MOBILE COMPUTING SECOND EDITION RAJ KAMAL Senior Professor and Faculty School ofcomputer Sciences andelectronics Devi Ahilya University, Indore OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Abbreviations and Acronyms v Vlll xvu CHAPTER 1 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS: AN OVERVIEW 1 1.1 Mobile Communication 1 Guided Transmission 3; Unguided Transmission (Wireless Transmission) 3; Modulation Methods and Standards for Voiceoriented Data Communication Standards 25; Modulation Methods and Standards for Data and Voice Communication 27; Super 3G and Pre4G: 3GPP LTE and WiMax 802.16e Standards 30; Features of 4G: LTE Advanced and Advanced WiMax 802.16m 30; Wireless Personal Area Network 32; Wireless Local Area Network and Internet Access 33; Nearfield Communication 35 1.2 Mobile Computing 35 Novel Applications 36; Limitations ofmobile Computing 39 1.3 Mobile Computing Architecture 39 Programming Languages 39; Functions of Operating Systems 40; Functions of Middleware for Mobile Systems 40; Mobile Computing Architectural Layers 41; Protocols 42; Layers 42 1.4 Mobile Devices 42 Handheld Mobile Smartphones with Multimedia Functionalities 42; Smartcards 43; Smart Sensors 43 1.5 Mobile System Networks 43 Cellular Network 43; WLAN Network and Mobile IP 43; Adhoc Networks 45 1.6 Data Dissemination 45 Synchronization 47 1.7 Mobility Management 48 1.8 Security 48 Cryptography Algorithms 49; Digital Signatures and Digital Certificates 50 CHAPTER 2 MOBILE DEVICES AND SYSTEMS 55 2.1 Cellular Networks and Frequency Reuse Cellular Networks for Mobile Smartphones 55; Frequency Reuse in Networks 57; Capacity Enhancement in Networks 58 2.2 Mobile Smartphones, Smart Mobiles, and Systems 55 58 Smartphone Features 59; Digital Music Players 61; Bluetooth and WiFi 63; GPS 63; Gyroscope and Accelerometer 64; Digital Compass and Magnetometer 64; Camera 64; 2D and 3D Graphics and HDMI 65
Contents xi 2.3 Handheld Pocket Computers 65 2.4 Handheld Devices 65 Windows CE Based Devices 66; Mac OS 4 Based Devices 67; Symbian OS Based Devices 69; Linux Based Mobile Devices 70; ebook Reader 71 2.5 Smart Systems 71 Smartcards 71; Smart Labels 73; RFID 74; Smart Tokens 75; Sensors 75; Actuators 76; Sensors and Actuators for Robotic Systems 77; Smart Appliances 78; Settop Boxes 79 2.6 Limitations of Mobile Devices 80 Quality and Security of Service 81; Hardware Limitations 83 2.7 Automotive Systems 84 Speech Recognition System 84; Messaging System 85; GPS Based Navigation System 85; Automobile Start and Malfunction Logins 86; Sensor and Actuator Programming 86; Entertainment Systems 86; Realtime Application Programming 86 CHAPTER 3 GSM AND OTHER 2G ARCHITECTURES 90 3.1 GSM Services and System Architecture 90 Services 90; Subsystems ofgsm Architecture 99; GSM Architecture 105 3.2 Radio Interfaces of GSM 106 Space Division Multiple Access 108; Time Division Multiple Access 108; Frequency Division Multiple Access 110; Format of a Data Burst 112; Traffic and Control Data Channels 116; Control data channels 116 3.3 Protocols of GSM 119 Mobile StationBase Transceiver Signalling Protocols 119; Base Transceiver Base Station Controller Signalling Protocols 122; Base Station ControllerMobile Services Switching Centre Signalling Protocols 123 3.4 Localization 124 3.5 Call Handling 125 Mobile»PSTN Calls 126; MobileMobile Calls 126; PSTN>Mobile Calls 127; Message Exchanges between Mobile Station >Base Transceiver 127 3.6 Handover 128 Types of Handover 128; Handover in GSM 130 3.7 Security 131 Authentication 131; TMSI 132; Encryption 132 3.8 New Data Services 132 3.9 General Packet Radio Service 133 GPRS System Architecture 134; GPRS Protocol Layers 135 3.10 Highspeed Circuit Switched Data 138 3.11 DECT 139 Frequencies and Functioning 139; Architecture, Services, and Protocols 141; WLL Application 142
Spread Contents CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION WIRELESS MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL, CDMA, 3G AND 4G 147 4.1 Modulation Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 149; Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 149; Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 150 4.2 Multiplexing 4.3 Controlling the Medium Access I54 ALOHA 154; CSMA 155; Medium Access Control in Exposed Terminals 156; Medium Access Control in Hidden Terminals 157; Medium Access Control in Near and Far Terminals 157; Power Control for the Medium Access 158 4.4 Spread Spectrum Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Concept 159; Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Method 161; Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Factor 164; Despreading 166; DSSS Transmitter and receiver 167; Advantages of Spread Spectrum Based Wireless System 168 4.5 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) FHSS Concept 170; Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 172; Fast FHSS 173; Slow FHSS 175; FHSS Transmitter and Receiver 176 4.6 Coding Methods Autocorrelation Codes 177; Orthogonal Codes 185 4.7 Code Division Multiple Access 188 IS95 cdmaone System 189 4.8 IMT2000 3G Wireless Communication Standards 195 4.9 WCDMA3G Communication Standards 196 4.10 CDMA20003G Communication Standards 200 153 159 170 177 4.11 Imode 205 4.12 OFDM 205 Channel Carriers 206; Applications of OFDMA 207; Techniques in OFDM 208 4.13 High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) 3G Network 208 HSPA 208; HSPA+ 210; MIMO 2x2 Application in HSPA 211 4.14 Longterm Evolution 212 4.15 WiMax Rel 1.0 IEEE 802.16e 214 4.16 Broadband Wireless Access 214 4.17 4G Networks 215 4G Networks Requirements and Design 215; Modulation and Multiplexing Techniques for 4G Networks 215; High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA) Super 3G 218; LTE Advanced 218; WiMax Advanced (802.16m) 219 4.18 Mobile Satellite Communication Networks 220 Basic Parameters 220; Configurations 223; Capacity Allocation 227; Integration of GEO, LEO, and MEO Satellites and Terrestrial Mobile Systems 227; Personal Satellite Communication Programs 230; Inmarsat, Iridium, MSAT, VSAT, DBS, and Orbcumm Satellite Services 230
Contents m CHAPTER 5 MOBILE IP NETWORK LAYER 236 5.1 IP and Mobile IP Network Layers 236 OSI Layer Functions, TCP/IP, and Internet Protocol 236; Mobile Internet Protocol 243 5.2 Packet Delivery and Handover Management 246 5.3 Location Management 248 Agent Discovery 248 5.4 Registration 250 5.5 TUnnelling and Encapsulation 252 Encapsulation by Additional IP Header of an IP Packet 253; an IP Packet 254; Generic Routing Encapsulation by IP Header to IP Packet 254 Minimum Encapsulation by IP Header to 5.6 Route Optimization 256 Mobility Binding 256; Reverse Tunnelling 258 5.7 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 260 5.8 VoIP 261 5.9 IPsec 263 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) 265; IPsec Protocol Field Specifications 266 CHAPTER 6 MOBILE TRANSPORT LAYER 271 6.1 Conventional TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols 271 User Datagram Protocol 272; Conventional Transport Control Protocol 272; TCP Data Delivery 275; TCP Data Flow Control 277; Congestion Control 279; Methods for Wireless and Mobile Networks 282 6.2 Indirect TCP 283 6.3 Snooping TCP 286 6.4 Mobile TCP 289 6.5 Other Methods of Mobile TCPlayer Transmission 291 Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery Transmission 293; Selective Retransmission 298; Transactionoriented TCP 299; Explicit Notification 300 6.6 TCP over 2.5G/3G Mobile Networks 300 CHAPTER 7 DATABASES AND MOBILE COMPUTING 306 7.1 Data Organization 306 Database 308; Relational Database 314; Database Management Sys,em 315; Business Logic Implicit and Explicit 316; Connectivity Protocol 319 7.2 Database Transactional Models ACID Rules 319 ADO.NET Transaction Model 321 7.3 Query Processing 322 7.4 Data Recovery Process 325 7.5 Database Hoarding Techniques 328 Database Hoarding 328
Contents 7.6 Data Caching 330 Caching Invalidation Mechanisms 331; Data Cache Maintenance in Mobile Environments 333; Web Cache Maintenance in Mobile Environments 334 7.7 ClientServer Computing for Mobile Computing and Adaptation 335 ClientServer Computing 335 7.8 Adaptation Software for Mobile Computing 339 7.9 Poweraware Mobile Computing 341 7.10 Contextaware Mobile Computing 342 Context 343; Contextaware Computing 345 CHAPTER 8 DATA DISSEMINATION AND SYSTEMS FOR BROADCASTING 351 8.1 Communication Asymmetry 352 8.2 Classification of Datadelivery Mechanisms 353 Pushbased Mechanisms 354; Pullbased Mechanisms 356; Hybrid Mechanisms 358 8.3 Data Dissemination Broadcast Models 360 Cyclic Repetition and Broadcasting Disk Model 361; Broadcast Disk Modelling for Special Cases 368 8.4 Selective Tuning and Indexing Techniques 369 Indexbased Method using Offsets 371; Indexbased Method using Offset, Type, and Flag 372; (I, m) Index Method 373; Distributed Indexbased Method 375; Flexible Indexing Method 376; Directory Method 377; Hashbased Method 379; Alternative Methods 379 8.5 Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) 380 Digital Audio Broadcast System 380; DAB Objects and Object Transfer Protocol 383 8.6 Digital Video Broadcasting 384 DVB System 385; Mobile TV DVBH 386; DVB for Highspeed Convergence of Broadcasting and Mobile Communication 389 Internet Access 388; CHAPTER 9 DATA SYNCHRONIZATION IN MOBILE COMPUTING SYSTEMS 394 9.1 Synchronization 395 Synchronization in Mobile Computing Systems 396; Usage Models for Synchronization in Mobile Application 400; Domaindependent Specific Rules for Data Synchronization 403; Personal Information Manager 405; Synchronization and Conflict Resolution Strategies 406; Synchronizer 407 9.2 Synchronization Software for Mobile Devices HotSync 410; ActiveSync 410; IntelliSync 412 9.3 Synchronization Protocols 409 413 Bluetooth 414; IrDA 415; WAP2.0 Architecture, Gateway, and Application Environment 415 9.4 SyncML Synchronization Language for Mobile Computing 415 Synchronization Client and Server Framework 416; SyncML Protocol 423; Setup and Synchronization Phases 428 9.5 Sync4J (Funambol) 429 9.6 Synchronized Multimedia Markup Language (SMIL) 430
Example Contents xv CHAPTER 10 MOBILE DEVICES: APPLICATION SERVERS AND MANAGEMENT 437 10.1 Mobile Agent 437 Mobile Agent Design 440; Aglets 440 10.2 Application Framework 440 10.3 Application Server 441 Sun Java System Web Server 6 443; IBM WebSphere MQe 444; Oracle Application Portals 447 Server 446; 10.4 Gateways 448 Protocol Conversion Gateway 448; Transcoding Gateway or Proxy 450; Residential Gateway 450 10.5 Service Discovery 451 10.6 Device Management 455 Device Support Infrastructure 455; User, Device, and Network Profiles 456; Directory Service 457; Open Mobile Alliance Device Management (OMA DM) 458 10.7 Mobile FUe Systems 459 CODA File System Disconnected Operations 461; CODA File System Deficiencies 462 10.8 Security 462 CHAPTER 11 MOBILE ADHOC AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 468 11.1 Introduction to Mobile Adhoc Network 468 Fixed Infrastructure Architecture 469; MANET Infrastructure Architecture 470 11.2 MANET 471 Properties 472; Spectrum 473; Applications 474 11.3 Routing and Routing Algorithms 476 Dynamic Source Routing Protocol 477; Adhoc Ondemand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) Protocol 479; Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) 481; Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing 482; Flat Routing Table Driven Protocol 483; Optimized Link State Routing Protocol 484 11.4 Security in Adhoc Network 485 11.5 Wireless Sensor Networks 485 Data Dissemination 487 11.6 Sensor Network Applications 488 11.7 Distributed Network and Characteristics 488 Clustering ofnodes 489; Coordination ofnodes 489; Wireless Senso; NetworkExample 489; Distributed Networks 490; Protocol 491; Software 492; Router 492 11.8 TinyOS 492 CHAPTER 12 MOBILE WIRELESS SHORTRANGE NETWORKS AND MOBILE INTERNET 497 12.1 Wireless LAN, 802.11 Architecture, and Protocol Layers 497 Wireless Networking and Wireless LAN 497; WLAN Architecture 500; IEEE 802.11 Protocol Layers 504; Physical Layer 802.1 lz 507
xvi Contents 12.2 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 511 WAP 1.1 Architecture 512; Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP) 514; Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) 515; Wireless Transaction and Session Layers 515; Wireless Application Environment 519 12.3 Wireless Application ProtocolWAP 2.0 526 WAP 2.0 Architecture 526; WAP PushProxy Gateway 526; XHTMLMP (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language Mobile Profile) 528 12.4 Bluetoothenabled Devices Network 529 Bluetooth Networks Piconet and Scatternet 530; WPAN Synchronization 533 12.5 Layers in Bluetooth Protocol 534 Physical Layer 534; MAC Layer 538; Bluetooth 3.0 and 4.0 539 12.6 Security in Bluetooth Protocol 539 12.7 IrDA Protocols 540 12.8 ZigBee 542 CHAPTER 13 MOBILE APPLICATION LANGUAGES XML AND JAVA 550 13.1 Mobile Application Development 550 Application Development Workflow 550; Techniques for Composing Applications 551 13.2 XML 552 Document Type Definitions of XML Documents 554; Parsing Models of an XML Document and Parsing 555 of XML Documents 554; 13.3 JAVA 561 Characteristic Features 563; Classes and Beans 563; Java 2 Enterprise Edition 564 13.4 Java 2 Micro Edition 565 Profiles 566; Configurations 568; Java Program Examples for Mobile Computing 569 13.5 JavaCard 579 CHAPTER 14 MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT PLATFORMS 584 14.1 Operating System 554 14.2 Windows Mobile and CE Windows CE 591; Memory and File Management 595; Communication, Network, Device, and Peripheral Drivers 596; Application Development 597; 589 Application Development Programming in.net Compact Framework 598 14.3 Windows Phone 7 14.4 Android 14.5 Symbian Solutions to Objective Type Questions Bibliography Index 600 605 608 ^ j 620