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, 2001 Copyright BACKGROUND PAPER ON REFUGEES & ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM TURKEY, September 2001. 23 -.. 67 26 462/3 67 26 417 2

.,,...... / :..... 1923 1973 1974 1980 1991 1995.. 1999..,..,........... 11.4.1991... -..,..,.., -...... Incommunicado......... 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 11 12 16 16 16 16 16 18 19 19 20 20 20 23 24 24 24 27 27 27 28 28 29 32 32 33 33 34 37 38 38 39 41 41 42 42 43 44 3

...,.......... /............................ :......... :.....,,. - (2000).. 44 46 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 52 53 54 54 55 55 55 56 57 58 60 60 61 61 62 64 66 67 68 70 72 73 73 73 75 76 76 76 76 77 77 78 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 80 4

(1/2000-7/2001).. (1990-2000). (2000).. 81 82 83 84 5

. 1,, 779.453 2.., -,. :, 3.,,,,, 4. 65.666.677 5, - 85%. 11% -. -, 6. -,, -.. 15%, ( 7% - 7 ),,, 8. 1928 9., 99%. 1% 10. 25.000 11. : 1920 1936) 1945-1 «-» 1997. 1997 2001. 2 Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Profile 2000 Turkey, London 2000, p. 3. 3 Europa Publications Limited, The Europa World Year Book 2001, Vol. II, 42nd edition, London 2001, p. 3911. 1157. 4 Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile, 2001. 5 Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, Europa Publications, 2001, p. 6 Atlapedia Online, Country Profiles Turkey: Key Facts and Statistics on The Country 2001. 7 Europa Publications Limited, The Europa World Year Book 2001, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London 2001, p. 3911. 8 Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile, 2001. 9. 1924. 1928. - : Europa Publications Limited, The Europa World Year Book 2001, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London 2001, p. 3934. 10 Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile, 2001. 11 United Nations, General Assembly, Interim Report on Elimination of all forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination based on Religion, Belief, prepared by Abdelfatah Amor, Special Rapporteur on the Commission on Human Rights in accordance wit the GA Resolution 54/159, A 55/280/Add.1/ 17.12.1999, 11.8.2000, p. 3. 6

. : 1960-1961, 1971-1973 1980-1983 12. 1923.,,, -,,. 1980 13. 1981 -, 1961. - 1982 14. «,» 15. 1982, 550, 5.,, - 7.. -, - 16. 32, -. 1999 -. (Democratic Left Party DLP) 136. (National Movement Party ) 130,. (Motherland Party) 88,. - (True Path Party TPP) (Fezilet Partisi FP ). 85 - FP 103. 2000 -.. D. 2001 FP, -. 22 2001. FP. (People s 12 EIU, Country Profile 2000 Turkey, London, 2000, p. 4. 13 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13-14 November 2000, p. 86. 14 Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile, 2001. 15 2. 16 Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile, 2001. 7

Democratic Party HADEP), 4,75% 18-1999 - 10%. 1999 ( ) HADEP -. 81 17. 1961.,. -,,,, -,, -., -, 18.,,, (Shari a). 1926 -,.,.,.,. 19., -,.,,,,.. - 20. -. 17 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001), 22.8.2001, p. 20. 18 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna 13-14/11.2000, p. 87. 19 Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, 47 th edition, Europa Publications, p.88. 20 Amnesty International, Turkey: The Duty to Supervise, Investigate and Prosecute, 4/1999. 8

., 20. -., -., -. -. 21. :. -, -. :,, ( ), -,, -. :. -,, - 22. : -. -. : 143,,,, -». 312 ( ). : 125 139, 146 157, 161, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174. 1984. 2845/1983... 1998 21 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001), 22.8.2001, p. 27. 22 Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, 47 th edition, London: Europa Publications, p. 1192. 9

Incal - 23. 22.6.1999 -. 23 1999 24. -.. -. 1997 -.. 25. 1960, 1971 1980 -..,,.,. 1960 -, -, -,,,,, - 26. /,, -,. -. -..,. - 23 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, 1.4.2000, p. 7. 24 Council of Europe, European Commission, 1999 Regular Report from the Commission on Turkey s progress towards accession, 13.10.1999, p. 9. 25 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, 1.4.2000, p. 7. 26 Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa, 47 th edition, Europa Publications, 2000. 10

. -. - 1998 - ( ), -. -,. 181..., - - 27. 1998 - -. 1999-28. : 65.000. 1985. 442,. 1985 1986. ( - 2000) :,,,,, -,,, -,,,,,. ( ) 27 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, Including Questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 55 th session, Item 11 (b) of the provisional agenda, E.CN.4/1999.62/Add.2, 28.12.1998, paras. 19.20. 28 International Committee of Red Cross, ICRC, Annual Report 1998 and 1999. 11

( ) 29., 2000 -. - ( 2000) :, -,,., 2001,,, -. - 30. 22.1.2000 Nordrhein- Westfalen. -.. -, -. - 31. 2000, - (Diyarbakir, Hakkari, Sirnak, Tunceli) 60.000. - 312. -. -, 32. 1946 33. 68 69 29 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, 1.4.2000, p. 55. 30 USDOS, 2000 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Turkey, 2/2001, p. 13. 31 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, 1.4.2000, p. 56. 32 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNCHR/ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13-14/11/2000, p. 94. 33 Facts on Files News Service, Turkey Country Profile 2001. 12

. - -.. 169-34. Europa Regional Surveys of the World 2001 - : Anavatan Partisi (ANAP Motherland Party) : -, -,. :. Büyük Birlik Partisi (BBP) Cumhuriyat Halk Partisi (CHP) :. 1923 1981. 1992 1995 (Sosyal Democrat Halkçi Partisi). :. De isen Türkiye Partisi (DEPAR) Demokrasi ve Bari Partisi (DBP) : -. Demokrat Türkiye Partisi (DTP) :. - :. Demokratik Sol Partisi (DSP) :,. :. Do ru Yol Partisi (DYP) : -, 1961-1981. :. Fazilet Partisi (FP) :,.,. :. Halkin Demokrasi Partisi (HADEP) : -. :. çi Partisi. Liberal Demokratik Partisi (KDP). Millet Partisi (MP). Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (MHP) : 1983,. :. : ( Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan):. 1978. - 57 1984, 34 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, 1.4.2000, p. 22. 13

35. - -. 33.000. 1999.. 2.8.1999 1 1999. 8-2000... - 7 2000 218, - 15 1 30 2000. 480-70.. - 15 -. «-». Daily News 21.3.2001 18 16. - 500-5.000. (DHKP-C Revolutionary People s Liberation Party Front): 1993 - Dev-Sol ( ). - -. DHKP - C 1996 Dev-Sol,, - 36. - 37 : DHKP/C (Devrimci Halk Kurtulus Partisi/Cephesi) THKP/C Dev-Sol (Türkiye Halk Kurtulu Partisi/Cephesi Devrimci Sol) TIKB/B (Türkiye Ihtilalci Komünistler Birli i/ Bol evik) TKIP (Türkiye Komünist I çi Partisi) 35 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, 1.4.2000. 36 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, 1.4.2000, p. 23-24. 37 Bundesamt fuer die Anerkennung auslaendischer Fluechtinge Informationszentrym Asyl Tuerkei, Erkenntnisse des Bundesamtes, 2/2001. 14

KDH/L (Komünist Devrim Hareketi/Leninist) KDB (Komünist Devrimci Birlik) THKP/C Dev Yol (Türkiye Halk Kurtulu Partisi/Cephesi Devrimci Yol) THKP/C Acilciler (Türkiye Halk Kurtulu Partisi/Cephesi Acilciler) MLSPB (Marksist Leninist Silahli Propaganda Birli i) TKKKÖ (Türkiye ve Kuzey Kürdistan Kurtulu Örgütü) HDÖ (Halkin Devrim Öncüleri) TDP (Türkiye Devrim Partisi) TKP (M-L) DABK (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist Do u Anadolu Bölge Komitesi) TKP / M-L Kons. Kes (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist Konferansçi Kesim) MLKP (Marksist Leninist Komünist Partisi) KP-IO (Komünist Partisi In a Örgütü) BP/KK-T (Bol evik Parti/Kuzey Kürdistan Türkiye) TKP/ (ML) Birlik (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist) - Birlik TKP/ M-L MPM (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist Maoist Parti Merkezi Spartaküs) TKP IS (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/ I çinin Sesi) DSIH (Devrimci Sosyalist I çi Hareketi) TDKP (Türkiye Devrimci Komünist Partisi) TIKB (Türkiye Ihtilalci Komünistler Birli i) TKEP/L (Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist) TKEP (Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi) KKP (Kürdistan Komünist Partisi) TKP/K (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Kivilcim) PKK (Kürdistan I çi Partisi) PSK (Kürdistan Sosyalist Partisi) PRK/Rizgari (Kürdistan Kurtulus Partisi) PDK (Kürdistan Demokrat Partisi) PDK/Bakur (Kürdistan Demokrat Partisi Kuzey) PRNK (Kürdistan Ulusal Örgürlük Partisi) RNK/KUK (Kürdistan Ulusal Kurtulu çular) Devrim Partisi-Kawa (Partiye Sore -Kawa) RDSK (Kürdistan Demokratik Sosyalist Örgütü) PSK (Devrimci Kürdistan Partisi Partiya Sore a Kürdistan) Hizbullah/Ilim Gruhu Hizbullah/Mezil Grubu IBDA/C (Islami Büyük Do u Akincilar Cephesi) IHÖ (Islami Hareket Örgütü) Müslüman Gençlik Grubu Sözde Vasat Grubu/Ehl-I Sünnet vel Cemaat Mezhepsizler Grubu Selam Grubu 15

. 1923 1973:,,, -. 1923 -. - (1928),, ( 1934),,,, -., (C ) 1946. (D ), - 1950 38. 1960 39. 1960. (Adalet Partisi) 1965 1971. - 1973,. - 1973 -,,. 1974 1980 : 1974 -.. -. 1980 -. 1981 1983 -, -. -. 1982 40. 1983-41. 38 The Europa World Year Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p. 3911. 39 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 40 The Europa World Year Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p. 3911. 41 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey 16

30, -. (Nationalist Democracy Party NDP), (Populist Party PP), (Motherland Party ANAP) 1983. - 1983. 1987 1981 200 : -. 1991: 1990, - -. 1991, -. -. 1993,. -, -., -., 1994 -. 1994 100 -, S. 1995 S CHP. - 18 21., 100 -, 550., 42, 43. 1995: 1995 (Welfare Party Refah Party) -, -. 1996 RP DYP -, - 42 The Europa World Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p. 3912. 43 USDOS, Bureau for Europe, Background Notes: Turkey, 10/1999, p. 12. 17

, - 44. Refah -,. - 1997 45. 16 1998 - Refah Party (RP) «-» -. 5. 1998 - FP. 1998 12 Refah Party - FP, RP 46. : 1997 :, -,,. -,. - 5 8 : 11 14. - 1998 16.,. 1998, -. 1998,,.,. 1998 Ticaret Bankasi. Susurluk. 1998 -, -. 1998., - 10. 1998. - FP. 1998, 44 The Europe World Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p. 3912. 45 Facts on File News Service, Turkey Country Profile, 2001. 46 Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, 47 th edition, Europa Publications, p. 1171. 18

. 1998 47. 1999: 1999 DSP - 1999. DSP 22%, 18% FP 16%. DYP 13% 12%. -, - 1999.. DSP, 1999 48., 1995 351. 1999 - HADEP 1999 HADEP - 1999 49., : 17.2.1999, 1998,. 23.2.1999 30.000 15. -, -. 1999-50.. - 51., 12.1.2000 -. 2000 -. 1999 1500. - HADEP 2000. - 47 The Europe Year Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p. 3914. 48 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 49 Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, 47 th edition, Europa Publications, p. 1172. 50 Ibid. 51 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 19

5.000 -. 1999 12 - Diyarbakir, Hakkari, Sirnak Tunceli 52., : - 1998-1998, -.. 10.000 -.,.. 1998.. -. 1999,, -. : 17.8.1999 7,4 -,. - 17.000, 40.000, 600.000. 14.11.1999 7,2 7.000. -,,.. -, 1999, - ( ). -, -. : 1.12.1964 -. 1987. 1993,,,. 1.1.1996-52 Ibid. 20

, -,., 5. 1997. 1997. 1998. 1998. 1999 53. 1998 - -. 54. 1999 -., 1993 «, -,» 55. 1999 -. «-», » 56. 2000. 2000 - : - 135.000.000-57. 2000. 2001-53 The Europe Year Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p. 3921. 54 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, Turkey Role of the International Community. 55 The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile 2001, Turkey, p. 9. 56 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Turkey Role of the International Community. 57 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments, p. 329. 21

, -, - 58. 28.2.2000, 2000,,, -,, incommunicado #., -, - ( 2001 2002) - 59. -.. - 60. 2001 - -. 2001-2001 61. -,,. 2001-2002. - 62. 58 The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile 2001, Turkey, p. 9. #. : -,. 59 International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF), 2001, Turkey in Human Rights in OSCE Region: the Balkans, the Causasus, Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2001 (Events of 2000), pp. 296-297. 60 Kurdish Human Rights Project (KHRP), 9/2000, KHRP Offers Recommendations as Turley s EU Accession Moves Forward, Newsline, Issue 11/12, p. 6, summer/autumn 2000. 61 The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report, 7/2001, Turkey, p. 8. 62 The Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Forecast, 7/2001, Turkey, p. 4. 22

: 1999 - -..,. - 100. 1999 2000. 2000. 2000, F. -.,, -. 2000, -. 30 -., 1.000 F. 29.3.2000, 7-5,.. 2000,,. - 10. 2000 -. 63. 2000 5 :,, -. -.. -. 2000, Fetullah Gulen, -.... 63 Regional Surveys of the World, The Middle East and North Africa 2001, 47 th, edition, Europa Publications, p. 1173. 23

2000, - FP - RP. 2001. (2000-2001): 2000., 64., - 2000 2001 65. 2000 10 -. -. 7.500 $ 5.000 $ -. 2001 - :. -. 2001, -. 2000 Ilisu -. 25.000. 2001,.. -, 66.. 24.10.1945. - - : 64 The Europa World Year Book 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p. 3916. 65 Facts on File News Service, Turkey Country Profile, 2001. 66 The Europe World Year Book, 2001, Turkey, Vol. II, 42 nd edition, London, p. 3916. 24

) (1951) 20.3.1962 (1967) 31.7.1968 ( ) 31.7.1950 ( ) (1948) 20.12.1985 ( ) (1979) 19.1.1986, - 2.8.1988 ( ) (1984) 1.9.1988 4.4.1995 ( ) 4.5.1995 : UNHCR/CDR RefWorld 2000, www.unhcr.ch, untreaty.un.org 21 22 2.8.1988. 22 67, 21 68. - : (1954) (1961) - (1966) (1989) - (1968) Apartheid (1973) 15.8.2000 (1966), (1966), 8.9.2000 (1999) 13.10.1972 - (1965). 67. 68, -. 25

: 8.9.2000 - (2000), (2000) 13.1.1999 (1990). 13.4.1950. : ) 18.5.1954 (1950) 18.5.1954. 1-18.5.1954 (1952) 18.5.1954. 11-11.7.1997 (1994) 1.11.1998-17.9.1997 (1993). 2-17.9.1997 (1993) 24.11.1989 24.12.1989 : UNHCR / CDR RefWorld 2000, www.coe.int 14.3.1985. 7 - (1984), 18.4.2001. 12 - (2000), 5.5.1988 - (1988).. 6 - (1983). ( ) 1952 -. ( ), ( ) ( ). - 1996 ( ) 69. 69 USDOS, Bureau for Europe, Background Notes: Turkey, 10/1999, p. 12. 26

- : 11.4.1991:. 141, 143 163 -, -. -.,, «-,». 1 «-,,,,, -,,,,, -». 8 -.,,. - 1995 8 ( ). 1995 143 1996 126. 8 -. 8 : «, -,. - 100 300. -» 70. : 1999 -... -.., - 71. 70 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, 1.4.2001, p. 7-8. 71 The Anatolia News Agency, Ankara, Parliament passes repentance law to encourage Kurdish rebels to surrender, 27/8/1999. 27

. : 1998 - -.., 72. 2000., -, -. 1999,,,.,, -. incommunicado -., - -., - - -., -. 73. 2001 Human Rights Watch 2000 - -... -, 74. 72 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political rights, including questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/62/Add.2, 28.12.1998, para. 54. 73 USDOS, 2000 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Turkey, 2/2001, p. 1. 74 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Development. 28

, 2000. -. -.,.. -. -,,. 1999, -,. 75. 30.11.2000 -.,,, 76. - : -. - 1997,, -,. 3-1997 «-». 2000, -, 77. 20.12.1997. 75 European Commission, Regular Report on Turkey s Progress Towards Accession, 11/2000. 76 Amnesty International, Open Letter to EU Heads of State and Heads of Government, 30.11.2000. 77 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, Turkey, p. 1. 29

. 24 -.. 1998 - (HRA Insan Haklari Dernegi) - (HRF Insan Haklari Vakfi). - HRF, -. HRA :. -.,. 1998,, 1984. - 17, 159 ( ) 312 ( ). - 78. 1998,, - «-». 79. 21.8.1998,»,, -, -., -, Nigel Rodley, - 1998, -. -. 78 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political rights, including questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/62/Add.2, 28.12.1998, para. 33. 79 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 30

. - 80.,. 1998 2.500 81. 1999 13-110.000. 1999-70.000. -. 2000 -, -,, 82. HRF - 2000 1.000.000. 1999-83. 2000, -,.. -. 84. 1990 - ( 1997) -. - 1999. 85. 2000. 135.0000.000 86. 80 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, E/CN.4/1999/61/ADD.1, 27.1.1999, para. 34. 81 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any part of the World, Written Statement submitted by the International Federation of Human Rights, a non-governmental organisation in special consultative status, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/NGO/19, 1999. 82 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 83 The Europa World Year Book 2001, Turkey, 42 nd edition, Vol. II, London, p. 3917. 84 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 85 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 86 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 31

,, : 15 1998 87 Erdinc Aslan, 1999 88. Human Rights Watch 1998 -. 1999,. - 89. 1999 «- 90. - (2000 2001) - 1999.., 2000, -. 20,, «-», -. 2000. -. 2000 31 - F 91. 1999 2000 -,, -,,. -,,. 92. 2000 (TIKKO Workers and Peasant s Army of Turkey) 93. 29 1999,. DHKP-C 1999. 13-87 Amnesty International, Annual Report 1999, Turkey, p. 4. 88 Amnesty International, Annual Report 1999, Turkey, p.4. 89 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 90 Council of Europe, European Commission, 1999 Regular Report from the commission on Turkey s progress towards the accession, 13.10.1999, p.11. 91 USDOS, 2000 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Turkey, 2/2001, p. 4. 92 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 93 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 32

94. 39. (Marxist-Leninist Communist Party - MLCP) 1999 95. 2001.. Esma Jahangir -, 1992-1998 96. : 1984 97. 1991 10 20 25 8.4.1991,., -,,. 1984, -.,. 2000 -.. 6, - 98. 2000-80, 28 -. 71 99. : 21.8.1998,,,, -. 9 -, -. 10.. 11,, -,, 94 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2000, Turkey, p. 4. 95 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2000, Turkey, p. 3. 96 Kurdish Observer, Usnsolved deaths will be examined by UN, 2/2001. 97 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR/ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 89. 98 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment, Turkey, 1.4.2000, p. 8. 99 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, Turkey, p. 5. 33

,, -. - 48., -. 4. 7. - : -.,. -.,.. - 100., - : 2000, -. -.. HRF, 1997 537-1998 350 101. 2000 1.003. HRF,, 2001. - 102. - 2000. - 100 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on enforced or involuntary Disappearances, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/62/Add. 2, 28.12.1998, para. 27. 101 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Torture and Detention, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1996/61/Add.1, 27.1.1999, para. 10. 102 Turkish Daily News, «Tension rises, Torture escalates, Turkish Probe issue no. 425, 11.3.2001. 34

,,, -, - 103. 1998,,., - -, -., -. - 9.4.1997.,. 7 «-,». - : 243 -,. 245 - -. 243 245. 24 245 :». 354 -.. 13. 3842.. -.. -., - 103 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, Turkey, p. 3. 35

,,... - :,,,,,.,.. ( ), - ( ),,,.. - -, Reuters 3.8.2001 Sema Piskinsüt, -,,,». -. : -. Taylan Genc, 4.3.1998 -, -. - - -., 36

104. 105. : -. -. 106. F,. 2000. 2001 16,., - 107. 2000 - -. Bayrampassa -.. - 29 3 20. - - 108. F -.,. 104 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Torture and Detention, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1996/61/Add.1, 27.1.1999, para. 14. 105 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 92. 106 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Torture and Detention, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, 55 th session, E.CN.4/1996/61/Add.1, 27.1.1999, para. 24. 107 Amnesty International, Isolation over Turkey s new prisons, 6/2001. 108 BBC News, Turkish Forces let inmates burn, 16.3.2001. 37

109. : -. -.,. - -. - -.. Incommunicado : 1998,,. -.., -. -. 7, - - 48 110.., -... - 111. 109 IKM Belgium Committee against Torture through Isolation, Force feeding of political prisoners on hunger strikes, Announcement and Appeal to participate in Human Rights Delegation in Turkey, 3/2001. 110 Aksoy, 18.12.1996, (. 1000/1995/606/695). 82 83. 111 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Torture and Detention, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1996/61/Add.1, 27.1.1999, para. 51. 38

2000 Erzincan - «-». Tunceli.. 1999 incommunicado - 88 -. : -,, -,. -.,,,., -., -. 1998. 1997 : «-,,». 1993. 28.2.2000 -, 2000-2001 112. : -,., -. -,,. 6 - -. -. 112 Human Rights Watch, Turkey: Human Rights and the European Union Accession Partnership, 9/2000. 39

. - -., - 399, - Sagmalcilar - Wernicke-Korsakoff.. -,. 1998 -, -. -. -. -. -.. -,,. -.. - 113. 2000 - HRF. «-»,, «-», «- 30.2» 1999 114. 113 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Torture and Detention, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/37, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1996/61/Add.1, 27.1.1999, para. 54. 114 Physicians for Human Rights, Campaigns-Update on cases in Turkey, 6/2000. 40

: - - 115. -,. - 2000 1999 39 116. 1998 HRA 90% -. 1998-13.,, -., -.,. : -,,.. -,., 117... 118. : 1999-119. - 120. 2000 - Mural Yildiz 1995: 3 1.200.000 -. 15 25. 1998 115 Human Rights Watch, Turkey: Human Rights and the European Union Accession Partnership, 9/2000. 116 USDOS, 2000 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Turkey, 2/2002, p. 6. 117 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on enforced and involuntary Disappearances, 55 th, session, E/CN.4/1999/62/Add.2, 28.12.1998, para. 50. 118 USDOS, 2000 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Turkey, 2/2001, p. 6. 119 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR/ ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 92. 120 Human Rights Watch, Turkey: Human Rights and the European Union Accession Partnership, 9/2000. 41

Neslihan Uslu, Hasan Aydogan, Metin Andac, Mehmet Mandal. 1997 Ilya Eren 73 Fikri Ozgen -. Human Rights Watch 2000 121. 18.7.2001 -. 4616/22.12.2000., -, -.,, 122. : - 1999 -. HADEP, -. 1999 500 -. Human Rights Watch 1999 HADE. 1999, Murat Bozlak, 1993 123. 2000 -.. -. 2000 18 1999.. 2000 50., Ahmet Turan Demir -. 2000. 1999 80, 124. 1998 RP. -. 1999 - FP - 121 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 122 Amnesty International, Turkey, The Amnesty Law An Ambiguous step, No. EUR 44/052/2001, 28.8.2001. 123 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 124 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 97. 42

. RP, - 125. 2001 -. RP - 126. 1999 (Democratic Kurdish Party DKP) -. FP - RP. 20.5.2001-127. : 5 76. 2908/1983, -,,,, - -. - 128. -. -. 1999 - Gaziantep HRA. 2000 Mazlum-Der,. 2000-129. 4, - 1999 HRA Akin Birdal,,. 1999 1999 125 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 126 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23.3.2001), 22.8.2001, p.22. 127 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 87. 128 Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey. Adopted on 15.12.2000, CRI (2001) 37, Strasbourg, 3.7.2001, para. C8. 129 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 43

. 2000 -, 130.,,.,,. 1999 131. : - 24. - 48. -,. - -. - 7 10. -.,, -. 132. 1999-13 1994-1995. -... -., -,.. 1999 -, 133. : 130 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 93. 131 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 132 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/37 on Civil and Political Rights including questions of Torture and Detention, Commission on Human Rights, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/61/Add.1, 27.1.1999, para. 36. 133 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 44

2000... -., 134. 1982. 10 -,,,,, -. 70. 14 ( ),, ( ), 15,,. 24, 14. 1961 -,,, -,. -...., 1979, -. 135. -, 134 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23.3.2001), 22.8.2001, p. 40. 135 United Nations, General Assembly Interim Report by Abdelfattah Amir, the Special Rapporteur for the Commission on Human Rights on Elimination of all forms of intolerance and of discriminations based on religion or belief, A/55/280/Add.1, 11.8.2000, p.9. 45

-. 1998 -. - ( - ). 1998-40 136. 1996. - 2001 HADEP.. - 1.200 -,. 3.000 4.000 200. 160 137. -. Human Rights Watch - 2001, -,.. 2000 Hasan Cezal Guzel,, 138. -. 1999. Recep Tayyip Erdogan. 400 -. 1999 - Merve Kavakci FP - (, ). Kavakci FP Merve Kavakci 139. : -,,,,,, 136 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 137 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23.3.2001), 22.8.2001, p. 38. 138 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 139 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 46

140. Human Rights Watch -.,, -, 141., -. -,. 5816 16 142. : 312 ), 155 ( - ), 159 ( ) 8 -.. 15 1999, - Andrew Finkel, Time, 1998. 1999 Oral Calislar 20 8, -. - 1996 Metin Goktepe : - -. -. 1999-13. Kanal - 6 1999. -. 1999 -, 143. 4616, 22.12.2000, 23 1999, -., RP, 2001.,. Akin Birdal, - HRA 140 Amnesty International, Turkey The Amnesty Law An Ambiguous Step, No EUR 44/052/2001, 28.8.2001. 141 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 142 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23.3.2001), 22.8.2001, p. 36. 143 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 47

. Akin Birdal -, 2000 144. 1999 -, Leyla Xana, Hatip Dicle, Selim Sadak Orhan Doan 1994 15 ( ) 145. 18.1.2001 - Esber Yagmurdereli, 1997 146. 3984 «( - )». -. - -, -. 2001,. 2001. -,, - 147.. Fikret Baõkaya, - 8 1999 Özgür Bak2 «;» -.. 29.6.2001 148. 2000 -.. 2000 Yeni Evrensel 149. 2001 - HRA, - 2001 144 Amnesty International, Turkey The Amnesty Law An ambiguous step, No. EUR 44/052/2001/28.8.2001. Amnesty International: Turkey, Creating a silent society, 2/1999. 145 Amnesty International, The colours of their clothes: parliamentary deputies serve 15 years imprisonment for expressions of Kurdish Political identity, No EUR 44/85/97. 146 Amnesty International, Turkey 17 years in the balance: Lawyer E. Yamyrdereli returns to prison in freedom of expression case, 11/2997. 147 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001), 22.8.2001, p. 36. 148 Amnesty International, Dr. Fikret Baõkaya: Prisoner of conscience for the second time, 16.7.2001, 44/042/2001. 149 The Committee to Protect Journalist, Middle East and North Africa, Country Report Turkey 2000. 48

. -. -,. HRA - 1991,. 150. - 10 -. -,, - «,,».. : 1980 1990. - : Diyarbakir, Tunceli, Hakkari Sirnak. -. -.. -. 151., -. 1984 152., : -, -,. - 150 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001) 22.8.2001, p. 37. 151 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2001, p. 90. 152 Report by the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 54 th session, Geneva, 16.3-24.2.1998. No. 16. 49

. «-». -. 19,, 26. - 42.. -. -,, -. -. -. 153. :. -. -. - - 154. : «2000» - 70 ( 191 ). :,,, -,. - 155.. : - 156. - 1923 (, 37 44) 153 Council of Europe, European Commission against Racisme and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey Adopted on 15.12.2000, CRI (2001), 37, Strasbourg, 3.7.2001, para G15. 154 US Committee for Refugees, The World of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p. 34. 155 The World Health Report 2000, Health Systems: Improving Performance Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey, 17-22.3.2001. 156 Ethnic Groups Worldwide, A Ready Reference Handbook David Levison, Oryx Press, 1998. 50

,,,.,, 157. 1925 158. :. - 1990-159. -. - 1984 1999 350.000-3.500. - 2001 1.000.000 -. 16.000.0000. -. -. -, -,, -. 160.. - ( ) -, ( ) -., - ( - ), - 161. -,,. -. -. -. - 1999. -, 157 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR/ ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13-14/11/2000, p. 94. 158 Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, Adopted on 15.12.2000, CRI (2001), 37, Strasbourg, 3.7.2001, para. J 25. 159 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, 1.3.1999, Country Assessment Turkey. 160 Global IDP Project, IDPs in Turkey, Profile Summary, 8/2001. 161 Immigration and Refugees Board, Turkey: the Situation of the Kurds, Documentation, Information and Research Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 2/1996. 51

,,, 162. - : Kurmanji Zaza. Kurmanji,, Tunceli Elazig - Zaza. 163.,., 1994 -, - 164. 1994 -. 1999 - MED TV,. - KTV ( ). 1999, MEDIA TV CTV ( ) 2000 METV. 1983.,,,,. 1998, - 312. 2000. 2000-165. (Vakiflar Geneal Mudurlugu),,.,,, 166. -. 1974-1936. -. 167. 162 Global IDP Project, IDPs in Turkey, Profile Summary, 8/2001. 163 Ehtnologue, 13 th edition 1996, Summer Institute of Linguistics. 164 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Turkey, 25.2.2000, p. 29. 165 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13-14/11/2000, p. 94. 166 USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey 5.9.2000, p. 1. 167 Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, Adopted on 15.12.2000, CRI (2001) 37, Strasbourg, 3.7.2001, para. J26. 52

,.,,.. -.. -. 168. - 2000 -.,. - -.... - 169. :,. 2/3, 1/3 1/3 -., Tunceli, Sivas, Corum, Tokat Maras., -. Zaza ( ) 170.,,. Cemevi.,.. - 168 USDOS Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, 5.9.2000, p. 4. 169 United Nations, General Assembly. Interim Report on Elimination of all Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination based on Religion or Belief, prepared by Abdelfattah Amor, Special Rapporteur on the Commission on Human Rights in accordance with the GA resolution, A55/280/Add.1, 17.12.1999, 11.8.2000, p. 26 para. 150. 170 David McDowall, 1992, The Kurds: A Nation Denied, London, Minority Rights Group, 1992. 53

171. - 172. - 173. 2000 «-» 33 1993 37 174. : 25.000 175. * - 176. -.,., - 177. :. - 4.400 178., 2000, -. 1999-179.. -.. - 171 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 97. 172 USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, 5.9.2000, p.2. 173 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23.3.2001), 22.8.2001. 174 USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, 5.9.2000, p. 4. 175 United Nations, General Assembly, Interim Report on Elimination of all forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination based on the Religion or Belief, prepared by Abdelfattah Amor, Special Rapporteur on the Commission on Human Rights, in accordance with the GA Resolution 54/259, 17.12.1999, A55/280/Add.1, 11.8.2000, p. 3. *., 15. [, (1453-1924), Ph. Mansel,., 1999,. 203-305]. 176.,, 1997. 177 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, 15.12.2000, CRI (2001), 37, para. J 29. 178 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, 1.4.2000, p. 19. 179 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, 15.12.2000, CRI (2001), 37, para. J 27. 54

., -, - -. - 180. : 50.000.. -,. - 181. - 2000 -. 1999 Kirikhan Hatay.. - 182. : -. -, Mardin,. -,,. -, - 183. - -.. 1999. 2000 -. -. - 24 184. / :.. 180 USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, 5.9.2000. 181 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment Turkey, 1.4.2000, p. 19. 182 USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, 5.9.2000, p. 5. 183 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 98. 184 USDOS, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2000 Turkey, 5.9.2000, p. 5. 55

185. HADEP (The People s Democracy Party - ): HEP DEP HADEP -.. 1998 ( ). 3.500. 300 Murat Bozlak 186. 2000, -... 18 1999 -.. - Ahmet Turan Demir. 2000 50 Van Hakkari -. HADEP. HADEP, 80 Diyarbakir 1999 187. 2001. : -.,, -. -.. :,, -,. 2000-300 / - -.. 185 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, 15.12.2000, CRI (2001), 37, para. J 30. 186 United Nations, Human Rights Commission, Question of Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any part of the World, Written Statement submitted by the International Federation of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/NGO/19,1999. 187 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 97. 56

F 188. IBDA (Islamist Great Eastern Raiders - Front / - ): - 1999 2000. 2001 Salih Izzet Erdis, -. : 2000. - Husain Velioglu -.. 2000-690 50,.. 2000 2000 FP -. DHKP-C (Revolutionary People s Liberation Party Front / - ): 2000 2001. 2000. DHKP-C,. (Kurdistan Workers Party - ): 1999 -. -. 1999 -. 1999. 2000. - HADEP. -. - 189. 188 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 98. 189 United Nations, Human Rights Commission, Question of Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any part of the World, Written Statement submitted by the International Federation of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/NGO/19,1999. 57

.. 400-500. 8.11.200 1999 488 2000 5. 2000., -. 2001 -, 21.12.2000, 1.660 23.4.1999., -. 169 -..., -. 1995. 36 190. (Workers and Peasants Army of Turkey - - ):.. 1998 -. (HRA),. Diyarbakir, Mardin, Balikesir Bursa.. 12.5.1998 - HRA Akin Birdal, FIDH. Birdal. 1998 1.9.1998,. 1998 Birdal - 1995.. 1998 - - (Mazlum-Der) 191. HRA 190 The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Country report Turkey, 5/2001. 191 United Nations, Human Rights Commission, Question of Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any part of the World, Written Statement submitted by the International Federation of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/NGO/19,1999. 58

1999. Mazlum Der. 1999. 1999 Mehmet Ali Irtemcelik, - «-» - 192.. 2000. HRA Mazlum Der. -,, - - Lolan Kendakor 2000 193. HRF,. - - Ulaucanlar.,..., - 194., - -. -,,. - 195. - 1999, 196. - -. -,. 197. 192 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 193 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 194 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 100. 195 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including questions of Disappearances and Summary Executions, Report of the Working Group on enforced or involuntary Disappearances, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/62/Add.2, 28.12.1998, para. 31. 196 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2000, Turkey, p. 3. 197 US Committee for Refugees, The Wall of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p. 25. 59

1993., - -,. -,, -. 1998-401.328 3.428, 905 2.523. 517 905 1.614 2.523 251.366. 126.969-303 2.345 -. 6% -, 378.335 -. -.. - 198.,. Akdivar - «-». 1998 -. : 1998 Recep Tayyip Edrogan -. -., -. 1997 270 Doganli Hakkari. 1998 Kemal Yazicioglu Ordu -. - 199. 1.500.000. -.. 198 US Committee for Refugees, The Wall of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p. 6. 199 US Committee for Refugees, The Wall of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p. 11-15. 60

muhtar (, - ). - 200. -,. -.,,,. 201. / / : - -. -. Ashiret.. -. -,. - -. : - 1997 Diyarbakir, Hakkari, Sirnak, Tunceli, Van, Bignol, Bitlis, Mardin Mus 5.524 -. -. -. - «-». 2.000 -,. -. 1994 1995 - : -. -. 15-20. 200 Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, United Kingdom, Report of the fact-finding mission to Turkey (17/23.3), 8/2001, p. 16. 201 USDOS, Turkey Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000, 2/2001. 61

.,,,, -, -. -. 202.. -,, - GAP (Guneydogu Anadolu Projesi), 13 203. GAP -.. GAP. 100.000, 150 -.. 204. 2000 10.000 -. 28.000 2000 -. 238.900-621 641,. -. 205. : AC- CORD ( - ). 202 US Committee for Refugees, The Wall of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p. 22. 203 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey (17/23.2.2001), 22.8.2001, p. 17. 204 US Committee for Refugees, the Wall of Denial: Internal Displacement in Turkey, 1/1999, p. 26. 205 USDOS, Turkey Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000, 2/2001. 62

... - 206. 2001,,,. -. -.,.,. -,, 207.. - ( / ), -,.. ACCORD -... - : -... Ozgur Bakis, 2000 Savet -.,., -. 1999 206 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR/ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 100. 207 The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Country report Turkey, 5/2001. 63

26.481 208. 2000-50.000 400.000. 50.000 -. -,,.. - Lice 2000, 1993 Akcapinar Lice.. 2001-209. - 2001 210.,..., -.. 1999 211., - 2001 -. - - -. 16 -, -. -, 5 208 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR/ACCORD, 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 100. 209 US Committee for Refugees, Country Report: Turkey 2001. 210 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Representative of the Secretary General on Internally Displaced Persons, Mr. Francis Deng, submitted pursuant for Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/53, E/CN.4/2001,5. 211 Freedom in the World 1999-2000, The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Turkey. 64

, 7-3, -, 212.., -.,, -, -. 200. -..., -,., -,,.. 2001: 13. 213. 2001. 214. 2000 132 97. 45 87, -,. Zeynep Avci 1996, -. -. - - 215. 212 Human Rights Watch, Human Rights News, Turkey: Virginity Tests Reinstated, 25.7.2001. 213 International Herald Tribune, Turkey: Honor killings follow women to the city, 9.8.2001. 214 The Netherlands, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Country Report Turkey, 5/2001. 215 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2001, Turkey, p. 4. 65

. -, - 216.., - 12. - 217., -, -. 6 8, Beyolou. -. 218. 2000 Bakirkoy,, - : -,,,,. - 219. 12.1.2001 29 9 16.. 220. 2001 2,3, 5 ( - ) 13 ( - ), Hamsa Hinek, -, 1994 -. - 216 Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, 15.12.2000, CRI (2001) 37, 3.7.2001, para. O 52. 217 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Country Assessment report Turkey, 1.4.2000, p. 20. 218 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur: Sir Nigel Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/37 on Civil and Political Rights including questions of Torture and Detention, Commission on Human Rights, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/61/Add.1, 27.1.1999, para. 17. 219 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 220 Human Rights Action, Turkey child arrests creates outcry, Chris Morris, 12.1.2001. 66

- 70.000 221. 2001 Kirikkale - 130.. - 222. : 8.9.2000 - «18». 18. 18. 1990-18 25. 1994 -. Tabura Zaroken Sehit Agit 8 12.. - 1998 3.000, 10%. 7 223. 1998 : 17. - 3. 224. 1999 - Larzac -.., 225. -. Gesellaschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker (GfbV) 14 226. 227. 228. 221 Kurdish Human Rights Project, Justice delivered for Kurdish mother of disappeared children Turkey held responsible by European Court and fined 70.000 pounds, Press release, 28.2.2001. 222 Human Rights Action, Around 130 children were detained in a central Anatolya town out of fear that they were being corrupted by Internet, Emily Fitzloff, 9.1.2001. 223 The Coalition to stop the use of Child Soldiers, Global Report 2001, Turkey. 224 Couturier, C. : «Kurdish rebels send teenagers to war: turkish soldiers say they are gaining the initiative in the war on the south, Financial Times, 28.6.1997. 225 Leclerc, J.M. : La diaspora kurde sous la loi du racket, Valeurs Actuelles, 27.2.1999. 226 GfbV appelliert an Bundesregierung: Sorgen Sie fuer die Rueckkehr der von der PKK in Deutschland entfuehrten kurdischen Minderjaehrigen in ihren Familien, GfbV, 23.11.2998. 227,, 28.10.1999. 228 The Coalition to stop the use of Child Soldiers, Global Report 2001, Turkey. 67

. - 1997 29 -. 168 169 -. 37 1997 229. 1998 Haluk Gerger Ragip Duran Esber Yagmurdereli - 230. 14.8.1998-12., Ocak Yurtcu, Ozgur Gundem: 1998, 32 15. -, 231. - Ismail Besikci, 20 232. 1999, -,,. 1.1.1999 27-233. 1999 Hasan Deniz - Ozgur Bakis 169 - ( ) - 15 -. -,, -. 18.5.1999, 8 229 Committee to Protect Journalist, The case of Turkey: Verifying Reports of Imprisoned Journalists, 1997. 230 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 231 Committee to Protect Journalists, The Campaign to Free Imprisoned Turkish Journalists, 1998. 232 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Written Statement submitted by Reports Sans Frontieres, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status, 55 th session, E/CN.4/1999/NGO/105, 17.3.1999. 233 Committee to Protect Journalists, The Campaign to Free Imprisoned Turkish Journalists, 1998. 68

Oral Calislar,. Calislar 1993. -,.,. 1998 Andrew Finkel,, The Times of London The Economist. Surnak 1998 - Surnak 234. Nadire Mater, Inter Press Service 29.9.2000, «-» :».,, - 4.000 2000 /. - CNN, -. 235. -. «-». -, - 236. 2000 :, -,. -,,. 14 -. -. - 1999 -. 234 Committee to Protect Journalists, CPJ Protests: Committee to Protect Journalists is outraged by conviction of journalist Oral Cilislar, 5/1999. 235 The Committee to Protect Journalists, Middle East and North Africa, Country Report Turkey, 2000. 236 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001), 22.8.2001, p. 36. 69

( ).. 2000 HRA Pro Asyl ( ) -.. -,. - : -.. ( - ).. -,. -.,.. -,.. 1996.. 2.100., Habur.,., -,., -,,. 70

. -.». - 28.1.2000 Abdullah Turgut,,,,,,,. 1999,., - 1999 -. -. 237. -. -... -, Lower Saxonian Refugee Council Pro Asyl - HRF 32, -., -, -.. - 238. -... -.., -. -,., 237 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of the fact finding mission to Turkey (17-23/3/2001), 22.8.2001, p. 50-12. 238 Lower Saxonian Refugee Council/PRO ASYL : von Deutschland in den turkischen Folterkeller Zur Ruckkehergefahrdung von Kurdinnen und Kurden, 2 nd edition, 5/2000, p. 39. 71

, - 239. 1998... -, 240. 1962 1951. -. 1960. 1996-241.,,, -. - Bahais. : -,,,, -. 242.. 10 -, -. - -.... -, - 239 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 104. 240 Writenet Country Papers, The Kurds A Regional Issue: update to April 1998, Sarah Graham-Brown, 4/1998. 241 UNHCR, Country Profiles, Turkey 9/1999. 242 Agence France Press Flood of Iranian Refugees passes through Turkey, 16.6.2000. 72

, 243. :... 244. 2000,, Dogubayazit, Agri 245. -. 26.5.1999 246. : 500.000 2.000.000. - 247...,,». - 248. -. 72 -.,. 1111. -. 1998/77 243 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 102. 244 Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, 15.12.2000, CRI (2001), 3.7.2001, para. O 45. 245 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001, Turkey Human Rights Developments. 246 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2000, Turkey, p. 4. 247 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna, 13/14.11.2000, p. 102. 248 Council of Europe, European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Turkey, 15.12.2000, CRI (2001) 37, 3.7.2001, para. O 48. 73

, 18-18 -. - 249. 250. - 700.000. -, 20% -. -.,, -., 1993.., 1998 Wiesbaden,. - (Izmir Savas Karsitlari Dernegi - ISKD). 1996 1998. - ISKD 1996,, -. -,, - - «-» 251.. - 252. -. 1998 «-» 1997.. 18 12 16.. 249 United Nations, Commission on Human Rights, Civil and Political Rights, including the question of conscientious objection to military service, Report of the Secretary General submitted pursuant to Commission resolution 1998/77, 55 th session, E/CN.4/2000/55, 17.12.1999. 250 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, 13/14.11.2000, p. 96. 251 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-23.3.2001), 22.8.2001, p. 55. 252 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, 13/14.11.2000, p. 97. 74

, -,. (,, ), -., 16., 1999 253. - 1999,. - 1.1.1973 60 8.000 $. 40 10.000$. 254. 2000 70.000 -,., 2000. - 255. : 63. -. 20. - -.., - 256. 1998 incommunicado Cengiz Suslu.. - 257. 253 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, 13/14.11.2000, p. 96. 254 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-13/3/2001), 22/8/2001, p. 55. 255 The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Country Report, Turkey, 7/2000. 256 Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom, Report of fact-finding mission to Turkey (17-13/3/2001), 22/8/2001, p. 55. 257 Amnesty International, Annual Report 1999, Turkey, p. 2. 75

377 -.. - - 258. -, Murat Ulke, «-», 259. :. 419,547 576-260. - 2001.,, Konya.. -.. Global Appeal 2001 :, -, -,, -,, /. : 1951 ( - ),,,. -.,. 1998-258 Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentaiton, UNHCR / ACCORD 6 th European Country of Origin and Information Seminar, Vienna 13/14.11.2000, p. 97. 259 Amnesty International, Annual Report 1999, Turkey, p. 2. 260 The International Lesbian and Gay Association, Turkey, updated 5.12.1999 (www.ilga.org). 76

. -. -. 1994. -. -.. -,,,.. 1999 -. ( ) 1951., -, -. -,. :. -.. - :, -,.. -. : 1951.,,, ( ) -. 77

., -. -. 2000..,... -. -... -,,, -,,.. -, -.,,. :, -. -.,. - -. -, -, -. - 78

,.., -. - -. : -,,. ( ) -,.. :. -,. -, -. - (, ) -. 2001 -. -, - -. -.,. : -, ( ) UNICEF ( - ). -. - CCA/UNDAF. 79

. : -,.. : 2000 12.600 -,. 2000 217. 2000 264. 6 -, 2000. 2000. 2001-648 (424) (224). 188..,, - ( 2000 2001): 2001 7.330, -,. (6.180 - ) 8%. 2001 (42% ). (23%) (16%). 2001 (15.790) 29% 2000 (12.190).., 2000: 2000 50 31.000. - 4.100, - 1.250 (17.500). 3.100 -, 950 16.100 -. - 15%. 20%. 80

2000 2011) 3000 2500 2000 1500 2001 2000 1000 500 0 81

(1990-2000) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 269 174 109 190 111 1862 2252 1251 342 362 509 477 340 210 335 592 1689 1069 854 868 601 581 713 436 403 518 838 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 31 22 31 39 11095 9684 1634 1286 1282 1653 1205 1548 1621 2219 3735 22082 23877 28327 19104 19118 33750 31732 25937 20286 16231 14355 43 51 51 48 41 78 139 87 72 34 68 7262 4324 1827 1080 1068 1293 1317 1395 1565 1453 1431 1179 562 93 276 591 424 284 172 308 195 591. 261 1590 2110 1865 1480 2045 1820 1420 1445 2015 2850 3925 262 0 105 157 287 373 162 31 0 32 0 69 0 0 0 1 15 3 1 19 4 16 22 0 0 0 0 2 152 20 5 11 46 21 2 2 8 50 16 71 17 86 1790 517 0 68 124 227 142 120 142 161 172 298 419 869 797 914 721 635 618 700 692 1135 1222 1490 2277 80 46 32 30 30 35 24 44 129 279 164 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 79 153 91 116 0 8 0 0 0 0 28 12 19 19 9 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1033 359 384 256 305 269 186 208 280 220 229 0 26 22 1 7 2 15 1 11 110 91 56 208 48 42 23 44 30 47 98 115 76 261. 262 82

1.1.2000 18 0 165 9,8% 9 0 64 12,3% 51 0 80 38,9% 0 0 20 0% 5 0 21 19,2 0-263 6 25% - 19 16 55,6% 523 0 2486 17,4%. 630 0 100%. 60 70 1055 11% 1782 42 6879 21% 367 43 488 45,7% 30 23 333 13,7% - 5 37,5% 222 3327 6,3% 0 0 0 0% 9 38 779 5,7% 11 9 38 34,5% 0 0 0 0% 0 0 7 0% - 59 110 35,3% - 16 191 8,2 263 83

http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=turkey http://db.eiu.com http://www.2facts.com http://www.unhcr.ch/world/euro/turkey.htm http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/default.asp?pageid=88 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/ http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/irf/irf_rpt/irf_toc.html http://www.amensty.org/ http://www.ecoi.net/index.php?iflang=en http://www.freedomhouse.org http://www.hrw.org/ http://www.icrc.org/ http://www.ihf-hr.org/reports/ http://www.khrp.org/newsline/ http://www.phrusa.org/campaigns/action http://www.child-soldiers.org/ http://www.cpj.org/ http://www.ilga.org http://www.refugees.org http://www.hr-action.org http://www.hra.action.org http://www.db.idpproject.org http://www.proasyl.de/texte/trabsch.pdf 84