trondheim Our idea was that interviews should give us the ability to understand the relation between how consumers talk about energy use in their household and what is actually being done. We intended to ensure that the same general areas of information were collected from each interviewee. As mentioned above, SIFO decided to set up nine face-to-face interviews. Due to an illness during this project, one interview appointment in Oslo was called off. So finally four interviews in Trondheim and four interviews in Oslo were set up. That means that we have collected data from eight different interviewees. Since the interviewer can control the quality of an interview to a certain degree, his/her training becomes crucial. It is important to organize in detail and practice the interviewing process before beginning the formal study. The interviewer has responsibility and is supposed to lead the interviewee through the interview. In all interviews 2-3 employees of SIFO were represented. Everyone has a lot of experience in field work and qualitative interviewing. The interviews were based on questions which were formulated in advance. The sessions lasted about one hour and covered a number of overall themes: basic information related to type of house, number of residents, questions about the current heating behavior and as well questions about the reasons for implementing a heat pump as ideas of its performance.
16 Heat pumps in Norwegian households 1. Hvordan varmer dere opp huset i dag? - Er det noen rom som ikke varmes opp? 2. Hvem i husholdningen er ansvarlig for oppvarmingen? - Hvem stiller termostaten, bestemmer innetemperaturen, sørger for at det er nok ved? 3. Kan dere si litt om hvorfor dere ønsker å installere varmepumpe? (spare penger, miljø, få det varmere, jevnere varme, inneklima, renere og tørrere luft) - Hvorfor valgte dere luft til luft varmepumpe? 5. Syns dere det er vanskelig å få det varmt nok på vinteren? Figure 1-1: Excerpt of the interview guide Part 1 ( Before the installation ) With regard to difficulties in understanding, all questions were formulated in an intelligible way. The interviewee had always the opportunity to neglect a question or to reformulate his answer. Before each session one main interviewer was elected and methods for recording the data were defined. Notes were taken on a laptop and paper blocks. After the approval by the interviewee all interviews were recorded on tape and were sent in for transcription. Each session started with an explanation of the purpose of the interview and its format. Indications about how long the interview would take and contact information for the interviewee were provided to create a casual situation. All information were collected under full anonymity. To ensure that SIFO is acting correctly all participants had to sign a consent form in advance. As a token of our gratitude each interviewee got a universal gift card. In addition to the personal interviews pictures of the heat pump placement in the room or outdoor unit were taken. We want to compare the before- and after- effect in these different households. What has changed? Is the heat pump positioned correctly? How does it look like after the installation? In doing so we are planning to take pictures from the same spots when Part 2 of the interviewing is initiated. We claim that this is relevant both for practice change but also for the aesthetic dimensions of the heat pump. For some households is the aesthetic dimension of the indoor- and outdoor unit really important and can create doubts and questions about installing a heat pump or rather not. A design which is not appropriate is often a negative aspect and consumers might think twice before they invest in a heat pump. Some quotes from craft forums like those below illustrate the importance of this issue and show that heat pump manufactures can probably learn a lot by taking consumer opinions into account (Heidenstrøm & Strandbakken 2012): 1 I m considering a heat pump, but then I would like some advice. I don t want to have a lump inside my living room, and I would rather not have a lump outside my house either. More and more people invest in buying a heat pump to save energy and money. But why do they have to look so ugly? I think that some placements are just indescribable idiotic. I live in a surrounding of non-detached houses and here is no clever place to install one. The whole interview guide is available in the Appendix at the end of this project note. 1 www.handtverker-tips.origo.no/
Methods 17 2.3.2 Online interviews The aim of the online interviews was to contact the households that we were unable to interview face to face. SIFO decided to create a questionnaire in form of a Microsoft Word document and to send it via e-mail to each participant. Instead of an internet based website survey the use of a Microsoft Word document as a working platform gives SIFO the advantage of saving money and time. The plan was to ensure that all participants would get easily access to the questions, and the possibility to write as much information down as they wished to. By doing so we tried to obviate the disadvantages a web survey is offering. Compared to a face- to- face interview, a web survey is more structured and offers fewer opportunities for flexibility. Web surveys often have limited space for writing and difficulties in rewriting answers. This questionnaire contains 37 questions divided into four different categories. In addition it covers a number of overall themes like basic information, questions about the current heating behavior and as well questions about the reasons for implementing a heat pump and ideas of its performance. Similar to the questions in the interview guide, new questions were formulated or rephrased in addition and finally added. Depending on the speed of answering, the average time for answering the questions was estimated to 45 minutes. Like the interview guide, this questionnaire is available in the Appendix at the end of this project note. Below you can see the e-mail which was send to the participants. Hei! I forbindelse med SIFOs forskningsprosjekt om varmepumper kontaktet du oss tidligere i vinter for potensielt å delta på et intervju. Vi fikk svært mange henvendelser og har intervjuet husholdninger i både Oslo og Trondheim. Selv om vi har samlet inn en del materiale mener vi at det fremdeles finnes mange erfaringer om oppvarming i norske husholdninger, og vi ønsker å få inn så mye av denne informasjonen som mulig. Vi håper derfor at du har mulighet til å svare på vedlagte spørreskjema og returnere det til oss før 1.april 2013. Alle som deltar på denne spørreundersøkelsen er med i trekningen av et universalgavekort på kr. 500! Vennlig hilsen. 2 To test the questionnaire for its functionality, omissions and possible discrepancies we decided to run a test interview with an employee at SIFO. These answers are included in the study and presented in Chapter 3 Results. To differ between participants who recently installed a heat pump and participants who are shortly going to install a heat pump, we created two different sections of questions. The questionnaire contains parts and questions all participants have to answer and separate sets of questions which are formulated for the type of participant. Figure 2-1 is showing an excerpt where a participant has to specify to which group he or she is belonging. 2 Email send to the participants, Part 1, 15th March 2013
18 Heat pumps in Norwegian households Vennligst kryss av i boksen med «X» 7. Har du allerede installert varmepumpe? A: Hvis ja, - Svar på spørsmålene 8-16 B: Nei, men vi skal installere varmepumpe snart - Svar på spørsmålene 17-24 C: Legg merke til at alle må svare på spørsmålene 25-37 Figure 2-1: Excerpt of the Word document Part 1( Before the installation ) Due to the canceled face- to- face interview in Oslo the participants in the online interviewing increased to a total of 23. To motivate the participants to answer, SIFO set up a lottery with a universal gift card as prize. The online interviews were sent out on the morning of the 15 th March 2013. The deadline for answering the questionnaire was set to the 1 st April 2013. That means that the time for replying was given for 18 days. The first approach ended Monday the 1 st April 2013 with a reply of two participants. Due to holidays and a higher possibility that some participant might be not available, we decided to expand the deadline to the 15 th April 2013. The same e-mail with information of prolongation was sent out on the morning of the 2 nd April 2013. The prolongation changed the time for replying from 18 days to in total 32 days. This time we expected a higher response rate. In this prolongation period SIFO received four replies in addition to the two in the first run. Three of them answered the questions fully. The other one decided to not install a heat pump in the household at all. No reason for this decision was given. Do we now add the two households from the first run together with the three households from the second run, the questionnaire was answered by five participants out of the 23 voluntarily registered. This gives a response rate for answering the online interview of 22 %. Together with the data from the test interview at SIFO we collected information from six different households in total. To distinguish between households who already installed a heat pump and those who are going to, we found that four households plan to invest in this technology as soon as possible. The other two households are already experienced with heat pumps and are now planning to invest in an additional air- to- air heat pump. We want to note that due to anonymity no names are used. The letters A to F are allotted to each household. (Figure 3-1)
3 Findings from online interviews 3.1 Overview of participants and variables All participants live in detached houses which were built in the 20th century. The oldest house is from 1910 and the newest is from 1986. By today all of them were renovated to a higher standard of living comfort. The most common factor here is the insulation of walls and housetops. Due to the heat flow, each household has to heat its area for itself. That means that no one can profit from supported heat or isolation from a neighbour underneath or beside. Mem bers Age Household Consumption 3 Ex. with HP 4 Heating system 5 HP as main system 6 A 5 17-77 B 2 58-59 50000 Yes e. radiator + HP 30000 No e. radiator +fireplace C 1 63 16000 No e. radiator +fireplace D 6 19-47 Yes No Yes & No 40000 No e. radiator Yes & No E 1 50 25000 Yes e. radiator HP + fireplace F 5 10-50 Figure 3-1: Facts about the households 15000 No e. radiator +fireplace Another similarity is that all households use electric radiators in addition to wood heating. This is explaining why the electricity consumption is high but not why the consumption differs so much among our participants. Let s take a look at household A and F. Both households have five members in pretty much the same range of age. The exception is that a pensioner is living in A. F s electricity consumption today is about 15000 kwh per year. That is 70% less of what household A is consuming over the year. A look at household B and D gives us another notable feature. We can Yes Yes 3 Electricity consumption in [kwh/year] 4 Experienced with heat pumps (HP) 5 e. radiator = electrical radiator 6 Heat pump as main heating system
20 Heat pumps in Norwegian households see that D consumes 1000 kwh per year more than B, however is D with six members three times bigger than household B. We will get back to the variable of electricity consumption at the end of chapter 4 Discussion. The majority of the households wish to use the heat pump as their main heating system or at least for the greater part. Only B is planning to use one as a support system for the electrical heating with radiators. In the following are we taking a closer look to each household in particular and see how they describe their present behaviors and what they intend to achieve by installing a heat pump. 3.2 Heating practices in household A F 3.2.1 Household A Household A is one of the bigger households. The five members (three male and two female) are two students, two full time employees and one pensioner. Of all our participating households, this is the biggest house, with 365 m 2. Household A has lived in the house for more than ten months. Figure 3-1 shows that they have the highest electricity consumption among all the households and that they are already experienced in using a heat pump. They plan to invest in an additional heat pump to shift from common electrical heating with radiators to a more efficient way. A is saying that they have already experienced a decrease in their electricity consumption and a reduction in using the electrical radiators after installing the first HP at the time they moved in. They answered on the question if they felt a change in their practice and habits around the heating process after the heat pump was installed with: less electricity, floor heating cables were turned off. Probably due the fact that one pensioner is among the household members A is not varying temperatures during daytime. That means that the indoor temperature is mostly stable while the others are not at home. A is adjusting the indoor temperature to the weather conditions and to the needs of the other members and everyone agrees that an indoor temperature of more than 21 C is uncomfortable. Further, A is saying that it is sometimes difficult to get the house warm enough when the outdoor temperatures drop quite deep: Now and then if it is getting closer to -20 C. Due to the location of the rooms and the frequency of their usage A is closing rooms to save the heat for where it is needed. Household A has not changed any of its heating habits while living in the dwelling. However, family members do expect a change in their heating habits and comfort after the heat pump is installed, especially for the ground floor area: Yes, it will change with the installation of the heat pump in the ground floor. A commercial made A the first time aware of heat pumps in general and after the positive experience in their previous house they are convinced that it is a good technique for heating. Due to their previous experience, there is no disagreement among the household members in questions about which type of heat pump shall be installed and which manufacturer is the most appropriate. In regard to the placement, A is pointing out that there was some disagreement but that it was solved democratically. The members are giving a number of reasons why they wish to install a heat pump. They have a set of positive experiences with the heat pumps performance and they mostly wish to save money. Improving the air quality indoors, better regulation opportunities for a stable heat and the possibility for cooling the house in summer are other reasons mentioned by A: Save money, better air quality, stable heat and cooling in summer. If we take a look at environmental questions, A is sorting waste, but does not have further plans for other energy saving measures to reduce the energy consumption. 3.2.2 Household B Household B is a two- person household and even though both members (one male and one female) are working fulltime and are not retired, B has compared to the other households a
Findings from online interviews 21 relatively high energy- consumption. The house is built in 1910 and has 310 m 2. B has lived there more than 30 years and already worked on some energy saving measures. They consider using the heat pump as a support for the electrical radiators and the fireplace during the daytime. Nevertheless, the heat pump is supposed to be the primary heating system during the night. At the moment they reduce the temperature at night and they experience some difficulties within heating the house when the outdoor temperature is falling. B is saying that it is a problem to keep a stable indoor temperature when it is too cold outside and that they close off rooms which are not in use if the situation forces them to: Challenging to keep it warm enough if it is cold. They expect a more stable indoor temperature and possibilities for its regulation after the installation of a heat pump. However, B is sure that they will not change the average temperature at home: Same as before but more stable. Asked if they changed their heating habits during the time they lived in the house and whether they expect a change after the installation of the heat pump, household B answered: We did not change our habits. The idea is to keep a stable temperature over the colder seasons and to use less wood. The first information about heat pumps and their main idea was made over a variety of media and conversations with family and friends. During the last year they decided to invest in a heat pump but no further specifications about type, size etc. were made. B is planning to do research about the best options offered by the present market. Size, service and price are the most significant factors for the purchase of a heat pump. The main reason for choosing a heat pump for heating is the wish for a much nicer and more stable indoor climate. Besides, a better technical performance is important to reduce the consumption of electricity and wood for heating their house. B is writing in the questionnaire: We already worked on some energy saving measures and we are looking for further options. The electricity consumption is high and we wish to reduce it as well as our consumption of wood. At the moment B is considering and discussing the opportunity of using the HP for cooling in summer or warmer seasons. Environmental issues seem important as well. Besides that they are trying to reduce their consumption they are sorting waste and try to be cautious with the environment. 3.2.3 Household C Household C is a small household and is inhabited by one pensioner. The well isolated house is built in 1984 and seems with the size of 200 m 2 of living area relatively big after C s children moved out. Much of the space is rarely in use and especially over the winter period he is trying to live more concentrated. C is not thinking that it is difficult to get it warm enough on colder days: I use 1/3 electricity for the floor, otherwise am I using wood. No problem to get it warm. To keep the average temperature mostly above 22 C, C is trying to keep closing doors. A fireplace is pumping the heat through all rooms, so C suggests that it is sometimes better to leave the doors wide open. According to C the heat is provided by 1/3 of electricity heating and 2/3 over a fireplace and a tiled stove. He is not using a nightly reduction in his heating practices and he thinks that the indoor temperature after the HP installation will be more or less the same as it is now but also admits that it could increase by one degree. Since he is living alone he takes care of his own needs for heating. He wishes to reduce using wood because he is getting older and it is time consuming. C is sure that the heating process will become more stable and more flexible. He is looking forward to have less stress to heat up the house after the installation of the heat pump. Especially in the morning it is difficult to get the house quick enough to C s favored temperature. These statements can be seen when we look at his answers for question 29. [] more flexible heating. Easier to turn the heating process off [] Less stress in the morning with using the fireplace []. So far does a 2 kw electrical ventilator support the phase of heating the house in the morning hours. He intends to place the heat pump centrally in the house so it can perform in its best way. In regard to the placement he is saying: Just somewhere reasonable, and this is central in the hall. From there the air will blow into the kitchen plus living room, and back into the hall... []. C is educated as an engineer. His education opened
22 Heat pumps in Norwegian households his way to the world of technology. Since then he knew that he wanted to invest in a heat pump, but the achieved efficiency at that time weren t good enough. He decided to wait for a better development of this energy technology and nowadays evaluates different heat pump descriptions. Due to his education it seems that C has a lot of knowledge in the fields of energy and technology. He is showing a lot of interest in heat pumps and is showing that he understands the physical principles. He is for example writing: [] an annual efficiency of 5,4, this means an efficiency factor of 2 better than the best one. That is of course not true [] if the compressor works too much the efficiency factor will fall. I will install a wattmeter to follow the development []. C is sure that now is the best time to invest in a heat pump. His plan is to use the heat pump over the whole year. If it is required he will heat with wood in addition. The opportunity of cooling in summer seasons is presently not an option. The main reason for C to invest in a heat pump is a more stable and flexible heating practice and a reduction in using wood. He does not think that he will actually save a lot of money. Besides that C renovated his house with a better isolation and better windows he is further trying to isolate the loft, to reduce his CO2 emissions, to provide his own water supply via a fountain and to be aware of treating animals in a respectable way. 3.2.4 Household D Household D has six members (four male and two female) and is the biggest one in our study. Apart from two students, all other members are fulltime employees. The 320 m 2 house was built in 1931 but totally renovated in 1998 and in 2010/2011. Household D is three times bigger than household B, but the electricity consumption is just 1000 kwh per year higher than B s. D mainly uses electricity for heating. Now and then the outdoor temperatures forces D to heat with wood in addition, but there is no problem for D to get it warm enough over the winter period: [] maybe supplement with wood firing over hard coldness. Different from the other households, D does not close rooms to keep it warm. They are trying to warm the house equally in all areas. At night time and when few members of the household are present the indoor temperature is varying. D is provided with a night temperature reduction and an energy control system (NOBØ) which allows a complete control over the heat flow during the day time. D is expecting no changes in temperature setting after installing a heat pump. Though they are sure that the indoor temperature will be the same, they could expect a change in their heating habits: I don t have any expectation for this, but I heard that HP s are faster in providing heat. That could lead to an adjustment of our night setback. This household has no disagreements among the members in questions of heating practice and how warm the house should be. D is answered this particular question with: No disagreements. We heat more if someone should complain. Rarely. D first heard about heat pumps in diverse media and from friends, and began to think about investing in one about three years ago. All household members know what a heat pump is and understand to a certain degree how it is performing. The main reason for D to invest in a heat pump is to reduce their electricity consumption. D is saying specifically: We wish to decrease our electricity bills! This household shows no conflicts among the members about the placement of the heat pump. They did, however express some concerns about the design and the noise, but will rely on test from the consumer council: We will rely on tests made by the consumer council [] We place it in one corner of the living room. This was recommended by an installer [] some insecurity with the noise of the fan, but I was told that there will be no problem. The heat pump is supposed to be the main heating technology while D is continuing to heat all of the floors with electricity. How often that will happen and how the heating practice will change is depending on the experience they will get from using it. D expects that the heat flow of the heat pump will be strong enough to heat as well the staircase up to the second floor: [] we expect that the heat pump will effect as well the staircase to the 2nd floor
Findings from online interviews 23 []. The option to cool the house in warm seasons is not neglected but rather not important for household D. On questions about additional energy saving measures that have been done and on their attitude to the environment D is clearly the one who has taken the most measures. In addition to the nightly temperature reduction the whole heating system is controlled by an electronic system and it can be easily adjusted to weather conditions, frequency of room usage and other special needs. The house is well isolated and is equipped with energy-saving lamps. D is describing further that the family has a good attitude in not wasting energy and turns off lights and technical devices which are not in use. Sorting waste and recycling bottles via the pant/return system is a part of everyday life. 3.2.5 Household E Household E, like household C, is one of the smaller households in our material. The house was built in1961and has 1,5 floors with a base of 60 m 2. The only household member is a 50 year old man who is working fulltime. Due to the fact that E is a single household questions about the responsibility for heating the house, comfort, the type of heat pump and its placement are for E most likely, easier to solve than for the other participants. As well as household A, E already has experiences with the heat pump technology. E experienced a more comfortable and stable indoor temperature over the whole day after installing the first heat pump and wishes to install a second one to use the heat pumps as a primary heating system. He is also using wood to heat the house in addition. According to E this is happening around truly cold outdoor temperatures, when the efficiency loss of the heat pump becomes problematic. The heat pump is not efficient under more than -16 C outside. That s when electric radiators and wood are used in addition. He does not think that his heating practices will change after the installment of another heat pump, but E is convinced that the indoor temperature will raise and that he gets the opportunity of controlling the heat flow for a more comfortable indoor climate. E is pointing out that an indoor temperature of more than +25 C is uncomfortable and that he is opening and closing doors to create a nice indoor climate. Rooms in the 2 nd floor or the basement are not often in use, so the heat is mostly concentrated in his living area: Over +25 C are uncomfortable [] The basement and rooms in the 2 nd floor will be closed. E got exposed to heat pumps via friends and has since then been interested in the physical principles. 10 years ago, at the time he moved in, E knew that he wanted to install a heat pump as soon as possible. Important factors for buying the right air- to- air heat pump are for E price and quality. His main reasons for an investment are a more stable indoor temperature and a better indoor environment. We can see when we take a look at his answers that he wishes, as well as the other participants, to save some money on his electricity costs for heating: Better indoor environment and a more stable temperature, saving a bit. Further measures in energy efficiency and savings have been done and he is trying to improve the situation at home. In regard to the environment E is pointing out that he has a special attitude towards the nature and that his actions are well planned: Using common sense and think about the environment everyday. 3.2.6 Household F The last household in our study is household F. This household has five members (four male and one female). Figure 3-1 is showing that F s current consumption is about 15000 kwh per year. Compared to what household A is consuming per year that is 70% less. The house was built in 1922 has a living area of 210 m 2 and is primarily heated by electric radiators and by a fireplace. In F both parents and all children are outside the greater part of the day. Due to that, the heating practice linked to the indoor temperature is varying. F is decreasing the temperature over the daytime if no one is at home. The first member who gets home is obliged to
24 Heat pumps in Norwegian households start the heating process. In F is a general agreement among the members about how warm the house should be and how they concur winter days: We agree most of the time. In case someone is freezing and the house is not warm enough do we take blankets. Nevertheless, the man in the house has the responsibility and is in charge of the heating process in general. This phenomenon can be seen in all households we interviewed and will be specified in chapter 4 Discussion. F has no previous experience with heat pumps, and is going to install one as soon as possible. After insulating their house three years ago F is not seeing any difficulties heating the house over the winter periods. They point out that their average indoor temperature of 20-22 C can easily be held by the current heating systems. An uncomfortable indoor climate can emerge when: [] the house has been empty over the daytime and it is cold outside over the winter. In those cases it takes a while to create a comfortable indoor climate and to bridge that time the members are obliged to use a blanket or to wait with taking their sweater of. Further, F is using a night setback for the electric radiators. We can see that F has a common practice to keep the house warm, he is: firing wood during the evenings and on colder days over the winter. To concentrate the heat in the most frequently used rooms F is closing doors to rooms which are not in use. In this way the staircase and some sleeping rooms are colder than the average temperature. They assume that after the installation of the heat, the average indoor temperature will increase and that they will have the opportunity to have better control over the heating during the day: I think that the average temperature will be higher and it is not recommended to turn the heat pump on and off, so the temperature at night and when the house is empty will be higher than it is now [] We will have it warmer in the hall and in general over the daytime. That change includes for F to turn off the electric radiators and to get a faster and more comfortable indoor temperature. Household F is interested in the physical principal and after renovating the house they started to collect information about heat pumps from several heat pump distributors. On the question when they first started to think about an investment F answered: We thought about it already a few years ago, however especially after we isolated the house. As a reason for the investment in a heat pump as the main heating system F is pointing out that a heat pump can create a more stable temperature and that they wish to save energy for heating. The opportunity to cool the house during warm seasons is not of major importance. In regard to the placement of the heat pump F is showing as well a common agreement. They wish to place it centrally in the house and saying further that: Primarily it should warm up the living room, the kitchen and the hall. Hopefully the heat flow can be used to heat the loft area and its sleeping rooms. F is sorting waste and trying to buy ecologic food if it is accessible in the supermarket.
4 Discussion It is possible to find both similarities and differences between the participants. So it is not just the electricity consumption, the number of household members, their favorite indoor temperatures, their heating systems, and the usage of a heat pump as primary and/or secondary heating technique and/or the choice of cooling in summer it is important to look at. Other factors can be used as well to compare one situation with another. 4.1 Responsibilities and heating practices In nearly all households the adult male can be seen as the person who is in charge of heating. Among our participants, the man/father usually reports most interest in technology. This can be found in all households except in B. Household B points out that both members are equally responsible for heating the house. The couple is agreeing most of the time and in case someone would feel uncomfortable with the present indoor temperature, it would be adjusted immediately. Further can we see that every household member is taking responsibility and often contributes to the family s life. Needs and wants will be disputed internally in each family. When taking a look at who is responsible for heating the house, we can see that democratic actions are taking place. In all households the man of the house is responsible for heating, but he is however supported by all other family members. The whole family is choosing how warm it should be and are dividing the task of heating the house. No disagreements. We heat more if someone should complain. Rarely or We agree most of the time. In case someone is freezing and the house is not warm enough do we take blankets, are answers we can find among our participants. The fact that household C and E consists of persons living alone leads to the situation that the household members themselves are responsible for heating their homes. Both households answered similarly with: I always was the boss. Before, the youth wished T-shirt temperatures everywhere and all the time. But this changed since I am living alone and I pay the electricity by myself. [] the old father determines the practice []. To note is as well that our households show differences in their present heating practices. While some adjust the heat production to the frequency of room usage and the general residence over the daytime, others are not changing any temperature settings when leaving. People have different opinions about the best way of heating. Should a door stay open to heat the other room too, or rather be closed to concentrate the heat flow in places where it is needed right now? These are the two main practices which can be found among our participants. Do people have different expectations about changes in their behavior and heating practice after the installation of a heat pump? Most common among our participants is the opinion that they do not expect a huge change in their heating behavior. They point out that they would probably use less wood, open doors to other rooms to create a good heat flow and adjust all other heating methods to the performance of the heat pump. The households are convinced that the new and more stable indoor temperature will be the same or just 1 C warmer than it was before. The most common ways our participants got in contact with the technology of heat pumps was by media, by family and friends. The time when people started to think about installing a
26 Heat pumps in Norwegian households heat pump in their own house is varying. For some households, like for A and B, the idea of investing in this technology is not older than one year. Others have had the idea for a much longer time, like household C. His desire to invest in a heat pump first appeared at his time with the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1973: On NTH 1973. I have been since then sure that I will buy a heat pump when I will get a house []. Heat pumps and other energy saving and comfort enhancing technologies are embedded in conversations and surroundings of the society. This is supported by the fact that all children of our households show at least to certain degree knowledge about a heat pump and its performance. Heat pumps are topics in school and chats among family and friends. On question if their children know what a heat pump is and where they got the information from, they answered: Yes, school +++., I told him everything. and Picked up information from discussions we had at home. 4.2 Technology interest, challenges, and expectations Trying to analyze the link between the interest in heat pumps, included their physical principal and other technical devices which are used in the daily life, is showing us a number of different attitudes among our participants. The households differ in their technology interests. We can find households which are really interested in understanding the performance of heat pumps and in addition show a notable interest in using other technical devices. Mobile phones, tablets, computers and video game consoles are not the only devices that can be found among our participants. Working tools, measuring instruments and devices for the outdoor life are popular as well. Answers like: We have a lot of devices or a more specific ones like Yes I have some devices [] PC s, hygroscope for wood, tablet, GPS, car- jack in the basement, chainsaw, did have induction for a few years, diverse electronic tools, electronic radon measures,+++++, and of course high pressure cleaner, were given by our participants. Households that show no interest in heat pump performances have no interests in other technique devices either. Household E is for example answering on the question if they are interested in technology and if they have a lot of devices with: Hate devices and they should work when I turn them on. We also find those who are not interested in heat pumps, but in other technique devices like TV, Computer etc. Those are devices which most likely have a higher value for the participants. For some people it is more likely to think that an investment in an expensive technology or an installation related to energy questions and personal belongings should spark interests. However, can we note that their interests are in other fields and sectors. Some households point out that they experience difficulties when the outdoor temperatures are falling into minus. For them it is difficult to warm up the house quick enough and to control the indoor temperature in a more or less stable way. One reason why our participants choose to install a heat pump is to avoid exactly those difficulties. While some participants listen to the opinions of others and do not evaluate the range of heat pump at all we can find some participants who do intense research. They want to invest in a proper solution which is the most suitable for their situation. Some of the following quotes show how our participants answered: We got information from a heat pump retailor [], We will rely on tests made by the consumer council [], Pump was not chosen till now, study and evaluate. At the moment the Panasonics Heatcharge looks so good that it will beat the other ones, if you can trust Panasonic s annual efficiency factor of 5,4 []. Test reports, information by heat pump retailers, recommendations of neighbours and friends and for some even old experiences are helping our households to build up knowledge before investing in one. Due to this investment it is important what expectations our participants have. What are the common factors for choosing the right type of heat pump and where do they want to place it? We can find common key factors among all households. Besides the similarity of a central placement, mostly in the living areas to create a proper heat flow through other rooms, our participants have special requirements to the heat pumps price, quality, size, sound and its
Discussion 27 design. Air- to- air heat pumps seem to be the cheapest and the most appropriate solution for the households. Other types of heat pumps (e.g. ground-source or water source heat pumps) are too expensive, demand a lot of equipment or are not fitting into the living situation. Household C explains: A ground-source heat pump will be too expensive for the existing residence. Household D is going even further with his explanation about different types of heat pumps and says: Air/Water could I have used [] But it doesn t make sense, a too bad efficiency factor, too expensive. Water/Water is also out of the question because the drillings are too expensive [] the efficiency factors for Air/Air are nowadays so good [] The time is now!. It is to mention that he specifies the type of heat pump with the common spelling Medium/Medium. The medium in front of the slash describes the heat carrier which is fed. The medium after the slash describes the heat carrier on which the energy is transferred. The slash can be read as the word to. Due to the understanding Air/Water becomes Air-to- water heat pump and Water/Water becomes Water-to-water heat pump. The shortage Air/Air describes the Air-to-air heat pump, which is in focus of this project. The design is a crucial factor for consumers and cannot be neglected. Looks at the answers show that our participants are concerned about the design and even the noise of a heat pump. The answers below by household B and D are similar to the abstracts in the handcraft forums, which can be found earlier in this project note. "Important: Capacity, service and price. We wish to have a heat pump that is invisible as possible [] "[] as least distracting for the living room some insecurity with the noise of the fan, but I was told that there will be no problem. 4.3 The E in Environment or in Economy: Why our households invest in a HP An appropriate attitude towards the environment is important, however for some even more important than for others. We can find a notable difference between generations while analyzing our households. Due to the formulation of the questions and to the more or less explicit answers which were given by our participants, we are neither able to say much about the education/employment status, nor about their present economic situation. Distinctions between money income and the electricity consumption and/or education and the attitude towards the environment cannot be drawn. With regard to the last point it is notable that people from older generations show or report a higher responsibility towards the environment and to the nature than younger people do. Most of the participants in the upper age groups answered the questions differently than the younger participants. Answers like those from household B and E: Separate waste and awareness around the environment, Using common sense and think about the environment everyday, are to find when they were asked about their attitude towards the environment. There might be a tendency that older generations have a different relationship towards the environment than younger people have, and that the environment itself holds a different value for both groups. Older people see the nature more as a beauty and that is why it has to be treated with respect and politeness. This relationship, seen as a friendship, could be less distinctive among younger generations. The attitude towards the environment clearly differs as well among the young generation, but they most likely think in a consumer friendly way. Waste separation and recycling of bottles through the pant/return system set up by the state are the most common factors which can be found when taking a look at the answers. No further measures or actions for the environment were given. This raises the question if their ambitions are lower than those from the older generation and why they sort waste but not take
28 Heat pumps in Norwegian households further actions. Are environmental reasons, economic benefits, peer pressure by the society or are other reasons affecting their actions? The reason why people recycle waste differs among societies and individuals. SIFO released in February 2013 a report which takes this topic up by using a specific case. The report describes the attitude of people towards an extended waste recycling system in Oslo. In the period from 2009 to 2012 the Waste Management Authority (REN) in Oslo implemented a new and voluntarily type of how the citizens could contribute to the recycling process by sorting waste already at home. The report shows two key aspects of the implementation of the extended system for recycling. It is examining how the new system can be the subject to various interpretations by those who will be using it and how the informant interpretive statements about recycling are analyzed. The other aspect is how the physical and social adaptation within the household can affect the sorting rate in the initial phase (Oftebro 2013). Now we take a closer look at the main reasons for our households to invest in a heat pump. Besides motives for increasing the indoor temperature, creating a more comfortable indoor climate and getting better control over the heating process in general, we find that the most common reason for investing in a heat pump is to save money. Every answer on the related question shows words like money, energy or other words linked to the economy. Household D answered for example explicit with: "We wish to reduce our electricity bill. Other households were less explicit but answered with: I don t expect to save a lot, but probably a bit [], or More stable heat and hopefully to save some energy. The households want to stop or at least to reduce heating their homes with common electric radiators. Compared to electrical radiators, heat pumps have a much higher efficiency in heating a room with the same input of electricity. That means that a heat pump is using less electricity and time to heat up the same area than an electrical radiator. With regard to the electricity production out of renewable energy systems, Norway has become a role model in the world. According to the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (OED) the average power production in Norway for the last 10 years is calculated with 127 TWh/a. The power production is based on wind power, hydro power and heat power, whereas the biggest amount is provided by hydro power plants. In the year 2011, 128 TWh of electricity were produced and can be divided into 122 TWh by water power, 1,3 TWh by wind power and 4,8 TWh by gas power and other power-heat coupling plants (OED-Fakta 2013:24). This shows that Norway covered his energy demand in 2011 to 96% out of renewable energy. That Norway has nearly a clean energy supply doesn t necessarily mean that electricity prices are low. It is to note that since 2008 the Norwegian electricity price for 1 kwh has been about the same level as in other European countries (Heidenstrøm & Strandbakken 2012). It is obvious that households who rely on electric radiators have high electricity bills, especially over the winter periods. We can see that people are concerned about electricity prices and try to think about new opportunities to improve their heating comforts and to decrease their electricity bills. This trend can be supported by an example from winter 2002 to 2003. During that year OED observed a higher usage of oil heating and a reduced use of electricity. The Ministry explains this pattern with high electricity prices and shortfalls in the electric supply (OED Fakta 2006: 34). Another indicator for this is the huge success of heat pumps during the last decades in Norway. Even after the government removed the subsidies for heat pumps in 2006, the distribution was still increasing. More and more Norwegians are willing to invest in this technology (Heidenstrøm & Strandbakken 2012).
5 Conclusion This project note gives us some insight into how different households act in daily life and how they think about heat pumps as a heating technology. Our questionnaire tried to cover important topics and we tried to get as much information from the participants as possible. Regarding the potential disadvantages of the more or less static Microsoft Word questionnaire concerning follow up questions and flexibility, we observed that some households answered more in detail than others. Generally speaking, our households often show the same features. Beside the findings described in Chapter 3.1 and in Figure 3-1, common actions for heating their house and a similar relationship towards heat pumps can be found when taking a look at the answers. The variety of the household members from single households and a two person household over to households with families show common measures concerning responsibility. The family can be seen as one entity, it acts together and more or less democratic choices are taken regarding the indoor temperature over day and nighttime. While all households seem to share a common view of responsibility, we find big differences between our participants with regard to their heating practices. Everyone is showing a more or less different practice. While some do open and close doors depending on the frequency of usage, regularly decrease the indoor temperature or even turn off the heating system while nobody is at home others again do not change any settings. This attitude, of showing less interest, can be found in other areas as well. Especially in areas related to the research about heat pumps available on the marked, technology interest and attitudes towards the environment. While our households differ in those categories we can see that they show similarities in how they got in contact with heat pumps, why they chose an air-to- air heat pump instead of another type and in what requirements a heat pump should have to be a worthwhile investment. Our households are primarily concerned with and interested in an optimum value - for money, in a suitable design and in a type with as little noise as possible. Air-to- air heat pumps seem to be the best choice. The current efficiency factors and the costs of purchase as well as for the installation are, compared to other types of heat pumps, most suitable for our participants. The age variable tends to point in one direction. Younger people, at least to a certain degree, have more knowledge about the heat pump technology which shows that this topic is taught in schools and embedded in daily conversation. Some households have problems in heating their homes quick enough on colder days and face difficulties in maintaining a comfortable indoor temperature during the winter period. Our participants wish to reduce such problems and wish a better control over the heating process and the opportunity to be more flexible. SIFO recorded several reasons for installing heat pumps, but the main reason was a desire to save money. High electricity prices at present, plus a possible increase in the coming years concern our participants. The households are worried and search for good solutions to reduce their electricity bills for heating.
30 Heat pumps in Norwegian households
References Dinepenger (2013): A financial online magazine. URL: www.dinepenger.no Heidenstrøm N., Strandbakken P. (2012), Air to air heat pumps in Norwegian households [Technological and market development, media analysis, and the use of practice theory to study consumption], Project note no. 19-2012, Oslo: Statens institutt for forbruksforskning Håndtverker-tips (2013): A forum with advices in craft. URL: www.handtverker-tips.origo.no/ Kvale S., (1996), InterViews: [An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing], page 31, SAGE Publications, London Thousand Oaks, New Delhi National institute for consumer research (2013): News page with heat pump request. URL: www.sifo.no/page/nyheter/nyheter_internett_arkiv/10178/78597.html Oftebro, V.J. (2013), Omlegging av husholdningers avfallssystem, Report nr. 2-2013, Oslo: Statens institutt for forbruksforskning Repstad P., (1998), Mellom nærhet og distanse [Kvalitative metoder i samfunnsfag],volume 3: 63-85. Oslo: Universitetsforlagets Metodebibliotek The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (OED), (2013), OED Fakta 2013, [Facts about the energy- and water resources in Norway], Oslo/Norway The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (OED), (2006), OED Fakta 2006, [Facts about the energy- and water resources in Norway], Oslo/Norway
32 Heat pumps in Norwegian households
Appendix I Intervju 1: Før installasjon (jan-feb. 2013) Innledning 1. Fortelle kort om prosjektet: forskningsprosjekt ledet av SIFO, vil finne ut mer om bruken av varmepumper i norske husholdninger, varer fra 2012-2014. 2. Beskrive og forklare intervjuet: Varighet (ca. 1 time), overordnede temaer 3. Anonymitet og samtykkeerklæring: Intervjuet blir tatt opp med diktafon, og det blir skrevet notater. Hvis det er mulig ønsker vi å ta noen bilder av varmepumpens plassering og lignende. Alle skriver under på samtykkeerklæringen. Bakgrunnsvariabler 1. Hvor stor er boligen? (også notere oss hva slags type bolig det er) 2. I hvilket år ble boligen bygget? 3. Hvor lenge har dere bodd i boligen? 4. Hvor mange medlemmer har husholdet? (fordelt på kjønn) 5. Hvor gamle er husholdets medlemmer? 6. Hva jobber de voksne i husholdet med? Oppvarmingssituasjonen i dag 1. Hvordan varmer dere opp huset i dag? - Er det noen rom som ikke varmes opp? 2. Hvem i husholdningen er ansvarlig for oppvarmingen? - Hvem stiller termostaten, bestemmer innetemperaturen, sørger for at det er nok ved? 3. Hvor varmt har dere det hjemme i dag? - Oppleves innetemperaturen i huset som behagelig? Når er eventuelt innetemperaturen ubehagelig? - Varierer dere temperaturen i løpet av døgnet? (nattsenking, når man får besøk, på dagtid når ingen er hjemme) 4. Er det noen konflikter i husholdningen om hvordan dere skal varme opp, og hvor varmt dere skal ha det? - Hva går disse konfliktene ut på, og hvordan løsere dere dem?
34 Heat pumps in Norwegian households 5. Syns dere det er vanskelig å få det varmt nok på vinteren? 6. Pleier dere å stenge av rom i boligen og ikke ha det like varmt overalt? 7. Har dere gjort andre energisparende tiltak hjemme? (isolasjon av vegger, dører, vinduer, loft, styringssystemer, skiftet ut annen oppvarming) - Har dere endret vaner rundt oppvarming av huset i løpet av den tiden dere har bodd her? (innetemperatur, lufting, tørking av klær, tøfler/ullsokker inne, avstenging av rom) Anskaffelse av varmepumpe 1. Hvor hørte dere først om varmepumper? (aviser, reklame, venner, familie, internett) 2. Når begynte dere først å tenke på å installere varmepumpe selv? 3. Kan dere si litt om hvorfor dere ønsker å installere varmepumpe? (spare penger, miljø, få det varmere, jevnere varme, inneklima, renere og tørrere luft) - Hvorfor valgte dere luft til luft varmepumpe? - Har det vært noen konflikter i husholdningen om dere skal ha varmepumpe? (estetikk, vedlikehold, for teknisk) 4. Hvor har dere tenkt til å plassere varmepumpen? (ta bilde, vise) - Var det enighet i husholdet om plasseringen av varmepumpen? 5. Hvilke rom vil dere varme opp med varmepumpen? - Skal varmepumpen være primæroppvarming, eller supplerende oppvarming? - Har dere tenkt på å bruke varmepumpen til kjøling om sommeren? 6. Er dere interessert i teknologi generelt? Har dere mange «dingser»? Avslutningsvis 1. Er det andre ting dere ønsker å ta opp?
Appendix II Innledning Online interview: Spørreundersøkelse: luft- til- luft-varmepumper Forskningsprosjektet «Heat Pumps» er finansiert av Norges Forskningsråd og koordineres av SIFO. Formålet med prosjektet er å finne ut mer om bruken av varmepumper i norske husholdninger. Prosjektet varer fra 2012 til 2014. I den sammenheng ønsker vi mer informasjon om norske husholdningers innkjøp og bruk av varmepumper, og vi håper at du har tid til å svare på spørsmålene nedenfor. Undersøkelsen har 37 spørsmål, og det vil ta ca. 45 min. å besvare alle spørsmålene. Overordnede temaer: I. Bakgrunnsinformasjon II. Oppvarmingssituasjonen i dag III. Anskaffelse av varmepumpe IV. Avsluttende spørsmål Vi ønsker informasjon om dine personlige vurderinger og erfaringer med varmepumper. Det er fint om du kan svare på så mange spørsmål som mulig. Du svarer ved å skrive inn dine tanker og vurderinger under hvert enkelt spørsmål, så utfyllende som mulig. Prøv å unngå å svare med kun «ja» eller «nei». All informasjonen vi får av dere er verdifull for oss. Svarene fra denne spørreundersøkelsen vil bli anonymisert, og det vil ikke bli brukt gjenkjennbar informasjon i den videre forskningen. Resultatene av studien vil bli publisert med full anonymisering av alle informanter. Alle som deltar i denne undersøkelsen er med i trekningen av et gavekort på kr. 500,- Dersom du har spørsmål om denne undersøkelsen, eller ønsker å bli informert om resultatene fra undersøkelsen når de foreligger kan du gjerne ta kontakt med oss. Tusen takk for at du støtter vår forskning. Med vennlig hilsen
36 Heat pumps in Norwegian households I. Bakgrunnsinformasjon 1. Hvor stor er boligen? 2. Hva slags type bolig? (enebolig, leilighet, rekkehus, tomannsbolig, m. m.) 3. I hvilket år ble boligen bygget? 4. Hvor lenge har dere bodd i boligen? 5. Informasjon om medlemmer i husholdet: Kjønn Alder Arbeid Medlemmer 1: Medlemmer 2: Medlemmer 3: Medlemmer 4: Medlemmer 5: Medlemmer 6: Kjønn Alder Arbeid Kjønn Alder Arbeid Kjønn Alder Arbeid Kjønn Alder Arbeid Kjønn Alder Arbeid - Vis det finnes flere medlemmer skriv her: 6. Hvor stor er energiforbruket deres i kwt/år? - Skriv ned i boksen: kwt/år Deltaker Vennligst kryss av i boksen med «X» 7. Har du allerede installert varmepumpe? A: Hvis ja, - Svar på spørsmålene 8-16 II. Oppvarmingssituasjonen i dag B: Nei, men vi skal installere varmepumpe snart - Svar på spørsmålene 17-24 C: Legg merke til at alle må svare på spørsmålene 25-37
Appendix II 37 - A: Ja, varmepumpen er installert - 8. Har dere noen andre varmekilder enn varmepumpe? 9. Dersom du sammenligner med før du installerte varmepumpe, har husholdningen endret sine oppvarmingsvaner? 10. Hvem i husholdningen er ansvarlig for oppvarmingen? - Hvem stiller termostaten, bestemmer innetemperaturen, sørger for at det er nok ved? 11. Var noen andre ansvarlig for oppvarmingen før dere installerte varmepumpen? - Hvem og Hvorfor? 12. Hvor varmt har dere det hjemme i dag? - Oppleves innetemperaturen i huset som behagelig? Når er eventuelt innetemperaturen ubehagelig? - Varierer dere temperaturen i løpet av døgnet? (nattsenking, når man får besøk, på dagtid når ingen er hjemme) 13. Er det noen uoverensstemmelser i husholdningen om hvordan dere skal varme opp, og hvor varmt dere skal ha det? - Hva går disse uoverensstemmelser ut på, og hvordan løser dere dem? 14. Syns dere det er vanskelig å få det varmt nok på vinteren? 15. Pleier dere å stenge av rom i boligen og ikke ha det like varmt overalt? 16. Har dere endret vaner rundt oppvarming av huset i løpet av den tiden dere har bodd her? (innetemperatur, lufting, tørking av klær, tøfler/ullsokker inne, avstenging av rom, m.m.)
38 Heat pumps in Norwegian households - B: Nei, men vi skal installere varmepumpen snart 17. Hvilke oppvarmingssystemer har dere hjemme i dag? - Er det noen rom som ikke brukes ofte? 18. Hvem i husholdningen er ansvarlig for oppvarmingen? - Hvem stiller termostaten, bestemmer innetemperaturen, sørger for at det er nok ved, m.m.? 19. Hvor varmt har dere det hjemme i dag? - Oppleves innetemperaturen i huset som behagelig? Når er eventuelt innetemperaturen ubehagelig? - Varierer dere temperaturen i løpet av døgnet? (nattsenking, når man får besøk, på dagtid når ingen er hjemme) 20. Tror dere at innetemperaturen vil bli høyere eller lavere etter at varmepumpen er installert? 21. Er det noen uoverensstemmelser i husholdningen om hvordan dere skal varme opp, og hvor varmt dere skal ha det? - Hva går disse uoverensstemmelser ut på, og hvordan løser dere dem? 22. Syns dere det er vanskelig å få det varmt nok på vinteren? 23. Pleier dere å stenge av rom i boligen og ikke ha det like varmt overalt? 24. Har dere endret vaner rundt oppvarming av huset i løpet av den tiden dere har bodd her? (innetemperatur, lufting, tørking av klær, tøfler/ullsokker inne, avstenging av rom, m.m) -Tror at dere vil endre vaner etter de har installert varmepumpen?
Appendix II 39 - C: Alle må svare på spørsmålene 25-37 - III. Anskaffelse av varmepumpe 25. Hvor hørte dere først om varmepumper? (f.eks. aviser, reklame, venner, familie, internett, TV, radio) 26. Er du interessert i hvordan en varmepumpe fungerer (fysisk prinsipp)? 27. Hvis du har barn: Vet de hva en varmepumpe er? - Hvordan vet de det? (Du fortalte dem, skole, venner, m.m.) 28. Når begynte dere først å tenke på å installere varmepumpe? 29. Kan dere si litt om hvorfor dere ønsker eller har ønsket å installere varmepumpe? (spare penger, miljø, få det varmere, jevnere varme, inneklima, renere og tørrere luft, m.m.) 30. Hvorfor valgte dere luft- til- luft- varmepumpe? 31. Hva er/var avgjørende for valget av type varmepumpe dere ville ha / ønsker å ha? (Produsent, anbefalinger, design, pris, m.m.) - Har det vært noen uoverensstemmelser i husholdningen om dere skal ha varmepumpe? (estetikk, vedlikehold, for teknisk, m. m. ) 32. Hvor har dere tenkt å plassere varmepumpen? Hvor har dere plassert varmepumpen? (Beskriv stedet) - Var det enighet i husholdet om plasseringen av varmepumpen? 33. Hvilke rom vil dere varme opp eller varmer opp med varmepumpen? - Varmepumpen er / skal være primæroppvarming, eller supplerende oppvarming? - Hvis supplerende oppvarming: Hva er deres viktigste varmesystem? - Har dere tenkt å bruke varmepumpen til kjøling om sommeren? IV. Avsluttende spørsmål 34. Er dere interessert i teknologi generelt? Har dere mange «dingser»? 35. Har dere eller har dere planlagt andre energisparende tiltak hjemme? (isolasjon av vegger, dører, vinduer, loft, styringssystemer, skiftet ut annen oppvarming, m.m.) 36. Er der andre ting du gjør for å ta vare på miljøet? (Sortere avfall, el-bil/hybridbil, økologisk mat, dyrevelferd, bærekraftig vannforbruk, etisk handel, sesongbaserte matvarer, «grønn» ferie m.m.) 37. Er det andre ting dere ønsker å ta opp?