The Renaissance- Chapter 12.1 & 12.2 Objective: Describe artistic contribution of the renaissance; Summarize humanism and the effects on the Renaissance
What was the Renaissance? Period following the middle ages (1450-1550) Rebirth of classical Greece and Rome Began in Italy Moved to northern Europe
Objectives During the middle ages Find God Prove pre-conceived ideas During the Renaissance Find man Promote learning
Italian Background Major city centers Venice: Republic ruled by oligarchy, Byzantine origins Milan: Visconti and Sforza families Florence (Tuscany): Republic ruled by the Medici Papal States: Ruled by the Pope Kingdom of Naples: King of Aragon
Pursuit of individualism Humanism Recognition that humans are creative Appreciation of art as a product of man Basic culture needed for all Life could be enjoyable Education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek Both wrote literature in everyday language not Latin Advances were made in medicine, as well as astronomy
Italian Renaissance Humanism Humanism-based on the study of the classics, the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome Humanist studied-grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history. Petrarch-(PEE*TRAHRK)-father of Italian Renaissance. Live an active for one s state EQ-What characterizes Renaissance Art, such as
Erasmus and Christian Humanism Protestant reform-name given to the religious reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups Martin Luther began the Reformation in the early sixteenth century Change in intellectual thought Christian Humanism-Northern Renaissance-Reform of the Catholic Church Desiderius Erasmus-(ih*RAZ*muhs)-Best Known Christian Humanist( Philosophy of Christ) Monks Precise Reform the Catholic Church-(Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched) EQ-What might have led to religious and political conflicts
Education in the Renaissance Education could change human beings Wrote books on education and opened schools based on their ideas Sound mind in a sound body, Humanist also expressed physical education Females were absent EQ-What characterizes Renaissance Art, such as
Examples of Renaissance Men Italian diplomat Baldassare Castiglione wrote book, The Courtier Described how perfect Renaissance gentleman, gentlewoman should act Castiglione gave nobles new rules for refined behavior in humanist society Speak of serious, as well of amusing subjects; know Latin, Greek Be well-acquainted with poetry, history; be able to write prose, poetry
Masters of the High Renaissance Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo Leonardo mastered the art of realistic painting and even dissected human bodies to better see how nature worked Raphael Painted the Virgin Mary-Beauty surpassing human standards Michelangelo-Painter, Sculptor, and architect Worked with great passion and energy on a remarkable number of projects EQ-What characterizes Renaissance Art, such as
Renaissance Art A reflection of the new humanist spirit Renaissance artists depicted what they observed in nature Renaissance artists worked for whoever offered them highest price Buyers of art, patrons, might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or church; Wealthy individuals competed, displaying wealth, modernity through purchase of artworks Florence, Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists; Milan, ruling Sforza family benefactors of artists, others
Elements of Renaissance Art What was different in the Renaissance: Realism Perspective Classical (pagan) themes Geometrical arrangement of figures Light and shadowing Softening of edges Backgrounds Artist able to live from commissions
Renaissance Architecture Used unique architectural concepts Studied Pantheon Used ribs for support Structural elements have been copied on other buildings
Sculpture and Architecture Donatello- spent time in Rome studying and copying the statues of the Greeks and Romans Fillipo-was inspired by the buildings of classical Rome to create a new architecture in Florence EQ-What characterizes Renaissance Art, such as
Vernacular (vərˈnakyələr) Literature Humanists emphasis on classical Latin led to its widespread use in the writings of scholars, lawyers, and theologians. Italian author Dante and the English author Geoffrey Chaucer helped make vernacular literature more popular Canterbury Tales-collection of stories told by a group of 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint Thomas a Becket at Canterbury, England (High to the Low Born) EQ-What characterizes Renaissance Art, such as
Secular Writers Early 1500s life in Italy seemed insecure, precarious Church no longer served as source of stability, peace Form of humanism developed from Petrarch s ideas; focus was secular, was worldly rather than spiritual Humanists argued that individual achievement, education could be fully expressed only if people used talents, abilities in service of cities. Ideal Renaissance man came to be universal man, accomplished in classics, but also man of action, who could respond to all situations.
Machiavelli Machiavellian advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens, rival states Describes men as ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers Advises rulers to separate morals from politics Power, ruthlessness more useful than idealism Ruler must do whatever necessary to maintain political power, even if cruel Machiavelli s theory that the end justifies the means deviated from accepted views of correct behavior Idea that state an entity in itself, separate from its ruler, became foundation for later political philosophy
Science of the Renaissance Scientific Information Humanists searched archives, Arab translations for classical texts Discovered wealth of scientific information Natural World Focus of Renaissance on human sciences, history, politics, geography New ideas about natural world began to be explored also Scientific Challenges Science soon became important avenue of inquiry Church s teachings about world were challenged, particularly that Earth center of universe Earth, Sun Nicholas Copernicus said Sun was center of universe Galileo Galilei arrested by church officials for saying Earth orbited Sun
The Reformation
Religion on the Eve of the Reformation Corruption in the Catholic Church was one reason Popes-failed to meet the spiritual needs Julius II- Warrior Pope Church office to advance their careers People wanted to know how to save their souls, and many perish priests were unable to offer them advice or instruction Salvation-acceptance into Heaven EQ-What might have led to religious and political conflicts
Religion on the Eve of the Reformation Indulgence-release from all or part of the punishment for sin Frederick the Wise-amassed over five thousand relics Church sold Indulgence EQ-What might have led to religious and political conflicts
Catholic Church in 15 th C End of the middle ages Return to Rome (re-build it) Schemes to collect money Payments for ordinances Alms for the dead Begging friars Tithe on land Bequeathing of property Corruption 12-year old bishops Moral decay Illiterate priests (no teachers) Money to monks (politicians)
Christian Humanism Movement to reform the Catholic Church Believed if people read the classics, and especially the basic works of Christianity, they would become more pious. Erasmus- Philosophy of Christ People should live good lives based on Christianity; rather than practice a set of beliefs to be saved.
Martin Luther Martin Luther-Monk, Professor about the bible Certainty of Salvation Human beings were powerless in the sight of an almighty God and could never do enough good works to earn salvation Faith in God Justification (being made right before God) EQ-What might have led to religious and political conflicts
A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) He criticized: The Power of the Pope The Extreme Wealth of the Church Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)
Gutenberg s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany Gained support from people and criticism from Church
The Diet of Worms 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs Luther burned the order and was excommunicated Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German spreading his beliefs even further
A Break with the Church Only kept 2 sacraments-baptism and the Eucharist's Luther-Clergy get married Faith alone and not good works Edict of Worms-Martin Luther was made an outlaw within the empire EQ-What might have led to religious and political conflicts
Some Local German Churches accepted Luther s ideas Lutheranism was formed Supported by German Princes who issued a formal protest against the Church for suppressing the reforms The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants
The first thing printed on Gutenberg s press was the Bible.
The Rise of Lutheranism Support of many of the German rulers Rulers took control of the Catholic control Worship Service consisting of Bible readings, preaching of the word of God, and song Lutheranism became first 1524-Luther faced a political crisis when German peasants revolted against their lords EQ-What might have led to religious and political conflicts
Politics in the German Reformation Charles V-Holy Roman emperor Control of his dynasty Charles and King of France, Francis I Lasted 20 Years Not in favor of Charles Freed themselves End to religious warfare in Germany came in 1955 Separated Christian German states chose between Catholic and Lutheranism EQ-What might have led to religious and political conflicts
Impact of Martin Luther Religious Implications Pope did not speak for God Church and priesthood not necessary for salvation God s grace given to all who seek it Lutheran Church established Political Consequences: Peace of Augsburg: formally ended religious warfare in Germany by allowing individual states to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism Council of Trent: -Catholic Church council between 1545-1563 AD -Issued condemnations on what was considered to be Protestant heresies -part of the Catholic church s Counter Reformation
Europe after the Reformation
The Catholic Reformation England-split from Rome had resulted in the creation of a national church New Strength 3 Pillars-The Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent Jesuits-Society of Jesus Papacy-Renaissance popes-corrupt Council of Trent-Cardinals, Archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians met in the city of Trent Decree of the Council of Trent reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs
The Zwinglian Reformation Peace of Augsburg-ideal of Christian unity was forever lost. Newer group appeared in Switzerland Ulrich Zwingli-Priest in Zurich-Religious reforms New Church-consisting of scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic Mass Zwingli sought an alliance with Martin Luther and the German reformers War-Protestant and Catholic states in Switzerland Protestantism in Switzerland now passed to John Calvin
The Anabaptists People disliked giving so much power to the state Voluntary community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized Anabaptists-following the practices and the spirit of early Christianity(All Equal) Anabaptists- believed in the complete separation of church and state
Presbyterian Puritan Hugeunots
Calvin (Geneva) Convert to Luther s ideas Geneva looking for a Protestant leader Calvin established church/state government Moved away from Luther Teachings led to movements in other countries
Started in Switzerland Calvinists England = Puritans Scotland = Presbyterians Holland = Dutch Reform France = Huguenots Germany = Reform Church Separation of church/state=anabaptists
Henry VIII Dissent over divorce Thomas More Wives of Henry Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Edward VI Mary Tudor England
Reformation and Renaissance Humanism opened the arts and sciences in the Renaissance Protestantism was mixed on humanism Plus = Importance of humankind in God's plan Minus = Predestination depreciates human ability Minus = Mankind is only a creature in God's presence Catholic remained focused on the church
France Francis I Henry II Catherine d Medici 3 sons: Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III St Bartholomew's Day Massacre End of Valois dynasty Henry of Navarre Bourbon dynasty Edict of Nantes (toleration)
Effects on the Role of Women Protestantism-eliminated the idea that special holiness was associated with celibacy and had abolished both monasticism and the requirement of celibacy for the clergy. Please her Husband Bear Children