Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2012

Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Edited by Elizabeth Fuller A survey carried out for the Health and Social Care Information Centre by NatCen Social Research and the National Foundation for Educational Research

Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01

Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Edited by Elizabeth Fuller Principal authors Helen Henderson, Laura Nass, Colin Payne, Andrew Phelps and Alice Ryley

Published by the Health and Social Care Information Centre Health and Social Care Information Centre responsible statistician: Paul Eastwood, Lifestyles Statistics Section Head Contact via enquiries@hscic.gov.uk, tel: 0845 300 6016 For queries about printed copies of this report, contact: Publications Officer NatCen Social Research 35, Northampton Square London EC1V 0AX Contact via info@natcen.ac.uk, tel: 00 7549 7006 The full text of this publication has been made available to you on the internet. You can find this at http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/sdd1fullreport Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. This work remains the sole and exclusive property of the Health and Social Care Information Centre and may only be reproduced where there is explicit reference to the ownership of the Health and Social Care Information Centre. This work may be re-used by NHS and government organisations without permission. Commercial reuse of this work must be granted by the Health and Social Care Information Centre. This work is subject to the Re-use of Public sector Information Regulations and permission for commercial use must be obtained from the copyright holder. First published 013 ISBN 978-1-84-636915-5 Designed by Davenport Associates

Contents Acknowledgements 7 Summary 9 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Background 13 1. The 01 survey 13 1.3 How reliable are young people s answers? 14 1.4 Precision of estimates 15 1.5 About the tables 15 Smoking Laura Nass and Alice Ryley 17.1 Introduction 19. Smoking prevalence and consumption 0.3 Influences on pupils smoking.4 Where pupils get cigarettes 6.5 Dependence on smoking 30.6 Attitudes and beliefs 31.7 Sources of information about smoking 34.8 Factors associated with regular smoking 34 Tables 39 3 Drinking alcohol Colin Payne and Andrew Phelps 75 3.1 Introduction 77 3. Prevalence of drinking alcohol 79 3.3 Patterns of drinking alcohol in the last week 80 3.4 Obtaining alcohol 84 3.5 Where pupils drink 85 3.6 Who pupils drink with 87 3.7 Consequences of drinking 88 3.8 Family influences 90 3.9 Attitudes and beliefs 91 3.10 Sources of information about alcohol 94 3.11 Factors associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week 94 Tables 99

4 Drug use Helen Henderson 145 4.1 Introduction 146 4. Prevalence and frequency of drug use 148 4.3 Vulnerable pupils and drug use 151 4.4 Availability and awareness of drugs 151 4.5 Sources of information about drugs 15 4.6 Factors associated with drug use in the last year 15 Tables 157 5 Smoking, drinking and drug use Helen Henderson 183 5.1 Introduction 184 5. How many young people smoke, drink or take drugs? 184 5.3 The prevalence of smoking, drinking and drug use 184 5.4 Attitudes 185 5.5 School teaching about smoking, drinking and drug use 186 Tables 189 6 Smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use by region 197 6.1 Background 198 6. Smoking 198 6.3 Drinking alcohol 198 6.4 Drug use 198 Tables 00 Appendices A Survey design, fieldwork and response 05 B Data analysis and reporting 13 C Questionnaire 19 D School questionnaire 47

Acknowledgements Social surveys are the work of a team. The editor takes full responsibility for the content of this report, but gratefully acknowledges the contribution of many colleagues. In particular, thanks are due at NatCen to the interviewers who administered the survey in schools; researchers Victoria Hawkins and Helen Henderson; Sarah Allcock, Kay Renwick, Wendy Watson, Christopher Whiffin and their colleagues in the Operations department, for organising the fieldwork and data processing; Joanna D'Ardenne, who led the cognitive testing of new questionnaire elements; Mel Taylor for design input; programmers John Hurn and Sue Corbett; and statisticians Julia Hall and Vicky Marsh. At NFER, we would like to thank Jennie Jupp, Joanne Haswell and their team, who managed the initial contact with schools. We are also grateful to Sharon Thandi, Victoria Cooper, Victoria Jones, Jesmond Smith, Bethan Thomas and Steve Webster at the Health and Social Care Information Centre; Lee McGill at the Department of Health; Rajikiran Egan at the Department for Education; and everyone else in the project team. Above all, the authors would like to thank all the schools that took part for their cooperation, and, most importantly, the pupils who took part in the study. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 7

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Summary This survey is the latest in a series designed to monitor smoking, drinking and drug use among secondary school pupils aged 11 to 15. Information was obtained from 7,589 pupils in 54 schools throughout England in the autumn term of 01. Smoking (Part ) There has been a long-term decline in the prevalence of smoking since the mid-1990s. In 01, less than a quarter (3%) of pupils had tried smoking at least once. In 1996, nearly half (49%) of 11 to 15 year olds had done so. 4% of pupils said that they smoke at least one cigarette a week, the survey definition of regular smoking. In 01, boys and girls were equally likely to smoke. The prevalence of regular smoking increased with age, from less than 0.5% of 11 year olds to 10% of 15 year olds. Being a regular smoker was associated with other risky behaviours, such as drinking alcohol, taking drugs and truancy. Two thirds (67%) of pupils reported that they had been exposed to second-hand smoke in the past year. 55% of pupils said that this had happened in someone else s home, 43% in their own home, 30% in someone else s car and 6% in their family s car. Smokers tended to know other people who smoke: almost all the pupils who said that they smoked had friends who did so, compared with about half of non-smokers. Regular smokers were also more likely than occasional smokers or non-smokers to have family members who smoked (8% of regular smokers, compared with 71% of occasional smokers and 68% of non-smokers). The number of smokers a pupil lives with is related to whether or not he or she smokes. % of pupils who didn t live with any smokers were regular smokers, compared with 5% who lived with one person who smoked and 16% of those who lived with three or more smokers. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Since 007, when the minimum age at which pupils can be sold cigarettes was increased from 16 to 18, the proportion of pupils who have tried to buy cigarettes in a shop has fallen: from 17% in 006 to 5% in 01. However, half of pupils who have tried to buy cigarettes reported that they were never refused. Rather than trying to buy cigarettes in shops, pupils were more likely to have asked someone else to buy cigarettes for them (proxy purchasing), and were more likely to get cigarettes as a result. In 01, 8% of pupils had asked somebody to buy cigarettes on their behalf, and nine out of ten (88%) were successful at least once. Most pupils thought that people of their age smoked to look cool in front of their friends (84%), because they were addicted to cigarettes (70%) or because their friends pressure them into it (70%). The report also includes findings on the patterns of cigarette consumption, dependence on smoking, beliefs and attitudes about smoking, sources of information that pupils found helpful, and personal and school characteristics associated with regular smoking. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 9

Drinking alcohol (Part 3) Less than half of pupils (43%) had ever drunk alcohol. Boys and girls were equally likely to have done so. The proportion of pupil who have had an alcoholic drink increased from 1% of 11 year olds to 74% of 15 year olds. One in ten pupils (10%) had drunk alcohol in the last week. This continues the downward trend in since 003, when a quarter (5%) of pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. Older pupils were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week: the proportion who had increased from 1% of 11 year olds to 5% of 15 year olds. Pupils who had drunk in the last week had drunk an average (mean) of 1.5 units. Median consumption, a more reliable measure, was lower (8.0 units). Most pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week had consumed more than one type of drink. Boys were more likely than girls to have drunk beer, lager or cider, whereas girls were more likely than boys to have drunk spirits, alcopops or wine. Younger pupils were most likely to drink with family members, older pupils were most likely to drink with friends. Since 006, there has been an increase in the proportions of pupils who usually drink at home or in other people s homes or at parties with friends, and a reduction in the proportion drinking outside. Half (50%) of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last four weeks said that they had been drunk at least once during that time. Although 61% of them said that they had deliberately tried to get drunk, 39% said they had not. Whether pupils drink or not was strongly influenced by the behaviour and attitudes of their families. Pupils were more likely to drink alcohol if someone they live with does: 83% of pupils whose households did not include anyone who drank had never themselves drunk alcohol, compared with 30% of pupils who lived with three or more drinkers. Similarly, pupils who thought their families didn t like them drinking were less likely to have drunk alcohol than those who thought their families didn t mind if they drank. 87% of pupils who felt that their parents would disapprove had never drunk alcohol had never drunk alcohol, compared with 8% of those who thought that their parents wouldn t mind as long as they didn t drink too much. The proportion of pupils who think it is OK for someone of their age to drink alcohol has fallen in recent years. In 01, 8% of pupils thought that it was OK for someone of their age to drink once a week compared with 46% in 003. Pupils beliefs about why people of their age drink alcohol varied according to whether or not they have drunk alcohol themselves. Pupils who have never drunk alcohol were more likely than those who have to think that people of their age drink because of social pressures: to look cool in front of their friends or because their friends pressure them into it. Pupils who have drunk alcohol were more likely than non-drinkers to believe that people of their age drink to be sociable with friends or because it gives them a rush or buzz. The report also includes findings on patterns of drinking, where pupils get alcohol, beliefs and attitudes about drinking alcohol, sources of information that pupils found helpful, and personal and school characteristics associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week. Drug Use (Part 4) In 01, the prevalence of illegal drug use was at its lowest since 001, when the current method of measurement was first used. 17% of pupils had ever taken drugs, 1% had taken them in the last year and 6% in the last month. Boys and girls were equally likely to have taken drugs, and older pupils were more likely than younger ones to have done so. The prevalence of ever having taken drugs increased with age from 7% of 11 year olds to 31% of 15 year olds. There were similar patterns for drug use in the last year (from 4% to 4%) and in the last month (from % to 13%). 10 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Pupils were more likely to have taken cannabis than any other drug. In 01, 8% of pupils reported that they had ever been offered drugs. The report also includes findings on the use of individual drugs, frequency of taking drugs, drug use by vulnerable pupils, and personal and school characteristics associated with having taken drugs in the last year. Smoking, drinking and drug use (Part 5) The estimates from this survey indicate that in England in 01, around 10,000 pupils aged between 11 and 15 were regular smokers, around 30,000 had drunk alcohol in the past week, 00,000 had taken drugs in the last month, and 370,000 had taken drugs in the last year. Around half (5%) of pupils aged between 11 and 15 said that they had tried smoking, drunk alcohol or taken drugs at least once in their lives. 17% had done one or more of these recently. They were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week (10%) than to have smoked in the last week (6%) or to have taken drugs in the last month (also 6%). There was considerable overlap between behaviours. For example, 6% of pupils reported taking drugs in the last month and most of those (4% of all pupils) had smoked or drunk alcohol in the last week, or had done both. Almost all schools said that they provide pupils with lessons about tobacco, alcohol and legal and illegal drugs, and most schools said that they provide pupils with at least one lesson a year about each of these topics. Around three in five pupils said that they recalled having lessons about smoking, drinking alcohol or drug use in the last year. Most pupils think that their school has given them enough information about smoking (74%), drinking (71%) and drug use (68%). The report also includes comparisons of pupils views on the acceptability of smoking, drinking alcohol and taking different types of drugs, and background on the provision of education and advice about smoking, drinking and drug use in schools. Smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use by region (Part 6) Data from 011 and 01 have been combined to enable comparisons of the prevalence of smoking, drinking and drug use between regions. The proportion of pupils who had ever smoked varied across regions from % in London and the East and West Midlands to 30% in the North East. Differences between regions in the prevalence of regular smoking were not significant. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. The proportion of pupils who drank alcohol was lower in London than anywhere else; 31% of pupils in London had ever drunk alcohol. Outside London, the proportion of pupils who had ever drunk alcohol ranged from 36% in the West Midlands to 51% in the North East. The same pattern was seen for drinking alcohol in the last week. The proportion of pupils who had ever tried drugs was lower in regions in the north and midlands than in the south of England. There was no significant variation by region in the proportions of pupils who had taken drugs in the last year or the last month. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 11

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1 Introduction 1.1 Background This is the latest in the series of surveys of secondary school children in England which provides the national estimates of how many young people aged 11 to 15 smoke, drink alcohol or take illicit drugs. The first survey in the series, carried out in 198, measured the prevalence of smoking among pupils and described their smoking behaviour. Trends in smoking were monitored by similar surveys carried out every two years. Questions on alcohol consumption were added to the survey in 1988; the 1998 survey was the first to include questions on the prevalence of drug use. Since 000, the survey has been carried out annually by the National Centre for Social Research (NatCen Social Research since February 01) and the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER). Each survey now includes a core section of questions covering the following: pupils experience of smoking, drinking and drug use; consumption of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks in the last week; and awareness and availability of specific named drugs. As well as these core measures, questionnaires since 000 have included more detailed questions, with the focus alternating between smoking and drinking in one year and drug use the next. The focus in 01 was smoking and drinking, and this report reflects that. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and the use of illicit drugs, particularly by young people, have long been seen as key policy concerns. Since 010 there have been several strategic initiatives in each of these areas. 1 Underage drinking was highlighted in the coalition government s Programme for government. The White Paper Healthy lives, healthy people: our strategy for public health in England, published in November 010, included alcohol and drug misuse and smoking as key public health priorities, and also identified ways in which healthy behaviour could be promoted among children and young people at school. 3 In December 010, the Home Office published a new drug strategy, 4 which also included alcohol dependence within its scope. Actions to reduce smoking were set out in the tobacco control plan, published in March 011. 5 This included the ambition to reduce rates of regular smoking among 15 year olds to 1% or less by 015. 6 An initiative including government, business and the voluntary sector, The public health responsibility deal, was also published in March 011. 7 It includes a number of pledges on alcohol, and new pledges have been added since. 8 The government s alcohol strategy was published in March 01. 9 More detail about these and other government policies on smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use can be found in the relevant sections of this report. 1. The 01 survey 1..1 Survey design Following consultation with survey users, the design of the sample was changed in 010. For surveys between 000 and 009, the sample of schools was stratified by school type and sex Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 13

of intake, and selected across regions in proportion to the distribution of the population of 11 to 15 year olds. 10 In 010, the sample was stratified by Strategic Health Authority (SHA); within each SHA an equal number of schools was sampled. 11 This design was also used in 011, although stratified by nine regions rather than by ten Strategic Health Authorities. 1 This change was designed to enable the publication of more up-to-date regional analyses of the data than was possible with the original design (see Chapter 6). Data were collected from pupils using a self-completion paper questionnaire. These were usually completed during a single school period, generally between 30 and 40 minutes in length. The time taken by individual pupils to complete the questionnaire was not recorded and it is not possible to estimate an average. However, the allotted time was sufficient for almost all pupils to answer the questionnaire in full. In 01 data were also collected from a school staff member about their school s approach to teaching and otherwise informing pupils about smoking, drinking and illicit drug use. A similar questionnaire had been used in some surveys before 009. For further details of the 01 survey design, see Appendix A. 1.. Coverage As well as the core questions on smoking, drinking and drug use, the 01 questionnaire collected more extensive information about smoking and drinking. This included: where pupils get cigarettes and alcohol; dependence on smoking; exposure to second-hand smoke; where and with whom pupils drink; experience of drunkenness; the attitudes of pupils and their families to smoking and drinking; and the impact of school lessons and other sources of information about smoking and drinking. The questionnaire also included a set of questions designed to measure well-being. 13 The school-level questionnaire covered the frequency of teaching about smoking, drinking and illicit drug use in each school year from Year 7 to Year 11, how lessons were delivered, and other relevant school activities. This focus on smoking and drinking is reflected in the content of this report, which also presents main findings on drug use. Results are presented at a national level, including breakdowns by key characteristics such as age and sex. In addition, data from 011 and 01 have been combined to present key survey estimates by region. 1..3 Response The 01 survey achieved a sample of 7,589 pupils aged between 11 and 15 in 54 schools. In addition, school-level data were collected from 148 schools. Further details on survey response are given in Appendix A. 1..4 Weighting The 01 data collected from pupils have been weighted; both unweighted and weighted bases are shown in the tables. For further information, see Appendix B. No weights have been applied to the school-level data. 1.3 How reliable are young people s answers? 1.3.1 Are pupils honest? This survey relies on several strategies to encourage honest reporting of behaviours which pupils may wish to conceal from adults or to exaggerate to their peers; these include 14 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

collecting information in school classrooms rather than homes, and repeated assurances of confidentiality, backed up by survey procedures which demonstrate this. 14 But, as with most surveys, there are limited opportunities to provide independent verification of pupils responses. This has been investigated in two main ways. Between 1990 and 1998 the survey obtained saliva samples from pupils in half of the participating schools. The samples were tested for the presence of cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine that indicates recent exposure to tobacco smoke, in order to validate the estimates of the prevalence of smoking derived from the questionnaire. Results from these surveys consistently indicated that children were largely honest about their smoking; only a few children in each survey had saliva cotinine levels that clearly contradicted their self-reported smoking behaviour, and there were no significant differences in the prevalence of smoking between children who supplied saliva samples for testing and those who did not. 15,16 Since questions about drugs were introduced in 1998, the questionnaire has asked about Semeron, a fictional drug. In 01, only 11 pupils (0.% of the total sample) reported that they had ever taken Semeron; this matches the experience of previous years, and lends support to the view that most pupils do not exaggerate their drug use. However, reported rates of awareness may be exaggerated, given that 1% of pupils claimed to have heard of Semeron (this, too, has remained at a similar level since the question was introduced). 1.3. Are pupils accurate? Honesty is not the only factor affecting the accuracy of responses. In particular, recall of the number of cigarettes smoked or the amount of alcohol drunk can be problematic, given that pupils patterns of behaviour between the ages of 11 and 15 may be experimental and episodic rather than habitual and regular. In order to minimise the difficulties of reporting usual behaviour, questions are asked about consumption of alcohol and cigarettes in the last week. In each case the series of questions is designed to provide effective prompts to memory while minimising data loss caused by incomplete recording. These are discussed in more detail in the relevant chapters of this report. 1.4 Precision of estimates As the data are based on a sample (rather than a census) of pupils, the estimates are subject to sampling error. Appendix B details how to calculate sampling errors for this survey, and includes true standard errors and design effects calculated for key survey estimates. Differences are generally commented upon in the text only if they are significant at the 95% confidence level, implying no more than a 5% chance that any reported difference is not a real one but a consequence of sampling error. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 1.5 About the tables Percentages may not add up to 100% because of rounding. The following conventions have been used: 0 = less than 0.5%, but not zero - = zero (i.e. no responses were recorded in this answer category) Unweighted bases and weighted bases are shown. Weighted bases are rounded to the nearest integer and individual weighted bases may not add up to the total base because of rounding. A few pupils failed to answer each question. These no answers have been excluded from the analysis, and so tables describing the same population may have slightly different bases. Square brackets are used in tables to warn of small sample bases (between 30 and 49). Estimates based on 9 or fewer cases would not normally be shown. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 15

In tables where age is a variable, those aged 16 have been grouped with 15 year olds. This is because the survey did not include pupils in Year 1, and the small number of pupils aged 16 sampled from Year 11 were not representative of all pupils aged 16. Similarly, pupils aged 10 have been grouped with 11 year olds. The school year classification is based on the standard system of years used in maintained secondary schools. The school years of pupils attending other types of school have been adjusted accordingly. Notes and references 1 For more information about official strategy, guidance and legislation between 1998 and 011, see past reports in this survey series. HM Government (010) The coalition: our programme for government. London. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-coalition-documentation 3 Department of Health (010) Healthy lives, healthy people: our strategy for public health in England. London. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/healthy-lives-healthy-people-our-strategy-for-publichealth-in-england 4 Home Office (010) Drug strategy 010 reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery: supporting people to live a drug-free life. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/drug-strategy- 010-- 5 Department of Health (011a) Healthy lives, healthy people: a tobacco control plan for England. London. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-tobacco-control-plan-for-england 6 Department of Health (011a), cited above. This aspiration had already been achieved by the time the policy was published, although this was not known by the authors of the tobacco control plan. See Wright V, Gill V (011) Smoking in Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 010. NHS Information Centre, Leeds. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/sdd10fullreport 7 Department of Health (011b) The public health responsibility deal. London, available via the website http://responsibilitydeal.dh.gov.uk/ 8 Up to date information on the Public Health Responsibility Deal can be found on the website. 9 Home Office (01) The government s alcohol strategy. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/alcohol-strategy 10 For a description of the sample design of these surveys, see Appendix A in Fuller E & Sanchez M (eds) (010) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 009. NHS Information Centre, Leeds http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/sdd09fullreport 11 See Appendices A and B of the 010 report for full details and a discussion of the possible impact on survey estimates. Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 010. NHS Information Centre, Leeds. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/sdd10fullreport 1 This change was made in anticipation of the proposed abolition of Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs) outlined in the Health and Social Care Bill 011, subsequently enacted in the Health and Social Care Act 01. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/01/7/contents/enacted/data.htm For the purposes of this survey, the boundaries of SHAs and regions are effectively the same, except that the South East region is split into South Central and South East Coast SHAs. 13 These questions, based on Huebner s life satisfaction scale, have been validated and used by the Children s Society in surveys of young people aged between 10 and 15. See Rees G, Bradshaw J, Goswami H, Keung A (010) Understanding children s well-being: a national survey of young people s well-being. Children s Society, London. http://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/tcs/research_docs/understanding%0children% 7s%0wellbeing.pdf 14 For example the omission of names or other identifiers from the questionnaires pupils complete. 15 See Goddard E & Higgins V (1999) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young teenagers in 1998, TSO, London, for a fuller discussion. 16 The Health Survey for England (HSE) measures smoking among 8 to 15 year olds using confidential selfcompletion questionnaires. The prevalence of self-reported smoking among 11 to 15 year olds is consistently lower than that reported by pupils in this survey; for example in 008, 3% of 11 to 15 year olds reported to the HSE that they smoked at least once a week, compared with 6% reported to this survey. The HSE also collects saliva samples which are tested for cotinine. 15ng/ml of cotinine is used as a threshold, above which the subject can be reliably considered to have smoked in recent days. Once children with cotinine at this level have been taken into account, HSE estimates of the prevalence of smoking are at levels similar to those measured by this survey. See Moody A, Reilly N (009) Children s smoking and exposure to others smoke in Craig R, Mindell J, Hirani V (eds) Health Survey for England 008: Volume 1: Physical activity and fitness. NHS Information Centre, Leeds http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/hse08physicalactivity. 16 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Smoking Laura Nass and Alice Ryley Key findings for 01 In 01, 3% of pupils had tried smoking at least once. This is lower than in 011 (5%), and continues the decline in the proportion of pupils who have smoked since 1996, when it was 49%. 4% of pupils were categorised as regular smokers; that is, they reported smoking at least once a week. Unlike in previous years, both boys and girls were just as likely to be regular smokers (both 4%). The prevalence of regular smoking has declined from a peak of 13% in 1996. As in previous years, in 01, the prevalence of regular smoking increased with age: from less than 0.5% of 11 year olds to 10% of 15 year olds. 6% of pupils reported smoking in the last week. This was higher amongst girls than boys (7% and 6% respectively). Regular smokers smoked on average about 36 cigarettes per week. 67% of pupils reported being exposed to second-hand smoke in the last year. This was most likely to be in someone else s home (55%). 43% said they had been exposed to second-hand smoke in their own homes, 30% in someone else s car and 6% in their family s car. 68% of pupils reported that members of their family smoked. About a third (3%) reported that one or both of their parents smoked. Almost all smokers had at least one friend who smoked (97% of regular smokers and 98% of occasional smokers) compared with about half (51%) of non-smokers. Regular smokers were also more likely than occasional smokers or non-smokers to have family members who smoked (8% of regular smokers, compared with 71% of occasional smokers and 68% of non-smokers). Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Pupils who lived with someone else who smoked were more likely to smoke themselves. Just % of pupils who did not live with a smoker smoked regularly, compared with 5% of those who lived with one person who smoked and 16% of pupils who lived with three or more smokers. Pupils who smoked were most likely to get cigarettes by being given them by other people (69%), typically by other friends (57%). As well as being given cigarettes by other people (63%), regular smokers were also likely to report buying cigarettes from a shop (60%) or from other people (46%). The proportion of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in shops in the past year has fallen in recent years, from 17% of pupils in 006 to 5% in 01. 51% of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop were refused at least once in other words half (49%) were always successful. In 01, 8% of pupils had asked someone else to buy them cigarettes from a shop in the last year. 88% of these were bought cigarettes by someone else on at least one occasion. Friends were the most likely people to buy cigarettes on a pupil s behalf Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 17

(77%), with strangers being the next most common source (58%). Pupils who were regular smokers were likely to show signs of dependence on the habit. 67% reported that they would find it difficult not to smoke for one week and almost three quarters (7%) would find it difficult to give up altogether. Almost two thirds of regular smokers (63%) had tried to give up smoking. Most pupils (84%) believed that people smoked because they thought it made them look cool in front of their friends. Pupils were also very likely to agree that people of their age smoked because they were addicted to cigarettes (70%), or their friends pressure them into it (70%). Pupils were most likely to say that they got helpful information about smoking from their parents (73%), teachers (71%) and television (69%). Factors strongly associated with smoking include being female, being older, risky behaviours (drinking alcohol, drug use, truancy), and having friends and family who smoke. 18 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

.1 Introduction.1.1 Background Smoking continues to be a public health concern, with an ongoing focus on the protection of children and young people from its harmful effects. Since 010, the coalition government has continued to develop strategy in this area. A series of White Papers, Healthy lives, healthy people 1 laid out policy for improving public health across England. The aims are to limit the population s exposure to serious health threats, to help people live longer, healthier and more fulfilled lives, and to reduce health inequalities by prioritising the health of the poorest. The White Papers make clear that tobacco consumption will continue to be a key public health priority. Previous government policies had supported several actions aimed at reducing the number of children and young people that smoked. The implementation of an extensive control strategy in 1998 was triggered by White Paper Smoking Kills in which they set a target to reduce the number of children and young people aged 11 to 15 who regularly smoked (defined as usually smoking at least one cigarette a week) from 13% (the proportion in 1996) to 11% by 005 and 9% in 010. 3 The Health Act 006 4 introduced changes in the law aimed at reducing exposure to second hand smoke and reducing the prevalence of smoking among young people. The Smokefree legislation, implemented in July 007, prohibited smoking in enclosed public spaces, including the workplace. This was unlikely to have a direct effect on the age group covered by this survey, though there may have been indirect effects, for example through the influence of changes in smoking habits by other household members. In October 007, it became illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 (rather than 16), in England and Wales. The Health Act 009 5 prohibited the sale of tobacco products from vending machines from 011, and the display of tobacco products at all points of sale by the end of 015. Since 6th April 01 it is illegal for large shops, like supermarkets, to display tobacco products. This extends the overall ban on promoting tobacco products in public in ways that are believed to be particularly attractive to non-smokers and young potential smokers. 5 The White Paper Healthy lives, healthy people: a tobacco control plan for England, published in 011, set out a strategy for reducing tobacco use in the next five years, with the stated aim to reshape social norms to make smoking less desirable, less acceptable, and less accessible. 6 The plan acknowledged that tobacco use amongst adults must be addressed in order to reduce the number of young people who take up smoking. It identified three national ambitions to reach by the end of 015: to reduce smoking prevalence amongst adults in England to 18.5% or less; to reduce the proportion of 15 year olds who are regular smokers to 1% or less; and to reduce rates of smoking throughout pregnancy to 11% or less. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved..1. Smoking and health There is extensive research demonstrating the negative effects of smoking on health. Smoking can contribute to a number of health conditions, including cancers and respiratory, digestive and circulatory diseases. 7 Individuals who start smoking at a young age have higher age-specific rates for all types of tobacco related cancers, linked primarily to their earlier exposure to the harmful toxin from cigarettes. Young smokers are also exposed to more short and long term respiratory symptoms than their non-smoking peers, such as coughing, wheezing and phlegm. Girls who start smoking at a young age are 79% more likely to develop bronchitis or emphysema in adulthood than those who had begun smoking as adults. 8 Further, smoking aggravates asthma symptoms in those already diagnosed, and increases the risk of asthma in young people with no history of the condition. 9 It can also lead to impaired lung growth in children and young adults. 8 There is evidence that 11 to 16 year olds who smoke can also experience high rates of Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 19

dependence on cigarettes, showing signs of addiction within four weeks of starting to smoke. It has even been suggested that smoking a single cigarette is a risk indicator of becoming a regular smoker up to three years later. 8,10.1.3 Measuring smoking All pupils were asked questions about their smoking behaviour, including whether they had ever smoked and for those that had, the number of cigarettes and how often they smoke. Based on their responses, pupils were categorised in three ways: Regular smokers (defined as usually smoking at least one cigarette per week) Occasional smokers (defined as usually smoking less than one cigarette per week) or Non-smokers. The term current smoker used in this chapter refers to those who smoke regularly or occasionally. Pupils who stated that they did not smoke, but who recorded elsewhere that they had smoked at least one cigarette in the past seven days, were re-classified in the analysis as occasional smoker, regardless of the number of cigarettes recorded. 11 Until 00, a detailed smoking diary was used to cover smoking behaviour in the past seven days. This method was replaced in 003 by a question recording the number of cigarettes smoked in each of the previous seven days. This change in method means that estimates of the number of cigarettes smoked in the last seven days since 003 are not comparable with estimates from earlier surveys. 1.1.4 Outline of content This chapter covers the following topics: Smoking prevalence and consumption Influences on pupils smoking, including family and friends Where pupils get cigarettes Dependence on smoking Attitudes and beliefs Sources of information about smoking Finally this report presents an analysis of factors that are associated with regular smoking among pupils.. Smoking prevalence and consumption..1 Whether pupils have ever smoked In 01, 3% of pupils had tried smoking at least once. There has been a decline in the proportion of pupils who have smoked since 1996, when almost half (49%) of pupils had smoked. (Tables.1a,.1b, Figure.1) Since the mid-1990s, higher proportions of girls than boys had tried smoking. In 01, the proportions were similar; 4% of girls and 3% of boys had ever smoked. The likelihood of having ever smoked increased with age from less than 4% of 11 year olds to 45% of 15 year olds. (Table.).. Regular smoking In this study, pupils are defined as regular smokers if they reported smoking at least one cigarette per week. In 01, 4% of pupils were regular smokers; this is in line with the overall decline in regular smoking since the mid-1990s. (Table., Figure.) Similar proportions of boys and girls smoked regularly; this is a change from the pattern in recent years when girls were more likely than boys to be regular smokers. The proportion of regular smokers increased with age: less than 0.5% of 11 and 1 year olds said that they smoked at least once a week, increasing to 10% amongst 15 year olds for both sexes. (Table.3a,.3b, Figure.3) 0 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Figure.1 Ever smoked, by sex: 198-01 All pupils Boys Girls 70 60 50 Percent 40 30 0 10 0 198 1984 1986 1988 1990 199 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 01 Year Figure. Prevalence of regular cigarette smoking, by sex: 198-01 All pupils 5 Boys Girls 0 Percent 15 10 5 0 198 1984 1986 1988 1990 199 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 01 Year Figure.3 Prevalence of regular cigarette smoking, by sex and age All pupils Boys Girls Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent 5 0 15 10 5 0 11 years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years Age Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 1

..3 Cigarettes smoked in the last week In addition to questions about their usual smoking habits, pupils were also asked whether they had smoked any cigarettes in the last week, and if so, how many they had smoked on each day. In 01, 6% of pupils said that they had smoked in the last week. Whether pupils had smoked in the last week differed by sex and age. Girls were more likely than boys to have smoked in the last week (7% of girls, compared with 6% of boys). Older pupils were more likely to have smoked in the last week than younger pupils, with less than 0.5% of 11 year olds reporting that they had smoked in the last week, compared with 15% of 15 year olds. (Table.4) As in previous years, the findings suggest that pupils are likely to underestimate their cigarette consumption when classifying their smoking. For instance, 10% of pupils who reported that they had tried smoking, but never smoked now also said that they had smoked at least one cigarette in the last week. Similarly, 60% of pupils who reported that they usually smoked between one and six cigarettes a week said that they had smoked seven or more cigarettes in the previous week. (Table.5) The majority (94%) of regular smokers said that they had smoked on at least one day in the last week. The mean consumption amongst regular smokers was around 36 cigarettes per week. Boys and girls who smoked regularly consumed similar numbers of cigarettes per week (on average 36. cigarettes and 35.0 cigarettes respectively). 60% of occasional smokers had smoked on at least one day in the last week. The mean consumption amongst occasional smokers was just under four cigarettes per week. (Tables.6-.8)..4 When pupils smoke On each day of the last week, between 3% and 4% of pupils reported smoking at least one cigarette. Pupils who smoked were more likely to smoke on Fridays and Saturdays than on any other day of the week. This was largely accounted for by occasional smokers who were more likely to smoke on Fridays (33%) and Saturdays (36%) than on other days of the week (14% to 19% with no clear pattern across the week). The proportion of regular smokers who smoked on any one day in the last week varied less, between 68% (Sundays) and 79% (Fridays). (Tables.7,.8) On average, the number of cigarettes smoked by regular smokers on any day of the week varied from 5.0 cigarettes on Mondays to 7.3 cigarettes on Saturdays; occasional smokers smoked on average one cigarette a day, except on Fridays and Saturdays when their average consumption was around two cigarettes. (Table.9,.10)..5 Types of cigarettes smoked Current smokers were asked about the type of cigarettes they usually smoked, choosing between packet or hand-rolled cigarettes or either. In 01, 39% of current smokers said that they smoked packet cigarettes, 4% hand rolled cigarettes and 37% smoked both types equally. Girls who smoked were more likely than boys to smoke cigarettes from packets only (45% and 31% respectively) and less likely to smoke roll-ups only (15%, compared with 35%). (Table.11).3 Influences on pupils smoking.3.1 Exposure to second-hand smoke Recent government policy has focused on reducing exposure to second-hand smoke as well as reducing the prevalence of smoking. 13 The 01 survey asked pupils different questions about their exposure to other people s smoke. Pupils were asked how often they were near to other people smoking in four different situations: in their own home, the homes of others, in their family s car or someone Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

else s car. Pupils were able to report exposure in any of these places from every day or most days down to never in the past year. Two thirds (67%) of pupils had been exposed to second-hand smoke in at least one of these settings. Pupils were most likely to report that in the past year they had been exposed to second-hand smoke in someone else s home (55%). 43% reported exposure to secondhand smoke in their own homes. Pupils were less likely to report being exposed to other people s smoke in their family s car (6%) or someone else s car (30%).Younger pupils were less likely to say they had been exposed to other people s smoke than older ones (61% of 11 year olds, increasing to 76% of 15 year olds), although this pattern varied according to setting and frequency of exposure. (Table.1) In all settings, regular smokers were most likely to say they had been near other people smoking on most days. Half (50%) of regular smokers had been exposed to second-hand smoke on a daily basis in their home, 33% in other people s homes, 3% in their family s car and 17% in someone else s car. In contrast, over the past year, 59% of non-smokers had never been exposed to secondhand smoke at their home, 49% never in someone else s home, 76% never in their family s car and 73% never in anyone else s car. (Table.13, Figure.4) Figure.4 Exposure to second-hand smoke every day or most days, by smoking status All pupils 60 Regular smoker Occasional smoker Non-smoker 50 40 Percent 30 0 10 0 At home In someone else s home In family s car In someone else s car Where exposed to second hand smoke.3. Whether pupils friends or families smoke Pupils were also asked whether any of their friends or family members smoked cigarettes. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Most pupils knew someone who smoked cigarettes, and this was more likely to be a family member (68%) than a friend (55%). Among family members, 3% of pupils reported that a parent smoked, 14% that a brother or sister smoked, and 53% that another relative was a smoker. Pupils were more likely to say that they had friends of their own age or older who smoked (45% and 41% respectively), than younger friends (18%) or a boyfriend or girlfriend (4%) who smoked. (Table.14) The pattern among friends is likely to reflect the pattern of smoking among the different age groups represented by these categories. Similarly, younger pupils were more likely than older ones to say that no one they knew smoked; 8% of 11 year olds, compared with 8% of 15 year olds, and this variation was largely accounted for by the proportions who had friends rather than family who smoked. Whether pupils knew other people who smoked was related to their own smoking behaviour. While only 1% of regular and occasional smokers had no friends or relatives who smoked, 18% of non-smokers said they had no friends or family members who smoked. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 3

Almost all regular smokers (97%) and occasional smokers (98%) had friends who smoked compared with 51% of non-smokers. The pattern was different for family members: regular smokers were most likely to say they had family members who smoked (8% regular smokers, compared with 71% of occasional smokers and 68% of non-smokers reported family members who smoked). (Table.15, Figure.5) Figure.5 Smokers pupils know, by smoking status All pupils Regular smokers Occasional smokers Non-smoker 100 90 80 70 Percent 60 50 40 30 0 10 0 Boyfriend or girlfriend Friends of pupil s own age Older friends Younger friends Smokers pupils know Parents Brothers or sisters Other relatives.3.3 Other smokers at home Pupils were asked how many people they lived with smoked. 63% said they did not live with anyone else who smoked. 3% of pupils lived with one smoker; 11% with two smokers and 3% with three or more people who smoked (data not shown). Pupils who lived in a household where someone else smoked were more likely to smoke than those who did not live with any smokers. The proportion of pupils who smoked increased in line with the number of smokers in their household. For example, % of pupils who did not live with any smokers were regular smokers, 5% of pupils living with one smoker were regular smokers, and this increased to 16% amongst pupils living with three or more smokers. Similarly, the proportion of pupils who were non-smokers decreased with the number of smokers living in the household, from 95% of pupils who lived with no other smokers to 75% of pupils living with three or more smokers. (Table.16).3.4 Perceived family attitudes to smoking Pupils were asked what their families would think about their smoking. Pupils were likely to interpret family as referring primarily to their parents or carers. Questions covered three different situations: Pupils who said that they did not smoke were asked How do you think your family would feel if you started smoking? Pupils who said that they smoked, but their family did not know that they did, were asked How do you think your family would feel if they know you smoked? Pupils who said that they smoked and their families knew they did were asked How does your family feel about you smoking? The answer categories for these three questions were comparable and have been combined for analysis purposes. In 01, the majority of pupils thought that their families would have a negative attitude towards them smoking, with 74% believing that their families would try to stop them smoking and 18% saying that their families would try to persuade them to stop. Only 1% of 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

pupils reported that they thought their families would do nothing. This is broadly in line with previous years, although the balance has shifted over time towards the more coercive approach ( they would try to stop me ) and away from persuasion. Younger pupils were more likely than their older counterparts to think that their families would try to stop them smoking (around 80% of 11 and 1 year olds, compared with 67% of 15 year olds). Older pupils were more likely than younger ones to think that their families would use persuasion to encourage them to stop smoking (3% of 15 year olds compared with 14% of 11 year olds). (Tables.17,.18, Figure.6) Figure.6 Perceived negative family attitudes to pupils smoking, by age All pupils 100 Try to persuade pupil to stop Try to stop pupil 90 80 70 Percent 60 50 40 30 0 10 0 11 years 1 years 13 years Age 14 years 15 years.3.5 Perceived family attitudes in smoking and non-smoking households How pupils perceived their families attitudes to their smoking varied according to the number of smokers they lived with. As in previous years, as the number of smokers living in the household increased, pupils became less likely to report that their families would try to stop them smoking. For example, 79% of pupils living in a non-smoking household believed that their family would try to stop them smoking and this decreased to 57% amongst pupils living with three or more smokers. Pupils living with three or more smokers were least likely to know how their families would react towards their smoking. For example, 14% of pupils living with three smokers or more didn t know about their family s attitude, compared with only 5% of pupils living with no smokers. (Table.19, Figure.7).3.6 Perceived family attitudes and smoking behaviour Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Pupils perceived family attitudes toward smoking varied according to their individual smoking behaviour. Non-smokers were most likely to perceive their families as taking the most negative attitude towards smoking, with 76% of non-smokers thinking that their families would try to stop them smoking. Smokers were less likely to think that their families would try to stop them smoking, but this varied according to the type of smoker that they were: regular smokers were the least likely to think that their families would try to stop them smoking (36%). Regular smokers were also the most likely to report that their family would do nothing about their smoking (1% of regular smokers, compared with 4% of occasional smokers and 1% of non-smokers). (Table.0).3.7 Do pupils families know about their smoking? Current smokers were categorised as being either secret smokers or open smokers. Secret smokers were those who thought that their families did not know about their smoking, whilst open smokers were those who thought that their families were aware of their smoking. It may be possible that some families knew that pupils smoked, even though Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 5

Figure.7 Perceived negative family attitudes to pupils smoking, by number of smokers pupils live with All pupils 100 Try to persuade pupil to stop Try to stop pupil 90 80 70 Percent 60 50 40 30 0 10 0 None One Two Three or more Smokers pupil lives with pupils thought that they didn t. Similarly, it may be possible that families were not aware of pupils smoking, even though the pupil reported that they were. Almost half (49%) of current smokers were secret smokers. Occasional smokers were more likely to be secret smokers than regular smokers (67% of occasional smokers, compared with 35% of regular smokers). Conversely, the proportion of open smokers was greater amongst regular smokers than occasional smokers (65% of regular smokers, compared with 33% of occasional smokers). (Table.1) The proportion of open smokers varied with the presence of other smokers in the household, and the likelihood of being an open smoker increased with the number of smokers in the household. For example, 39% of current smokers who were not living with any other smokers were open smokers, compared with 64% of current smokers who lived with three or more other smokers. (Table.) Open smokers were less likely than secret smokers to think that their families would have a negative attitude towards smoking: 4% of open smokers thought that their families would try to stop them smoking, compared with 65% of secret smokers. (Table.3).4 Where pupils get cigarettes.4.1 The law on selling cigarettes to children In October 007 a change in the law made it illegal to sell cigarettes to young people under the age of 18 years. The aim of this legislation was to increase barriers to buying cigarettes and encourage a reduction in the proportions of young people who smoke cigarettes. 5 The Health Act 009 5 prohibited the sale of cigarettes from vending machines from 011, and also included a ban on public display of cigarettes and tobacco products in retail outlets by 015, which started with large shops in April 01..4. Usual sources of cigarettes Pupils who smoked acquired cigarettes from a variety of sources. Most often, pupils reported being given cigarettes by other people (69%), most commonly by friends; over half of pupils who smoked (57%) were given cigarettes by friends. Despite the law, 44% of pupils who smoked cigarettes said that they bought them from a shop. Pupils most commonly reported buying cigarettes from a newsagent, tobacconist or 6 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

sweetshop (37%), followed by supermarket (11%), garage shop (10%) or other type of shop (9%). Older pupils were more likely to buy cigarettes from a shop than younger pupils (50% of 15 year olds, compared with 9% of 11 to 13 year old smokers). 41% of pupils had bought cigarettes from other people, including 9% who had bought them from friends or relatives, and % who had bought them from someone else. % of pupils said they usually bought cigarettes from vending machines (despite the 011 ban), and 6% said they bought them in other ways. (Tables.4,.5) Where regular and occasional smokers purchased cigarettes varied. Regular smokers were more likely than occasional smokers to buy cigarettes from shops (60% and 4% respectively) or from other people (46% and 34%). Regular smokers were also more likely than occasional smokers to be given cigarettes by their siblings or parents. The most common source of cigarettes for occasional smokers was from friends (69% compared with 47% of regular smokers). (Table.6, Figure.8) Figure.8 Main sources of cigarettes, by smoking status Current smokers Regular smoker Occasional smoker 80 70 60 50 Percent 40 30 0 10 0 Bought from shops Bought from other people Given by friends Given by brothers or sisters Given by parents Sources of cigarettes.4.3 Trends in where regular smokers usually buy cigarettes Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Since 198, the survey has measured where regular smokers usually buy cigarettes. Between 198 and 1998, the proportion of regular smokers who bought cigarettes from a shop remained at a similar level, between 85% and 89%. The proportion decreased to 77% by 00, and remained around that level until 006. In 008, the first year after the change in the law on selling tobacco to young people, the proportion fell by 3 percentage points, from 78% to 55% - the lowest level since the survey began. In 01, the proportion of regular smokers who bought cigarettes from a shop remained at a similar level, at 60%. Between 006 and 008, the proportion of regular smokers who said that they usually bought cigarettes from other people increased from 40% to 5%. In 01, 46% of regular smokers said that they usually bought cigarettes from other people. (Table.7).4.4 Cigarettes on display Following the 009 Health Act cigarettes and tobacco products have been removed from public display in large shops and will continue to be removed in all retail outlets by the end of 015. Although the study took place after the policy was implemented in supermarkets the findings for exposure to cigarettes in shops should be considered as reference for future results considering pupils are likely to have seen cigarettes on display before. 5 In 01, pupils were asked where they had seen cigarettes on display. Most pupils had seen cigarettes at a newsagent (75%) and only 5% answered that they had not seen any cigarettes in shops. (Table.9) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 7

.4.5 Buying cigarettes from shops In 01, 3% of pupils who smoked said that they found it difficult to buy cigarettes from shops. This is at a similar level to recent years. (Table.30) All pupils, whether or not they smoked, were asked if they had tried to buy cigarettes from a shop in the past year. Between 000 and 006, the proportion who said they had stayed at a similar level (17% to 19%). In 008, after the increase in the minimum age at which children could be sold cigarettes, this proportion fell significantly. In 01, 5% of pupils had tried to buy cigarettes in a shop. The decline has been greatest among older pupils. For example, in 006, 38% of 15 year olds had tried to buy cigarettes from a shop, but this fell to 13% in 01. There was a similar fall among 14 year olds, from % to 6% over the same period. (Table.31, Figure.9) Figure.9 Whether pupils tried to buy cigarettes from a shop in the past year, by age: 1986-01 All pupils 60 11 years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 50 40 Percent 30 0 10 0 1986 1990 1994 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 01 Year From the mid 1990s until 010 there was additionally a rise in the proportion of pupils who reported that they had attempted to buy cigarettes in a shop and had been refused. However, pupils continue to be able to buy cigarettes. In 01, half (51%) of pupils who had tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year had been refused at least once; in other words, 49% of 11 to 15 year olds were always able to buy cigarettes from shops when they tried (although the proportion who tried continued to fall). Just 5% of pupils had been refused cigarettes the last time they tried and so 75% had been successful on their most recent attempt to buy cigarettes. (Tables.33,.34) Pupils who had tried to purchase cigarettes from a shop in the past year were asked how often they bought them. Of these pupils, 15% reported that they had bought cigarettes from a shop almost every day and nearly a quarter (3%) bought cigarettes once or twice a week. (Table.35) Pupils who were successful at buying cigarettes from a shop on their last attempt were asked how many cigarettes they had bought. In 01, 11% said they had bought fewer than ten cigarettes, 14 36% of pupils who purchased cigarettes had bought ten cigarettes, 46% had bought 0 and 8% had bought more than 0. (Table.36).4.6 Asking other people to buy cigarettes The previous sections of this report have demonstrated that the proportions of pupils who bought cigarettes from shops has been in decline, due in some part to an increasing difficulty in doing so. Over the same period, there has been a rise in the proportion of pupils who purchase cigarettes from other people (see Section.4.3). This includes pupils asking 8 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

other people to buy cigarettes for them from a shop, that is, proxy purchasing. In 010, for the first time this survey included questions about whether pupils had ever asked anyone else to buy them cigarettes from a shop. In 01, 8% of all pupils said that they had asked other people to buy cigarettes on their behalf. This figure increased with age from 1% of 11 year olds to 17% of 15 year olds. Girls were more likely to have done this than boys (9% and 7% respectively). The majority of current smokers had asked someone else to buy them cigarettes from a shop (88% of regular smokers and 49% of occasional smokers). (Tables.37-.39) Pupils who had asked someone else to buy cigarettes on their behalf had generally been successful at some point. 88% of those who had asked someone else to buy them cigarettes from a shop had been bought cigarettes at least once in the last year. Boys and girls were equally likely to be successful. Pupils aged 11 to 13 were less successful than 14 and 15 year olds (73% and 9% respectively). Almost all regular smokers (97%) had been successful in getting others to buy cigarettes on their behalf, as had most occasional smokers (91%). (Tables.40,.41) Friends (77%) were the most likely people to buy cigarettes on behalf of pupils, particularly older friends (67%). Strangers (58%) were the next most common source, with other friends of the same age (30%) and other adult acquaintances (35%) also being fairly common sources. Parents (11%) and siblings (14%) were less likely to have bought cigarettes for pupils. (Table.4) Girls were more likely than boys to have been bought cigarettes by a girlfriend or boyfriend (0% and 10% respectively) but the proportions of girls and boys who had been bought cigarettes by other friends were very similar. 15 year olds were more likely than younger pupils to have been bought cigarettes by a friend or family member. (Tables.4,.43) Among pupils who smoked, regular smokers were more likely than occasional smokers to have been bought cigarettes by friends. Regular smokers were also more likely to have been bought cigarettes by their parents, siblings, other adults they knew, or strangers. (Table.44, Figure.9) Figure.10 Who bought cigarettes on pupil s behalf, by smoking status Current smokers Regular smokers Occasional smokers 100 90 80 70 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent 60 50 40 30 0 10 0 Boyfriend or girlfriend A friend of own age An older friend Parent or step-parent Sources of cigarettes Brother or sister Another adult known to pupil A stranger Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 9

.5 Dependence on smoking.5.1 Measuring dependence Concern about pupils smoking is based on the impact that regular smoking can have in the longer term as well as the immediate health effects they might experience (see Section.1.). There is evidence to suggest that there are distinct stages in the progression of smoking habits in children and adolescents, from contemplation of smoking through to established smoking and dependence. 15 This survey includes questions designed to establish the extent to which regular smokers have already become dependent on smoking. Defining dependence is necessarily a subjective measure. The analysis explores pupils views on whether they would like to give up smoking, how easy they believe that would be, and whether they have tried and failed. Although the length of time a habit has been established does not necessarily imply dependence, it may contribute to that perception. Among these 11 to 15 year olds, more than half (53%) of regular smokers had been smoking at least once a week for more than a year. (Table.45) Because only regular smokers were asked whether they had tried to give up smoking, these findings measure the extent to which pupils had tried and failed to give up. There are no corresponding measures of success in giving up smoking, for example questions for former smokers, who might have succeeded in their attempts to give up. The relatively small number of regular smokers precludes precise comparisons between boys or girls or across different age groups. Therefore, unless there is a substantial difference between groups, this section will focus on regular smokers. Similarly, though some tables show trend data, these will be commented on only where there are clear trends..5. Are regular smokers dependent on smoking? Pupils who smoke regularly tend to see themselves as dependent on the habit. Around two thirds (67%) of regular smokers reported that they would find it very or fairly difficult to not smoke for a week while almost three quarters (7%) reported that they would find it difficult to give up smoking altogether. (Tables.46,.47) In 01, about a third (31%) of regular smokers wanted to give up smoking altogether, but 19% said that they would not like to give up smoking and 49% were undecided. Almost two thirds (63%) of regular smokers had made an attempt to give up smoking. (Table.48) The commitment of regular smokers to giving up can be represented as a combination of past behaviour (whether they have tried to give up) and current attitudes (whether they would like to give up). 8% of regular smokers were committed to quitting smoking as they had tried in the past and said that they would still like to. But a similar proportion, 33% of regular smokers, demonstrated a lack of concern about dependence on smoking as they had never tried to give up and did not want to. (Table.49).5.3 Smoking behaviour and dependence In this survey, the dependence on smoking was associated with the length of time pupils had been regular smokers. 8% of pupils who had been regular smokers for more than a year said that they would find it difficult to give up smoking for a week, compared to 46% of those who had been smoking regularly for one year or less. This trend was similar when pupils were asked whether they would find it difficult to give up smoking altogether, with 86% of pupils who had smoked regularly for over a year and 56% of those who had been smoking for a year or less reporting that they would find this difficult. Of pupils who had smoked regularly for more than a year, 75% reported that they had tried to give up, compared with 51% of those who had been smoking for a year or less. Regular smokers of more than a year were also more likely to want to give up than those who had been smoking regularly for one year or less (40% compared with %). (Table.50) Dependence on smoking was also associated with the number of cigarettes pupils had smoked in the last week. Pupils were categorised by the number of cigarettes they had 30 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

smoked as heavy smokers (71 or more cigarettes in the last week); medium smokers (1 to 70 cigarettes); and light smokers (0 to 0 cigarettes). Almost all heavy smokers felt that they were dependent on smoking; 95% reported that they would find it difficult not to smoke for one week and a similar proportion (93%) would find it difficult not to smoke altogether. The majority of medium smokers felt also dependent as 79% thought it would be hard to stop smoking for a week, and 86% to stop altogether. Light smokers were less likely to see themselves as dependent on smoking; 41% of light smokers said that they would find it difficult to give up for a week and 50% to give up altogether. Medium (70%) and heavy smokers (68%) were more likely to have tried to give up smoking than light smokers (50%). Medium smokers were more likely to want to give up smoking (41%) than either heavy smokers (4%) or light smokers (%). (Table.51).5.4 Help giving up smoking Pupils who had tried to give up smoking and those who had tried smoking or had smoked in the past were also asked whether they had asked for help to stop. As the latter group may not have deliberately tried to give up smoking, the experiences of these two sets of pupils are not directly comparable. Most current and former smokers had used one of the means asked about (74% and 65% respectively), as had more than two fifths of those who had only tried smoking (4%). Both former and current smokers were most likely to choose not to spend time with friends who smoked, although current smokers were equally likely to have asked family or friends for help. Over a quarter of current smokers had used nicotine patches. Other sources of help, for example NHS services, had been used by relatively few pupils. (Tables.5,.53).6 Attitudes and beliefs.6.1 Attitudes to smoking All pupils were asked whether they thought it was OK for people their own age to try smoking to see what it was like, or to smoke cigarettes once a week. Since this question was asked in 1999, the proportion of pupils who thought it was OK to try smoking a cigarette to see what it was like has declined. In 01, 31% of pupils thought that it was OK to try smoking to see what it was like, compared to more than half (54%) in 1999. Since the introduction in 003 of the question regarding whether pupils thought it was OK to smoke once a week, there has been a similar decrease in pupils who thought this was acceptable, from 5% in 003 to 13% in 01. (Table.54, Figure.11) Figure.11 Attitudes towards smoking: 1999-01 All pupils OK to try smoking once OK to smoke once a week 60 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent 50 40 30 0 10 0 1999 000 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 01 Year Note: pupils were not asked whether it was OK to smoke once a week until 003. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 31

Boys and girls were equally likely to think that it was acceptable to try smoking or to smoke once a week, and older pupils were more tolerant of smoking than younger pupils. (Table.55) Pupils attitude towards the acceptability of smoking also reflected their own smoking status. Regular and occasional smokers were more likely to think that it was acceptable to try smoking than non-smokers (84%, 85% and 6% respectively). (Table.56) Attitudes to smoking are compared with those towards drinking and drug use in Section 5.4..6. Pupils beliefs about smoking among their peers Many drug education programmes now include an element of normative education. This is designed to challenge pupils misconceptions about the number of their peers that smoke, drink or take drugs, and it is believed to help discourage pupils from adopting behaviour they think is more common than it actually is. 16 To determine how accurate pupils beliefs are about the behaviour of people of their age, the survey asks how many people of the pupil s age smoke. In 01, 4% of pupils were regular smokers and 4% smoked occasionally (see Table.). In 01, half (51%) of pupils thought that only a few people of their age smoked, the most accurate answer. (Table.57) Pupils perceptions of their peers smoking behaviour varied with sex and age. Compared with boys, girls tended to overestimate the number of people of their own age who smoked. Older pupils thought more people of their age smoked than did younger pupils; this is in line with the pattern of prevalence of regular smoking. (Table.58) Amongst 15 year olds, the beliefs of regular, occasional, and non-smokers were compared. (The comparison was restricted to 15 year olds to control for differences in smoking prevalence between age groups.) Within this group, 10% of pupils were regular smokers and 8% of pupils were occasional smokers (see Table.), so only a few is the most accurate of the answers offered for this group. The proportion of pupils who thought that only a few of their peers smoked ranged from 11% of regular smokers to 5% of nonsmokers. Most regular smokers overestimated the number of their peers who smoked, with 55% saying that most but not all and 4% saying all of them smoked. (Table.59) The variations by age and smoking behaviour indicate that it is likely that pupils perceptions are influenced by the behaviour of their friends. As Section.3. showed, smokers are much more likely than non-smokers to have friends who smoke; in other words, social groups share similar smoking habits. The number of friends they had who smoked did not affect whether pupils (accurately) thought that only a few people of their own age smoked. But those who knew smokers of their own age were more likely to overestimate the proportion who did smoke; 48% thought that half or more people of their own age smoked, compared with 13% of those who did not have any friends of their own age who smoked. Conversely, pupils who did not know anyone of their own age who smoked were more likely to say that no one of their age smoked (35%, compared with % of those with friends who smoked). (Table.60, Figure.1).6.3 Beliefs about why pupils smoke In 01, pupils were asked questions on their views about why people their age smoke. They were given a list of statements and asked to say whether they thought each statement was true or false. Pupils were most likely to agree that people their age smoked because it made them look cool in front of their friends (84%). 70% of pupils believed that people of their age smoked because they are addicted to cigarettes and the same proportion thought people of their age smoked because their friends pressure them into it. 6% thought people of their age smoked because they found it exciting to break the rules; almost as many (58%) because smoking helped them cope with stress in their lives. 53% agreed that people of their age 3 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Figure.1 Pupils estimates of the number of people their own age who smoke cigarettes, by whether they have friends of their own age who smoke All pupils None of them Only a few About half Most/all 100 90 80 70 Percent 60 50 40 30 0 10 0 None Some Has friends of own age who smoke smoked because it gave them a good feeling, 4% because it helped them relax. Relatively few pupils (16%) thought that people of their age smoked because they believed it helped them stay slim. (Table.61, Figure.13) Pupils beliefs about why people of their age smoke All pupils Figure.13 To look cool in front of their friends They are addicted to cigarettes Their friends pressure them into it They find it exciting to break the rules It helps them cope with stress in their life It gives them a good feeling It helps them relax They believe it helps them stay slim Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 0 10 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Girls were more likely than boys to agree with all the statements, except that people of their age smoked because they were addicted to cigarettes, where there was little difference between boys and girls. There were also age differences: generally older pupils were more likely to agree with each statement, although the age differences did not follow a clear pattern for the statements that people smoked to look cool and because they found it exciting to break the rules. (Table.61) Smokers and non-smokers differed in their beliefs about why people of their age smoked. Smokers were more likely than non-smokers to believe that people of their age smoked to achieve positive effects: to help them relax, to cope with stress, because it gives them a good feeling or helps them stay slim, although they were also more likely to agree that people of their age smoked because they were addicted to cigarettes. Non-smokers were Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 33

more likely to believe that people of their age smoked because of social pressures: to look cool amongst friends or because of pressure by friends. (Table.6, Figure.14) Figure.14 Pupils beliefs about why people of their age smoke, by smoking status All pupils To help them relax To cope with stress in their life To look cool in front of their friends Their friends pressure them into it They find it exciting to break the rules 100 90 80 70 Percent 60 50 40 30 0 10 0 Regular smoker Occasional smoker Non smoker Smoking status.7 Sources of information about smoking.7.1 Sources of helpful information about smoking The questionnaire included a list of sources where pupils may have got useful information about smoking and they were asked whether they had received any helpful information about smoking cigarettes from any of these sources. As in previous years, the most common sources of helpful information were parents (73%), followed by teachers (71%) and television (69%). (Table.63) There were some differences between boys and girls, for example boys were more likely than girls to choose GPs and police in schools; girls were more likely to mention newspapers and magazines. The sources reported as helpful also differed with age, with older pupils likely to choose a broader range of helpful sources. (Tables.63,.64) There were also differences according to smoking status. Smokers were more likely to cite their peers siblings or friends and also youth workers. Non-smokers were more likely to mention adults: parents, GPs, teachers, and the police in schools. (Table.65).8 Factors associated with regular smoking.8.1 Using logistic regression to analyse smoking A logistic regression model was used to explore which pupil and environmental characteristics were associated with regular smoking. The model allows each characteristic to be considered independently by controlling for the effects of the other, sometimes related, factors. For example, smoking is associated with increased age, and with drinking alcohol; but older pupils are more likely to drink. The model allows an evaluation of the strength of the relationship between each of these variables and whether pupils are regular smokers. The model identifies associations, not causes; in other words, factors which identify pupils with an increased or decreased risk of smoking regularly. These variations in risk are 34 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

expressed as odds ratios and expressed relative to a reference category, which is given a value of 1. Odds ratios greater than 1 indicate higher odds (increased risk), and odds ratios less than 1 indicate lower odds (reduced risk). Also shown are 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio. Where the interval does not include 1, this category is significantly different from the reference category. For further information on the logistic regression method used, see Appendix B..8. The variables included in the model The model included key variables relevant to pupils and their schools. The final model was developed using an iterative process to test for significant associations. Sex, age, ethnicity and region were included in all models. Otherwise, variables were rejected if the association with smoking was not significant. This method enabled the exploration of a large number of potential predictor variables. The variables tested in the model are listed below. Most variables are categorical; those marked * are continuous. 17 Variables in bold were retained in the final model. Pupil level variables (taken from the pupil questionnaire) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Sex Age* Ethnicity (White, Mixed, Asian, Black, other/not given) Whether drank alcohol (never drank alcohol, has drunk alcohol but not in the last week, drank alcohol in the last week) Whether took drugs (never taken drugs, has taken drugs but not in the last month, took drugs in the last month) Ever truanted (never truanted, truanted but not in the last year, truanted in the last year) Ever been excluded (never excluded, excluded but not in the last year, excluded in the last year) Receives free schools meals (an indicator of low family income) Number of books in the home 18 (none, very few, enough to fill one shelf, enough to fill one bookcase, enough to fill two bookcases, enough to fill three or more bookcases) Self reported wellbeing (not low wellbeing (score 10-0), low wellbeing (score 0-9)) 19 Number of people at home who smoke (none, one, two, three or more) Family attitude to pupils smoking (would try to stop pupil, would try to persuade pupil to stop, do nothing/encourage pupil) Whether pupil has friends who smoke (no, yes) Pupil s belief about how many people of his or her own age smoke (all of them, most but not all, about half, only a few, none) People of my age smoke because it helps them relax (false, true) People of my age smoke because they are addicted to cigarettes (false, true) People of my age smoke because they believe it helps them stay slim (false, true) People of my age smoke because it helps them to cope with stress in their life (false, true) People of my age smoke to look cool in front of their friends (false, true) People of my age smoke because they find it exciting to break the rules (false, true) People of my age smoke because their friends pressure them into it (false, true) People of my age smoke because it gives them a good feeling (false, true) School-level variables (taken from National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) s Register of Schools, 0 performance data and the teacher questionnaire) Region School type (comprehensive, grammar, secondary modern, independent) School type (community school, academy, independent, foundation school, voluntary aided school, voluntary controlled school) Sex of school intake (mixed, boys only, girls only) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 35

GCSE attainment in quintiles Percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals* Percentage of pupils whose first language was not English* Faith school (none/not known, Christian denomination, other religion) Frequency of teaching about smoking in Year 7 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about smoking in Year 8 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about smoking in Year 9 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about smoking in Year 10 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about smoking in Year 11 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more).8.3 Factors associated with regular smoking Sex and age Although the prevalence of smoking was the same for boys and girls in 01, after controlling for other factors, girls were more likely to smoke regularly than boys (odds ratio=1.71). Age was strongly associated with being a regular smoker, with an increase in odds of 1.73 for each additional year of age. Ethnicity Black pupils were less likely than those of White ethnicity to be regular smokers (odds ratio=0.08). Pupils in other ethnic minority groups were not significantly different from White pupils in their odds of being a regular smoker. Drinking and taking drugs As in previous years, drinking alcohol and drug use were both associated with regular smoking. Pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week or less recently both had increased odds of being regular smokers compared with pupils who had never drunk alcohol (odds ratios=3.95, and.37 respectively). Pupils who had taken drugs were even more likely to be regular smokers (odds ratios of 15.56 for pupils who had taken drugs in the last month, 5.56 for those who had taken drugs but less recently) when compared with pupils who had never taken drugs. Truancy and exclusion Pupils who had truanted from school were more likely to be regular smokers compared with pupils who had never truanted (odds ratio=.0). There was a similar association for pupils who had been excluded from school at least once, compared with those who had not (odds ratio=3.46). Family and friends Pupils who lived with other people who smoked were more likely themselves to smoke regularly than those who did not, although this relationship was significant only for pupils who lived with three or more smokers (odds ratio=.59). The attitudes of pupils parents were independently linked to whether or not a pupil was a regular smoker. Compared to pupils who said that their families would or did try to stop them smoking, those who said that their parents would (or did) try to persuade them not to smoke were more likely to be regular smokers (odds ratio=.14), and those who said that their parents would (or did) do nothing or would (or did) encourage them to smoke had an odds ratio of 4.59. The influence of friends was also important; pupils who had friends who smoked were more likely to smoke regularly than those who did not have any smokers among their friends (odds ratio=3.11). 36 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Beliefs about why people of their age smoke Pupils responded to a set of statements about why people of their own age smoke. Once other factors were taken into account, three statements were significantly related to whether or not pupils were regular smokers. Agreeing that People of my age smoke because it helps them relax was associated with increased odds of being a regular smoker (odds ratio=.1). Two statements were negatively associated with being a regular smoker, that is to say they were less likely to be believed by pupils who smoked regularly: People of my age smoke to look cool in front of their friends (odds ratio=0.50) and People of my age smoke because they find it exciting to break the rules (odds ratio=0.61). Other individual characteristics Other pupil characteristics explored in the model were not significantly associated with being a regular smoker. School characteristics Pupils were less likely to be smokers if their school provided lessons about smoking to Year 11 pupils at least once in the school year; compared to pupils whose schools did not teach Year 11 pupils about smoking, the odds of being a regular smoker were reduced by a ratio of 0.40, whether this teaching was once a term or more, or less frequent. There was no significant relationship between the frequency of lessons given to other year groups and whether pupils smoked regularly. Region and other school characteristics, such as the type of school and the frequency of teaching about alcohol in lessons, were also not significantly associated with whether or not pupils were regular smokers. (Table.66) Notes and references 1 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/healthy-lives-healthy-people-our-strategy-for-publichealth-in-england The Stationery Office (1998) Smoking Kills: a White Paper on tobacco. Cm4177, London http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm41/4177/4177.htm 3 Smoking kills, cited above. In fact the prevalence of regular smoking in this age group had declined to 9% by 003 (see Table.1 of this report). 4 The Health Act 006. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/006/8/contents 5 The Health Act 009. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/009/1/contents 6 Department of Health (011) Healthy lives, healthy people: a tobacco control plan for England https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-tobacco-control-plan-for-england 7 The NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care. Statistics on smoking: England 01. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/pub07019/smok-eng-01-rep.pdf Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 8 Muller, T (007) Breaking the cycle of children s exposure to tobacco smoke. British Medical Association, London, accessible via http://bma.org.uk/about-the-bma/how-we-work/professional-activities-andspecial-interest/board-of-science/board-of-science-publications 9 Ash Research Report (007) Asthma and Smoking. http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ash_595.pdf 10 Fidler JA, Wardle J, Henning Brodersen N, Jarvis MJ, West R (006). Vulnerability to smoking after trying a single cigarette can lie dormant for three years or more. Tobacco Control;15:05-09 11 From 198 to 1998, and in 000 and 00, around % to 3% of pupils said they did not smoke, but recorded in the smoking diary that they smoked at least one cigarette in the last week. They were consequently reclassified as occasional smokers. In 1999 there was no smoking diary, so pupils could not be reclassified in this way. In 001, pupils were asked a question about smoking on each of the last seven days, and the diary was replaced by this question from 003 onwards (see note 1 for more details). In response to this question, around 1% of pupils each year recorded that they had smoked at least one cigarette in the last seven days and were consequently reclassified as occasional smokers. The number of cigarettes recorded in the additional questions does not affect the definition of a regular smoker. 1 The changes were made for a number of reasons. Interviewers reported that pupils had problems completing the diary: they were confused by having to work backwards from yesterday and didn't fill in entries for all seven days. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 37

The large amount of missing data on the diaries led to potentially unreliable estimates of the numbers of cigarettes smoked. The diary could be used only in alternate years because it took up too much time to complete in a year where the focus was on drugs. This affected the estimates for occasional smokers, by excluding pupils who described themselves as non-smokers but who had smoked in the past seven days so that, in years when the diary was not included, the prevalence of occasional smokers was underestimated by % to 3%. The changes and their implications are discussed in more detail in Hills A (006) Smoking in Fuller E (ed) Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 005. NHS Information Centre, Leeds. 13 For example, via the Smokefree provisions of the Health Act 006 (see above). 14 Under the Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act 1991, it is an offence to sell cigarettes by retail to any person other than in pre-packed quantities of ten or more cigarettes in their original package. 15 Gervais A, O Loughlin J et al (006). Milestones in the natural course of onset of cigarette use among adolescents. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 175(3): 55-61. 16 See for example, Dusenbury L and Falco M (1995). Eleven components of effective drug abuse prevention curricula, Journal of School Health, 65(10). Research evidence on the efficacy of normative education is mixed. Thomas RE, McLellan J, Perera R (013) School-based programmes for preventing smoking. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 013, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD00193. DOI: 10.100/14651858.CD00193.pub3 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.100/14651858.cd00193.pub3/full 17 Categorical variables are those which group data in a specific number of discrete categories; for example, in this survey, sex has two categories: boy and girl. Continuous variables present data as a continuous range; for example, the percentage of pupils in a school who receive free school meals: from 0 to 100. 18 Used as a proxy measure of social class 19 Wellbeing was measured using a validated scale developed by the Children s Society, based on Huebner s life satisfaction scale,. See Rees G, Bradshaw J, Goswami H, Keung A. (010) Understanding children s well-being: a national survey of young people s well-being. Children s Society, London. http://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/tcs/research_docs/understanding%0children% 7s%0wellbeing.pdf 0 The sample of schools was drawn from NFER s register of schools, which included 009 data for some indicators used in the logistic regression model. 38 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Table.1a Smoking behaviour, by sex: 198-000 a All pupils 198-000 Smoking behaviour Year 198 1984 1986 1988 1990 199 1993 1994 1996 1998 1999 b 000 % % % % % % % % % % % % Boys Regular smoker 11 13 7 7 9 9 8 10 11 9 8 9 Occasional smoker 7 9 5 5 6 6 7 9 8 8 4 7 Used to smoke 11 11 10 8 7 6 6 7 7 9 9 8 Tried smoking 6 4 3 3 1 0 0 Never smoked 45 44 55 58 56 57 57 53 53 54 57 56 Ever smoked 55 56 45 4 44 43 43 47 47 46 43 44 Girls Regular smoker 11 13 1 9 11 10 11 13 15 1 10 1 Occasional smoker 9 9 5 5 6 7 9 10 10 8 6 10 Used to smoke 10 10 10 9 7 7 10 8 9 10 11 8 Tried smoking 19 19 18 19 18 17 18 18 18 17 Never smoked 49 46 53 59 58 57 53 5 48 51 55 53 Ever smoked 51 54 47 41 4 43 47 48 5 49 45 47 Total Regular smoker 11 13 10 8 10 10 10 1 13 11 9 10 Occasional smoker 8 9 5 5 6 7 8 9 9 8 5 9 Used to smoke 10 10 10 8 7 7 8 8 8 10 10 8 Tried smoking 4 3 1 1 0 0 0 19 0 19 0 19 Never smoked 47 45 54 58 57 57 55 53 51 53 56 55 Ever smoked 53 55 46 4 43 43 45 47 49 47 44 45 Unweighted bases Boys 1460 198 1676 1489 1643 166 1613 15 1445 311 4791 3654 Girls 1514 1689 1508 159 1478 166 157 153 1409 413 454 3407 Total 979 3658 3189 3018 311 395 3140 3045 854 473 9333 7061 Data from 198 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table.1b shows trends in the prevalence of regular smoking from 001 onwards. b Questions about how many cigarettes were smoked in the last seven days were not asked in 1999, and pupils were not reclassified as occasional smokers. The figures for regular smokers in 1999 are comparable with other years, but figures for other classifications of smokers are not. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 39

Table.1b Smoking behaviour, by sex: 001-01 a All pupils 001-01 Smoking behaviour Year 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % % % Boys Regular smoker 8 9 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 4 4 4 Occasional smoker 7 6 6 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 Used to smoke 8 6 7 7 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 Tried smoking 0 18 0 19 18 18 16 16 15 13 13 1 Never smoked 58 61 60 63 63 64 69 69 71 75 75 77 Ever smoked 4 39 40 37 37 36 31 31 9 5 5 3 Girls Regular smoker 11 11 11 10 10 10 8 8 7 6 5 4 Occasional smoker 9 8 8 7 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 Used to smoke 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 5 4 4 Tried smoking 17 16 17 15 16 16 15 13 1 1 11 11 Never smoked 55 56 56 59 58 59 64 67 70 7 74 76 Ever smoked 45 44 44 41 4 41 36 33 30 8 6 4 Total Regular smoker 10 10 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 5 5 4 Occasional smoker 8 7 7 5 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 Used to smoke 8 7 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 Tried smoking 19 17 18 17 17 17 15 15 14 13 1 1 Never smoked 56 58 58 61 60 61 67 68 71 73 75 77 Ever smoked 44 4 4 39 40 39 33 3 9 7 5 3 Unweighted bases Boys 465 5064 5179 4989 463 4018 401 3950 380 3663 3166 3785 Girls 465 473 5081 469 4469 4134 3717 3800 379 3591 380 3753 Total 977 9796 1060 9618 909 815 7738 7750 761 754 6446 7538 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table.1a shows trends in the prevalence of regular smoking from 198 to 000. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table.. 40 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table. Smoking behaviour, by age and sex All pupils 01 Smoking behaviour Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Regular smoker 0 0 1 4 10 4 Occasional smoker 0 1 4 7 3 Used to smoke 0 3 6 7 4 Tried smoking 4 8 13 1 18 1 Never smoked 95 90 80 73 58 77 Ever smoked 5 10 0 7 4 3 Girls Regular smoker - 0 6 10 4 Occasional smoker - 0 3 6 10 4 Used to smoke - 1 3 5 8 4 Tried smoking 6 1 14 0 11 Never smoked 98 93 81 70 5 76 Ever smoked 7 19 30 48 4 Total Regular smoker 0 0 5 10 4 Occasional smoker 0 1 3 5 8 4 Used to smoke 0 1 3 6 8 4 Tried smoking 3 7 1 13 19 1 Never smoked 96 91 80 71 55 77 Ever smoked 4 9 0 9 45 3 Unweighted bases Boys 566 739 775 781 94 3785 Girls 579 764 783 76 865 3753 Total 1145 1503 1558 1543 1789 7538 Weighted bases Boys 558 771 781 763 957 3830 Girls 575 70 74 778 91 3709 Total 1134 1490 1505 1541 1869 7539 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 41

Table.3a Proportion of pupils who were regular smokers, by sex and age: 198-000 a All pupils 198-000 Regular smokers Year 198 1984 1986 1988 1990 199 1993 1994 1996 1998 1999 000 % % % % % % % % % % % % Boys 11 years 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 years 3 3 13 years 8 10 5 5 6 6 3 4 8 5 4 6 14 years 18 16 6 8 10 14 14 14 13 15 10 11 15 years 4 8 18 17 5 1 19 6 8 19 1 1 Total 11 13 7 7 9 9 8 10 11 9 8 9 Girls 11 years 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 years 1 0 3 3 4 3 3 13 years 6 9 5 4 9 9 5 8 11 9 8 10 14 years 14 19 16 1 16 15 18 0 4 19 15 19 15 years 5 8 7 5 5 6 30 33 9 5 6 Total 11 13 1 9 11 10 11 13 15 1 10 1 Total 11 years 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 years 1 3 3 4 3 13 years 7 10 5 5 7 7 4 6 10 8 6 8 14 years 16 17 11 10 13 14 16 17 18 19 1 15 15 years 5 8 0 5 3 8 30 4 3 3 Total 11 13 10 8 10 10 10 1 13 11 9 10 Unweighted bases Boys 11 years 99 60 36 9 313 89 51 68 7 300 870 618 1 years 98 378 30 80 350 336 318 310 97 349 1011 751 13 years 303 416 347 318 313 351 349 307 8 30 946 736 14 years 77 376 35 311 305 311 337 306 98 61 918 75 15 years 348 490 41 350 360 369 358 331 96 754 1046 797 Total 155 190 1676 1488 1641 1656 1613 15 1445 317 4791 3654 Girls 11 years 50 54 13 6 96 307 53 36 74 303 870 57 1 years 76 33 314 315 81 359 316 307 78 375 89 686 13 years 303 355 66 97 9 335 35 39 78 390 94 697 14 years 31 333 314 315 30 97 33 310 88 670 933 688 15 years 37 41 400 376 304 30 310 341 91 673 93 764 Total 1513 1686 1507 159 1475 1618 157 153 1409 411 454 3407 Total 11 years 549 514 449 455 609 596 504 504 546 603 1740 1190 1 years 574 710 634 595 631 695 634 617 575 74 1903 1437 13 years 606 771 613 615 605 686 674 636 560 69 1870 1433 14 years 589 709 666 66 607 608 660 616 586 18 1851 1440 15 years 70 90 81 76 664 689 668 67 587 147 1969 1561 Total 3038 3606 3183 3017 3116 374 3140 3045 854 478 9333 7061 a Table.3b shows trends in the prevalence of regular smoking from 001 onwards. 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 198 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.3b Proportion of pupils who were regular smokers, by sex and age: 001-01 a All pupils 001-01 Regular smokers Year 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11 years 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 years 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 13 years 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 1 14 years 1 13 9 11 10 10 7 6 5 5 5 4 15 years 19 0 18 16 16 16 1 11 14 10 11 10 Total 8 9 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 4 4 4 Girls 11 years 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 - - - 1 years 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 13 years 8 8 8 6 6 7 4 6 4 4 3 14 years 19 18 16 14 14 16 1 11 10 8 8 6 15 years 5 6 6 6 5 4 19 17 16 14 11 10 Total 11 11 11 10 10 10 8 8 7 6 5 4 Total 11 years 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 years 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 13 years 7 6 6 6 5 5 3 5 3 3 14 years 15 16 13 1 1 13 9 9 8 6 7 5 15 years 3 1 0 0 15 14 15 1 11 10 Total 10 10 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 5 5 4 Unweighted bases Boys 11 years 830 89 89 877 744 64 609 643 598 566 503 566 1 years 944 1037 1047 1031 954 853 871 803 795 770 673 739 13 years 951 1051 1077 100 984 794 819 790 799 743 604 775 14 years 90 961 1015 983 937 837 804 779 7 711 65 781 15 years 105 113 1148 1078 1004 910 918 935 906 873 761 94 Total 465 5064 5179 4989 463 4018 401 3950 380 3663 3166 3785 Girls 11 years 795 816 863 86 734 64 590 619 615 578 57 579 1 years 976 997 107 97 885 848 741 777 778 71 645 764 13 years 956 943 1055 939 94 856 790 755 767 734 693 783 14 years 944 95 979 915 956 789 710 770 761 748 637 76 15 years 954 10 111 10 970 999 886 879 871 810 778 865 Total 465 473 5081 469 4469 4134 3717 3800 379 3591 380 3753 Total 11 years 165 1700 1755 1703 1478 166 1199 16 113 1144 1030 1145 1 years 190 034 119 1958 1839 1701 161 1580 1573 1491 1318 1503 13 years 1907 1994 13 1959 1908 1650 1609 1545 1566 1477 197 1558 14 years 1846 1913 1994 1898 1893 166 1514 1549 1483 1459 16 1543 15 years 1979 145 60 100 1974 1909 1804 1814 1777 1683 1539 1789 Total 977 9796 1060 9618 909 815 7738 7750 761 754 6446 7538 a Table.3a shows trends in the prevalence of regular smoking from 198 to 000. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table.. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 43 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

Table.4 Proportion of pupils who smoked in the last week, by age and sex All pupils 01 Smoked Age in the 11 1 13 14 15 Total last years years years years years week % % % % % % Boys 1 1 3 7 14 6 Girls - 1 5 9 16 7 Total 0 1 4 8 15 6 Unweighted bases Boys 536 694 74 753 891 3616 Girls 556 751 764 75 853 3676 Total 109 1445 1506 1505 1744 79 Weighted bases Boys 534 78 75 73 93 3669 Girls 553 708 709 767 897 3634 Total 1087 1436 1460 1499 180 730 Table.5 Cigarettes smoked in the last week, by smoking behaviour All pupils 01 Cigarettes Smoking behaviour smoked in Never Tried Used to Less 1 to 6 a More than Total the last smoked smoking smoke, than one week 6 a week week once never now a week % % % % % % % None 100 96 90 51 10 4 94 1 to 6 0 3 7 41 30 3 7 to 69 0 0 8 59 61 3 70 or more 0 0 0-1 33 1 Unweighted bases 5683 731 303 00 104 168 7 Weighted bases 5717 73 97 00 106 158 736 44 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.6 Mean and median number of cigarettes smoked in the last week, by sex and smoking status: 003-01 a Current smokers 003-01 Cigarettes smoked in last week Year 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 c 011 c 01 c Mean/median number of cigarettes Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Regular smokers Mean 38.9 41.6 39.7 47.0 45. 44.7 40.3 37.5 33.8 36. Standard error of mean.6.1.08.4 3.3 3.3 3.3.81 3.11.99 Median 9 35 35 4 38 36 9 8 8 30 Occasional smokers b Mean 3.6 5.8 5.6 3.7 5.0 5.4 5. 3.3 4.6 4.4 Standard error of mean 0.49 1.19 1.4 0.87 1.06 1.18 1.41 0.77 0.8 1.5 Median 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Girls Regular smokers Mean 35.7 4.3 4.8 41.5 43.3 36 36.5 35.7 37.1 35.0 Standard error of mean 1.40 1.60 1.73 1.78.3.11.44.86 3.5.88 Median 30 35 37 36 38 3 9 9 4 5 Occasional smokers Mean.6 3.4.8 3. 3.8.9 4.1.3.7 3.5 Standard error of mean 0.7 0.47 0.36 0.68 0.55 0.49 0.97 0.35 0.44 0.70 Median 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total Regular smokers Mean 36.9 4.0 41.6 43.5 44.1 39.3 38.1 36.5 35.6 35.6 Standard error of mean 1.7 1.34 1.33 1.41 1.94 1.90.04.08.3.16 Median 30 35 35 39 38 7 9 8 7 8 Occasional smokers Mean 3.1 4.4 3.9 3.4 4.3 3.9 4.5.8 3.5 3.9 Standard error of mean 0.8 0.54 0.50 0.53 0.6 0.57 0.80 0.40 0.43 0.67 Median 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Unweighted bases c Boys Regular smokers 319 307 75 7 179 16 156 156 13 17 Occasional smokers 87 19 190 158 151 145 16 13 103 116 Girls Regular smokers 530 446 416 379 6 60 14 15 159 145 Occasional smokers 363 304 331 39 5 196 190 175 174 147 Total Regular smokers 849 753 691 606 441 4 370 371 91 7 Occasional smokers 650 496 51 397 376 341 316 307 77 63 a Data shown from 003 onwards, when the current method of measuring cigarette consumption was introduced (see Section.1.3). b Occasional smokers includes pupils who described themselves as non-smokers but who reported smoking at least one cigarette in the last week. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). The 01 weighted bases are as follows: (boys) regular smokers: n=14, occasional smokers: n=110; (girls) regular smokers: n=140, occasional smokers: n=151; (total) regular smokers: n=64, occasional smokers: n=61. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 45 Data from 003 re-used by permission of the Department of Health

Table.7 Days on which pupils smoked cigarettes in last week, by sex All pupils 01 Days on which smoked Sex Boys Girls Total % % % Monday 3 4 3 Tuesday 3 4 3 Wednesday 3 4 3 Thursday 3 3 3 Friday 3 4 4 Saturday 4 4 4 Sunday 3 3 3 Any smoking in past week 5 6 6 Unweighted bases 3576 3646 7 Weighted bases 3631 3605 736 Table.8 Days on which pupils smoked cigarettes in last week, by smoking status Current smokers 01 Days on Smoking status which Regular Occasional Total smoked smoker smokers a % % % Monday 74 19 49 Tuesday 74 17 48 Wednesday 77 14 48 Thursday 73 17 47 Friday 79 33 57 Saturday 78 36 58 Sunday 68 15 44 Any smoking in past week 94 60 77 Unweighted bases 80 8 508 Weighted bases 73 5 498 a Occasional smokers includes pupils who described themselves as non-smokers but who reported smoking at least one cigarette in the last week. Table.9 Mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, by sex Table.10 Mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, by smoking status Pupils who had smoked in last week 01 Days on which smoked Sex Boys Girls Total Mean number of cigarettes Monday 3.9 3.6 3.7 SE of mean 0.39 0.34 0.6 Tuesday 3.9 3.6 3.7 SE of mean 0.4 0.35 0.67 Wednesday 4.0 3.5 3.8 SE of mean 0.37 0.33 0.5 Thursday 4.0 3.8 3.9 SE of mean 0.37 0.37 0.8 Friday 5.0 5.0 5.0 SE of mean 0.47 0.40 0.8 Saturday 5.6 5.3 5.4 SE of mean 0.50 0.43 0.3 Sunday 4.3 3.7 4.0 SE of mean 0.51 0.41 0.33 All seven days a 7.1 4.6 5.7 SE of mean.51.07 1.60 Unweighted bases b 188 4 41 Weighted bases b 183 1 404 a Not all smokers gave valid answers for all seven days; consequently the total for the week does not equal the sum of individual days. b Bases shown for smokers with valid answers for every day of the week. Bases for individual days are of a similar magnitude. Pupils who had smoked in last week 01 Days on which Smoking status smoked Regular Occasional Total smoker smoker a Mean number of cigarettes Monday 5.0 1.0 3.7 SE of mean 0.34 0.8 0.6 Tuesday 5.1 1.0 3.7 SE of mean 0.35 0.4 0.7 Wednesday 5.1 0.9 3.8 SE of mean 0.3 0.3 0.5 Thursday 5.3 1.0 3.9 SE of mean 0.36 0.7 0.8 Friday 6.6 1.8 5.0 SE of mean 0.41 0.7 0.8 Saturday 7.3.0 5.4 SE of mean 0.44 0.8 0.3 Sunday 5.5 0.8 4.0 SE of mean 0.43 0.17 0.33 All seven days b 37.9 6.5 5.7 SE of mean.16 1.09 1.60 Unweighted bases c 51 160 41 Weighted bases c 47 156 404 a Occasional smokers includes pupils who described themselves as non-smokers but who reported smoking at least one cigarette in the last week. b Not all smokers gave valid answers for all seven days; consequently the total for the week does not equal the sum of individual days. c Bases shown for smokers with valid answers for every day of the week. Bases for individual days are of a similar magnitude. 46 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.11 Types of cigarettes smoked, by sex Current smokers 01 Types of cigarettes smoked Sex Boys Girls Total % % % Packet 31 45 39 Hand-rolled 35 15 4 Both equally 35 40 37 Unweighted bases 31 78 509 Weighted bases 6 78 504 Table.1 Frequency of exposure to second-hand smoke in the last year, by age All pupils 01 Frequency of Age exposure to secondhand smoke 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. At home Every day or most days 1 16 19 17 19 17 Once or twice a week 11 9 10 10 10 10 Once or twice a month 7 7 5 5 5 6 Less often than once a month 9 9 11 11 11 10 Never in the past year 61 60 55 57 54 57 In someone else s home Every day or most days 4 4 7 7 7 6 Once or twice a week 9 10 1 11 15 1 Once or twice a month 11 13 1 1 17 14 Less often than once a month 19 0 3 4 6 3 Never in the past year 57 5 46 45 34 45 In family s car Every day or most days 6 5 6 5 6 6 Once or twice a week 7 6 8 9 9 8 Once or twice a month 5 5 6 5 6 5 Less often than once a month 7 7 6 7 8 7 Never in the past year 75 77 73 74 70 74 In someone else s car Every day or most days 3 1 3 Once or twice a week 3 4 5 5 6 5 Once or twice a month 4 6 7 7 11 7 Less often than once a month 11 14 1 18 19 16 Never in the past year 79 75 74 67 61 70 Exposed to second-hand smoke in any of these places in the last year 61 61 66 68 76 67 Unweighted bases a,b 885 1190 1310 1334 1585 6304 Weighted bases a,b 870 1178 177 1336 1658 630 a Bases exclude pupils who answered Don t know b Bases shown for pupils with a valid answer to the question about exposure to smoke at home. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 47

Table.13 Frequency of exposure to second-hand smoke, in the last year by smoking status All pupils 01 Frequency of Smoking status exposure to Regular Occasional Non- Total second-hand a smoker smoker smoker smoke % % % % At home Every day or most days 50 8 15 17 Once or twice a week 10 15 10 10 Once or twice a month 1 5 6 6 Less often than once a month 9 8 10 10 Never in the past year 30 44 59 57 In someone else s home Every day or most days 33 14 4 6 Once or twice a week 33 4 10 1 Once or twice a month 15 1 13 14 Less often than once a month 1 4 4 3 Never in the past year 6 18 49 45 In family s car Every day or most days 3 9 5 6 Once or twice a week 19 13 8 8 Once or twice a month 11 10 5 5 Less often than once a month 8 9 7 7 Never in the past year 40 59 76 74 In someone else s car Every day or most days 17 4 Once or twice a week 1 9 4 5 Once or twice a month 18 6 7 Less often than once a month 16 8 15 16 Never in the past year 4 4 73 70 Exposed to second-hand smoke in any of these places in the last year 96 89 65 67 Unweighted bases b,c 75 55 5746 6304 Weighted bases b,c 69 56 5768 630 a Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. b Bases exclude pupils who answered Don t know. c Bases for pupils with a valid answer to the question about exposure to smoke at home. Other base are of a similar magnitude. 48 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.14 Whether friends or family members smoke, by age All pupils 01 Friends/family smoke a Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Any friends 0 3 53 69 8 55 My boyfriend or girlfriend 1 1 3 5 9 4 Some friends of my own age 8 19 41 63 77 45 Some friends older than me 17 4 39 5 6 41 Some friends younger than me 4 1 4 38 18 Any family members 67 66 68 69 70 68 My mother, father or step-parent 31 31 34 3 34 3 My brother or sister 7 10 15 16 19 14 Other relatives 49 51 5 55 56 53 None of my friends/family smoke 8 6 17 1 8 17 Unweighted bases 1106 147 1478 1470 1717 7198 Weighted bases 109 1416 143 1461 1797 7198 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Table.15 Whether friends or family members smoke, by smoking status All pupils 01 Friends/family Smoking status smoke a Regular Occasional Non- Total b smoker smoker smoker % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Any friends 97 98 51 55 My boyfriend or girlfriend 37 18 4 Some friends of my own age 9 95 41 45 Some friends older than me 90 8 37 41 Some friends younger than me 68 47 14 18 Any family members 8 71 68 68 My mother, father or step-parent 55 38 31 3 My brother or sister 48 9 1 14 Other relatives 63 53 5 53 None of my friends/family smoke 1 1 18 17 Unweighted bases 304 73 6576 7198 Weighted bases 95 73 6588 7198 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 49

Table.16 Smoking status, by number of smokers pupil lives with All pupils Smoking status 01 Number of smokers pupil lives with None One Two Three Total a or more % % % % % Regular smokers 5 9 16 4 Occasional smokers 3 5 7 8 4 Non-smokers 95 89 85 75 9 Unweighted bases 440 1597 834 19 7538 Weighted bases 4481 1607 814 08 7539 a Total column includes pupils who did not say how many smokers they lived with. Table.17 Perceived family attitude towards pupil s smoking, by sex: 000-01 All pupils 000-01 Perceived family attitude a Year 000 00 004 006 008 010 b 01 b % % % % % % % Boys Try to stop me 61 65 67 68 69 70 74 Try to persuade me to stop 7 1 0 0 17 Do nothing 1 1 1 Encourage me to smoke 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Don t know 10 11 9 10 8 7 7 Girls Try to stop me 57 6 66 66 71 7 74 Try to persuade me to stop 31 5 3 3 19 0 18 Do nothing 1 1 1 Encourage me to smoke 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Don t know 10 11 9 8 8 6 7 Total Try to stop me 59 63 67 67 70 71 74 Try to persuade me to stop 9 3 1 0 1 18 Do nothing 1 1 1 Encourage me to smoke 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Don t know 10 11 9 9 8 6 7 Unweighted bases b Boys 3643 5030 476 3816 3818 3496 3585 Girls 3399 471 44 3954 3646 3413 3508 Total 704 974 9148 7770 7464 6909 7093 a See Section.3.4 for an explanation of how the categories were derived. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. Weighted bases for 01 are boys: n=3648, girls: n=3480, total: n=718. 50 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 000 to 00 re-used by permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.18 Perceived family attitude towards pupil s smoking, by age All pupils 01 Perceived family attitude a Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Try to stop me 79 80 75 7 67 74 Try to persuade me to stop 14 13 17 19 3 18 Do nothing 0 1 1 1 3 1 Encourage me to smoke 0 0 0 0 0 0 Don t know 7 7 7 8 7 7 Unweighted bases 109 141 1469 1437 1683 7093 Weighted bases 108 1403 147 1448 1768 718 a See Section.3.4 for an explanation of how the categories were derived. Table.19 Perceived family attitude towards pupil s smoking, by number of smokers pupil lives with All pupils Perceived family 01 Number of smokers pupil lives with attitude a None One Two Three Total b or more % % % % % Try to stop me 79 70 66 57 74 Try to persuade me to stop 16 19 3 4 18 Do nothing 1 3 1 Encourage me to smoke 0 0 0 1 0 Don t know 5 9 9 14 7 Unweighted bases 407 1497 778 196 7093 Weighted bases 481 1516 76 187 718 a See Section.3.4 for an explanation of how the categories were derived. b Total column includes pupils who did not say how many smokers they had lived with. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table.0 Perceived family attitudes towards pupil s smoking, by smoking status All pupils 01 Perceived family Smoking status attitude a Regular Occasional Non- Total b smoker smoker smoker % % % % Try to stop me 36 55 76 74 Try to persuade me to stop 39 5 16 18 Do nothing 1 4 1 1 Encourage me to smoke - 1-0 Don t know 13 15 6 7 Unweighted bases 68 47 6578 7093 Weighted bases 60 48 660 718 a See Section.3.4 for an explanation of how the categories were derived. b Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 51

Table.1 Whether family is aware of pupil s smoking, by smoking status Current smokers a 01 Family knowledge Smoking status Regular Occasional Total smoker smoker a % % % Family doesn t know (secret smoker) 35 67 49 Family knows (open smoker) 65 33 51 Unweighted bases 73 00 473 Weighted bases 64 0 467 a Excludes reclassified occasional smokers, pupils who recorded some smoking in the past seven days, but described themselves as non-smokers and so were not given the opportunity to record whether their families knew they smoked. Table. Whether family is aware of pupil s smoking, by number of smokers pupil lives with Current smokers a Family knowledge 01 Number of smokers pupils live with None One Two Three Total b or more % % % % % Family doesn t know (secret smoker) 61 50 39 36 49 Family knows (open smoker) 39 50 61 64 51 Unweighted bases 164 141 96 4 473 Weighted bases 163 138 10 39 467 a Excludes reclassified occasional smokers, pupils who recorded some smoking in the past seven days, but described themselves as non-smokers and so were not given the opportunity to record whether their families knew they smoked. b Total column includes pupils who did not say how many smokers they had lived with. Table.3 Perceived family attitude towards pupil s smoking, by family s knowledge of whether pupil smokes Current smokers a 01 Perceived family Family knowledge attitude b Secret Open Total c smoker smoker % % % Try to stop me 65 4 45 Try to persuade me to stop 7 40 3 Do nothing 1 16 8 Encourage me to smoke - - - Don t know 7 0 14 Unweighted bases 1 48 515 Weighted bases 14 39 508 a Excludes reclassified occasional smokers, pupils who recorded some smoking in the past seven days, but described themselves as non-smokers and so were not given the opportunity to record whether their families knew they smoked. b See Section.3.4 for an explanation of how the categories were derived. c Total column includes pupils who did not say whether their family knew they smoked. 5 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.4 Usual sources of cigarettes, by sex Current smokers 01 Usual sources of cigarettes a Sex Boys Girls Total % % % Bought from a shop 49 40 44 Supermarket 1 10 11 Newsagent/tobacconist/sweetshop 39 35 37 Garage shop 11 9 10 Other type of shop 16 4 9 Bought from street markets 6 4 5 Bought from a vending machine 3 1 Bought from the internet 0 1 Bought from other people 38 43 41 Friends or relatives 6 30 9 Someone else 1 Given by other people 63 73 69 Friends 56 57 57 Brothers or sisters 8 7 8 Parents 3 9 6 Someone else Found or taken 9 7 8 Other 5 6 6 Unweighted bases 9 77 506 Weighted bases 5 77 501 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Table.6 Usual sources of cigarettes, by smoking status Table.5 Usual sources of cigarettes, by age Current smokers 01 Usual sources of cigarettes a Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Bought from a shop 9 38 50 44 Supermarket 4 10 13 11 Newsagent/tobacconist/ sweetshop 31 4 37 Garage shop 3 9 11 10 Other type of shop 9 10 9 9 Bought from street markets 8 5 4 5 Bought from a vending machine 3 4 1 Bought from the internet - 1 1 Bought from other people 55 36 40 41 Friends or relatives 43 9 9 Someone else 31 3 0 Given by other people 64 76 67 69 Friends 5 6 55 57 Brothers or sisters 8 8 7 8 Parents 5 5 7 6 Someone else 8 8 18 Found or taken 13 1 5 8 Other 14 6 4 6 Unweighted bases 68 131 307 506 Weighted bases 57 135 309 501 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Current smokers 01 Usual sources of cigarettes a Smoking status Regular Occasional Total smoker smokers % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Bought from a shop 60 4 44 Supermarket 18 11 Newsagent/tobacconist/ sweetshop 49 19 37 Garage shop 16 1 10 Other type of shop 14 4 9 Bought from street markets 8 1 5 Bought from a vending machine 1 Bought from the internet 1 1 Bought from other people 46 34 41 Friends or relatives 33 3 9 Someone else 5 17 Given by other people 63 73 69 Friends 47 69 57 Brothers or sisters 11 8 Parents 10 1 6 Someone else Found or taken 10 5 8 Other 7 3 6 Unweighted bases 95 11 506 Weighted bases 88 14 501 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 53

Table.7a Usual sources of cigarettes for regular smokers: 198-1998 a Regular smokers 198-1998 Usual source of cigarettes b Year 198 1986 1990 199 1993 1994 1996 1998 % % % % % % % % Bought from shop c 88 89 86 86 88 86 89 85 Bought from machine 13 19 37 7 35 31 3 30 Bought from other people d 6 11 18 1 1 3 6 38 Given by friends 44 39 58 6 57 61 55 56 Given by brother/sister 9 1 19 16 16 18 16 0 Given by father/mother 10 7 5 7 8 7 7 11 Found or taken 1 3 4 6 6 6 6 Other sources e 1 8 6 7 11 14 11 Unweighted bases 35 300 305 310 97 348 360 496 a Table.7b shows the usual sources of cigarettes for regular smokers between 000 and 01 b Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. c Until 1986 there was only one category for shop. This has been split into four since 1990, but for comparability all the shop categories in this table have been collapsed into one. d Until 1996 there was only one category for Bought from other people. This was split into Bought from family/friends and Bought from other people since 1998, but for comparability these two categories have been collapsed into one here. e The category Other sources includes those who bought cigarettes over the internet (a separate category since 00), those who bought them from street markets (a separate category since 004) and those who were given cigarettes by someone other than friends or family members (introduced as a separate category in 010). Data from 198 to 00 re-used by permission of the Department of Health Table.7b Usual sources of cigarettes for regular smokers: 000-01 a Regular smokers 000-01 Usual source of cigarettes b Year 000 00 004 006 008 010 c 01 c % % % % % % % Bought from shop d 80 77 77 78 55 58 60 Bought from machine 4 17 1 11 Bought from other people e 37 39 4 40 5 50 46 Given by friends 50 51 51 49 49 51 47 Given by brother/sister 1 13 16 15 13 14 11 Given by father/mother 6 10 10 9 9 11 10 Found or taken 6 7 7 7 7 10 10 Other sources f 9 7 13 1 1 33 15 Unweighted bases c 719 96 833 695 476 356 95 a Table.7a shows the usual sources of cigarettes for regular smokers between 000 and 01. b Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted base for 01 is n=88. d Until 1986 there was only one category for shop. This has been split into four since 1990, but for comparability all the shop categories in this table have been collapsed into one. e Until 1996 there was only one category for Bought from other people. This was split into Bought from family/friends and Bought from other people since 1998, but for comparability these two categories have been collapsed into one here. f The category Other sources includes those who bought cigarettes over the internet (a separate category since 00), those who bought them from street markets (a separate category since 004) and those who were given cigarettes by someone other than friends or family members (introduced as a separate category in 010). 54 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 198 to 00 re-used by permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.8 Shops that were usual sources of cigarettes for regular smokers: 1990-01 Regular smokers 1990-01 Usual source of cigarettes (shops) a Year 1990 199 1993 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % % % % Newsagent, tobacconist, sweet shop 80 77 8 83 84 79 71 69 69 66 46 49 49 Garage shop c 39 40 43 47 5 44 39 33 37 9 14 16 16 Supermarket 19 19 7 5 6 7 7 15 15 18 Other shops 15 1 19 1 14 14 16 16 9 9 14 Unweighted bases b 305 310 97 348 360 496 719 96 833 695 476 356 95 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted base for 01 is n=88. c In 01, the questionnaire asked about buying from a petrol station or garage shop. Data from 198 to 00 re-used by permission of the Department of Health Table.9 Where pupils have seen cigarette packets on display in the last year, by age All pupils 01 Where seen cigarette packets on display Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Supermarket a 58 59 65 66 67 63 Newsagent, tobacconist or sweet shop 64 70 74 79 8 75 Petrol station or garage shop 51 54 60 6 64 59 Another type of shop 4 3 3 5 4 4 Not seen cigarette packets on display in any of these places 7 6 5 5 4 5 Unweighted bases 1160 1514 1564 1551 1800 7589 Weighted bases 1145 1504 1510 1549 1881 7589 a As this survey was carried out in late 01, It is possible that pupils had seen cigarette packets legally displayed in supermarkets before the implementation of the Health Act 009 in April 01 (see Section.1.1). Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table.30 Proportion of smokers who found it difficult to buy cigarettes in a shop, by age:1996-01 Current smokers 1996-01 Found it difficult to buy Year 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 a 01 a cigarettes % % % % % % % % % in a shop 11-13 years 40 54 47 48 48 44 34 47 [41] 14 years 16 0 4 4 6 4 39 3 15 years 9 8 9 13 15 18 39 35 31 Total 18 1 3 4 4 39 37 3 Unweighted bases a 11-13 years 96 76 186 03 188 16 93 56 37 14 years 18 94 48 335 63 7 148 104 79 15 years 13 450 454 556 506 46 97 55 31 Total 437 80 888 1094 957 815 538 415 347 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. Weighted bases for 01 are 11-13 years: n=35, 14 years: n=81, 15 years: n=8, total: n=345. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 55 Data from 198 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

Table.31 Proportion of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year, by age: 1986-01 All pupils 1986-01 Tried to buy cigarettes Year 1986 1990 1994 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 a 01 a in a shop % % % % % % % % % % % 11 years 16 18 7 4 3 3 1 1 years 15 18 11 6 6 4 4 4 1 1 13 years 1 7 19 15 1 11 11 9 6 4 3 14 years 30 39 34 3 7 6 4 11 8 6 15 years 45 54 55 57 43 41 4 38 3 18 13 Total 7 3 6 19 18 17 17 10 7 5 Unweighted bases a,b,c 11 years 446 601 500 603 116 1655 1650 117 118 1099 1103 1 years 68 619 613 7 1408 197 1901 1651 155 1438 1447 13 years 610 598 635 691 14 1967 1904 1617 1508 1430 1506 14 years 654 605 615 176 1433 1893 1879 1603 159 1419 1497 15 years 818 66 670 141 1551 18 078 1884 1786 1635 1737 Total 3157 309 3033 474 6976 9615 941 797 7566 701 790 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. Weighted bases for 01 are shown in Table.3. b Bases for individual ages may not sum to total due to missing age data in some surveys between 1986 to 1998 c Bases for 00 have been revised since the original publication. Data from 198 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Table.3 Proportion of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year, by age and sex All pupils 01 Tried to buy cigarettes in a shop Sex Boys Girls Total % % % 11 years 1 1 1 years 1 0 1 13 years 3 3 3 14 years 5 6 6 15 years 13 1 13 Total 5 5 5 Unweighted bases 11 years 545 558 1103 1 years 70 745 1447 13 years 744 76 1506 14 years 755 74 1497 15 years 893 844 1737 Total 3639 3651 790 Weighted bases 11 years 534 554 1089 1 years 734 707 1441 13 years 751 707 1458 14 years 737 759 1496 15 years 94 891 1815 Total 3681 3619 799 56 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.33 Proportion of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year and who were refused at least once, by age: 1990-01 Pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year 1990-01 Refused at least once Year 1990 199 1993 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % % % 11-1 years 49 5 48 46 48 57 59 59 58 55 57 [46] b 13 years 44 47 30 38 4 51 59 58 54 61 49 57 56 14 years 31 38 36 43 39 46 46 49 59 55 56 58 50 15 years 9 6 1 7 33 36 39 43 47 49 59 60 51 Total 37 36 9 35 38 43 45 48 5 53 57 58 51 Unweighted bases a,c,d 11-1 years 15 131 86 10 85 5 14 115 109 99 51 38 0 13 years 158 119 111 13 104 81 176 1 01 150 94 54 43 14 years 34 11 07 07 00 450 380 484 440 351 163 11 8 15 years 360 344 333 366 317 746 667 915 867 709 405 83 1 Total 971 811 737 798 706 139 1347 1735 1617 1309 713 487 366 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. Weighted bases for 01 are 11-1 years: n=3, 13 years n=44; 14 years: n=83, 15 years: n=8, total: n=377. b Estimate for 11-1 year olds is not shown because of the very small base. c Bases for individual ages may not sum to total due to missing age data in some surveys between 1986 to 1998. d Bases for 00 have been revised since the original publication. Data from 198 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Table.34 Proportion of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year and who were refused on the most recent occasion, by age: 1990-01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year 1990-01 Refused on last occasion Year 1990 199 1993 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % % % 11-1 years 31 35 34 9 35 38 47 47 48 49 57 [49] b 13 years 18 3 19 4 18 9 8 31 3 37 35 37 31 14 years 11 13 6 14 11 11 15 17 4 30 6 6 15 years 6 3 3 4 3 6 7 7 10 14 4 7 1 Total 15 14 10 13 11 14 15 15 19 9 30 5 Unweighted bases a,c,d 11-1 years 13 13 85 10 84 5 1 11 107 93 51 37 19 13 years 159 118 11 1 104 81 176 0 199 148 94 53 44 14 years 35 11 06 07 00 45 379 484 440 35 163 11 81 15 years 361 345 334 366 317 748 669 914 868 706 404 8 Total 97 81 737 797 705 1333 1346 1730 1614 199 71 484 366 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. Weighted bases for 01 are 11-1 years: n=, 13 years n=46; 14 years: n=8, 15 years: n=30, total: n=378. b Estimate for 11-1 year olds is not shown because of the very small base. c Bases for individual ages may not sum to total due to missing age data in some surveys between 1986 to 1998. d Bases for 00 have been revised since the original publication. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 57 Data from 198 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

Table.35 How often pupils who buy cigarettes in shops do so: 004-01 Pupils who attempted to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year 004-01 Frequency of buying cigarettes in shops Year 004 006 008 010 a 01 a % % % % % Almost every day 18 15 11 15 Once or twice a week 4 19 0 0 3 or 3 times per month 10 10 1 10 1 Once a month 11 11 1 14 1 A few times a year 37 38 41 45 38 Unweighted bases a 153 119 673 457 343 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The unweighted base for 01 is n=333. Table.36 The number of cigarettes bought by pupils on the last occasion: 1988-01 Pupils who bought cigarettes in a shop on their last attempt 1988-01 Number of cigarettes bought Year 1988 1990 199 1993 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Fewer than 10 b 1 3 3 4 4 3 3 6 7 11 Ten c 38 40 48 46 50 49 54 60 56 55 54 37 41 36 Twenty d 54 51 45 46 41 44 38 3 36 36 37 50 44 46 More than 0 6 7 6 6 7 5 6 3 4 5 5 8 8 8 Unweighted bases a 693 809 680 64 686 614 81 1108 1433 169 979 461 303 49 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The unweighted base for 01 is n=63. b Under the Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act 1991, it is an offence to sell cigarettes by retail to any person other than in pre-packed quantities of 10 or more cigarettes in their original package. c This includes a few pupils who bought between 11 and 15 cigarettes. d This includes a few pupils who bought between 16 and 19 cigarettes. Table.37 Proportion of pupils who have asked someone else to buy them cigarettes in a shop in the last year: 010-01 All pupils Asked someone else 010-01 Year to buy cigarettes in a shop 010 01 % % Asked someone else to buy cigarettes in a shop 10 8 Unweighted bases 6869 7045 Weighted bases 6868 703 58 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.38 Proportion of pupils who have asked someone else to buy them cigarettes in a shop in the last year, by age and sex All pupils 01 Asked someone Age else to buy 11 1 13 14 15 Total cigarettes in a years years years years years shop % % % % % % Boys 1 4 10 15 7 Girls 1 1 7 1 18 9 Total 1 1 5 11 17 8 Unweighted bases Boys 53 668 70 71 859 3500 Girls 538 716 733 70 85 353 Total 1070 1384 1453 1441 1684 703 Weighted bases Boys 5 698 731 704 893 3549 Girls 531 677 680 737 87 3496 Total 1053 1375 1411 1441 1765 7045 Table.39 Proportion of pupils who have asked someone else to buy them cigarettes in a shop in the last year, by smoking status Current smokers 01 Asked someone else Smoking status to buy cigarettes in a shop Regular Occasional Total smoker smoker % % % Asked someone else to buy cigarettes in a shop 88 49 69 Unweighted bases 305 77 58 Weighted bases 94 77 571 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table.40 Proportion of pupils who asked someone else to buy them cigarettes in a shop and were bought cigarettes, by age and sex Pupils who asked someone to buy them cigarettes in a shop in the last year 01 Was bought cigarettes in a shop by someone else Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Boys 80 95 91 90 Girls 68 91 9 87 Total 73 9 9 88 Unweighted bases Boys 47 64 133 44 Girls 60 88 159 307 Total 107 15 9 551 Weighted bases Boys 43 67 136 46 Girls 59 88 159 306 Total 10 155 95 55 Table.41 Proportion of pupils who asked someone else to buy them cigarettes in a shop and were bought cigarettes, by smoking status Current smokers who asked someone to buy them cigarettes in a shop in the last year 01 Was bought cigarettes in a shop by someone else Smoking status Regular Occasional Total smoker smoker % % % Bought cigarettes in a shop by someone else 97 91 95 Unweighted bases 68 13 400 Weighted bases 58 136 394 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 59

Table.4 Who bought cigarettes in a shop on pupil s behalf, by sex Pupils who had been bought cigarettes by someone else 01 Who bought cigarettes on pupil s behalf a Sex Boys Girls Total Any friends 74 80 77 My boyfriend or girlfriend 10 0 16 A friend of my own age 9 31 30 A friend older than me 67 66 67 A friend younger than me Any family members 18 1 0 My mother, father or step-parent 7 13 11 My brother or sister 14 13 14 Another adult I know 37 33 35 A stranger 66 51 58 Someone else 3 3 Unweighted bases 16 69 485 Weighted bases 1 66 486 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Table.44 Who bought cigarettes in a shop on pupil s behalf, by smoking status Table.43 Who bought cigarettes in a shop on pupil s behalf, by age Pupils who had been bought cigarettes by someone else 01 Who bought cigarettes on pupil s behalf a Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Any friends 74 71 81 77 My boyfriend or girlfriend 1 15 17 16 A friend of my own age 16 37 30 A friend older than me 65 63 69 67 A friend younger than me 1 1 3 Any family members 11 14 5 0 My mother, father or step-parent 4 6 14 11 My brother or sister 8 11 17 14 Another adult I know 33 33 37 35 A stranger 54 65 55 58 Someone else 5 4 1 3 Unweighted bases 80 138 67 485 Weighted bases 74 143 70 486 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Current smokers who had been bought cigarettes by someone else 01 Who bought Smoking status cigarettes on pupil s Regular Occasional Total behalf a b smoker smoker % % % Any friends 84 74 77 My boyfriend or girlfriend 19 1 16 A friend of my own age 31 7 30 A friend older than me 79 61 67 A friend younger than me Any family members 30 9 0 My mother, father or step-parent 17 3 11 My brother or sister 0 7 14 Another adult I know 54 1 35 A stranger 6 48 58 Someone else 3 3 3 Unweighted bases 57 118 485 Weighted bases 50 1 486 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Total column includes non-smokers and pupils who did not say how often they smoked. 60 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.45 Length of time as a regular smoker, by sex: 1988-01 Regular smokers 1988-01 Year 1988 1990 199 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % % % Length of time as a regular smoker Boys Less than 3 months 11 8 17 13 7 10 1 11 11 15 13 10 14 3-6 months 14 14 14 8 5 5 9 11 8 11 10 13 1 6 months to 1 year 1 16 1 19 19 18 16 18 16 18 15 5 17 More than 1 year 54 6 57 61 69 67 63 60 65 56 6 5 58 Girls Less than 3 months 10 11 11 11 10 10 8 10 1 1 11 11 18 3-6 months 11 13 18 13 9 8 16 13 7 9 15 7 13 6 months to 1 year 1 3 14 16 18 18 18 15 7 1 More than 1 year 57 53 57 54 65 64 54 59 63 64 5 55 48 Total Less than 3 months 11 9 14 1 9 10 10 11 11 13 1 10 16 3-6 months 13 14 16 11 7 6 13 1 7 10 13 9 1 6 months to 1 year 1 19 13 0 18 18 19 18 17 16 19 6 19 More than 1 year 55 58 57 57 67 65 58 59 64 61 56 54 53 Unweighted bases a Boys 106 146 143 150 150 198 303 436 337 5 190 150 145 Girls 134 153 153 195 198 77 385 519 460 405 73 0 153 Total 43 99 305 345 348 475 688 955 797 657 463 35 98 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are boys: n=140, girls: n=149, total: n=89. Table.46 Whether regular smokers would find it difficult not to smoke for a week: 1994-01 Regular smokers 1994-01 Year 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % Difficulty not smoking Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Very difficult 3 9 5 8 31 33 3 3 30 Fairly difficult 36 33 8 33 35 35 36 37 35 37 Very or fairly difficult 58 65 58 58 63 66 69 69 67 67 Fairly easy 8 5 9 30 5 5 4 3 3 Very easy 14 10 13 11 1 9 9 7 10 10 Very or fairly easy 4 35 4 4 37 34 31 31 33 33 Unweighted bases a 343 349 475 690 951 80 660 46 355 99 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted base for 01 is n=99. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 61

Table.47 Whether regular smokers would find it difficult not to smoke altogether: 1994-01 Regular smokers 1994-01 Year 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % Difficulty of not smoking altogether Very difficult 35 44 36 36 39 43 40 4 39 37 Fairly difficult 35 3 35 37 34 36 37 34 34 34 Very or fairly difficult 70 75 7 73 73 79 77 76 73 7 Fairly easy 1 19 0 1 15 17 18 0 Very easy 9 6 6 7 6 5 6 6 6 6 Very or fairly easy 30 5 9 7 7 1 3 4 7 9 Unweighted bases a 343 349 475 689 950 804 664 465 355 98 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted base for 01 is n=89. Table.48 Whether regular smokers would like to give up smoking and whether they have ever tried to give up: 1994-01 Regular smokers 1994-01 Year 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % Attitude to and experience of giving up smoking Boys Would like to give up Yes 36 45 38 37 38 4 41 36 36 35 No 0 1 14 0 3 8 Don t know 44 33 40 49 4 37 37 41 4 37 Has tried to give up 5 67 69 6 64 6 60 61 61 61 Girls Would like to give up Yes 33 44 3 41 36 39 45 35 1 8 No 18 9 16 15 16 17 14 16 7 11 Don t know 49 47 5 44 48 44 40 49 5 61 Has tried to give up 70 80 74 69 69 73 7 66 64 65 Total Would like to give up Yes 34 45 35 39 37 40 43 36 7 31 No 19 14 18 15 18 19 18 19 5 19 Don t know 47 41 47 46 45 41 39 45 48 49 Has tried to give up 6 75 7 66 67 68 67 64 63 63 Unweighted bases a Boys 149 150 199 304 434 343 63 19 150 145 Girls 195 199 77 386 518 474 419 8 05 15 Total 344 349 476 690 95 817 68 474 355 97 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are boys: n=140, girls: n=148, total: n=88. 6 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.49 Whether regular smokers have tried to give up smoking and whether they would like to, by sex: 00-01 Regular smokers 00-01 Experience of and attitude to giving up smoking Year 00 004 006 008 010 a 01 a % % % % % % Boys Tried to give up, would still like to 30 3 3 30 31 3 Not tried to give up, would like to 8 10 9 7 5 3 Tried to give up, would not like to 33 31 8 31 31 30 Not tried to give up, would not like to 8 7 31 33 3 35 Girls Tried to give up, would still like to 31 36 40 9 17 4 Not tried to give up, would like to 5 4 6 6 4 4 Tried to give up, would not like to 39 37 33 36 47 40 Not tried to give up, would not like to 5 4 9 3 3 Total Tried to give up, would still like to 31 34 36 9 3 8 Not tried to give up, would like to 7 6 7 6 4 4 Tried to give up, would not like to 36 34 31 34 40 35 Not tried to give up, would not like to 7 5 6 30 3 33 Unweighted bases a,b,c Boys 434 343 63 189 148 145 Girls 518 474 419 73 05 15 Total 95 817 68 46 353 97 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are boys: n=140, girls: n=148, total: n=88. b Bases shown are for the question about whether smokers would like to give up. c Bases between 000 and 006 have been revised since the original publication. Table.50 Dependence on smoking, by length of time as a regular smoker Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Regular smokers Smoking dependence 01 How long smoked regularly One More Total a year than or one less year % % % Would find it difficult not to smoke for a week 46 8 67 Would find it difficult to give up altogether 56 86 7 Would like to give up 40 31 Has tried to give up 51 75 63 Unweighted bases b 138 157 97 Weighted bases b 135 151 88 a Total column includes pupils who did not say how long they had smoked regularly. b Bases shown are for the question about whether smokers would like to give up. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 63

Table.51 Dependence on smoking, by number of cigarettes smoked in the last week Regular smokers 01 Smoking Type of smoker dependence Light Medium Heavy Total a smoker smoker smoker (0-0 (1-70 (71 or more cigarettes) cigarettes) cigarettes) % % % Would find it difficult not to smoke for a week 41 79 [95] 67 Would find it difficult to give up altogether 50 86 [93] 71 Would like to give up 41 [4] 31 Has tried to give up 50 70 [68] 63 Unweighted bases b 108 117 35 97 Weighted bases b 105 109 38 88 a Total column includes pupils who did not say how many cigarettes they had smoked in the last week. b Bases shown are for the question about whether smokers would like to give up. Table.5 Whether asked for help or used services to give up smoking, by age Pupils who have stopped smoking or tried to do so 01 Services or other help Age used to give up 11-1 13 14 15 Total smoking a years years years years % % % % % Not spent time with friends who smoke 56 46 4 40 43 Asked family or friends to help give up smoking 0 6 0 3 Used nicotine products to help give up smoking 9 10 8 10 10 Asked adult to help give up smoking 9 4 4 6 5 Visited GP to help give up smoking 3 1 Phoned NHS smoking helpline to help give up smoking 1 0 1 Used NHS stop smoking services to help give up smoking 3 1 3 3 Tried any of these 65 58 54 53 55 Unweighted bases b 138 8 336 5 14 Weighted bases b 1 1 33 537 1194 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for the first statement, bases for the other statements are of a similar magnitude. 64 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.53 Whether asked for help or used services to give up smoking, by smoking status Pupils who have stopped smoking or tried to do so 01 Services or other help Smoking status used to give up smoking a Tried Used to Current Total smoking smoke smoker % % % % Not spent time with friends who smoke 36 56 47 43 Asked family or friends to help give up smoking 13 19 47 Used nicotine products to help give up smoking 9 7 10 Asked adult to help give up smoking 4 13 5 Visited GP to help give up smoking 1 6 Phoned NHS smoking helpline to help give up smoking 1 0 6 Used NHS stop smoking services to help give up smoking 1 1 1 Tried any of these 4 65 74 55 Unweighted bases b 667 64 93 14 Weighted bases b 648 6 84 1194 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for the first statement, bases for the other statements are of a similar magnitude. Table.54 Attitudes towards smoking: 1999-01 All pupils 1999-01 Attitudes to smoking Year 1999 001 003 004 005 006 007 008 010 a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % OK to try smoking a cigarette to see what it s like b 54 55 48 40 44 37 38 34 35 35 31 OK to smoke once a week c c 5 19 18 19 14 15 15 13 Unweighted bases a,d 934 9160 10166 9549 8959 805 7650 7148 7148 6315 7399 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are shown in Table.55. b In 1999 and 001, pupils were asked whether it was OK to try smoking once. c The question about whether it s OK to smoke cigarettes once a week was first asked in 003. d Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about whether it was OK to try smoking to see what it s like. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 65

Table.55 Attitudes to smoking, by age and sex All pupils 01 Attitudes to smoking Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys OK to try smoking to see what it s like 6 13 4 37 51 9 OK to smoke once a week 5 10 14 3 1 Girls OK to try smoking to see what it s like 6 9 6 45 63 33 OK to smoke once a week 3 4 11 17 8 14 Total OK to try smoking to see what it s like 6 11 5 41 57 31 OK to smoke once a week 3 4 11 15 6 13 Unweighted bases a Boys 550 719 746 768 904 3687 Girls 567 750 776 757 86 371 Total 1117 1469 15 155 1766 7399 Weighted bases a Boys 543 756 755 747 937 3738 Girls 56 709 719 77 907 3670 Total 1106 1465 1474 150 1843 7408 a Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about whether it was OK to try smoking to see what it s like. Table.56 Attitudes towards smoking, by smoking status All pupils 01 Attitudes to smoking Smoking status Regular Occasional Non- Total a smoker smoker smoker % % % % OK to try smoking to see what it s like 84 85 6 31 OK to smoke once a week 69 58 9 13 Unweighted bases b 98 84 6768 7399 Weighted bases b 88 83 6790 7408 a Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. b Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about whether it was OK to try smoking to see what it s like. 66 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.57 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke: 004-01 All pupils 004-01 Year 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke All of them 1 1 1 1 1 1 Most but not all 17 1 17 13 17 15 10 1 10 About half 6 7 7 3 6 3 0 1 19 Only a few 40 39 41 46 4 45 50 48 51 None of them 15 11 13 16 14 16 19 18 0 Unweighted bases a 9548 8965 7951 7641 7557 7434 70 69 719 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are shown in Table.58. Table.58 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke, by age and sex All pupils 01 Perceptions of Age how many 11 1 13 14 15 Total people of pupil s years years years years years age smoke % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys All of them 1 1 1 1 1 Most but not all 3 3 5 9 15 8 About half 4 7 1 0 6 15 Only a few 35 54 64 6 53 54 None of them 56 35 19 7 5 Girls All of them 0 0 1 1 1 Most but not all 3 6 9 14 1 About half 7 9 18 31 37 Only a few 40 50 59 47 37 46 None of them 50 35 14 6 19 Total All of them 1 0 1 1 1 Most but not all 3 4 7 1 19 10 About half 6 8 15 6 31 19 Only a few 37 5 6 54 45 50 None of them 53 35 16 6 4 0 Unweighted bases Boys 531 693 731 740 890 3585 Girls 540 731 760 747 856 3634 Total 1071 144 1491 1487 1746 719 Weighted bases Boys 59 77 739 71 9 3638 Girls 538 693 704 763 900 3597 Total 1067 1419 1443 1483 18 735 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 67

Table.59 Fifteen year olds perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke, by smoking status Pupils aged 15 01 Perceptions Smoking status of how many people of Regular Occasional Non- Total a pupil s age smoker smoker smoker smoke % % % % All of them 4 3 1 1 Most but not all 55 34 13 19 About half 30 43 30 31 Only a few 11 19 5 45 None of them - 0 5 4 Unweighted bases 186 149 140 1746 Weighted bases 181 156 1475 18 a Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. Table.60 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke, by whether pupil has friends of the same age who smoke All pupils 01 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke Has friends of the same age who smoke No Yes Total % % % All of them 0 1 1 Most, but not all 3 18 10 About half 10 9 19 Only a few 51 50 50 None of them 35 0 Unweighted bases 3766 3134 719 Weighted bases 3766 3148 735 68 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.61 Pupils beliefs about why people their own age smoke, by age and sex All pupils 01 Beliefs about why Age people of pupil s own age smoke 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys To look cool in front of their friends 78 85 86 85 80 83 They are addicted to cigarettes 59 63 73 73 73 69 Their friends pressure them into it 55 65 7 74 68 68 They find it exciting to break the rules 50 60 67 61 58 60 It helps them cope with stress in their life 37 46 5 56 63 5 It gives them a good feeling 40 43 51 58 59 5 It helps them relax 4 8 40 43 56 40 They believe it helps them stay slim 10 1 14 13 15 13 Girls To look cool in front of their friends 79 87 89 88 83 85 They are addicted to cigarettes 65 67 71 74 75 71 Their friends pressure them into it 66 71 76 76 71 7 They find it exciting to break the rules 54 6 69 69 61 64 It helps them cope with stress in their life 46 59 65 70 76 65 It gives them a good feeling 33 41 59 64 66 54 It helps them relax 4 3 43 53 60 44 They believe it helps them stay slim 15 17 19 1 19 Total To look cool in front of their friends 78 86 88 86 81 84 They are addicted to cigarettes 6 65 7 74 74 70 Their friends pressure them into it 61 68 74 75 70 70 They find it exciting to break the rules 5 61 68 65 60 6 It helps them cope with stress in their life 4 5 58 63 70 58 It gives them a good feeling 36 4 55 61 63 53 It helps them relax 4 30 41 48 58 4 They believe it helps them stay slim 13 14 16 17 18 16 Unweighted bases a Boys 545 70 733 761 900 3641 Girls 563 741 766 753 845 3668 Total 1108 1443 1499 1514 1745 7309 Weighted bases a Boys 537 738 744 745 936 3700 Girls 556 699 710 770 888 364 Total 1093 1437 1454 1515 184 733 a Bases shown for the statement that smoking helps people relax. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 69

Table.6 Pupils beliefs about why people their own age smoke, by smoking status All pupils 01 Beliefs about why people of pupil s own age smoke Smoking status Regular Occasional Non- Total a smoker smoker smoker % % % % To look cool in front of their friends 58 7 86 84 They are addicted to cigarettes 78 70 70 70 Their friends pressure them into it 53 57 71 70 They find it exciting to break the rules 39 58 63 6 It helps them cope with stress in their life 87 76 56 58 It gives them a good feeling 66 69 5 53 It helps them relax 81 66 40 4 They believe it helps them stay slim 1 3 15 16 Unweighted bases 300 70 6689 7309 Weighted bases 9 69 6716 733 a Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. b Bases shown for the statement that smoking helps people relax. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table.63 Sources of helpful information about smoking, by sex All pupils 01 Sources of helpful information a Sex Boys Girls Total Parents 73 73 73 Siblings 30 30 30 Other relatives 49 46 48 Friends 39 4 40 GP 36 30 33 Teachers 70 7 71 Other adults at school 37 40 39 Police in schools 50 45 47 Youth workers 8 5 6 TV 69 70 69 Radio 8 6 7 Newspapers or magazines 44 51 48 Internet 57 56 56 FRANK 1 0 0 Helplines 15 16 16 Unweighted bases b 355 3577 719 Weighted bases b 361 3545 7157 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 70 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.64 Sources of helpful information about smoking, by age All pupils 01 Sources of helpful information a Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Parents 71 70 76 75 74 73 Siblings 4 8 31 3 3 30 Other relatives 45 49 47 48 49 48 Friends 7 31 40 45 51 40 GP 36 35 35 31 31 33 Teachers 61 67 74 75 75 71 Other adults at school 36 38 37 37 43 39 Police in schools 50 51 51 46 4 47 Youth workers 1 4 30 8 8 6 TV 59 66 70 73 75 69 Radio 5 7 6 9 8 7 Newspapers or magazines 4 45 47 49 5 48 Internet 45 49 58 6 64 56 FRANK 7 10 18 5 34 0 Helplines 17 16 14 15 16 16 Unweighted bases b 105 1410 1476 147 1719 719 Weighted bases b 1047 1411 149 1467 180 7157 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table.65 Sources of helpful information about smoking, by smoking status All pupils 01 Sources of Smoking status helpful Regular Occasional Non- Total information a b smoker smoker smoker % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Parents 68 66 74 73 Siblings 39 36 9 30 Other relatives 54 47 48 48 Friends 59 6 39 40 GP 7 5 34 33 Teachers 59 65 7 71 Other adults at school 41 38 39 39 Police in schools 35 43 48 47 Youth workers 39 31 6 6 TV 68 7 69 69 Radio 8 9 7 7 Newspapers or magazines 50 48 47 48 Internet 59 58 56 56 FRANK 37 3 19 0 Helplines 15 15 16 Unweighted bases c 83 7 653 719 Weighted bases c 77 70 6569 7157 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Total includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. c Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 71

Table.66 Estimated odds ratios for being a regular smoker, by individual and school-level measures All pupils Variable a 01 95% confidence interval N Odds p-value Lower Upper ratio Sex (p<0.001) Boys 3785 1 Girls 3753 1.71 0.00 1.1.4 Age (p<0.001) b 7538 1.73 <0.001 1.44.08 Ethnicity (p=0.03) White 5894 1 Mixed 318 0.58 0.14 0.8 1.0 Asian 548 0.88 0.787 0.35.4 Black 53 0.08 0.00 0.0 0.39 Other/not given 98 0.77 0.669 0.4.53 Drinking alcohol (p<0.001) Never 43 1 Drank alcohol in the last week 75 3.95 <0.001 1.99 7.81 Drank alcohol, not in the last week 88.37 0.006 1.8 4.38 Not given 66 4.16 0.001 1.86 9.8 Drug use (p<0.001) Never 5810 1 Taken drugs, but not in the last month 718 5.56 <0.001 3.4 9.04 Taken drugs in the last month 44 15.56 <0.001 10.0 3.7 Not given 568.17 0.017 1.15 4.08 Ever truanted (p<0.001) No 6439 1 Yes 865.0 <0.001 1.40.9 Not given 34 3.8 0.038 1.07 10.04 Ever excluded (p<0.001) No 666 1 Yes 64 3.46 <0.001. 5.41 Not given 5 0.67 0.447 0.4 1.88 Number of smokers at home (p=0.04) None 440 1 One 1597 1.43 0.094 0.94.19 Two 834 1.53 0.066 0.97.4 Three or more 19.59 0.008 1.8 5.4 Not given 468 1.99 0.166 0.75 5.8 Family attitudes to pupil s smoking (p<0.001) Tries to stop pupil smoking 557 1 Tries to persuade pupil to stop 4.14 <0.001 1.47 3.10 Do nothing/encourage pupil to smoke 10 4.59 <0.001.4 9.4 Don t know/not given 955.6 <0.001 1.6 4.4 Whether pupil has friends who smoke (p=0.001) No 341 1 Yes 391 3.11 0.001 1.57 6.15 Not given 385 0.95 0.935 0.8 3.18 People of my age smoke because it helps them to relax (p<0.001) False 4181 1 True 3078.1 <0.001 1.48 3.3 Not given 79 0.66 0.543 0.17.56 a P-value for each variable excludes missing values. b Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional year of age. Continued 7 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table.66 continued All pupils Variable a 01 95% confidence interval N Odds p-value Lower Upper ratio People of my age smoke to look cool in front of their friends (p=0.001) False 1137 1 True 6149 0.50 0.001 0.33 0.76 Not given 5 1.08 0.94 0.14 8.19 People of my age smoke because they find it exciting to break the rules (p=0.008) False 770 1 True 4451 0.61 0.008 0.4 0.88 Not given 317 0.95 0.95 0.16 5.53 Region (p=0.568) North East 789 1 North West/Merseyside 801 0.86 0.76 0.38 1.97 Yorkshire and the Humber 690 1.04 0.96 0.46.35 East Midlands 1079 1.1 0.605 0.58.53 West Midlands 977 0.93 0.854 0.43.00 Eastern 1040 1.04 0.919 0.48.3 London 560 0.51 0.19 0.17 1.50 South East 664 0.68 0.313 0.3 1.44 South West 938 0.95 0.897 0.44.04 How often Year 11 pupils have lessons about smoking (p=0.038) Never 468 1 At least once a year 913 0.40 0.04 0.18 0.89 Once a term or more 679 0.40 0.01 0.19 0.81 Not given/not applicable 3478 0.4 0.019 0.0 0.86 a P-value for each variable excludes missing values. b Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional year of age. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 73

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3 Drinking alcohol Colin Payne and Andrew Phelps Key findings for 01 43% of pupils said that they had drunk alcohol at least once. This continues the downward trend since 003, when 61% of pupils had drunk alcohol. Boys and girls were equally likely to have drunk alcohol. The proportion of pupils who had drunk alcohol increased with age from 1% of 11 year olds to 74% of 15 year olds. 10% of pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. The prevalence of recent drinking has reduced significantly since 003, when 6% of pupils had drunk in the last week, and is lower than in 011 (1%). Similar proportions of boys and girls had drunk alcohol in the last week. The proportion increased with age from 1% of 11 year olds to 5% of 15 year olds. Pupils who had drunk in the last week had drunk an average (mean) of 1.5 units. Median consumption which gives a more representative indication of how much pupils drink was lower (8.0 units). Most pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week had consumed more than one type of drink. Compared with boys, girls were less likely to have drunk beer, lager or cider, and more likely to have drunk, spirits, alcopops or wine. Both boys and girls consumed the majority of their alcohol intake in the form of beer, lager or cider. 33% of pupils said that they had obtained alcohol in the last week. This continues the downward trend since 004 when 49% said they had obtained alcohol in the last week. The most common ways of obtaining alcohol were to be given it by parents (19%), given it by friends (19%), to ask someone else to buy it (13%), or to take it from home (13%). Under half of pupils who drank alcohol (44%) said they bought it. Pupils who had bought alcohol had usually done so from friends (53%), someone other than family or friends (34%), off-licences (3%) or shops or supermarkets (4%). Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Pupils who drank alcohol were most likely to do so in their own home (54%), someone else s home (48%), at parties with friends (47%), or somewhere outside (18%). Since 006, there has been an increase in the proportions who usually drink at home or in other people s homes or at parties with friends, and a reduction in the proportion drinking outside. Pupils were most likely to drink with friends of both sexes (57% of current drinkers), their parents (53%), brothers, sisters or other relatives (37%) or friends of the same sex (37%). Younger pupils were most likely to drink with family members, older pupils were most likely to drink with friends. Half (50%) of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last four weeks said that they had been drunk at least once during that time. Although 61% said that they had deliberately tried to get drunk, 39% said they had not. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 75

Pupils are more likely to drink if they live with other people who drink alcohol. 83% who lived with no one who drank alcohol had never drunk alcohol, compared with 30% of pupils who lived with three or more drinkers. About half (5%) of pupils thought their parents didn t like them drinking, slightly more than the proportion who said their parents didn t mind as long as they didn t drink too much (47%). Few pupils (1%) said their parents let them drink as much as they liked. There was a strong relationship between pupils drinking behaviour and their parents attitudes to their drinking. 87% of pupils who felt their parents would disapprove of their drinking had never drunk alcohol, compared with 8% who thought their parents wouldn t mind as long as they didn t drink too much. There has been a fall in recent years in the proportion of pupils who think that drinking is acceptable for someone of their age. In 01, 8% thought it was OK for someone of their age to drink once a week compared with 46% in 003. Pupils were most likely to think that people of their age drink to look cool in front of their friends (77%), because it gives them a rush or buzz (68%), to be more sociable with friends (66%) or because their friends pressure them into it (61%). Pupils beliefs about why people of their age drink alcohol vary according to whether or not they have drunk alcohol themselves. Puplis who had never drunk alcohol were more likely than those who had to think that people of their age drink because of social pressures: to look cool in front of their friends or because their friends pressure them into it. Pupils who have drunk alcohol are more likely than non-drinkers to believe that people their age drink to be sociable with friends or because it gives them a rush or buzz. 76 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Background In 009 the Chief Medical Officer of England published the first official guidance on alcohol aimed specifically at young people. 1 This guidance recommended that the healthiest and safest option was for children to remain alcohol free up to the age of 15, and that older teenagers who did drink alcohol should do so in a supervised environment. The guidance suggested that young people should drink on no more than one day per week and conform to the limits recommended for adults. The guidance was based on a body of evidence that drinking at a young age, and particularly heavy or regular drinking, can result in physical or mental health problems, impair brain development, and put children at risk of alcohol related accident or injury. More broadly it is also associated with missing or falling behind at school, violent and antisocial behaviour, and unsafe sexual behaviour.,3 Historically children in England have been more likely to drink alcohol than children in many other European countries. 4 Although the latest international comparisons suggest some improvement in the prevalence of alcohol consumption, the proportion consuming alcohol remain well above the European average. Furthermore, the UK continues to rank amongst countries with the highest levels of alcohol consumption for those who do drink, and British children are more likely to have binge drunk or been drunk compared to children in most other European countries. 5 A range of research has been carried out on what influences drinking behaviour among children and young people. For younger children it is generally thought that parents and other family members play the key role in forming their initial understanding of alcohol, 6 but as children grow older and begin to socialise more, peers start to have an increasing impact on their attitudes, choices and behaviour. 7 There has also been an increase in the attention paid to the impact of commercial advertising and social networking on drinking behaviour. 8,9 Alcohol consumption, amongst both adults and young people, remains a key area of concern for the government. This was most recently articulated in the 01 Alcohol Strategy 10 which had a particular focus on binge and problem drinking but also included the stated aim of achieving a sustained reduction in both the numbers of 11 to 15 year olds drinking alcohol and the amounts consumed. This strategy document included a number of proposals for tackling problem drinking, to be applied either at national or local level. National level initiatives focused on tackling the availability of cheap alcohol, and reviewing the rules and practices around the advertising of alcohol, with particular reference to the influence this can have on children. At the local level local councils are to be given greater powers of enforcement, and also control over public health budgets to tackle problems in a way that is appropriate for each area. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Alongside this, The public health responsibility deal, published in 011, and its allied alcohol network, led by the Department for Health and representatives from industry, local authorities and the public health community, also aims to foster a culture of responsible drinking, which will help people to drink within guidelines. 11 Included within the pledges are ones that relate specifically to young people, including the enforcement of existing Challenge 1 1 and Challenge 5 13 initiatives, and ensuring that alcohol advertising is not targeted at children or young people. 3.1. Measuring alcohol consumption Consumption in units Pupils who had drunk in the last seven days were asked how much they had drunk in that period. Their answers were used to calculate their consumption in units (one unit of alcohol is equivalent to 10ml by volume of pure alcohol). These questions about alcohol consumption have been asked in a consistent way since 1990, with minor changes in 00. 14 The questionnaire specified six types of drink; for each type, pupils were asked Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 77

whether they had drunk any in the last seven days and, if so, how much. Beer, lager and cider: pints, half pints, large cans, small cans, bottles Shandy: pints, half pints, large cans, small cans Wine: glass Martini and sherry (i.e. fortified wine): glass Spirits and liqueurs (e.g. whisky, vodka, gin, tequila, Baileys, Tia Maria): glass Alcopops (e.g. Bacardi Breezer, Reef, Smirnoff Ice, Vodka Kick, WKD): small cans, bottles. Pupils who had drunk beer, lager or cider were asked if they usually drank normal strength or strong beer. Attempting to accurately measure alcohol consumption among 11 to 15 year olds presents similar but not identical challenges to surveys of adults. First, with both adults and children, recall of their drinking can be erroneous; a generally acknowledged problem for all surveys measuring alcohol consumption. Second, the majority of pupils drinking is in informal settings, and the quantities they drink are not necessarily standard measures. Finally, the survey method limits the amount of detail that can be recorded about the alcoholic strength and quantities drunk, so that, to convert actual drinks into units of alcohol consumed, it is necessary to make consistent assumptions about the strength and size of each type of drink. Converting consumption of alcohol into units Since the established unit measurement was introduced in 1990 there have been significant changes in the alcohol content of drinks and the variability in glass size. As a result, the 006 General Household Survey and the Health Survey for England changed the method by which adult alcohol consumption is converted into units of alcohol. 15,16 The 007 report in this survey series revised the method of calculating units in line with these surveys of adults and reported original and revised units of alcohol. This resulted in a higher, more accurate estimate of alcohol consumption among pupils, and reflected a likely gradual change in drinking behaviour since the 1990s. 17 From 008, consumption has been shown only in revised units and so direct comparisons between consumption of alcohol in 01 and trend data based on the original units from 006 and before are not possible. The conversion factors used in this report are shown in the table below. Type of drink Measure Units of alcohol Beer, lager or cider Pint Half pint 1 Large can Small can or bottle 1.5 Less than half a pint 0.5 Shandy Pint 1 Half pint 0.5 Large can 0 Small can or bottle 0 Less than half a pint 0.5 Wine Glass Less than a glass 0.5 Martini, sherry, spirits Glass 1 and liqueurs Less than a glass 0.5 Alcopops Can or bottle 1.5 Less than a bottle 0.75 Where pupils have indicated that they normally drink strong rather than normal strength beer, lager or cider, the number of units has been multiplied by 1.5. 78 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

3.1.3 Outline of content This chapter covers the following topics: Drinking prevalence Drinking patterns Obtaining alcohol Where pupils drink Who pupils drink with Consequences of drinking Family influences on pupils drinking Attitudes and beliefs Sources of information about alcohol Finally, this report presents an analysis of factors that are associated with whether pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. 3. Prevalence of drinking alcohol 3..1 Whether pupils have ever drunk alcohol Pupils were asked Have you ever had a proper alcoholic drink a whole drink, not just a sip?. In 01, 43% of pupils said that they had. This was lower than in 010 and 011 when 45% said that they had ever had an alcoholic drink, and continues the downward trend seen in recent years. (Tables 3.1a, 3.1b) Boys and girls were equally likely to have had an alcoholic drink. As in previous years, older pupils were more likely to have drunk alcohol than younger pupils, with 74% of 15 year olds having ever had an alcoholic drink compared with 1% of 11 year olds. (Table 3., Figure 3.1) Figure 3.1 Ever had an alcoholic drink, by sex and age All pupils Boys Girls 90 80 70 60 Percent 50 40 30 0 10 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 0 11 years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 3.. Drinking in the last week Age Pupils who had drunk alcohol were asked when they last did so. In 01, 10% of pupils said they had drunk alcohol in the last week. This was lower than in 011 (1%) and continues the downward trend since 003 when it was 5%. (Tables 3.3a-3.3b, Figure 3.) In 01, similar proportions of boys and girls had drunk alcohol in the last week (11% and 10% respectively). The proportion of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week increased with age, from 1% of 11 year olds to 5% of 15 year olds. This continues the pattern seen in previous years. (Tables 3.4-3.5b, Figure 3.) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 79

Figure 3. Prevalence of drinking in the last week, by sex All pupils Boys Girls 40 35 30 5 Percent 0 15 10 5 0 1988 1990 199 1994 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 01 Year 3..3 Usual drinking frequency The proportion of pupils who said that they drank alcohol at least once a week has also been declining in recent years. In 01, 6% of pupils said that they usually drank at least once a week, compared with 0% of pupils in 001. A very small proportion of pupils (less than 0.5%) said that they usually drank alcohol almost every day. (Tables 3.6a, 3.6b) The proportions of boys and girls who drank at least once a week were similar (7% and 6% respectively). The likelihood that pupils usually drank at least once a week increased with age, from 1% of 11 year olds to 15% of 15 year olds. (Table 3.7) 3.3 Patterns of drinking alcohol in the last week 3.3.1 When pupils drink Pupils who said they had drunk alcohol in the last week were asked when and what they had drunk. It is important to bear in mind that the data that refer to patterns of drinking are based on the 10% of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week. Because older pupils were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week than younger pupils, the age profile of this group is skewed towards older pupils; it includes 3% of 11 to 13 year olds, 1% of 14 year olds and 5% of 15 year olds (data not shown). Around six in ten pupils who drank in the last week (58%) had done so on only one day. The mean number of drinking days in the last week was 1.7 days for both boys and girls, and has remained at a similar level in recent years. (Tables 3.8, 3.9) As in previous years, pupils were more likely to drink at weekends than midweek; 70% of those who had drunk in the last week had done so on Saturday, 47% had drunk on Friday and 4% on Sunday, compared with 6% to 8% on each of the other days of the week. Younger pupils were more likely than older pupils to drink on a Sunday (3% of 11 to 13 year olds compared with 0% of 15 year olds), and older pupils were more likely to drink on a Friday compared with younger pupils (49% of 14 and 15 year olds compared with 35% of 11 to 13 year olds). (Tables 3.10, 3.11) 3.3. Trends in pupils alcohol consumption The method for calculating alcohol consumption based on actual drinks is described in Section 3.1.. This method was revised in 007, and in reporting that year s survey both the original and revised unit calculations were shown and commented on. From 008 onwards only the revised calculation has been used. The adjustment in the unit calculation has a 80 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

significant impact on the trend data in this section. Consequently, estimates of the numbers of units of alcohol consumed by 11 to 15 year olds in 01 are not comparable with those reported from surveys in this series before 007. (Tables 3.1a, 3.1b) In 01, the average (mean) alcohol consumption by pupils who had drunk in the last week was 1.9 units. Mean consumption levels have varied between 10.4 units and 14.6 units since 007, with no clear trend. (Table 3.1b) 3.3.3 How much do pupils drink? As in previous years, boys and girls who had consumed alcohol in the past month had consumed similar amounts. Mean consumption did vary by age, although not in a linear way: 11 to 13 year olds had the lowest mean consumption (7.7 units); 14 year olds consumed a mean quantity of 16.5 units; but 15 year olds less than this (1.3 units). Both boys and girls aged 14 had higher average consumption than older pupils; this is unlike the pattern seen in previous years. (Table 3.1b, Figure 3.3) Figure 3.3 Mean alcohol consumption in the last week by pupils who had drunk, by sex and age Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Boys Girls 18 16 14 1 Units 10 8 6 4 0 11-13 years 14 years 15 years Age Median consumption gives a more representative indication of what pupils drink, as mean consumption measures are based on data whose distribution is skewed. Even if the majority of pupils drink well below the mean value, the latter may be increased by relatively small numbers of pupils who record very high consumption. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. As in previous years the median consumption of alcohol over the previous week was lower than the mean consumption. 18 In 01 median consumption was 8.0 units (8.0 units for boys and 7.5 units for girls). The age pattern was more typical, with 14 year olds drinking at around the same level as older pupils and the differences between age groups were less. Using the median, average consumption by 11 to 13 year old drinkers was 5.3 units, 14 year olds drank an average of 8.5 units and 15 year olds drank an average of 8.0 units. (Table 3.13, Figure 3.4) Over a quarter (7%) of those who drank in the last week had drunk 15 units or more. This was less common among younger pupils with 16% having drunk 15 or more units in the last week compared to 33% of 14 year olds and 7% of 15 years olds. Boys were more likely than girls to have consumed 15 units or more (30% and 3% respectively) but this difference was not statistically significant. (Table 3.14) Although pupils were not asked about alcohol consumption on a single day (the usual measure for adults) it is possible to calculate their average (mean) consumption on each day they drank in the last week. More than half (59%) of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week had drunk an average of more than four units per day on the days they drank, Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 81

Figure 3.4 Median alcohol consumption in the last week by pupils who had drunk, by sex and age Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 0 Boys Girls 18 16 14 1 Units 10 8 6 4 0 11-13 years 14 years 15 years Age including 63% of boys and 55% of girls. This proportion increased with age, from 4% of 11 to 13 year olds to 6% of 15 year olds. (Table 3.15) 3.3.4 What do pupils drink? Pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week were asked how much, if any, they had drunk of each of six types of drink: Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Most pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week had consumed more than one type of drink. 75% of pupils who had drunk said they had drunk beer, lager or cider, 66% said they had drunk spirits, and 49% said they had drunk alcopops. Fewer pupils had drunk wine (35%), shandy (18%), or martini, sherry and other fortified wines (1%). Boys and girls tended to drink different types of alcohol. Among boys who had drunk alcohol in the past week the most common type of drink was beer, lager or cider (91%) with spirits (57%) and alcopops (38%) being the next most popular. Girls were less likely than boys to have drunk beer, lager or cider in the last week (59%, compared with 91% of boys), but were more likely to have drunk spirits (76% of girls, 57% of boys), alcopops (61% and 38% respectively) and wine (46% and 6%). These findings are similar to those of previous years. (Tables 3.16a, 3.16b) Among those who had drunk alcohol in the last week there was no significant variation by age in the proportions who had drunk beer, lager or cider or wine, but the consumption of other drinks did vary. Younger pupils were generally more likely to have drunk shandy, fortified wines or alcopops compared with older pupils. Older pupils were more likely than younger ones to have drunk spirits. (Table 3.17) 3.3.5 How different types of alcoholic drink contribute to alcohol intake As in previous years, beer, lager and cider accounted for over half of pupils mean weekly intake (6.9 units), followed by spirits (.3 units), alcopops (1.9 units) and wine (1. units). Boys and girls consumed similar overall amounts of alcohol in the last week (13.3 and 11.7 8 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

units respectively) but varied in what they drank. Boys who drank consumed more beer, lager and cider than girls (9.0 units compared to 4.6 units). Girls who drank consumed more spirits (.8 units, compared with 1.9 units), wine (1.8 units, compared with 0.6 drunk by boys) and alcopops (. units, compared with 1.4 units). (Tables 3.18, 3.19, Figure 3.5) Figure 3.5 Mean alcohol consumption of different types of drink in the last week, by sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 10 9 Boys Girls 8 7 Units of alcohol 6 5 4 3 1 0 Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Type of drink Consequently over two thirds of boys alcohol intake came from beer, lager and cider (68%), followed by spirits (14%) and alcopops (11%). Beer, lager and cider also made up the largest proportion of girls alcohol consumption in the last week (40%) but girls consumption of alcohol was spread across different types of drink, including spirits (4%), alcopops (19%), and wine (16%). (Table 3.0, Figure 3.6) Figure 3.6 Proportion of alcohol consumed as each type of drink, by sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 100 Wine, martini, sherry Alcopops Spirits Beer, lager, cider, shandy 90 80 70 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent 60 50 40 30 0 10 0 Boys Girls Sex Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 83

3.4 Obtaining alcohol 3.4.1 Where pupils get alcohol The Licensing Act 003 19 reiterated the provisions of previous legislation which made it illegal to sell alcohol to young people under the age of 18, to buy alcohol on behalf of someone under that age, or for anyone under the age of 18 to attempt to buy alcohol. All pupils, whether or not they drank alcohol, were asked whether they had obtained alcohol in the last four weeks and, if so, how. In total 33% of pupils said they had obtained alcohol, with no significant variation between boys and girls. The proportion of pupils who reported that they had obtained alcohol increased with age, from 11% for 11 year olds to 60% for 15 year olds. (Tables 3.1, 3.) The most common ways for pupils to obtain alcohol were to be given it by parents or guardians (19%), to be given it by friends (19%), to ask someone else to buy it (13%), or to take it from home with permission (13%). Boys and girls had generally obtained alcohol in similar ways, but sources varied with age. Among 11 year olds, the most common source was having been given it by parents or guardians (6%), with no more than % reporting that they had obtained alcohol from any other source. 15 year olds obtained alcohol from a broader range of sources; they were most likely to have been given alcohol by friends (4%) or parents (35%), or asked someone else to buy it (31%). (Table 3., Figure 3.7) Figure 3.7 How pupils obtained alcohol in the last four weeks, by age All pupils 50 Bought by someone else Given by parents Given by friends 40 Percent 30 0 10 0 11 years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years Age Among pupils who drank alcohol, the proportion of pupils who were given it by parents decreased as their overall consumption increased (from 73% of those who had drunk between one and five units to 59% of those who had drunk 15 or more units in the past week). Otherwise, as consumption increased so did the likelihood that pupils would get alcohol from each source; for example the proportion who were usually given alcohol by friends increased from 13% of those who had drunk less than one unit in the last week to 9% of those who drank more than 15 units, and the proportion of those who asked other people to buy alcohol for them from 7% to 83% respectively. (Table 3.3) 3.4. Where pupils usually buy alcohol Pupils who drank any alcohol were asked if they bought alcohol, and where they usually bought it. Under half of all current drinkers (44%) bought alcohol; this became more common with age (from 9% of 11 to 13 year olds who drank alcohol to 55% of 15 year olds). Pupils who bought alcohol were most likely to buy it from friends or relatives (3%), someone else (15%), an off-licence (14%), or a shop or supermarket (11%). (Tables 3.4, 3.5) Among pupils who did buy alcohol, older pupils were more likely to have bought it from offlicences (37% of 15 year olds compared to 7% of 11 to 1 year olds). Younger pupils were 84 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

more likely to have bought it off the street (7% of 11 to 1 year olds compared with 1% of 15 year olds). Otherwise there were no obvious differences by age. (Table 3.6, Figure 3.8) Figure 3.8 Where pupils bought alcohol, by age Pupils who said they bought alcohol 60 Friend/relative Someone else Off-licence Shop or supermarket 50 40 Percent 30 0 10 0 11-1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years Age Among pupils who had bought alcohol there was some variation in where they bought it depending on how much they had drunk in the last week. In particular, those who drank the most (15 units or more) were more likely than those who had drunk less to have bought alcohol from an off-licence (55%), a shop or supermarket (31%) or a pub or bar (1%). (Table 3.7) 3.5 Where pupils drink 3.5.1 Where pupils usually drink As in previous years pupils who drank were most likely to drink in their own or someone else s home (78%), at parties with friends (47%), or somewhere outside (18%). Among pupils who drank, the proportion who said they usually drank at their own or someone else s home has increased since 1996 from just over half (5%) to more than three quarters (78%). The proportion who usually drank at parties with friends increased over the same period from 3% to 47%. Drinking outside (on the street, in a park or somewhere else) was first asked about in 1999. Between 1999 and 006, the proportion who reported this increased from 1% to 31%; since then it has declined to 18%. (Table 3.8; Figure 3.9) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Girls were more likely than boys to have drunk alcohol in their own home (56% compared with 5%), in someone else s home (54% and 4% respectively) or at parties with friends (51% and 44% respectively). Among pupils of different ages who drank, younger pupils were more likely than older pupils to drink at home (64% of 11 to 1 year olds who drank, compared with 48% of 15 year olds). Older pupils were more likely to drink at someone else s house (55% of 15 year olds, compared with 8% of 11 to 1 year olds), at parties with friends (6% and 16% respectively), or outside (0% and 8% respectively). (Table 3.9) Where pupils drank also varied depending on the amount they had drunk in the last week. Pupils with the lowest consumption (up to five units in the last week) were most likely to say they usually drank at home, and were less likely than others to say they drank at someone else s home, at parties with friends, or outside. Those with the highest alcohol consumption in the last week were most likely to drink either at parties with friends or in someone else s home. They were less likely than other drinkers to say that they usually drank at home (4%). As in previous years, as consumption increased the number of locations where pupils reported that they drank had also increased. (Table 3.30, Figure 3.10) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 85

Figure 3.9 Proportion of pupils who usually drink outside or at home or someone else s home: 1996-01 Current drinkers Somewhere outside Somewhere outside At parties with friends 90 80 70 60 Percent 50 40 30 0 10 0 1996 1998 000 00 004 006 008 010 01 Year Figure 3.10 Where pupils usually drink, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week Current drinkers 80 At home Someone else s home At parties with friends Somewhere outside 70 60 50 Percent 40 30 0 10 0 Less than 1 unit 1, less than 5 units 5, less than 10 units 10, less than 15 units 15 units or more Units of alcohol drunk in the last week 3.5. Drinking in pubs bars and clubs The age group covered by this survey may only visit licensed premises such as pubs, bars and clubs if accompanied by an adult aged 18 or over, and may not drink alcohol there. It is illegal for someone to buy alcohol on behalf of someone aged under 18, or to sell it to someone of that age. The only exception is where the young person is aged 16 or 17, is accompanied by an adult, and is eating at a table on the premises. If a young person under 18 succeeds in purchasing alcohol they too are guilty of an offence. 19 All pupils were asked whether they had visited a pub, bar or club in the evening in the last four weeks (irrespective of whether they had drunk alcohol) and, if so, on how many days. 7% of pupils had been in a pub, bar or club at least once in the past four weeks, with similar figures for boys and girls. However, boys were more likely than girls to have gone to a pub, bar, or club on more than one occasion in the past four weeks (18% and 15% respectively). 86 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Older pupils (those aged 13 or over) were more likely to have been to a pub at least once than the youngest pupils (those aged 11 or 1), and older pupils were also more likely to have been in a pub, bar or club more than once. (Table 3.31) Whilst 7% of pupils had been into a pub, bar or club in the past four weeks only 4% reported that they had consumed an alcoholic drink whilst there. The proportions were the same for both boys and girls. Older pupils were more likely than younger pupils to have had an alcoholic drink when visiting a pub, bar or club with the proportions reporting that they had ranging from 1% of 11 year olds to 9% of 15 year olds. (Table 3.3) 3.6 Who pupils drink with 3.6.1 Who pupils usually drink with Few pupils said that they usually drank alone (%). Pupils who drank alcohol were most likely to say that they usually drank with friends of both sexes (57%), their parents (53%), brothers, sisters or other relatives (37%) or friends of the same sex (37%). This pattern is broadly similar to findings in previous years. (Table 3.33) Girls were more likely than boys to drink usually with friends of both sexes (60%, compared with 53%), friends of the same sex (40% of girls, 34% of boys), parents (55% of girls, 50% of boys), brothers, sisters or other relatives (40% of girls, 34% of boys), and girlfriend or boyfriend (15% of girls, 10% of boys). There were also differences according to age. Younger pupils who drank were most likely to say they usually drank with their parents (69%) or other family members (38%). Older pupils were most likely to say that they usually drank with friends of both sexes (7% of 15 year olds), parents (47% of 15 year olds), or friends of the same sex (43% of 15 year olds). (Table 3.34) Among pupils who currently drank, those who had drunk the least in the last week (including those who had not drunk at all) were most likely to say that they usually drank with their parents or with friends of both sexes (54% and 50% respectively). The more pupils had drunk in the last week the less likely they were to drink with their parents, and more likely to drink with friends. Among pupils who had drunk the most (15 or more units in the last week), 36% said they usually drank with their parents, and 93% usually drank with friends of both sexes. Pupils who had drunk more than 15 units in the last week were more likely than those who had drunk very little to say that they drank with other friends, including boyfriends and girlfriends. (Table 3.35, Figure 3.11) Figure 3.11 Who pupils usually drink with, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week Current drinkers 100 Friends of both sexes Parents Friends of opposite sex Boyfriend/girlfriend Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 0 10 0 Less than 1 1 or more, less than 5 5 or more, less than 10 10 or more, less than 15 Units of alcohol drunk in last week 15 or more Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 87

3.6. Drinking in pubs, bars and clubs Very few pupils (4%) had drunk alcohol in a pub, bar or club in the last four weeks (see Section 3.5.). Those who had were most likely to have been with friends of both sexes (76%), friends of the same sex (5%) or with their parents (51%). (Tables 3.36, 3.37) 3.7 Consequences of drinking 3.7.1 Being drunk % of pupils had drunk alcohol in the last four weeks; they were asked a series of questions about drinking alcohol over this time; including whether they had been drunk. Pupils evaluation of whether they had been drunk was necessarily a subjective measure. Overall, 11% of pupils said that they had drunk alcohol but not been drunk in the last four weeks, 7% said that they had been drunk once or twice and 3% had been drunk three or more times. The proportion of pupils who reported being drunk at least once in the last four weeks has fallen from 19% in 006 to 11% in 01. (Tables 3.38, 3.39) Half (50%) of the pupils who drank alcohol in the last four weeks said they had been drunk during that time. Girls who drank alcohol in the last four weeks were more likely than boys to have been drunk (54% and 46% respectively). The likelihood of being drunk was also associated with age; among pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last four weeks, the proportion who had been drunk increased from 3% of 11 to 13 year olds to 58% of 15 year olds. (Table 3.40, Figure 3.1) Figure 3.1 Proportion of pupils who drank alcohol in the last four weeks who were drunk in that period, by age and sex Pupils who drank in the last four weeks 70 Boys Girls 60 50 Percent 40 30 0 10 0 11-13 years 14 years 15 years Age The majority (61%) of those who had been drunk in the last four weeks had deliberately tried to get drunk at least once (these were not necessarily the same occasions). Drinking to get drunk was equally common among boys and girls who had been drunk. The likelihood of this increased with age from 48% of 11 to 13 year olds who had been drunk in the last four weeks to 65% of 15 year olds who had drunk alcohol during this period. Conversely, 39% of pupils who had been drunk at least once in the last four weeks did not intend to get drunk; this was more common among younger pupils. (Table 3.41) 3.7. Adverse consequences of drinking Pupils who had been drunk in the last four weeks were asked whether they had experienced various outcomes when they drank alcohol during that period. They were most likely to report feeling ill or sick (40% of those who had been drunk in the last four weeks), 88 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

followed by vomiting (7%), getting into an argument (3%), damage to clothes (19%) and losing money (18%). Other negative consequences of drinking being in a fight, trouble with the police, being taken to hospital were less common. Girls who had been drunk were much more likely than boys to have felt ill or sick (48% and 31% respectively), or to have had an argument (7% and 17%). Among pupils who had been drunk in the last four weeks, there was no difference by age in the likelihood of experiencing one or more of these. (Table 3.4, Figure 3.13) Figure 3.13 Adverse consequences of drinking in the last four weeks, by sex Pupils who had been drunk in the last four weeks 60 Boys Girls 50 40 Percent 30 0 10 0 Felt ill or sick Vomited Had argument Clothes damaged Lost money Consequences of drinking Had fight Trouble with police Taken to hospital The more times that a pupil had been drunk in the last four weeks, the more likely he or she was to have experienced one or more of the negative outcomes asked about. 39% of those who had been drunk three or more times in the past month had got into an argument compared with 15% of those who had been drunk once or twice. Those who were drunk three or more times in the last four weeks were prone to aggressive or troublesome behaviour: 38% had vomited, 9% had experienced damage to their clothes, 6% had lost money, 3% had had a fight and 18% had been in trouble with the police. (Table 3.43, Figure 3.14) Figure 3.14 Adverse consequences of drinking in the last four weeks, by number of times pupil had been drunk in last four weeks Pupils who had been drunk in the last four weeks 50 Once or twice 3 or more times Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent 40 30 0 10 0 Felt ill or sick Vomited Had argument Clothes damaged Lost money Consequences of drinking Had fight Trouble with police Taken to hospital Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 89

3.8 Family influences 3.8.1 Other drinkers at home All pupils were asked how many of the people they lived with drank alcohol; this could be parents, siblings or anyone else they lived with. % said that no one drank alcohol where they lived, 18% said that they lived with one person who drank alcohol, 37% said they lived with two people who drank alcohol, and 16% said they lived with three or more people who drank alcohol (data not shown). Whether pupils drank alcohol was strongly related to the number of drinkers they lived with. 83% of pupils who lived in households where nobody else drank alcohol said that they had never had an alcoholic drink. As the number of drinkers in the household increased, the proportion of pupils who had never drunk fell. 30% of pupils who lived with three or more drinkers said they had never had an alcoholic drink. Similarly 3% of pupils who lived in nondrinking households said they had drunk alcohol in the last week, compared with 0% of pupils who lived with three or more other drinkers. (Table 3.44, Figure 3.15) Figure 3.15 Drinking status, by the number of drinkers that pupil lives with All pupils Never drunk alcohol Has drunk alcohol but not in last week Drank in last week 100 90 80 70 Percent 60 50 40 30 0 10 0 None One Two Three or more Number of drinkers that pupil lives with 3.8. Perceived family attitudes to pupil s drinking All pupils were asked how their parents felt about them drinking alcohol. Questions covered three scenarios depending on pupils current drinking behaviour and perceived family knowledge: Pupils who drink and think their family know they do ( How do your parents/guardians feel about you drinking alcohol? ); Pupils who drink but do not believe their family know they do ( How would your parents/guardians feel about you drinking if they knew? ); and Pupils who do not drink ( How would your parents/guardians feel if you started drinking alcohol? ). Just over half of pupils said that their families didn t like them drinking (5%), and almost as many said that their parents would not mind, as long as they didn t drink too much (47%). Few pupils (1%) said that their parents let them drink as much as they liked. (Table 3.45, Figure 3.16) Boys were more likely than girls to say that their parents wouldn t mind them drinking and less likely to say that their parents would not like them to drink alcohol. There was a clear relationship between perceived parental attitudes to drinking and the age of the pupil. Younger pupils were more likely to say that their parents did not like them drinking at all 90 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Figure 3.16 Perceived family attitudes to pupil s drinking, by age All pupils 80 Doesn t like it Doesn t mind if not too much Can drink as much as wants 70 60 50 Percent 40 30 0 10 0 11 years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years Age (75% of 11 year olds compared with 5% of 15 year olds). Conversely, older pupils were more likely to answer that their parents would not mind them drinking as long as it was not too much (7% of 15 year olds compared with 5% of 11 year olds). (Table 3.45) 3.8.3 Family attitudes and pupils drinking behaviour Pupils perceptions of their parents attitudes to their drinking is strongly related to whether or not they have drunk alcohol. 87% of pupils who felt their parents would disapprove of their drinking had never drunk alcohol, compared with 8% of those who thought their parents would approve of their drinking as long as it wasn t too much and 1% of those whose parents let them drink as much as they liked. Conversely, just % of those who felt their parents would disapprove had drunk alcohol in the last week, compared with 18% of those who thought their parents didn t mind them drinking within limits, and 49% of those who thought their parents would let them drink as much as they liked. (Table 3.46) This relationship is reflected in differences in how pupils view their families attitudes to their drinking according to whether or not they have drunk alcohol. More than three quarters (77%) of pupils who had never drunk alcohol said that their parents would not like them to drink. Most pupils who had drunk in the last week or had drunk alcohol but not in the last week said their parents did not mind them drinking as long as they didn t drink too much (8% and 81% respectively). Pupils who had drunk in the last week were most likely to say that their parents let them drink as much as they liked. (Table 3.47) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Pupils who said that their parents did not mind them drinking as long as they didn t drink too much were least likely to have been drunk in the last four weeks (47%). Pupils who had drunk in the last four weeks but who said that their parents disapproved of their drinking were more likely to have been drunk (68%), as were those who said that their parents let them drink as much as they liked (70%). (Table 3.48) 3.9 Attitudes and beliefs 3.9.1 Attitudes towards drinking Previous editions of this report showed that there has been a gradual decline in pupils acceptance of people of their own age drinking alcohol or being drunk and this trend continued in 01. Just over half of all pupils (53%) agreed that it was OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like and about three in ten (8%) agreed that it was OK to drink alcohol once a week. This compares with 67% and 46% respectively in 003 when these questions were first asked. Trends in attitudes to people of the pupil s age getting drunk are Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 91

less clear cut. In 01, % of pupils thought that it was OK for someone of their age to try getting drunk once and 10% thought that it was OK to get drunk once a week. (Table 3.49, Figure 3.17) Figure 3.17 Proportion of pupils who think that it is OK for someone of their age to drink alcohol: 003-01 All pupils OK to try drinking alcohol OK to drink alcohol once a week 80 70 60 50 Percent 40 30 0 10 0 003 004 005 004 007 008 009 010 011 01 Year Similar proportions of boys and girls thought each of these things was OK, except that boys were more likely than girls to think it was OK for someone of their age to drink alcohol once a week (31% compared with 6%). Older pupils attitudes towards drinking by people of their own age were more tolerant than younger pupils. For example, 19% of 11 year olds thought it OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like compared with 80% of 15 year olds. These changes in attitudes with age reflect the increasing prevalence of drinking and getting drunk within this age group. (Table 3.50) Pupils own experiences of drinking alcohol were associated with their attitudes. For example, 89% of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week agreed that it was OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like, compared with 31% of those who had never drunk alcohol. The pattern was similar for the other statements. (Table 3.51) The more times a pupil had been drunk in the last four weeks, the more likely it was that they agreed that it was OK for someone of their age to try getting drunk or to get drunk once a week. For example, 16% of pupils who had drunk alcohol but had not been drunk thought that it was OK to get drunk once a week compared with 64% of pupils who had been drunk three or more times in the last four weeks. However, even among pupils who had been drunk several times in the last four weeks, more than a third (36%) did not think that it was OK for someone of their own age to get drunk regularly and almost a fifth (18%) did not agree that it was OK to try getting drunk even once. (Table 3.5) 3.9. Pupils beliefs about drinking alcohol among their peers Current guidance to schools suggests that one element of a successful drug education programme is normative education. 0 Challenging pupils misconceptions about the number of their peers that smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs, may discourage pupils from adopting behaviour that they think is more common than it actually is. Therefore, the survey asks how many people of the pupils age drink alcohol to determine whether pupils are likely to overestimate or underestimate how many actually do. Most pupils were able to fairly accurately estimate what proportion of those in their age group drank alcohol. For example, most 11 year olds (88%) correctly estimated that only a few or no 11 year olds drank alcohol; whereas about half of 15 year olds (53%) correctly estimated that most, but not all 15 year olds drank. However, some pupils in age groups between these did overestimate how many people of their own age drank: 6% of 1 year 9 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

olds believed that most, but not all people of their age drank as did 13% of 13 year olds when the actual prevalence of having ever drunk alcohol is 18% of 1 year olds and 37% of 13 year olds. (Table 3., Tables 3.53, 3.54) Pupils own drinking was associated with their perceptions of the prevalence of drinking among others of their age. To avoid the confounding effects of the variations in drinking prevalence by age, the analysis is limited to 15 year olds. Compared with 15 year olds who had drunk alcohol in the last week, those who had never done so were much more likely to say that only a few people their own age drank (8% of those who had never drunk alcohol, compared with % of those who had drunk in the last week, and 7% of those who had drunk alcohol, but not in the last week). Similarly, 19% of 15 year olds who had drunk in the last week thought that all people their age drank alcohol, compared with 8% of those who had drunk alcohol but not in the last week, and 4% of those who had never drunk alcohol. (Table 3.55) 3.9.3 Beliefs about why pupils drink alcohol Pupils were asked whether they thought statements about why people of their age drink were true or false. Pupils were most likely to believe people of their age drink to look cool in front of their friends (77%), because it gives them a rush or buzz (68%), to be more sociable with friends (66%), or because their friends pressure them into it (61%). Reasons to do with their own mood or state of mind were less common; because it makes them confident (50%), drinking helps them forget their problems (48%), or because they are bored and have nothing to do (44%). Pupils were least likely to agree that people of their age drink to help them relax (33%). (Table 3.56, Figure 3.18) Pupils beliefs about why people of their age drink All pupils Figure 3.18 To look cool in front of their friends It gives them a rush or a buzz To be more sociable with friends Their friends pressure them into it It makes them feel more confident It helps them forget their problems They are bored and have nothing to do It helps them relax 0 10 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. There was a clear relationship between pupils age and what statements they thought were true. In most cases older pupils were more likely than younger pupils to agree with statements: for example to be sociable with friends (89% of 15 year olds compared with 36% of 11 year olds), because it gives them a rush or a buzz (79% compared with 44%) or because it makes them feel more confident (68% compared with 8%). (Table 3.56) There were also differences according to whether pupils drank alcohol. Pupils who had drunk in the last week were less likely than others to say people drink to look cool in front of their friends (58% of pupils who had drunk in the last week, compared with 75% of those who had drunk less recently and 8% of those who had never drunk alcohol). The same was true for the statement that People of my age drink because their friends pressure them into it ; 41% of those who drunk in the last week agreed with this, compared with 59% of those who had drunk alcohol less recently and 65% of those who had never drunk alcohol. Otherwise, pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week were more likely to think most statements were true than those who had drunk less recently or not at all. (Table 3.57, Figure 3.19) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 93

Figure 3.19 Pupils beliefs about why people their own age drink, by when they last drank alcohol All pupils 90 To be more sociable It gives them a rush or buzz Their friends pressure them into it To look cool in front of their friends 80 70 60 Percent 50 40 30 0 10 0 In the last week Before that Never When last drank alcohol 3.10 Sources of information about alcohol 3.10.1 Sources of helpful information about alcohol All pupils, whether or not they had drunk alcohol, were asked which of a list of sources of potential information about drinking they had found to be helpful. Interpersonal and media sources were asked about in separate questions and are considered here separately. Parents (75%) and teachers (65%) were given by most pupils as sources of helpful information. Peers, including friends (38%) and siblings (33%), were less likely to be mentioned, as were the police in schools (45%), other relatives (48%), other adults at school (36%) or GPs (3%). Among the media, TV was the most likely source to be mentioned (67%), followed by the internet (53%), newspapers and magazines (47%) and the radio (30%). Girls were more likely than boys to mention friends, teachers, other adults at school or newspapers and magazines. Boys were more likely than girls to mention GPs. (Table 3.58) Older pupils tended to mention sources more than younger ones, for example 3% of 11 year olds said they had got helpful information about drinking alcohol from friends compared with 51% of 15 year olds. Younger pupils were more likely to mention more authoritative figures such as GPs and police in schools. (Table 3.59) There were also differences according to whether pupils drank alcohol. Compared with pupils who had never drunk alcohol, pupils who had drunk in the last week were more likely to mention most sources. (Table 3.6) 3.11 Factors associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week 3.11.1 Using logistic regression to analyse drinking alcohol A logistic regression model was used to explore which pupil and environmental characteristics were associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week. The model allows each characteristic to be considered independently by controlling for the effects of the other, sometimes related, factors. For example, drinking alcohol is associated with increased age, and with smoking; but older pupils are more likely to smoke. The model allows an evaluation of the strength of the relationship between each of these variables and whether pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. 94 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

The model identifies associations, not causes; in other words, factors which identify pupils with an increased or decreased risk of having drunk alcohol in the last week. These variations in risk are expressed as odds ratios and expressed relative to a reference category, which is given a value of 1. Odd ratios greater than 1 indicate higher odds (increased risk), and odds ratios less than 1 indicate lower odds (reduced risk). Also shown are 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio. Where the interval does not include 1, this category is significantly different from the reference category. For further information on the logistic regression method used, see Appendix B. 3.11. The variables included in the model The model included key variables relevant to pupils and their schools. The final model was developed using an iterative process to test for significant associations. Sex, age, ethnicity and region were included in all models. Otherwise, variables were rejected if the association with drinking alcohol was not significant. This method enabled the exploration of a large number of potential predictor variables. The variables tested in the model are listed below. Most variables are categorical; those marked * are continuous. 1 Variables in bold were retained in the final model. Pupil level variables (taken from the pupil questionnaire) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Sex Age* Ethnicity (White, Mixed, Asian, Black, other/not given) Smoking status (non-smoker, occasional smoker, regular smoker) Whether taken drugs (never taken drugs, has taken drugs but not in the last month, took drugs in the last month) Ever truanted (never truanted, truanted but not in the last year, truanted in the last year) Ever been excluded (never excluded, excluded but not in the last year, excluded in the last year) Receives free schools meals (an indicator of low family income) Number of books in the home (none, very few, enough to fill one shelf, enough to fill one bookcase, enough to fill two bookcases, enough to fill three or more bookcases) Self reported wellbeing (not low wellbeing (score 10-0), low wellbeing (score 0-9)) 3 Number of people at home who drink (none, one, two, three or more) Family attitude to pupils drinking (doesn t like pupil drinking, doesn t mind as long as pupils doesn t drink too much, lets pupil drink as much as s/he likes) Pupil s belief about how many people of his or her own age drink (all of them, most but not all, about half, only a few, none) People of my age drink because it helps them relax (false, true) People of my age drink because it makes them feel confident (false, true) People of my age drink to be sociable with friends (false, true) People of my age drink because they are bored and have nothing to do (false, true) People of my age drink to look cool in front of their friends (false, true) People of my age drink because it helps them forget their problems (false, true) People of my age drink because it gives them a rush or buzz (false, true) People of my age drink because their friends pressure them into it (false, true) School-level variables (taken from National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) s Register of Schools, 4 performance data and the teacher questionnaire) Region School type (comprehensive, grammar, secondary modern, independent) School type (community school, academy, independent, foundation school, voluntary aided school, voluntary controlled school) Sex of school intake (mixed, boys only, girls only) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 95

GCSE attainment in quintiles Percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals* Percentage of pupils whose first language was not English* Faith school (none/not known, Christian denomination, other religion) Frequency of teaching about alcohol in Year 7 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about alcohol in Year 8 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about alcohol in Year 9 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about alcohol in Year 10 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about alcohol in Year 11 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) 3.11.3 Factors associated with drinking alcohol in the last week Sex and age After controlling for other factors, there was no significant difference between boys and girls. Age was strongly associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week, with an increase in odds of 1.38 for each additional year of age. Ethnicity Ethnicity was not associated with the likelihood of having drunk alcohol in the last week. Smoking and taking drugs As in previous years, smoking and taking drugs were both associated with drinking alcohol. Both regular and occasional smokers were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week (odds ratios=.19, and.9 respectively). Compared with pupils who had never taken drugs, those who had were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week (odds ratios of 1.80 for pupils who had taken drugs in the last month, 1.5 for those who had taken drugs but less recently). Truancy and exclusion Pupils who had truanted from school were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week compared with pupils who had never truanted (odds ratio=1.69). There was no such association for pupils who had been excluded from school at least once, compared with those who had not. Family and friends Pupils who lived with other people who drank alcohol were more likely themselves to drink. The odds ratios increased with the number of drinkers in the home, from 1.64 for pupils who lived with one person who drank alcohol to.15 for pupils who lived with three or more drinkers, compared with those who lived in homes where no one drank. The attitudes of pupils parents were also linked to whether or not a pupil drank. Compared to pupils who said that their families did not like them to drink alcohol, those who said that their parents didn t mind them drinking as long as they didn t drink too much were more likely to drink (odds ratio=.81), and those who said that their parents let them drink had an odds ratio of 7.0 compared with those whose parents disapproved. Pupils estimates of how many people of their own age drank were also linked to whether or not they drank. Compared to pupils who thought that all people of their age drank, the odds of having drunk alcohol in the last week reduced from 0.55 for those who thought that most but not all of their age group drank to 0.09 for those who thought that none of their age group drank. This is likely to be influenced by their own social life, so that pupils estimates for their age group are likely to be based on the observations of their friends and peers. 96 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Beliefs about why people of their age drink alcohol Pupils responded to a set of statements about why people of their own age drink. Once other factors were taken into account, four statements were significantly related to whether pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. Two of these were associated with increased odds of having drunk alcohol in the last week: People of my age drink because it gives them confidence (odds ratio=1.49 for those who thought this true, compared to those who thought it false) and People of my age drink because they are bored and have nothing to do (odds ratio=1.30). The other two statements were negatively associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week, that is to say they were less likely to be believed by pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week: People of my age drink alcohol to look cool in front of their friends (odds ratio=0.68) and People of my age drink because their friends pressure them into it (odds ratio=0.60). Other individual characteristics Other pupil characteristics in the model were not significantly associated with having taken drugs in the last year. School characteristics Pupils likelihood of having drunk alcohol in the last week decreased with the percentage of pupils at their school whose first language was not English, independently of their own ethnicity (odds ratio=0.98). Region and other school characteristics, such as the type of school and the frequency of teaching about alcohol in lessons, were not significantly associated with whether or not pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. (Table 3.61) Notes and references 1 Donaldson L (009) Guidance on the consumption of alcohol by children and young people Department of Health. See also: Alcohol Concern (011) Factsheet: Young people and alcohol. http://www.alcoholconcern.org.uk/assets/files/publications/young%0people%0%0factsheet%0d ec-010.pdf 3 See also: Viner R, and Taylor B, (007) Adult outcomes of binge drinking in adolescence: findings from a UK national birth cohort. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61: 90-907. 4 Hibell B, Guttormson U, Ahlstrom S, et al (009) The 007 ESPAD report: substance use among students in 35 European countries. The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs, Stockholm. 5 Hibell B, Guttormson U, Ahlstrom S, et al (01) The 011 ESPAD report: substance use among students in 36 European countries. The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs, Stockholm. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 6 Williams B, Davies L, Wright V (010) Children, young people and alcohol, GfK NOP Social Research, London. Available at http://www.alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/topics/browse/children/?parent=4977&child=6080 7 Seaman P, Ikegwuonu T (010) Understanding young adults alcohol use within social networks. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York. http://www.gcph.co.uk/assets/0000/0897/findings_551_seamanfinal_dec.pdf 8 Department for Education, (011), available at http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople/healthandwellbeing/substancemisuse/a007004 3/alcohol 9 Gordon R, MacKintosh AM, Moodie C (010) The impact of alcohol marketing on youth drinking behaviour: a two-stage cohort study. Alcohol, 45(5): 470-480. 10 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/alcohol-strategy 11 https://responsibilitydeal.dh.gov.uk/alcohol-pledges/ 1 http://www.challenge1.co.uk/ 13 http://www.wsta.co.uk/challenge-5.html 14 The questionnaire development for the 00 survey included cognitive testing of questions about alcohol consumption in the last week, focusing on children s comprehension of the categories of drink asked Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 97

about in the survey and the language used in the questionnaire. It found that: alcopops was a widely used and commonly understood term among young people, but pre-mixed alcoholic drinks was not; there was some confusion about how strong shandy should be before it counted as a proper alcoholic drink; and there were some brands and types of drink, such as champagne, that young people have difficulty classifying. As a result of these findings a number of changes were made in 00 to the questions asking about alcohol consumption in the last week. First, references to alcopops and pre-mixed alcoholic drinks were replaced with just alcopops. Second, a question asking about the composition of shandy usually drunk was added to the end of the set of questions asking about drinking shandy in the last week. Finally, an additional set of questions was added, asking whether any types of alcohol had been drunk, other than the categories already asked about (i.e. alcopops; beer, lager and cider; Martini and sherry; shandy; spirits and liqueurs; and wine). The examples of spirits and liqueurs and alcopops given were updated to reflect those young people were most likely to have drunk or be least likely to be able to classify. These changes are likely to have only a very minor effect on comparability and estimates of alcohol consumption in the last week for the following reasons. Where new questions were introduced, these were placed at the end of a section to minimise any effect on how preceding questions were answered. Analysis of the quantities of other alcoholic drinks that were reported suggested that the other types of alcohol questions were not completed very reliably. Therefore answers from this additional set of questions have not been included in survey estimates of amount of alcohol drunk, and comparability with how these estimates were derived in surveys before 00 has been retained. The questions measuring drinking in the last week are regularly updated to reflect changes in the drinks market: alcopops was introduced as a new category of drink in 1996 and the list of example brands is updated annually. Therefore estimates have not been strictly comparable year-on-year. 15 Data from the General Household Survey are reported in Goddard E (008) Smoking and drinking among adults, 006, ONS. 16 Fuller E (008) Alcohol consumption in Craig R, Mindell J (eds) Health Survey for England 006. Volume 1: Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in adults. The NHS Information Centre, Leeds. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/hse06cvdandriskfactors 17 The main changes were as follows: Beer, cider and lager: a large can increased from 1.5 to units, a small can or bottle increased from 1 unit to 1.5 units, other measures unchanged. Where pupils report that they usually drink strong rather than normal strength beer, the total units drunk as beer, cider or lager is multiplied by 1.5. Shandy: bottle and cans removed from the total, since they are not counted by the GHS or HSE. Wine: a glass increased from 1 unit to units. Martini, sherry: unchanged. Spirits and liqueurs: unchanged. Alcopops: a bottle or can increased from 1 unit to 1.5 units, in line with the GHS. The revised analysis resulted in a higher, probably more accurate, estimate of alcohol consumption amongst pupils. This did not reflect a sudden change in actual consumption by pupils between 006 and 007, but it is probable that there have been real but gradual changes in what adults and children drink since the early 1990s. For further details, see Lynch S (008) Drinking alcohol in Fuller E (ed) Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 007. The NHS Information Centre, Leeds. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/sdd07fullreport 18 The mean is equivalent to the total amount of alcohol drunk, divided by the number of pupils who drank. The median is the mid point in the range of consumption; half of pupils who drank consumed less than or equal to the median, half consumed equal to or more than the median. 19 The Licensing Act 003, TSO, London. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/003/17 0 See for example, Dusenbury L and Falco M (1995). Eleven components of effective drug abuse prevention curricula, Journal of School Health, 65(10). There is little research evidence on the efficacy of normative education. Jones L, James M, Jefferson T, Lushey C et al (008) School-based interventions on alcohol:review of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. NICE, London http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=download&o=41048 1 Categorical variables are those which group data in a specific number of discrete categories; for example, in this survey, sex has two categories: boy and girl. Continuous variables present data as a continuous range; for example, the percentage of pupils in a school who receive free school meals: from 0 to 100. Used as a proxy measure of social class 3 Wellbeing was measured using a validated scale developed by the Children s Society, based on Huebner s life satisfaction scale. See Rees G, Bradshaw J, Goswami H, Keung A (010) Understanding children s well-being: a national survey of young people s well-being. Children s Society, London. http://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/tcs/research_docs/understanding%0children% 7s%0wellbeing.pdf 4 The sample of schools was drawn from NFER s register of schools, which included 009 data for some indicators used in the logistic regression model. 98 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Table 3.1a Proportion of pupils who had ever had an alcoholic drink, by sex: 1988-00 a All pupils 1988-00 Ever had an alcoholic drink Year 1988 1990 199 1994 1996 1998 1999 000 001 00 % % % % % % % % % % Boys 65 65 63 6 63 6 6 59 6 6 Girls 59 63 56 60 61 58 59 59 60 60 Total 6 64 60 61 6 60 61 59 61 61 Unweighted bases Boys 147 16 1650 1508 1431 45 483 3540 460 506 Girls 153 1466 1608 1510 1387 356 4568 3313 46 4711 Total 301 3088 363 3018 818 4607 9391 6853 94 9737 Data from 1988 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.1b shows trends in drinking prevalence from 003 to 01. Table 3.1b Proportion of pupils who had ever had an alcoholic drink, by sex: 003-01 a All pupils 003-01 Ever had an alcoholic drink Year 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Boys 6 59 57 56 54 53 53 46 46 44 Girls 61 59 60 55 54 5 50 45 44 4 Total 61 59 58 55 54 5 51 45 45 43 Unweighted bases b Boys 51 4981 469 3976 403 394 388 368 3166 3735 Girls 5098 4635 4478 418 3730 3795 3790 3576 395 3743 Total 10319 9616 9107 8104 776 7719 7618 704 6461 7478 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.1a shows trends in drinking prevalence from 1988 to 00. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 99

Table 3. Ever had an alcoholic drink, by age and sex All pupils 01 Ever had an alcoholic drink Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Yes 14 1 39 59 7 44 No 86 79 61 41 8 56 Girls Yes 10 15 35 57 77 4 No 90 85 65 43 3 58 Total Yes 1 18 37 58 74 43 No 90 85 65 43 3 58 Unweighted bases Boys 563 70 76 774 916 3735 Girls 575 76 783 761 86 3743 Total 1138 148 1545 1535 1778 7478 Weighted bases Boys 555 753 769 758 953 3788 Girls 569 718 74 778 908 3698 Total 114 147 1493 1536 1861 7486 Table 3.3a When pupils last drank alcohol, by sex: 1988-00 a All pupils 1988-00 When last drank alcohol Year 1988 1990 199 1994 1996 1998 1999 000 001 00 % % % % % % % % % % Boys During the last week 4 4 6 7 3 5 8 5 One to four weeks ago 19 15 1 14 15 15 16 13 14 14 One to six months ago 1 13 13 11 1 1 1 11 11 1 More than six months ago 11 15 14 10 9 1 11 11 9 11 Never had a drink b 35 35 37 39 37 38 38 40 38 38 Girls During the last week 17 0 17 6 18 0 3 5 3 One to four weeks ago 17 14 1 16 13 15 17 15 17 15 One to six months ago 13 13 14 1 13 13 1 11 11 1 More than six months ago 11 15 1 10 10 11 10 10 8 9 Never had a drink b 41 38 44 40 38 4 41 41 40 40 Total During the last week 0 1 1 4 7 1 1 4 6 4 One to four weeks ago 18 15 1 15 14 15 16 14 15 14 One to six months ago 1 13 13 11 1 13 1 11 11 1 More than six months ago 11 15 13 10 9 11 11 10 8 10 Never had a drink b 38 36 41 39 38 40 40 40 39 39 Unweighted bases Boys 147 1619 1646 1503 143 49 4816 3656 4611 4961 Girls 1518 1456 1606 1506 1391 36 4558 3409 461 4669 Total 3015 308 35 3009 83 4609 9374 7065 93 9630 a Table 3.3b shows trends in drinking prevalence from 003 to 01. b Bases exclude pupils who said they had ever drunk alcohol, but who did not answer the question about when they last did so. These bases are different from those used to measure how many pupils have ever drunk alcohol, and so estimates shown in this table for the proportions of pupils who had never drunk alcohol are not definitive. (Definitive estimates are given in Tables 3.1a and 3.1b.) 100 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 1988 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.3b When pupils last drank alcohol, by sex: 003-01 a All pupils 003-01 When last drank alcohol Year 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Boys During the last week 6 3 1 0 18 19 13 1 11 One to four weeks ago 14 14 13 13 1 14 13 1 11 1 One to six months ago 1 1 11 11 10 10 11 11 1 11 More than six months ago 10 10 10 10 11 9 11 9 10 9 Never had a drink c 38 41 43 46 46 49 47 55 54 58 Girls During the last week 4 3 3 0 0 17 17 13 1 10 One to four weeks ago 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 1 1 One to six months ago 1 11 1 10 11 11 11 10 11 10 More than six months ago 9 10 11 9 9 8 9 7 9 8 Never had a drink c 39 41 40 46 47 50 50 57 56 59 Total During the last week 5 3 1 0 18 18 13 1 10 One to four weeks ago 15 15 14 14 13 14 13 1 11 1 One to six months ago 1 11 11 10 10 10 11 10 1 11 More than six months ago 10 10 10 9 10 8 10 8 10 9 Never had a drink c 39 41 4 46 47 49 49 56 55 58 Unweighted bases b Boys 504 4947 4609 3857 4015 3798 381 3531 3155 3639 Girls 5086 465 4459 4036 3717 3680 3783 3486 380 367 Total 1090 957 9068 7893 773 7478 7595 7017 6435 7311 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.3a shows trends in drinking prevalence from 1988 to 00. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.4. c Bases exclude pupils who said they had ever drunk alcohol, but who did not answer the question about when they last did so. These bases are different from those used to measure how many pupils have ever drunk alcohol, and so estimates shown in this table for the proportions of pupils who had never drunk alcohol are not definitive. (Definitive estimates are given in Tables 3.1a and 3.1b.) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 101

Table 3.4 When pupils last drank alcohol, by age and sex All pupils 01 When last drank alcohol Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys During the last week 1 3 6 1 5 11 One to four weeks ago 4 10 15 1 One to six months ago 4 11 15 17 11 More than six months ago 7 8 11 14 7 9 Never had a drink a 88 81 6 43 9 58 Girls During the last week 1 1 7 11 6 10 One to four weeks ago 3 8 17 5 1 One to six months ago 1 4 10 16 17 10 More than six months ago 5 6 8 11 10 8 Never had a drink a 91 86 66 45 3 59 Total During the last week 1 6 1 5 10 One to four weeks ago 3 9 16 3 1 One to six months ago 4 11 16 17 11 More than six months ago 6 7 9 13 8 9 Never had a drink a 90 83 64 44 6 58 Unweighted bases Boys 55 703 743 751 890 3639 Girls 57 754 769 73 845 367 Total 114 1457 151 1483 1735 7311 Weighted bases Boys 539 736 75 737 931 3694 Girls 566 71 711 75 888 369 Total 1105 1447 146 1489 1819 733 a Bases exclude pupils who said they had ever drunk alcohol, but who did not answer the question about when they last did so. These bases are different from those used to measure how many pupils have ever drunk alcohol, and so estimates shown in this table for the proportions of pupils who had never drunk alcohol are not definitive. (Definitive estimates are given in Tables 3.1a and 3.1b.) 10 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.5a Proportion of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week, by sex and age: 1988-00 a All pupils 1988-00 Drank alcohol in last week Year 1988 1990 199 1994 1996 1998 1999 000 001 00 % % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11 years 7 8 8 8 7 4 7 5 8 7 1 years 1 9 13 10 1 14 10 11 14 1 13 years 0 17 15 7 16 16 18 0 14 years 5 3 3 34 37 8 8 34 35 34 15 years 45 4 49 5 50 48 48 51 54 49 Total 4 4 6 7 3 5 8 5 Girls 11 years 4 4 5 4 6 4 5 4 4 1 years 7 6 7 9 9 6 8 9 11 9 13 years 11 19 11 16 14 17 19 1 14 years 19 3 5 6 35 9 8 31 35 34 15 years 36 39 40 48 55 40 41 45 50 45 Total 17 0 17 6 18 0 3 5 3 Total 11 years 5 6 6 6 7 3 6 5 6 5 1 years 9 8 10 9 11 10 9 10 1 11 13 years 16 18 13 19 4 15 16 19 0 14 years 3 9 30 36 9 8 3 35 34 15 years 40 40 45 50 53 44 45 48 5 47 Total 0 1 1 4 7 1 1 4 6 4 Unweighted bases Boys 11 years 7 309 84 66 69 85 88 61 814 866 1 years 79 340 335 307 96 336 1017 740 930 1003 13 years 31 31 351 304 75 93 947 737 937 1035 14 years 306 300 310 306 97 597 91 750 898 950 15 years 348 358 366 36 95 745 1049 796 103 1107 Total 1473 163 165 1509 143 56 4816 3635 4611 4961 Girls 11 years 5 89 304 31 66 91 881 564 800 798 1 years 31 77 354 304 7 365 896 681 967 978 13 years 96 90 333 36 77 383 95 696 956 935 14 years 311 98 98 309 85 657 933 691 94 946 15 years 374 30 317 341 91 666 93 764 956 101 Total 1518 1459 1614 1511 1391 36 4558 3396 461 4669 Total 11 years 458 598 588 497 535 577 1763 1176 1614 1664 1 years 598 617 690 611 568 70 1913 141 1897 1981 13 years 613 60 685 630 55 675 187 1433 1893 1970 14 years 61 598 608 615 58 154 1854 1441 1840 1896 15 years 75 660 683 667 586 1409 197 1560 1988 119 Total 3018 308 371 300 83 4617 9374 7031 93 9630 a Table 3.5b shows trends in the proportions of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week from 003 to 01. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 103 Data from 1988 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

Table 3.5b Proportion of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week, by sex and age: 003-01 a All pupils 003-01 Drank Year alcohol in 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 last week b % % % % % % % % % % Boys 11 years 8 5 4 5 4 3 3 1 1 years 1 11 7 8 7 6 7 3 3 3 13 years 17 18 16 17 15 1 9 7 6 14 years 3 3 31 9 6 4 5 15 15 1 15 years 49 44 46 40 4 38 39 9 9 5 Total 6 3 1 0 18 19 13 1 11 Girls 11 years 5 3 1 0 1 1 years 9 9 9 7 7 4 4 3 1 13 years 19 19 18 15 16 13 1 9 7 7 14 years 34 33 33 30 30 5 4 16 15 11 15 years 48 46 45 41 40 37 37 30 7 6 Total 4 3 3 0 0 17 17 13 1 10 Total 11 years 6 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 years 11 10 8 8 7 5 6 3 13 years 1 18 18 16 17 14 1 9 7 6 14 years 33 33 3 9 8 4 5 15 15 1 15 years 49 45 46 41 41 38 38 30 8 5 Total 5 3 1 0 18 18 13 1 10 Unweighted bases b Boys 11 years 894 861 735 600 599 61 598 549 50 55 1 years 105 104 957 818 873 769 790 743 667 703 13 years 1084 1007 977 765 81 756 801 718 605 743 14 years 1017 977 938 805 798 756 716 686 60 751 15 years 1157 1078 100 869 94 896 907 835 761 890 Total 504 4947 4609 3857 4015 3798 381 3531 3155 3639 Girls 11 years 856 80 78 636 589 61 61 564 58 57 1 years 1076 93 887 89 739 759 773 703 647 754 13 years 1057 941 919 86 790 718 767 713 693 769 14 years 983 917 953 767 710 746 758 71 63 73 15 years 1114 104 97 978 889 845 873 785 780 845 Total 5086 465 4459 4036 3717 3680 3783 3486 380 367 Total 11 years 1750 1681 1463 136 1188 133 110 1113 1030 114 1 years 18 1947 1844 1647 161 158 1563 1446 1314 1457 13 years 141 1948 1896 1591 1611 1474 1568 1431 198 151 14 years 000 1894 1891 157 1508 150 1474 1407 15 1483 15 years 71 10 1974 1847 1813 1741 1780 160 1541 1735 Total 1090 957 9068 7893 773 7478 7595 7017 6435 7311 a Table 3.5a shows trends in the proportions of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week from 1988 to 00. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.4. 104 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.6a Usual frequency of drinking alcohol, by sex: 1988-00 a All pupils 1988-00 Usual frequency of drinking alcohol Year 1988 1990 199 1994 1996 1998 1999 000 001 00 % % % % % % % % % % Boys Almost every day 1 1 1 About twice a week 7 5 7 7 8 8 7 8 10 8 About once a week 8 8 8 10 1 8 10 9 11 9 At least once a week b 15 14 16 19 1 18 19 19 19 About once a fortnight 10 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 9 8 About once a month 11 10 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 Only a few times a year 4 30 8 5 4 3 Doesn t drink now c 40 39 40 41 41 4 4 44 4 41 Girls Almost every day 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 About twice a week 3 4 3 5 7 6 6 7 7 6 About once a week 6 7 7 9 10 8 9 9 10 9 At least once a week b 10 1 10 15 18 14 15 17 18 16 About once a fortnight 9 8 7 10 10 7 9 8 10 9 About once a month 9 10 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 Only a few times a year 6 30 7 5 1 3 0 Doesn t drink now c 45 40 47 40 4 46 44 45 4 43 Total Almost every day 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 About twice a week 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 7 About once a week 7 7 7 10 11 8 9 9 10 9 At least once a week b 13 13 13 17 0 16 17 18 0 18 About once a fortnight 9 8 7 9 9 7 9 8 9 9 About once a month 10 10 8 9 9 9 8 9 8 9 Only a few times a year 5 30 8 5 1 3 3 1 Doesn t drink now c 43 39 43 41 4 44 43 44 41 4 Unweighted bases Boys 147 16 1650 1509 1431 45 483 3540 460 4988 Girls 153 1466 1608 1511 1387 356 4568 3313 46 4690 Total 301 3088 363 300 818 4607 9391 6853 94 9678 Data from 1988 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.6b shows trends in how often pupils usually drink alcohol from 003 to 01. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. b At least once a week is the sum of Almost every day, About twice a week and About once a week. Individual categories may not add to this total due to rounding. c Doesn t drink now includes pupils who say they don t drink now and those who have never drunk alcohol. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 105

Table 3.6b Usual frequency of drinking alcohol, by sex: 003-01 a All pupils 003-01 Usual frequency of drinking alcohol Year 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Boys Almost every day 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 About twice a week 8 7 7 7 6 5 5 3 3 About once a week 10 9 9 8 8 7 8 4 5 4 At least once a week c 0 17 17 16 15 14 14 8 8 7 About once a fortnight 8 8 8 6 8 7 7 7 6 5 About once a month 9 8 8 8 6 8 7 8 6 8 Only a few times a year 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 19 0 Doesn t drink now d 45 47 49 50 50 51 51 58 57 61 Girls Almost every day 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 About twice a week 7 7 6 6 6 5 4 3 3 About once a week 10 8 9 8 8 7 6 5 4 4 At least once a week c 17 16 16 15 14 13 10 8 6 6 About once a fortnight 10 9 9 8 9 7 8 7 7 7 About once a month 9 9 9 8 7 8 9 8 8 7 Only a few times a year 1 0 0 19 0 18 19 18 Doesn t drink now d 4 45 43 49 50 5 53 59 60 6 Total Almost every day 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 About twice a week 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 3 About once a week 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 5 4 4 At least once a week c 19 17 17 15 15 13 1 8 7 6 About once a fortnight 9 8 8 7 8 7 8 7 7 6 About once a month 9 9 9 8 7 8 8 8 7 8 Only a few times a year 1 1 0 0 19 0 18 1 19 Doesn t drink now d 4 45 45 49 50 5 5 59 59 61 Unweighted bases b Boys 5198 4950 461 3845 4005 3811 3814 3539 3157 3655 Girls 5085 461 4461 408 3709 3687 3778 3493 370 3659 Total 1083 956 9073 7873 7714 7498 759 703 647 7314 Data from 1988 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.6a shows trends in how often pupils usually drink alcohol from 1988 to 00. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.6. c At least once a week is the sum of Almost every day, About twice a week and About once a week. Individual categories may not add to this total due to rounding. d Doesn t drink now includes pupils who say they don t drink now and those who have never drunk alcohol. 106 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.7 Usual frequency of drinking alcohol, by age and sex All pupils 01 Usual frequency Age of drinking 11 1 13 14 15 Total alcohol years years years years years % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Almost every day 0 0-0 1 0 About twice a week 0 1 1 3 6 3 About once a week 1 1 3 9 4 At least once a week a 1 4 7 16 7 About once a fortnight 0 1 4 6 11 5 About once a month 1 3 6 11 15 8 Only a few times a year 5 10 1 30 6 0 Doesn t drink now b 93 84 65 46 31 61 Girls Almost every day 0 0-0 1 0 About twice a week 0 1 1 3 6 3 About once a week 1 1 3 9 4 At least once a week a 1 0 3 7 14 6 About once a fortnight - 1 4 8 17 7 About once a month 1 5 11 15 7 Only a few times a year 5 9 18 7 7 18 Doesn t drink now b 94 88 70 47 7 6 Total Almost every day 0 0 0 0 0 0 About twice a week 0 0 1 3 6 About once a week 1 0 4 9 4 At least once a week a 1 1 4 7 15 6 About once a fortnight 0 1 4 7 14 6 About once a month 1 6 11 15 8 Only a few times a year 5 10 19 9 7 19 Doesn t drink now b 93 86 67 47 9 61 Unweighted bases Boys 555 708 748 750 894 3655 Girls 573 757 765 731 833 3659 Total 118 1465 1513 1481 177 7314 Weighted bases Boys 543 74 758 736 93 3711 Girls 567 715 709 750 879 360 Total 1110 1456 1467 1486 1811 7331 a At least once a week is the sum of Almost every day, About twice a week and About once a week. Individual categories may not add to this total due to rounding. b Doesn t drink now includes pupils who say they don t drink now and those who have never drunk alcohol. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 107

Table 3.8 Number of drinking days in last week, by sex: 1998-01 Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 1998-01 Number of drinking days Year 1998 000 00 004 006 008 009 010 a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % Boys One day 57 69 66 68 57 5 67 57 70 60 Two days 1 17 19 17 5 30 1 8 0 4 Three days 10 8 8 7 10 10 6 8 6 10 Four days 6 3 4 4 3 3 3 1 3 Five days 1 1 1 1 1 1 Six days 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1-0 Seven days 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 Mean number of drinking days 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.7 Standard error of mean 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.06 Girls One day 64 67 65 63 53 58 65 55 68 55 Two days 0 1 3 30 7 6 9 4 3 Three days 10 6 9 8 11 10 6 1 6 8 Four days 4 3 3 4 3 3 1 3 Five days 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Six days 1 1 0 1 0 1 - - - 0 Seven days 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Mean number of drinking days 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.7 Standard error of mean 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.07 Total One day 60 68 65 65 55 55 66 56 69 58 Two days 1 19 0 0 8 9 3 9 8 Three days 10 7 9 8 11 10 6 10 6 9 Four days 5 3 4 4 3 3 3 1 3 Five days 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Six days 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0-0 Seven days 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mean number of drinking days 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.7 Standard error of mean 0.05 0.03 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 Unweighted bases a Boys 58 905 143 1110 799 69 704 474 391 386 Girls 444 789 1088 1060 85 638 634 46 383 359 Total 968 1694 331 170 164 1330 1338 936 774 745 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.9. 108 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 1998 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.9 Number of drinking days in the last week, by age and sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Number of Age drinking days 11-13 14 15 Total in the last years years years week % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys One day 69 59 58 60 Two days 13 8 4 Three days 13 1 8 10 Four days 3 1 4 3 Five days - 3 1 1 Six days 1 1-0 Seven days 1 1 1 Mean number of drinking days 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 Standard error of mean 0.14 0.17 0.07 0.06 Girls One day 55 46 58 55 Two days 9 34 3 3 Three days 10 13 5 8 Four days 4 3 3 3 Five days - 0 1 Six days - - 0 Seven days - 0 1 Mean number of drinking days 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.7 Standard error of mean 0.15 0.14 0.06 0.07 Total One day 6 53 58 58 Two days 0 8 30 8 Three days 1 13 7 9 Four days 3 4 3 Five days 1 1 1 Six days 0-0 Seven days 1 0 1 Mean number of drinking days 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 Standard error of mean 0.10 0.11 0.04 0.05 Unweighted bases Boys 74 93 19 386 Girls 64 8 13 359 Total 138 175 43 745 Weighted bases Boys 68 88 7 38 Girls 60 81 9 369 Total 17 168 456 751 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 109

Table 3.10 Days on which pupils drank alcohol in the last week, by sex: 1998-01 a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 1998-01 Days on which pupils Year 1998 000 00 004 006 008 009 010 a 011 a 01 a drank % % % % % % % % % % Boys Sunday 37 9 8 8 30 8 3 9 0 7 Monday 11 10 9 1 1 9 7 8 7 7 Tuesday 10 10 11 10 11 11 6 7 8 7 Wednesday 16 9 10 11 11 10 9 8 9 9 Thursday 11 9 9 8 8 9 7 7 7 6 Friday 43 39 41 4 49 5 44 44 39 41 Saturday 59 51 54 53 60 65 61 70 61 70 Girls Sunday 7 4 3 5 4 19 18 4 18 0 Monday 10 8 7 8 8 8 6 4 4 5 Tuesday 7 7 9 9 7 7 4 5 3 5 Wednesday 8 9 8 8 7 8 5 5 3 7 Thursday 8 6 8 7 8 7 6 5 5 6 Friday 45 44 45 48 53 54 46 50 44 5 Saturday 57 54 58 58 64 64 66 74 67 71 Total Sunday 33 7 5 6 7 4 0 6 19 4 Monday 10 9 8 10 10 9 6 6 6 6 Tuesday 9 9 10 9 9 9 5 6 6 6 Wednesday 1 9 9 10 9 9 7 6 6 8 Thursday 10 7 9 7 8 8 6 6 6 6 Friday 44 41 43 45 51 53 45 47 41 47 Saturday 58 5 56 55 6 64 63 7 64 70 Unweighted bases a Boys 56 836 143 1110 799 69 704 474 391 386 Girls 44 736 1088 1060 85 638 634 46 383 359 Total 969 157 331 170 164 1330 1338 936 774 745 Data from 1998 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.11. 110 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.11 Days on which pupils drank alcohol in the last week, by age and sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Days on which pupils drank in the last week Year 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Sunday 36 9 4 7 Monday 9 9 5 7 Tuesday 10 8 6 7 Wednesday 9 14 7 9 Thursday 6 3 7 6 Friday 34 39 45 41 Saturday 56 75 7 70 Girls Sunday 6 6 16 0 Monday 10 6 3 5 Tuesday 6 8 4 5 Wednesday 8 9 6 7 Thursday 15 8 4 6 Friday 36 61 53 5 Saturday 68 73 71 71 Total Sunday 3 8 0 4 Monday 10 8 4 6 Tuesday 8 8 5 6 Wednesday 8 1 7 8 Thursday 10 5 5 6 Friday 35 49 49 47 Saturday 6 74 71 70 Unweighted bases Boys 74 93 19 386 Girls 64 8 13 359 Total 138 175 43 745 Weighted bases Boys 68 88 7 38 Girls 60 81 9 369 Total 17 168 456 751 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 111

Table 3.1a Mean alcohol consumption in the last week by pupils who had drunk, by sex and age: 1990-007 a,b,c Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 1990-007 Mean consumption in units a Year 1990 d 199 1994 1996 1998 000 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 Units of alcohol a Boys 11-13 years d 3.6 5. 7.1 6. 8.3 5.5 7.3 7.7 8.1 8.6 11.9 6. 14 years d 5.3 6.7 7.3 1.3 9.5 10.0 10.7 9.4 10.1 11.1 10.1 10. 15 years d 9.6 8.8 1.9 1.9 14.5 13.8 14.3 1.9 13.9 13.1 13.9 10.4 Total 5.7 7.0 7.4 9.7 11.3 11.7 10.6 11.5 10.5 11.3 11.5 1.3 9.4 Girls 11-13 years d 3.1 3.0 4.0 6.4 4.6 5.7 6.3 6.4 7.3 7.9 8.4 5.7 14 years d 3.8 5.5 8. 8.1 10.1 9.3 10.0 8.7 9.7 9.5 11.7 9.1 15 years d 6.0 6.6 8.0 9.7 11. 10.7 11.4 9.8 1.1 10.5 10.9 9.8 Total 4.7 4.7 5.4 7.0 8.4 9.1 8.9 9.6 8.5 10. 9.5 10.5 8.6 Total 11-13 years d 3.4 4.1 5.5 6.3 6.4 5.6 6.8 7.1 7.8 8. 10.1 6.0 14 years d 4.7 6.1 7.7 9.9 9.8 9.6 10.3 9.0 9.9 10.3 10.9 9.6 15 years d 8.1 7.7 10.4 11.5 1.9 1.3 13.0 11.3 1.9 11.8 1.3 10.1 Total 5.3 6.0 6.4 8.4 9.9 10.4 9.8 10.6 9.5 10.7 10.5 11.4 9.0 Unweighted bases Boys 11-13 years d 104 101 78 55 163 83 56 31 37 189 150 153 14 years d 98 87 85 1 05 53 54 67 56 38 190 179 15 years d 169 140 19 66 351 491 463 490 395 395 98 315 Total 31 376 39 9 351 719 107 973 1069 888 8 638 647 Girls 11-13 years d 71 76 79 53 184 74 56 9 6 14 157 157 14 years d 7 66 80 160 187 79 79 91 71 66 190 178 15 years d 11 135 134 1 31 446 407 484 48 368 343 313 Total 19 64 77 93 334 69 999 94 1067 95 848 690 648 Total 11-13 years d 176 177 157 108 347 557 51 604 463 403 307 310 14 years d 170 154 165 8 39 53 533 558 57 504 380 357 15 years d 90 76 63 487 67 937 870 974 83 763 641 68 Total 43 641 606 585 686 1411 06 1915 136 1813 1670 138 195 Data from 1990 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Estimates are based on the original method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.) and are not comparable with estimates based on the revised method shown elsewhere in this report. b Table 3.1b shows trends in consumption between 007 and 01 using the revised method of calculation. c Estimates and bases for 007 have been revised since their original publication. d Data by age group not available for 1990. 11 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.1b Mean alcohol consumption in the last week by pupils who had drunk, by sex and age (revised method): 007-01 a,b,c,d Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 007-01 Mean consumption in units a Year 007 008 009 010 d 011 d 01 d Units of alcohol a Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11-13 years 8.3 10.9 8. 11.0 7.3 7.6 Standard error of mean 0.94 1.48 1.08.03 1.7 1.35 14 years 13.7 18.0 10.8 11.3 10.8 17. Standard error of mean 1.13 1.7 1.10 1.5 1.8 3.08 15 years 14.5 17.4 13.5 13.7 1.5 13. Standard error of mean 0.91 1.11 0.87 0.9 1.1 0.93 Total 1.8 16.0 11.6 1.6 11.3 13.3 Standard error of mean 0.59 0.8 0.59 0.84 0.73 0.90 Girls 11-13 years 8.1 13.4 9. 13. 6. 7.7 Standard error of mean 0.94 1.91 1.0.18 0.89 1.45 14 years 1.8 1.3 10.0 10.8 8. 15.5 Standard error of mean 0.99 1.15 0.86 1.07 1.04.68 15 years 13.9 13.5 1.9 14. 10.7 11.5 Standard error of mean 0.7 0.90 0.89 1.13 0.89 1.08 Total 1. 13.1 11.3 13. 9.4 11.7 Standard error of mean 0.5 1.14 0.57 0.87 0.6 1.11 Total 11-13 years 8. 1.0 8.7 1.1 6.8 7.7 Standard error of mean 0.69 1.0 0.73 1.47 1.0 1.01 14 years 13. 15.1 10.4 11.0 9.4 16.5 Standard error of mean 0.77 1.0 0.73 0.94 1.08.05 15 years 14. 15.5 13. 13.9 11.7 1.3 Standard error of mean 0.60 0.74 0.61 0.76 0.63 0.7 Total 1.5 14.6 11.5 1.9 10.4 1.5 Standard error of mean 0.4 0.57 0.41 0.63 0.48 0.7 Unweighted bases d Boys 11-13 years 153 136 15 84 50 51 14 years 179 146 136 85 68 80 15 years 315 88 83 0 190 18 Total 647 570 544 389 308 313 Girls 11-13 years 157 111 110 8 47 5 14 years 178 157 144 10 73 6 15 years 313 79 70 16 176 187 Total 648 547 54 400 96 301 Total 11-13 years 310 47 35 166 97 103 14 years 357 303 80 187 141 14 15 years 68 567 553 436 366 369 Total 195 1117 1068 789 604 614 a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.) and are not comparable with estimates based on the original method shown in Table 3.1a. b Table 3.1a shows trends in alcohol consumption from 1990 to 007, using the original method of calculation. c Estimates and bases for 007 and 009 have been revised since their original publication. d Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.14. Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 113

Table 3.13 Median alcohol consumption in the last week by pupils who had drunk, by sex and age (revised method): 007-01 a,b,c Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 007-01 Median consumption in units a Year 007 008 009 010 c 011 c 01 c Units of alcohol a Boys 11-13 years 3.5 5.1 4.3 5.5 4.0 5.3 14 years 9.0 10.0 5.8 7.7 7.0 8.5 15 years 10.0 1.0 9.0 10.7 8.7 9.0 Total 7.8 9.8 6.8 8.8 7.5 8.0 Girls 11-13 years 4.0 6.5 5.8 7.0 4.0 5.5 14 years 8.0 7.5 6.5 7.5 6.0 8.0 15 years 9.8 8.0 8.0 9.0 7.3 8.0 Total 7.9 8.0 7.0 8.0 6.4 7.5 Total 11-13 years 3.9 5.8 5.0 6.0 4.0 5.3 14 years 8.5 8.5 6.3 7.5 6.0 8.5 15 years 9.8 10.5 8.5 10.0 8.0 8.0 Total 7.8 8.5 7.0 8.5 7.0 8.0 Unweighted bases b,c Boys 11-13 years 153 136 15 84 50 51 14 years 179 146 136 85 68 80 15 years 315 88 83 0 190 18 Total 647 570 544 389 308 313 Girls 11-13 years 157 111 110 8 47 5 14 years 178 157 144 10 73 6 15 years 313 79 70 16 176 187 Total 648 547 54 400 96 301 Total 11-13 years 310 47 35 166 97 103 14 years 357 303 80 187 141 14 15 years 68 567 553 436 366 369 Total 195 1117 1068 789 604 614 Table 3.14 Units of alcohol drunk in the last week, by age and sex a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Units of alcohol drunk in the last week a Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Boys Less than 1 unit 13 7 3 6 1 unit, less than units 4 4 4 4 units, less than 4 units 3 13 11 13 4 units, less than 6 units 15 11 10 11 6 units, less than 10 units 0 5 3 10 units, less than 15 units 8 9 14 1 15 or more units 17 34 3 30 Girls Less than 1 unit 6 6 5 5 1 unit, less than units 3 1 5 9 units, less than 4 units 14 11 14 14 4 units, less than 6 units 7 7 13 11 6 units, less than 10 units 1 19 3 10 units, less than 15 units 13 14 17 16 15 or more units 14 31 3 Total Less than 1 unit 10 7 4 6 1 unit, less than units 14 8 5 7 units, less than 4 units 19 1 13 13 4 units, less than 6 units 11 9 1 11 6 units, less than 10 units 1 1 4 3 10 units, less than 15 units 10 11 16 14 15 or more units 16 33 7 7 Unweighted bases Boys 51 80 18 313 Girls 5 6 187 301 Total 103 14 369 614 Weighted bases Boys 48 76 194 319 Girls 48 58 00 306 Total 96 134 394 64 a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.) and are not comparable with estimates based on the original method shown in Table 3.1a. b Estimates and bases for 007 and 009 have been revised since their original publication. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.14. a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.). 114 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.15 Mean number of units drunk on each drinking day, by age and sex a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Mean number of units drunk on each drinking day a Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Boys Less than one 4-0 1 One or two 8 3 18 1 Three or four 0 17 15 16 More than four 49 60 67 63 Girls Less than one 8 1 - One or two 30 9 18 Three or four 6 11 4 More than four 35 59 58 55 Total Less than one 6 1 0 1 One or two 9 6 18 1 Three or four 3 14 0 19 More than four 4 60 6 59 Unweighted bases Boys 49 79 18 310 Girls 51 6 187 300 Total 100 141 369 610 Weighted bases Boys 46 75 194 316 Girls 47 58 00 304 Total 93 133 394 61 a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.). Table 3.16a Types of alcohol drunk in the last week, by sex: 1990-003 a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 1990-003 Types of alcohol drunk Year 1990 199 1994 1996 1998 000 001 00 003 % % % % % % % % % Boys Beer, lager, cider 76 81 8 81 78 85 83 85 85 Shandy 38 6 7 19 3 1 8 Wine 44 46 44 38 47 38 33 34 35 Martini, sherry 14 15 1 11 16 17 10 13 14 Spirits 33 38 37 4 5 55 54 55 60 Alcopops b b b b 5 33 55 59 61 61 Girls Beer, lager, cider 56 67 70 67 63 63 57 55 53 Shandy 3 1 18 18 15 15 15 14 Wine 56 60 5 43 55 5 51 53 5 Martini, sherry 0 18 19 4 1 14 15 13 Spirits 38 36 4 48 56 63 61 68 68 Alcopops b b b b 58 4 69 77 76 76 Total Beer, lager, cider 67 76 76 74 71 75 70 71 69 Shandy 31 5 4 0 18 0 19 1 Wine 50 5 48 40 51 44 4 43 43 Martini, sherry 18 17 15 15 0 19 1 14 13 Spirits 35 37 39 45 54 59 57 61 64 Alcopops b b b b 55 37 6 68 68 68 Unweighted bases c Boys 339 394 375 37 446 914 107 153 1335 Girls 84 75 34 349 410 790 999 1093 117 Total 63 669 699 71 856 1704 06 346 55 a Table 3.16b shows trends in types of alcohol consumed from 004 to 01. b Alcopops were first asked about in 1996. c Bases shown for pupils who gave a valid answer for at least one type of drink. Data from 1990 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 115

Table 3.16b Types of alcohol drunk in the last week, by sex: 004-01 a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 004-01 Types of alcohol drunk Year 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % Boys Beer, lager, cider 86 89 87 86 88 91 88 91 91 Shandy 4 3 3 5 1 1 Wine 33 33 30 30 3 5 5 3 4 Martini, sherry 14 9 1 9 15 1 9 9 11 Spirits 60 59 59 54 60 56 60 58 57 Alcopops 57 5 50 49 53 48 46 34 38 Girls Beer, lager, cider 56 56 59 60 55 59 58 61 59 Shandy 15 15 13 19 16 16 14 1 13 Wine 49 54 47 50 49 46 48 47 46 Martini, sherry 1 13 1 11 13 10 1 10 13 Spirits 67 71 67 69 73 67 74 73 76 Alcopops 73 73 69 70 69 66 63 63 61 Total Beer, lager, cider 71 73 7 74 7 76 73 77 75 Shandy 0 19 17 1 19 0 18 17 18 Wine 41 43 39 40 40 35 37 34 35 Martini, sherry 13 11 1 10 14 11 11 10 1 Spirits 63 65 63 61 66 61 67 65 66 Alcopops 65 63 60 59 61 56 54 48 49 Unweighted bases b,c Boys 1118 106 809 83 698 709 476 394 385 Girls 1064 1006 87 761 641 639 463 383 356 Total 18 03 1636 1584 1339 1348 939 777 741 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.16a shows trends in types of alcohol consumed from 1990 to 003. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.17. c Bases shown for pupils who gave a valid answer for at least one type of drink. 116 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.17 Types of alcohol drunk in the last week, by age and sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Types of alcohol drunk Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Boys Beer, lager, cider 86 91 9 91 Shandy 44 9 11 1 Wine 41 0 0 4 Martini, sherry 18 14 8 11 Spirits 45 58 60 57 Alcopops 45 46 33 38 Girls Beer, lager, cider 57 68 56 59 Shandy 18 18 11 13 Wine 46 41 48 46 Martini, sherry 13 4 9 13 Spirits 67 79 77 76 Alcopops 65 71 56 61 Total Beer, lager, cider 73 80 74 75 Shandy 3 4 11 18 Wine 43 30 34 35 Martini, sherry 15 19 8 1 Spirits 55 68 69 66 Alcopops 55 58 45 49 Unweighted bases a Boys 75 94 16 385 Girls 63 81 1 356 Total 138 175 48 741 Weighted bases a Boys 69 89 5 383 Girls 60 80 7 367 Total 18 169 45 750 a Bases shown for pupils who gave a valid answer for at least one type of drink. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 117

Table 3.18a Mean alcohol consumption of different types of drink in the last week (original method): 199-007 a,b,c Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 199-007 Types of alcohol Year 199 1994 1996 1998 000 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 Units of alcohol a Beer, lager, cider 3.7 4.0 4.7 5.7 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.0 4.9 4.8 5.4 4.3 Shandy 0. 0. 0. 0.3 0. 0. 0. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Wine 1.0 0.9 0.7 1. 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 Martini, sherry 0.3 0. 0. 0.4 0.3 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.1 Spirits 0.8 1.0 1. 1.4 1.9 1.5.1 1.9.0..3 1.8 Alcopops d d d 1.4 1.0.3..4.3.3.1. 1.7 Total 6.0 6.4 8.4 9.9 10.4 9.8 10.6 9.5 10.7 10.5 11.4 9.0 Unweighted bases 544 569 585 686 1704 06 1915 136 1813 1670 138 195 a Estimates are based on the original method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.) and are not comparable with estimates based on the revised method shown elsewhere in this report. b Table 3.18b shows shows trends in consumption from 007 to 01, using the revised method of calculation. c Estimates and the base for 007 have been revised since their original publication. d Alcopops were first asked about in 1996. Data from 199 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Table 3.18b Mean alcohol consumption of different types of drink in the last week (revised method): 007-01 a,b,c Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 007-01 Mean consumption in units a Year 007 008 009 010 d 011 d 01 d Units of alcohol a Beer, lager, cider 6. 7.6 6.1 7.0 5. 6.9 Standard error of mean 0.9 0.40 0.31 0.44 0.33 0.51 Shandy 0. 0. 0.1 0. 0. 0.1 Standard error of mean 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.0 Wine 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 1. Standard error of mean 0.1 0.1 0.11 0.1 0.15 0.1 Martini, sherry 0.1 0. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Standard error of mean 0.0 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.0 0.03 Spirits 1.8.1 1.6.1 1.9.3 Standard error of mean 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.1 0.0 0.15 Alcopops.5.8..1 1.6 1.8 Standard error of mean 0.11 0.14 0.1 0.15 0.14 0.17 Total 1.5 14.6 11.5 1.9 10.4 1.5 Standard error of mean 0.4 0.57 0.41 0.63 0.48 0.7 Unweighted bases d 195 1117 1068 789 604 614 a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.). b Table 3.18a shows trends in consumption from 199 to 007, using the original method of calculation. c Estimates and bases for 007 and 009 have been revised since their original publication. d Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.19. 118 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.19 Mean alcohol consumption of different types of drink in the last week, by sex a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Types of alcohol Sex Boys Girls Total Units of alcohol a Beer, lager, cider 9.0 4.6 6.9 Standard error of mean 0.69 0.66 0.51 Shandy 0. 0.1 0.1 Standard error of mean 0.04 0.0 0.0 Wine 0.6 1.8 1. Standard error of mean 0.1 0.1 0.1 Martini, sherry 0.1 0.1 0.1 Standard error of mean 0.05 0.04 0.03 Spirits 1.9.8.3 Standard error of mean 0.1 0.0 0.15 Alcopops 1.4. 1.8 Standard error of mean 0.3 0.5 0.17 Total 13.3 11.7 1.5 Standard error of mean 0.90 1.11 0.7 Unweighted bases 313 301 614 Weighted bases 319 306 64 a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.). Table 3.0 Consumption of different types of drinks as a percentage of the total in the last week, by sex a Table 3.1 How obtained alcohol in the last four weeks: 004-01 All pupils 004-01 How obtained alcohol in last four weeks a Year 004 006 008 010 b 01 b % % % % % Asked someone else to buy alcohol 0 0 18 15 13 Tried to buy from shop 6 7 6 5 4 Tried to buy from pub 5 4 4 1 Given alcohol by parents 7 3 0 19 Given alcohol by friends 7 6 4 3 19 Given alcohol by other relatives 1 10 9 9 8 Given alcohol by siblings 8 7 7 6 6 Given alcohol by other people 9 10 9 8 7 Taken alcohol from home 18 14 14 1 13 Taken alcohol from friend s home 11 10 10 9 8 Stolen alcohol from home 6 6 6 5 4 Stolen alcohol from friend s home 1 1 1 1 1 Stolen alcohol from somewhere else 1 1 1 1 Obtained any alcohol in last four weeks c 49 44 4 36 33 Unweighted bases b,d 9715 800 7798 796 7134 a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). The 01 weighted base is shown in Table 3.. c Includes pupils who tried to buy alcohol, but were refused. d Bases shown for those who responded to the question about whether they had asked someone else to buy alcohol for them in the last four weeks. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Types of alcohol Sex Boys Girls Total Percentage of total units a Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Beer, lager, cider 68 40 55 Shandy 1 1 1 Wine 5 16 10 Martini, sherry 1 1 1 Spirits 14 4 19 Alcopops 11 19 15 Unweighted bases 313 301 614 Weighted bases 319 306 64 a Based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.). Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 119

Table 3. How obtained alcohol in the last four weeks, by age and sex a All pupils 01 How obtained alcohol b Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Asked someone else to buy alcohol 1 5 13 8 11 Bought from shop c 0 0 1 3 6 3 Bought from pub c - 0 0 0 3 1 Given alcohol by parents 8 8 15 3 33 19 Given alcohol by friends 4 11 40 18 Given alcohol by other relatives 3 3 7 10 1 8 Given alcohol by siblings 5 10 13 7 Given alcohol by other people 4 7 1 6 Taken alcohol from home 3 5 10 17 7 14 Taken alcohol from friend s home 1 5 11 17 8 Stolen alcohol from home - 1 3 7 9 4 Stolen alcohol from friend s home 0 1 1 1 1 Stolen alcohol from somewhere else 1 1 1 3 Obtained any alcohol in last four weeks c 14 13 7 4 57 33 Girls Asked someone else to buy alcohol 8 8 8 8 8 8 Bought from shop c 0 0 1 3 8 3 Bought from pub c - - 1 1 4 1 Given alcohol by parents 5 7 15 4 38 19 Given alcohol by friends 4 14 4 44 0 Given alcohol by other relatives 1 3 8 13 15 9 Given alcohol by siblings 0 5 7 1 6 Given alcohol by other people 3 7 1 15 8 Taken alcohol from home 1 3 9 14 8 13 Taken alcohol from friend s home 1 5 9 18 8 Stolen alcohol from home 0 1 4 6 10 5 Stolen alcohol from friend s home 0-1 1 Stolen alcohol from somewhere else 0 0 0 1 1 1 Obtained any alcohol in last four weeks c 9 1 8 4 6 34 Total Asked someone else to buy alcohol 1 7 15 31 13 Bought from shop c 0 0 1 3 7 3 Bought from pub c - 0 0 1 3 1 Given alcohol by parents 6 8 15 4 35 19 Given alcohol by friends 4 1 3 4 19 Given alcohol by other relatives 3 8 1 14 8 Given alcohol by siblings 1 5 9 1 6 Given alcohol by other people 6 10 14 7 Taken alcohol from home 4 9 16 7 13 Taken alcohol from friend s home 0 5 10 17 8 Stolen alcohol from home 1 1 3 6 9 4 Stolen alcohol from friend s home 0 0 1 1 Stolen alcohol from somewhere else 1 0 1 1 Obtained any alcohol in last four weeks c 11 13 8 4 60 33 Unweighted bases d Boys 55 673 75 736 885 3544 Girls 538 717 750 735 850 3590 Total 1063 1390 1475 1471 1735 7134 Weighted bases d Boys 516 710 734 713 91 3594 Girls 53 673 694 749 897 3545 Total 1048 1383 149 146 1817 7139 10 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 a Some categories differ from those in Table 3.1; this table does not show pupils who tried but did not succeed in buying alcohol from a shop, pub or bar. b Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. c Excludes pupils who tried to buy alcohol, but were refused. d Bases shown for those who responded to the question about whether they has asked someone else to buy alcohol for them in the last four weeks. Other bases are similar. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.3 How obtained alcohol in the last four weeks, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week a All pupils How obtained alcohol b 01 Units of alcohol drunk in the last week Less 1, 5, 10 15 Total d than less less units, units 1 than than less or unit c 5 10 than more units units 15 units % % % % % % Asked someone else to buy alcohol 7 36 55 78 83 13 Bought from shop e 1 1 17 35 3 Bought from pub e 0 1 3 8 16 1 Given alcohol by parents 14 73 65 60 59 19 Given alcohol by friends 13 48 71 8 9 19 Given alcohol by other relatives 6 1 35 39 8 Given alcohol by siblings 4 16 6 30 36 6 Given alcohol by other people 4 16 7 30 57 7 Taken alcohol from home 9 4 55 38 51 13 Taken alcohol from friend s home 5 15 8 30 54 8 Stolen alcohol from home 3 1 18 3 7 4 Stolen alcohol from friend s home 1 3 5 1 Stolen alcohol from somewhere else 1 1 1 6 8 1 Unweighted bases f 634 16 161 84 168 7134 Weighted bases f 643 169 165 86 166 7139 a Some categories differ from those in Table 3.1; this table does not show pupils who tried but did not succeed in buying alcohol from a shop, pub or bar. b Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. c Includes pupils who did not drink in the last week. d Total column includes pupils who did not answer the question about how much alcohol they had drunk in the last week. e Excludes pupils who tried to buy alcohol, but were refused. f Bases shown for those who responded to the question about whether they had asked someone else to buy alcohol for them in the last four weeks. Other bases may vary slightly. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 11

Table 3.4 Where pupils usually buy alcohol, by sex: 1996-01 Current drinkers 1996-01 Where usually buy alcohol a Year 1996 1998 1999 000 00 004 006 008 010 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Boys Friend/relative c c 10 9 16 15 16 18 1 1 1 Someone else 10 7 8 9 8 9 11 1 15 1 Off-licence 6 17 16 17 17 14 14 15 Shop or supermarket 1 11 11 8 9 11 1 10 11 10 Pub or bar 8 9 8 9 8 7 7 6 6 6 Club or disco 4 6 4 5 3 4 4 3 3 Off the street c c c c c c 1 1 1 1 Garage forecourt c c c c c c 1 1 1 1 1 Never buys alcohol 51 51 48 48 51 53 51 5 57 58 Girls Friend/relative c c 9 9 19 0 19 8 31 6 Someone else 6 6 7 7 8 9 13 17 18 18 Off-licence 8 18 1 17 16 17 18 15 18 14 Shop or supermarket 14 10 1 9 10 14 14 1 13 11 Pub or bar 1 9 10 10 9 11 7 6 6 6 Club or disco 8 6 7 9 6 8 5 4 4 4 Off the street c c c c c c 0 1 1 1 1 Garage forecourt c c c c c c 1 0 0 0 1 Never buys alcohol 47 56 47 44 45 49 44 43 47 54 Total Friend/relative c c 9 9 17 17 17 0 4 6 3 Someone else 8 6 8 8 8 9 1 15 16 15 Off-licence 7 0 1 17 16 17 18 15 16 14 Shop or supermarket 13 10 1 9 10 1 13 11 1 11 Pub or bar 10 9 9 9 8 9 7 6 6 6 Club or disco 6 6 5 7 5 6 4 3 3 3 Off the street c c c c c c 1 1 1 1 1 Garage forecourt c c c c c c 1 1 1 1 1 Never buys alcohol 49 53 49 46 48 51 48 48 5 56 Unweighted bases b Boys 838 147 77 070 854 666 1918 1808 146 1416 Girls 80 1400 57 188 660 518 031 1731 1365 1355 Total 1640 87 599 395 5514 5184 3949 3539 87 771 a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.5. c Friend/relative was introduced as a separate answer category in 1998. Off the street and Garage forecourt were introduced as separate answer categories in 004. 1 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 1996 to 00 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.5 Where pupils usually buy alcohol, by age and sex Current drinkers 01 Where usually buys alcohol a Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Table 3.6 Where pupils who buy alcohol usually buy it, by age Pupils who buy alcohol 01 Where usually buys alcohol a Age 11-1 13 14 15 Total years years years years % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Friend/relative 15 19 5 1 Someone else 7 11 15 1 Off-licence 5 14 15 Shop or supermarket 5 10 14 10 Pub or bar 4 4 8 6 Club or disco 3 3 3 3 Off the street 1 1 1 Garage forecourt 0 0 1 Never buys alcohol 7 6 47 58 Girls Friend/relative 17 3 3 6 Someone else 10 16 4 18 Off-licence 4 1 19 14 Shop or supermarket 6 10 14 11 Pub or bar 4 4 8 6 Club or disco 3 3 5 4 Off the street 3 0 0 1 Garage forecourt 1 0 1 1 Never buys alcohol 70 61 43 54 Total Friend/relative 16 1 9 3 Someone else 8 14 19 15 Off-licence 5 13 1 14 Shop or supermarket 5 10 14 11 Pub or bar 4 4 8 6 Club or disco 3 3 4 3 Off the street 1 0 1 Garage forecourt 1 1 1 1 Never buys alcohol 71 61 45 56 Unweighted bases Boys 413 398 605 1416 Girls 367 385 603 1355 Total 780 783 108 771 Weighted bases Boys 407 390 630 147 Girls 31 388 63 1341 Total 78 778 16 768 a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. Friend/relative 57 55 55 5 53 Someone else 3 31 36 35 34 Off-licence 7 0 33 37 3 Shop or supermarket 0 16 5 6 4 Pub or bar 13 14 10 14 13 Club or disco 4 13 7 8 8 Off the street 7 5 4 1 Garage forecourt 1 3 3 1 Unweighted bases 78 15 307 680 117 Weighted bases 7 144 304 707 17 a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. Table 3.7 Where pupils usually buy alcohol, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week Pupils who buy alcohol 01 Where usually Units of alcohol in the last week buys alcohol a Less 1, 5, 10 15 Total c than less less units, units 1 unit b than than less or 5 10 than more units units 15 units % % % % % % Friend/relative 5 60 47 7 48 53 Someone else 3 30 38 50 38 34 Off-licence 9 5 8 31 55 3 Shop or supermarket 1 1 9 16 31 4 Pub or bar 1 17 6 15 1 13 Club or disco 7 1 6 3 17 8 Off the street - - 10 4 Garage forecourt 1 - - 7 4 Unweighted bases 734 59 99 69 147 117 Weighted bases 748 56 10 71 144 17 a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Less than one unit includes pupils who did not drink in the last week. c Total column includes pupils who did not answer the questions about how much alcohol they had drunk in the last week. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 13

Table 3.8 Where pupils usually drink, by sex: 1996-01 Current drinkers 1996-01 Where usually drinks a Year 1996 1998 1999 004 006 008 010 b 01 b % % % % % % % % Boys At home or someone else s home 53 60 61 59 60 6 7 75 Parties with friends 3 3 0 30 6 9 40 44 On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside c c c 6 30 6 5 19 Pub or bar 11 1 11 10 9 7 9 8 Club or disco 9 10 8 5 5 4 4 5 Somewhere else 8 5 6 7 6 9 8 Girls At home or someone else s home 5 56 61 61 6 66 76 80 Parties with friends 4 4 4 33 31 37 48 51 On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside c c c 1 5 31 9 6 18 Pub or bar 15 1 1 11 9 7 8 8 Club or disco 16 11 1 10 6 7 7 4 Somewhere else 4 1 4 6 6 5 7 7 Total At home or someone else s home 5 58 61 60 61 64 74 78 Parties with friends 3 3 31 9 33 44 47 On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside c c c 1 5 31 7 5 18 Pub or bar 13 1 11 10 9 7 8 8 Club or disco 13 10 10 7 6 5 6 5 Somewhere else 6 1 5 6 6 6 8 7 Unweighted bases b Boys 840 1411 788 675 1950 1811 1488 1443 Girls 804 1397 536 544 053 1731 1379 1368 Total 1644 808 534 519 4003 354 867 811 Data from 1996 to 1999 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.9. c Out on the street, in a car park or somewhere else outside was introduced as a separate answer category in 1999. 14 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.9 Where pupils usually drink, by age and sex Current drinkers 01 Where usually drinks a Age 11-1 13 14 15 Total years years years years % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys At own home 65 58 50 47 5 At someone else s home 4 36 44 49 4 Parties with friends 15 9 40 59 44 On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside 10 17 1 0 19 Pub or bar 6 10 5 10 8 Club or disco 4 5 6 5 Somewhere else 9 7 10 6 8 Girls At own home 63 61 59 50 56 At someone else s home 34 44 5 61 54 Parties with friends 17 36 44 66 51 On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside 7 16 18 1 18 Pub or bar 9 7 5 10 8 Club or disco 5 3 5 4 Somewhere else 16 10 7 4 7 Total At own home 64 59 54 48 54 At someone else s home 8 40 48 55 48 Parties with friends 16 3 4 6 47 On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside 8 17 0 0 18 Pub or bar 7 9 5 10 8 Club or disco 3 5 3 6 5 Somewhere else 1 8 8 5 7 Unweighted bases Boys 169 50 397 610 146 Girls 135 43 390 613 1381 Total 304 493 787 13 807 Weighted bases Boys 157 58 390 637 1443 Girls 119 14 393 643 1368 Total 77 47 783 180 811 a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 15

Table 3.30 Where pupils usually drink, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week Current drinkers 01 Where usually Units of alcohol in the last week drinks a Less 1, 5, 10 15 Total c than less less units, units 1 unit b than than less or 5 10 than more units units 15 units % % % % % % At own home 54 69 51 51 4 54 At someone else s home 43 5 59 71 70 48 Parties with friends 4 5 70 69 74 47 On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside 14 13 7 45 47 18 Pub or bar 7 10 9 7 17 8 Club or disco 4 4 14 5 Somewhere else 7 5 6 6 9 7 Unweighted bases 09 159 157 8 166 807 Weighted bases 088 167 16 85 163 811 a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Less than one unit includes pupils who did not drink in the last week. c Total column includes pupils who did not answer the questions about how much alcohol they had drunk in the last week. 16 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table 3.31 Number of evenings been in a pub, bar or club in the last four weeks, by age and sex All pupils 01 Number of Age evenings 11 1 13 14 15 Total been in a years years years years years pub, bar or club % % % % % % Boys One 10 10 13 1 10 11 Two 4 7 9 8 9 7 3 to 4 3 5 6 6 9 6 5 to 8 1 3 3 3 5 3 9+ 0 1 1 0 1 In a pub on one or more evenings in last four weeks 19 5 31 9 34 9 Not in the last four weeks 81 75 69 71 66 71 Girls One 9 10 1 13 9 11 Two 6 7 7 7 10 8 3 to 4 3 4 6 5 5 4 5 to 8 1 1 3 9+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 In a pub on one or more evenings in last four weeks 1 4 9 9 6 6 Not in the last four weeks 79 76 71 71 74 74 Total One 10 10 13 1 9 11 Two 5 7 8 7 9 8 3 to 4 3 4 6 6 7 5 5 to 8 1 3 3 4 3 9+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 In a pub on one or more evenings in last four weeks 0 5 30 9 30 7 Not in the last four weeks 80 75 70 71 70 73 Unweighted bases Boys 53 679 731 740 894 3576 Girls 543 736 753 743 853 368 Total 1075 1415 1484 1483 1747 704 Weighted bases Boys 54 710 738 73 99 365 Girls 539 698 695 760 899 3590 Total 1063 1408 1433 1483 188 715 Table 3.3 Number of evenings had an alcoholic drink in a pub, bar or club in the last four weeks, by age and sex All pupils 01 Number of Age evenings 11 1 13 14 15 Total had an years years years years years alcoholic drink in a % % % % % % pub, bar or club Boys One 0 1 1 3 Two 0 0 1 1 3 1 3 to 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 to 8-0 0-1 0 9+ - 0 0-0 0 Had a drink in the last four weeks 1 3 5 8 4 Not in the last four weeks 99 98 97 95 9 96 Girls One 0 0 1 4 Two 0 0 0 1 4 1 3 to 4 - - 0 0 1 0 5 to 8 - - 0 0 1 0 9+ - - 0 0 0 0 Had a drink in the last four weeks 1 1 3 10 4 Not in the last four weeks 99 99 98 97 90 96 Total One 0 1 1 3 3 Two 0 0 1 1 3 1 3 to 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 to 8-0 0 0 1 0 9+ - 0 0 0 0 0 Had a drink in the last four weeks 1 1 4 9 4 Not in the last four weeks 99 99 98 96 91 96 Unweighted bases Boys 535 681 731 741 889 3577 Girls 549 740 758 738 850 3635 Total 1084 141 1489 1479 1739 71 Weighted bases Boys 56 716 739 75 94 3630 Girls 544 701 701 754 897 3597 Total 1070 1416 1440 1479 181 77 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 17

Table 3.33 Who pupils usually drink with, by sex: 1996-01 Current drinkers 1996-01 Who pupil usually drinks with a Year 1996 1998 1999 004 006 008 010 b 01 b % % % % % % % % Boys Friends of both sexes 38 3 36 41 46 47 54 53 Parents 41 46 44 43 39 4 51 50 Brothers/sisters or other relatives 15 16 15 19 18 19 3 34 Friends of same sex 18 19 16 17 15 15 36 34 Girlfriend or boyfriend 5 6 3 8 8 8 13 10 Friends of opposite sex 3 4 3 6 6 7 5 5 Other people c c c c 4 4 5 11 11 Alone 4 5 3 3 1 3 Girls Friends of both sexes 50 39 45 50 54 56 63 60 Parents 38 43 41 43 37 40 48 55 Brothers/sisters or other relatives 1 16 15 1 39 40 Friends of same sex 16 16 11 18 17 15 43 40 Girlfriend or boyfriend 9 8 6 10 11 10 15 Friends of opposite sex 4 4 7 7 6 9 5 Other people c c c c 4 5 4 1 1 Alone 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total Friends of both sexes 44 36 40 45 50 5 59 57 Parents 39 44 43 43 38 41 50 53 Brothers/sisters or other relatives 14 16 15 0 0 1 35 37 Friends of same sex 17 18 14 17 16 15 39 37 Girlfriend or boyfriend 7 7 4 9 10 9 17 1 Friends of opposite sex 4 4 3 6 6 6 7 5 Other people c c c c 4 4 4 1 11 Alone 3 1 1 Unweighted bases b,d Boys 843 1415 787 690 1936 180 1476 1439 Girls 804 1396 538 544 046 177 1401 1399 Total 1647 811 535 534 398 359 877 838 Data from 1996 to 1999 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.36. c Other people was introduced as a separate answer category in 004. d Bases shown for the question about whether pupils drank alone or with other people. Bases for other questions are of a similar magnitude. 18 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.34 Who pupils usually drink with, by age and sex Current drinkers 01 Who pupil usually drinks with a Age 11-1 13 14 15 Total years years years years % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Friends of both sexes 0 39 47 70 53 Parents 70 57 50 43 50 Brothers/sisters or other relatives 33 35 37 3 34 Friends of same sex 16 8 33 41 34 Girlfriend or boyfriend 9 7 14 10 Friends of opposite sex 9 19 33 5 Other people 9 13 10 11 11 Alone 4 5 3 Girls Friends of both sexes 4 43 58 74 60 Parents 67 58 58 50 55 Brothers/sisters or other relatives 44 41 44 37 40 Friends of same sex 6 36 41 44 40 Girlfriend or boyfriend 5 8 13 19 15 Friends of opposite sex 8 16 5 30 5 Other people 14 15 14 9 1 Alone 4 0 1 1 Total Friends of both sexes 41 5 7 57 Parents 69 57 54 47 53 Brothers/sisters or other relatives 38 38 40 34 37 Friends of same sex 0 3 37 43 37 Girlfriend or boyfriend 3 9 10 17 1 Friends of opposite sex 9 17 3 3 5 Other people 11 14 1 10 11 Alone 4 3 Unweighted bases b Boys 169 49 407 614 1439 Girls 135 47 394 63 1399 Total 304 496 801 137 838 Weighted bases b Boys 156 58 398 641 145 Girls 119 17 395 651 1381 Total 74 475 79 191 833 a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases shown for the question about whether pupils drank alone or with other people. Bases for other questions are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 19

Table 3.35 Who pupils usually drink with, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week Current drinkers 01 Who pupil usually Units of alcohol in the last week drinks with a Less 1, 5, 10, 15 Total c than less less less units 1 unit b than than than or 5 10 15 more units units units % % % % % % Friends of both sexes 50 53 77 89 93 57 Parents 54 68 51 34 36 53 Brothers/sisters or other relatives 36 48 38 7 38 37 Friends of same sex 3 44 56 50 60 37 Girlfriend or boyfriend 8 13 4 36 35 1 Friends of opposite sex 19 8 45 45 58 5 Other people 10 13 14 16 0 11 Alone 4 3 3 4 Unweighted bases d 101 163 16 84 169 838 Weighted bases d 093 170 166 87 165 833 a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Includes pupils who did not drink in the last week. c Total column includes pupils who did not answer the question about how much alcohol they had drunk in the last week. d Bases shown for the question about whether pupils drank alone or with other people. Bases for other questions are of a similar magnitude. Table 3.36 Who pupils were with when last drank alcohol in a pub, bar or club, by sex Pupils who drank in a pub, bar or club in the last four weeks 01 Who pupil with when last drank alcohol in a pub, Sex Boys Girls Total bar or club a % % % Friends of both sexes 70 83 76 Friends of same sex 50 54 5 Parents 47 55 51 Friends of opposite sex 43 43 43 Brothers/sisters or other relatives 41 46 44 Girlfriend or boyfriend 4 34 9 Other people 14 1 17 Alone 4 1 3 Unweighted bases 153 135 88 Weighted bases 150 136 86 a Percentage totals more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. Table 3.37 Who pupils were with when last drank alcohol in a pub, bar or club, by age All pupils 01 Who pupil with when Age last drank alcohol in 11-13 14 15 Total a pub, bar or club a years years years % % % % Friends of both sexes 55 71 85 76 Parents 56 4 5 51 Brothers/sisters or other relatives 44 47 43 44 Friends of same sex 50 51 53 5 Girlfriend or boyfriend 4 19 34 9 Friends of opposite sex 6 40 49 43 Other people 3 0 15 17 Alone 6 1 3 Unweighted bases 56 66 166 88 Weighted bases 54 65 168 86 a Percentage totals more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. 130 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.38 Whether pupils have drunk alcohol and been drunk in the last four weeks, by sex: 006-01 All pupils 006-01 Whether drank alcohol and became drunk in last four weeks Year 006 008 010 a 01 a % % % % Boys Drank alcohol but not been drunk 15 16 1 1 Been drunk once or twice 11 10 8 7 Been drunk 3+ times 6 5 3 3 Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks b 68 69 76 79 Girls Drank alcohol but not been drunk 1 1 11 10 Been drunk once or twice 14 1 10 8 Been drunk 3+ times 9 7 5 4 Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks b 65 70 74 78 Total Drank alcohol but not been drunk 14 14 1 11 Been drunk once or twice 1 11 10 7 Been drunk 3+ times 7 6 4 3 Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks b 66 69 75 78 Unweighted bases a,b,c Boys 3774 371 3499 360 Girls 3960 3604 3465 3646 Total 7734 7316 6964 748 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.39. b Bases exclude pupils who said when they had last drunk alcohol, but who did not answer the question about whether they had been drunk in the last four weeks. These bases are different from those used to measure how many pupils have ever drunk alcohol, and so estimates shown in this table for the proportions of pupils who had never drunk alcohol are not definitive. (Definitive estimates are given in Tables 3.3a and 3.3b.) c Based on pupils who answered questions about whether they had been drunk in the last four weeks. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 131

Table 3.39 Whether pupils have drunk alcohol and been drunk in the last four weeks, by age and sex All pupils 01 Whether drank alcohol and Age became drunk in last four 11 1 13 14 15 Total weeks years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Drank alcohol but not been drunk 5 11 16 1 1 Been drunk once or twice 1 1 3 8 17 7 Been drunk 3+ times - 0 1 3 8 3 Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks a 98 94 85 73 54 79 Girls Drank alcohol but not been drunk 3 9 13 0 10 Been drunk once or twice 0 1 3 10 0 8 Been drunk 3+ times 0 0 4 11 4 Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks a 97 96 86 73 50 78 Total Drank alcohol but not been drunk 4 10 15 0 11 Been drunk once or twice 0 1 3 9 18 7 Been drunk 3+ times 0 0 3 9 3 Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks a 97 95 85 73 5 78 Unweighted bases a,b Boys 550 700 736 739 877 360 Girls 571 751 763 75 836 3646 Total 111 1451 1499 1464 1713 748 Weighted bases a,b Boys 537 733 743 77 919 3660 Girls 566 709 705 744 881 3605 Total 1103 144 1449 1471 1800 765 Table 3.40 Whether pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last four weeks had been drunk in that period, by age and sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last four weeks 01 Been drunk in last four weeks Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Boys 9 4 55 46 Girls 36 5 61 54 Total 3 48 58 50 Unweighted bases Boys 178 10 413 801 Girls 169 05 49 803 Total 347 415 84 1604 Weighted bases Boys 173 03 46 80 Girls 146 07 449 80 Total 319 410 875 1604 a Bases exclude pupils who said when they had last drunk alcohol, but who did not answer the question about whether they had been drunk in the last four weeks. These bases are different from those used to measure how many pupils have ever drunk alcohol, and so estimates shown in this table for the proportions of pupils who had never drunk alcohol are not definitive. (Definitive estimates are given in Table 3.4.) b Based on pupils who answered questions about whether they had been drunk in the last four weeks. 13 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table 3.41 Whether pupils had deliberately tried to get drunk in the last four weeks, by age and sex Pupils who were drunk in the last four weeks 01 Tried to get drunk in the last four weeks Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Boys Deliberately tried to get drunk 45 58 70 64 Did not try to get drunk 55 4 30 36 Girls Deliberately tried to get drunk 51 57 60 58 Did not try to get drunk 49 43 40 4 Total Deliberately tried to get drunk 48 57 65 61 Did not try to get drunk 5 43 35 39 Unweighted bases Boys 58 88 6 37 Girls 6 10 66 430 Total 10 190 49 80 Weighted bases Boys 49 86 3 368 Girls 5 106 7 430 Total 101 193 504 798 Table 3.4 Adverse consequences of drinking in the last four weeks, by age and sex Pupils who were drunk in the last four weeks 01 Adverse consequences of drinking a Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years % % % % Boys Felt ill or sick 4 7 30 31 Vomited 6 3 3 Had argument 1 17 17 17 Clothes damaged 1 5 18 18 Lost money 4 9 11 17 Had fight 13 15 13 13 Trouble with police 18 13 7 10 Taken to hospital 1 1 0 1 Girls Felt ill or sick 35 5 49 48 Vomited 3 9 31 30 Had argument 5 36 4 7 Clothes damaged 1 17 19 Lost money 18 17 19 18 Had fight 15 11 7 9 Trouble with police 6 7 5 6 Taken to hospital 3 3-1 Total Felt ill or sick 38 4 40 40 Vomited 4 7 7 7 Had argument 4 9 1 3 Clothes damaged 1 0 0 19 Lost money 1 15 18 Had fight 14 13 10 11 Trouble with police 1 9 6 7 Taken to hospital 0 1 Unweighted bases b Boys 48 74 08 330 Girls 54 99 53 406 Total 10 173 461 736 Weighted bases b Boys 4 69 15 36 Girls 46 103 58 407 Total 89 171 473 733 a Percentage totals more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for those who answered whether they felt ill or sick after drinking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 133

Table 3.43 Adverse consequences of drinking, by number of times have been drunk in last four weeks Pupils who were drunk in the last four weeks 01 Adverse consequences of drinking a How many times drunk in the last four weeks Once Three Total b or or twice more times % % % Felt ill or sick 39 45 40 Vomited 38 7 Had argument 15 39 3 Clothes damaged 15 9 19 Lost money 14 6 18 Had fight 5 3 11 Trouble with police 18 7 Taken to hospital 0 1 1 Unweighted bases c 479 31 736 Weighted bases c 486 3 733 a Percentage totals more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Total column includes pupils who did not say how many times they were drunk in the last four weeks. c Bases are shown for those who answered whether they felt ill or sick after drinking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 3.44 Drinking status, by number of drinkers that pupil lives with All pupils Drinking status 01 Number of drinkers pupil lives with None One Two Three Total a or more % % % % % Drank alcohol in the last week 3 10 11 0 10 Has drunk alcohol but not in the last week 14 34 34 50 31 Never drunk alcohol 83 56 55 30 58 Unweighted bases 1587 1335 730 1170 7311 Weighted bases 1666 1300 705 1194 733 a Total column includes pupils who did not say how many drinkers they lived with. Table 3.45 Perceived family attitude to pupil s drinking, by age and sex All pupils 01 Perceived family attitude Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Doesn t like pupil drinking 7 66 56 40 6 50 Doesn t mind pupil drinking if not too much 8 34 43 58 7 49 Lets pupil drink as much as he likes 0 1 0 3 1 Girls Doesn t like pupil drinking 78 76 61 41 5 54 Doesn t mind pupil drinking if not too much 1 3 38 57 73 45 Lets pupil drink as much as she likes 0 1 1 3 1 Total Doesn t like pupil drinking 75 71 59 41 5 5 Doesn t mind pupil drinking if not too much 5 9 41 57 7 47 Lets pupil drink as much as he or she likes 0 1 1 3 1 Unweighted bases Boys 546 693 73 738 880 3589 Girls 556 736 755 716 831 3594 Total 110 149 1487 1454 1711 7183 Weighted Bases Boys 536 74 740 74 919 3644 Girls 551 698 697 733 873 355 Total 1087 14 1437 1457 179 7195 134 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.46 When last drank alcohol, by perceived family attitude to pupil s drinking All pupils 01 Last drank Perceived family attitude alcohol Doesn t Doesn t Lets Total a like mind pupil pupil pupil drink as drinking drinking much as if not too he or much she likes % % % % In the last week 18 49 10 Has drunk alcohol but not in the last week 10 54 30 31 Never 87 8 1 58 Unweighted bases 3678 3386 100 7311 Weighted bases 3701 3378 98 733 a Total column includes pupils who did not answer the question about their parents attitude to their drinking. Table 3.47 Perceived family attitude to pupil s drinking, by when last drank alcohol All pupils 01 Perceived family When last drank alcohol attitude In the Has Never Total a last drunk week alcohol, not in last week % % % % Doesn t like pupil drinking 11 17 77 5 Doesn t mind pupil drinking if not too much 8 81 3 47 Lets pupil drink as much as he or she likes 6 1 0 1 Unweighted bases 743 8 4193 7183 Weighted Bases 750 8 4199 7195 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. a Total column includes pupils who did not say when they last drank alcohol. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 135

Table 3.48 Whether pupils had been drunk, by perceived family attitude to pupil s drinking All pupils 01 Been drunk in the Perceived family attitude last four weeks Doesn t Doesn t Lets Total a like mind pupil pupil pupil drink as drinking drinking much as if not too he or much she likes % % % % Been drunk in last four weeks 68 47 70 50 Unweighted bases 169 1338 65 1604 Weighted bases 17 1339 66 1604 a Total column includes pupils who did not answer the question about their parents' attitude to their drinking. Attitudes to drinking: 1999-01 Table 3.49 All pupils 1999-01 Attitudes to drinking Year 1999 001 003 004 005 006 007 008 010 a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like b b b 67 6 63 56 61 57 55 58 53 OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like b b b 31 4 8 5 3 OK to drink alcohol once a week b b b 46 39 44 36 41 36 3 3 8 OK to get drunk once a week b,c 13 14 0 14 18 15 17 1 11 10 10 Unweighted bases a,d 934 950 10147 9536 8940 8015 7650 7670 714 6305 7389 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are shown in Table 3.50. b Only the question about whether it was OK to get drunk was asked in 1999 and 001. Other questions were asked for the first time in 003. c In 1999 and 001, pupils were asked whether it was OK to get drunk every week. From 003, pupils have been asked whether it was OK to get drunk once a week. d Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about whether it was OK to try drinking once. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Data from 1999 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health 136 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.50 Attitudes to drinking, by age and sex All pupils 01 Attitudes to drinking Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like 1 35 53 65 77 53 OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like 7 15 8 48 OK to drink alcohol once a week 10 17 6 38 5 31 OK to get drunk once a week 3 5 13 1 10 Girls OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like 18 4 50 70 83 5 OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like 1 14 30 50 OK to drink alcohol once a week 7 10 19 33 48 6 OK to get drunk once a week 1 6 11 10 Total OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like 19 30 5 68 80 53 OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like 5 14 9 49 OK to drink alcohol once a week 8 13 36 50 8 OK to get drunk once a week 1 6 1 10 Unweighted bases a Boys 549 716 743 765 903 3676 Girls 567 753 775 756 86 3713 Total 1116 1469 1518 151 1765 7389 Unweighted bases a Boys 541 753 75 744 936 376 Girls 56 71 719 771 907 3671 Total 1103 1465 1471 1515 1843 7397 a Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about whether it was OK to try drinking once. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 137

Table 3.51 Attitudes to drinking, by when last drank alcohol All pupils 01 Attitudes to drinking When last drank alcohol In the Has Never Total a last drunk week alcohol, not in last week % % % % OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like 89 8 31 53 OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like 66 39 5 OK to drink alcohol once a week 75 40 13 8 OK to get drunk once a week 40 1 3 10 Unweighted bases b 735 59 4154 7389 Weighted bases b 740 56 4167 7397 a Total column includes pupils who did not answer question about when last drank alcohol. b Bases are shown for those who answered whether they thought it was OK to try drinking alcohol once. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 3.5 Attitudes to drinking, by number of times have been drunk in last four weeks Pupils who drank alcohol in the last four weeks 01 Attitudes to drinking Number of times been drunk in last four weeks Drank Once or Three Total a alcohol, twice or but not more been times drunk % % % % OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like 88 9 9 90 OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like 46 74 8 60 OK to drink alcohol once a week 63 63 78 65 OK to get drunk once a week 16 33 64 9 Unweighted bases b 78 51 41 1589 Weighted bases b 787 516 34 1588 a Total column includes pupils who did not answer the question about whether they had been drunk in the last four weeks. b Bases are shown for those who answered whether they thought it was OK to try drinking alcohol once. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 138 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.53 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age drink alcohol: 004-01 All pupils 004-01 Perceptions of how many people of Year 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 a 011 a 01 a pupil s age % % % % % % % % % drink alcohol All of them 9 10 7 8 7 8 4 5 4 Most but not all 34 36 34 36 3 34 8 31 4 About half 0 19 0 1 0 0 1 Only a few 5 3 5 4 7 5 30 9 31 None of them 1 11 1 1 13 13 16 15 0 Unweighted bases a 951 8916 796 7558 7637 7433 713 690 7368 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are shown in Table 3.54. Data from 199 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table 3.54 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age drink alcohol, by age and sex All pupils 01 Perceptions of Age how many 11 1 13 14 15 Total people of years years years years years pupil s age drink alcohol % % % % % % Boys All of them 1 1 5 6 3 Most but not all 3 4 10 30 50 About half 8 13 5 9 5 1 Only a few 33 45 45 9 14 33 None of them 55 36 18 7 4 1 Girls All of them 0 0 3 5 13 5 Most but not all 3 7 17 35 55 6 About half 8 15 6 33 Only a few 41 4 4 8 9 None of them 47 36 11 5 18 Total All of them 1 0 3 5 10 4 Most but not all 3 6 13 33 53 4 About half 8 14 6 31 4 1 Only a few 37 44 44 5 11 31 None of them 51 36 15 6 3 0 Unweighted bases Boys 547 709 75 758 903 3669 Girls 563 750 767 760 859 3699 Total 1110 1459 1519 1518 176 7368 Weighted bases Boys 541 744 760 74 936 37 Girls 560 708 710 777 904 3660 Total 1101 145 1470 1519 1840 738 Table 3.55 Fifteen year olds perceptions of how many people of pupil s age drink alcohol, by smoking status Pupils aged 15 01 Perceptions When last drank alcohol of how many people of In Has Never Total a pupil s age last drunk drink alcohol week alcohol, not in last week % % % % All of them 19 8 4 10 Most but not all 65 58 30 53 About half 13 7 9 4 Only a few 7 8 11 None of them 0 1 9 3 Unweighted bases 43 84 440 176 Weighted bases 446 879 46 1840 a Total column includes pupils who did not say when they last drank alcohol. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 139

Table 3.56 Pupils beliefs about why people their own age drink, by age and sex All pupils 01 Beliefs about why people of Age pupil s own age drink 11 1 13 14 15 Total alcohol years years years years years % % % % % % Boys To look cool in front of their friends 70 78 81 77 66 74 It gives them a rush or a buzz 4 56 68 74 74 65 To be more sociable with friends 3 44 63 75 86 63 Their friends pressure them into it 50 57 64 64 51 58 It makes them feel more confident 7 33 47 54 61 46 It helps them forget their problems 36 4 43 45 43 4 They are bored and have nothing to do 3 38 41 46 49 4 It helps them relax 3 3 39 4 33 Girls To look cool in front of their friends 78 84 86 83 7 80 It gives them a rush or a buzz 46 57 74 81 84 71 To be more sociable with friends 40 51 65 81 91 68 Their friends pressure them into it 58 68 68 65 59 63 It makes them feel more confident 9 39 51 66 75 55 It helps them forget their problems 41 53 54 59 61 55 They are bored and have nothing to do 31 36 45 51 56 45 It helps them relax 1 7 36 40 41 34 Total To look cool in front of their friends 74 81 83 80 69 77 It gives them a rush or a buzz 44 57 71 77 79 68 To be more sociable with friends 36 47 64 78 89 66 Their friends pressure them into it 54 63 66 64 55 61 It makes them feel more confident 8 36 49 60 68 50 It helps them forget their problems 39 47 49 5 5 48 They are bored and have nothing to do 3 37 43 49 5 44 It helps them relax 5 34 39 4 33 Unweighted bases a Boys 54 67 735 750 887 3586 Girls 549 733 751 745 845 363 Total 1091 1405 1486 1495 173 709 Weighted bases a Boys 53 707 740 731 93 3634 Girls 543 691 697 760 888 3579 Total 1075 1399 1437 1491 1810 713 a Bases shown for the statement that drinking alcohol helps people relax. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 140 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.57 Pupils beliefs about why people their own age drink, by when last drank alcohol All pupils 01 Beliefs about why people of When last drank alcohol pupil's own age drink alcohol In the Has Never Total a last drunk week alcohol, not in last week % % % % To look cool in front of their friends 58 75 8 77 It gives them a rush or a buzz 81 76 61 68 To be more sociable with friends 89 79 54 66 Their friends pressure them into it 41 59 65 61 It makes them feel more confident 75 6 40 50 It helps them forget their problems 58 49 46 48 They are bored and have nothing to do 59 47 39 44 It helps them relax 46 36 9 33 Unweighted bases b 71 1 4055 709 Weighted bases b 77 10 4060 713 a Total column includes pupils who did not say when they last drank alcohol. b Bases shown for the statement that drinking alcohol helps people relax. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table 3.58 Sources of helpful information about drinking alcohol, by sex All pupils 01 Sources of helpful information a Sex Boys Girls Total % % % Parents 74 75 75 Siblings 33 34 33 Other relatives 49 47 48 Friends 36 40 38 GP 35 30 3 Teachers 63 67 65 Other adults at school 34 37 36 Police in schools 47 44 45 Youth workers 6 4 5 TV 67 68 67 Radio 3 9 30 Newspapers or magazines 44 50 47 Internet 53 53 53 FRANK 18 16 17 Helplines 14 15 15 Unweighted bases b 354 3587 719 Weighted bases b 3600 3556 7156 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 3.59 Sources of helpful information about drinking alcohol, by age All pupils 01 Sources of Age helpful 11 1 13 14 15 Total information a years years years years years % % % % % % Parents 69 70 75 77 79 75 Siblings 5 30 33 36 37 33 Other relatives 43 47 47 48 5 48 Friends 3 7 37 4 51 38 GP 35 35 34 9 30 3 Teachers 58 6 67 70 67 65 Other adults at school 34 33 36 35 39 36 Police in schools 48 48 48 45 40 45 Youth workers 3 7 6 6 5 TV 56 61 68 73 74 67 Radio 7 31 30 3 31 30 Newspapers or magazines 40 43 47 50 51 47 Internet 4 46 54 59 59 53 FRANK 7 8 15 1 7 17 Helplines 16 14 14 15 14 15 Unweighted bases b 1053 1410 1476 1478 171 719 Weighted bases b 1047 141 1430 147 1796 7156 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 141

Table 3.60 Sources of helpful information about drinking alcohol, by when last drank alcohol All pupils 01 Sources of When last drank alcohol helpful information a In Has Never Total b last drunk week alcohol, not in last week % % % % Parents 78 78 7 75 Siblings 44 39 8 33 Other relatives 53 5 44 48 Friends 55 47 9 38 GP 9 31 34 3 Teachers 59 67 66 65 Other adults at school 36 36 36 36 Police in schools 40 44 47 45 Youth workers 7 7 4 5 TV 74 7 63 67 Radio 3 34 8 30 Newspapers or magazines 51 5 44 47 Internet 58 58 50 53 FRANK 7 1 13 17 Helplines 15 14 15 15 Unweighted bases c 71 19 4010 719 Weighted bases c 719 199 406 7156 a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Total includes pupils who did not say when they last drank alcohol. c Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 14 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 3.61 Estimated odds ratios for having drunk alcohol in the last week, by individual and school-level measures All pupils Variable a 01 95% confidence interval N Odds p-value Lower Upper ratio Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Sex (p=0.164) Boys 3639 1 Girls 367 0.85 0.146 0.68 1.06 Age (p<0.001) b 7311 1.38 <0.001 1.3 1.54 Ethnicity (p=0.75) White 5894 1 Mixed 318 0.5 0.05 0.7 1.01 Asian 548 1.00 0.997 0.51 1.95 Black 53 0.87 0.711 0.4 1.8 Other/not given 98 0.94 0.859 0.48 1.84 Smoking status (p<0.001) Non-smoker 6715 1 Occasional smoker 67.9 <0.001 1.6 3.3 Regular smoker 90.19 <0.001 1.43 3.36 Not given 39 0.83 0.814 0.17 3.99 Drug use (p<0.001) Never 5693 1 Taken drugs, but not in the last month 688 1.5 0.010 1.11.09 Taken drugs in the last month 47 1.80 0.001 1.8.53 Not given 503 1.1 0.68 0.66 1.89 Ever truanted (p<0.001) No 68 1 Yes 830 1.69 <0.001 1.3.17 Not given 199.38 0.011 1. 4.64 Number of drinkers at home (p=0.003) None 1587 1 One 1335 1.64 0.018 1.09.46 Two 730 1.93 0.001 1.3.8 Three or more 1170.15 <0.001 1.43 3.3 Not given 489 1.54 0.140 0.87.7 Family attitudes to pupil s drinking (p<0.001) Doesn t like pupil drinking 3678 1 Doesn t mind, as long as pupil doesn t drink too much 3386.81 <0.001.09 3.77 Lets pupil drink as much as s/he likes 100 7.0 <0.001 3.88 1.70 Not given 147 1.79 0.159 0.79 4.05 How many people of pupil s age drink? (p<0.001) All of them 71 1 Most but not all 1740 0.55 0.001 0.39 0.77 About half 1535 0.7 <0.001 0.19 0.40 Only a few 30 0.16 <0.001 0.10 0.7 None of them 1353 0.09 <0.001 0.04 0.1 Not given 18 0.38 0.008 0.19 0.77 a P-value for each variable excludes missing values. b Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional year of age. c Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional percentage point Continued Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 013 143

Table 3.61 continued All pupils Variable a 01 95% confidence interval N Odds p-value Lower Upper ratio People of my age drink alcohol because it makes them feel confident (p<0.001) False 350 1 True 3475 1.49 <0.001 1.0 1.86 Not given 316 1.75 0.48 0.67 4.55 People of my age drink alcohol because they are bored and have nothing to do (p=0.030) False 413 1 True 459 1.30 0.030 1.03 1.64 Not given 306 0.80 0.69 0.6.46 People of my age drink alcohol to look cool in front of their friends (p=0.005) False 394 1 True 3059 0.68 0.005 0.5 0.89 Not given 310 0.43 0.143 0.14 1.34 People of my age drink alcohol because their friends pressure them into it (p<0.001) False 1558 1 True 5468 0.60 <0.001 0.48 0.75 Not given 85 1.58 0.360 0.59 4.3 Percentage of pupils in school whose first language is not English (p=0.018) c 7311 0.98 0.018 0.97 1.00 Region (p=0.08) North East 758 1 North West/Merseyside 783 1.07 0.788 0.67 1.70 Yorkshire and the Humber 670 1.7 0.34 0.79.05 East Midlands 1049 1.13 0.567 0.74 1.75 West Midlands 947 1.31 0.51 0.83.07 Eastern 1010 0.8 0.404 0.51 1.31 London 545 0.93 0.845 0.47 1.87 South East 647 1.15 0.541 0.73 1.8 South West 90 0.73 0.180 0.46 1.16 a P-value for each variable excludes missing values. b Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional year of age. c Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional percentage point 144 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

4 Drug use Helen Henderson Key findings for 01 In 01, the prevalence of illicit drug use was at similar levels as in 011. 17% of pupils had ever taken drugs, 1% had taken them in the last year and 6% in the last month. These levels are the lowest measured since 001, when the current method of measuring drug use was begun. The prevalence of ever having taken drugs increased with age from 7% of 11 year olds to 31% of 15 year olds. There were similar patterns for drug use in the last year (from 4% to 4%) and in the last month (from % to 13%). Boys and girls were equally likely to have ever taken drugs, and the same was true for drug use in the last year or in the last month. Pupils who had taken drugs in the last year were most likely to have taken cannabis (7.5%). % of pupils said that they usually took drugs at least once a month (this survey s definition of frequent drug use). In 01, 8% of pupils had ever been offered drugs. Drug use in the last year was strongly associated with other risky behaviours: smoking, drinking alcohol, truancy and exclusion from school. Pupils from minority ethnic groups were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year than White pupils. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 145

4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Background The use of legal and illegal drugs by young people is associated with immediate and longterm risks to their health and wellbeing. There are concerns about the relationship between drug use and mental health problems among young people. For example, there is evidence to suggest that young people who use recreational drugs run the risk of damage to mental health including suicide, depression, psychotic symptoms and disruptive behaviour disorders. 1, Over time, drug users run the risk of dependence. 3 Already vulnerable young people have an increased risk of drug use: 10 to 15 year olds are more likely to take drugs if they have experienced truancy, exclusion from school, homelessness, time in care, or serious or frequent offending. 4 In December 010, the government published its drug strategy, Reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery: supporting people to live a drug-free life. 5 The strategy aims to reduce drug use both by discouraging young people from trying illicit drugs and by providing support and treatment for those with drug problems. The strategy focuses on early intervention and support for vulnerable young people and families through local authorities. Youth justice services will be encouraged to address drug or alcohol misuse as contributory factors in young people s offending. Young people at risk or already showing signs of dependency will have rapid access to specialist support that tackles their misuse as well as the wider issues they face. The strategy identifies the need for high quality drug and alcohol education within schools, supported by external agencies such as voluntary organisations and charities. Schools have also been given stronger disciplinary powers to address problem behaviour. In September 01, the Department for Education, jointly with the Association of Chief Police Officers, published drug advice for schools, which summarised the twin approaches of delivering quality drug education (including education about smoking and alcohol), and having a clear disciplinary approach to drug-related problems within schools. 6 Drug misuse by young people was also central to the first ten-year drug strategy, Tackling drugs to build a better Britain, 7 published by the previous government in 1998. The Updated drug strategy, published in 00, emphasised education, prevention and treatment as ways to tackle problematic drug use. 8 The second ten-year drug strategy, Drugs: protecting families and communities, published in 008, 9 was based on a three-year action plan, which included measures designed to increase young people s awareness of the risks of drug and alcohol misuse in order to change their attitudes and behaviour, as well as providing advice and information to parents to increase their involvement in preventing young people s drug taking. 10 4.1. Measuring drug use Survey measures Principal survey measures include the proportion of pupils who had taken specific drugs in the last year and last month, including particular Class A drugs. The questionnaire covers the following drugs or types of drugs: amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, crack, ecstasy, heroin, ketamine, LSD, magic mushrooms, mephedrone, methadone, poppers (e.g. amyl nitrite), tranquillisers, volatile substances such as gas, glue, aerosols and other solvents, and other drugs (not obtained from a doctor or chemist). Within the questionnaire, pupils are asked about each drug in turn, including a series of questions on whether they had heard of the drug, been offered it, ever tried it and, if so, when they had last taken the drug. A fictional drug, Semeron, is also asked about to measure for exaggerations in the reporting of drug use; it is not discussed within the report. Changes in the method of measuring drug use This series of surveys first collected information on the prevalence of drug use among young people in 1998, and the current method of measuring drug use was introduced in 001. 11 146 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

The effect of the changes, from a grid format to a repeated sequence of questions about each drug, was such that findings from 001 onwards are not comparable with those from surveys between 1998 and 000. As a result, trend data are shown in this report from 001 only. Data from previous surveys can be found in earlier reports. 1 There have been two other small changes made to the core questions about drugs since 001. In 004, the questions relating to amphetamines were reworded to refer to speed and other amphetamines, instead of amphetamines, the wording taken in previous years. 13 Ketamine was added to the list of drugs asked about in 005 and mephedrone was added in 01, replacing anabolic steroids. Drug classification The following table lists the specific drugs that pupils were asked about in this survey, and indicates the classification under the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) and its subsequent amendments. 14 The Act classifies controlled substances into three categories according to their harmfulness, with Class A drugs considered the most harmful. 15 Table 4A Classifications of drugs covered by the survey Drug Mode of use Classification Amphetamines Inject A Ecstasy Oral A Cocaine Sniff and inject A Crack Inject or smoke A Heroin Smoke, inject or sniff A LSD Oral A Magic mushrooms Oral A Methadone Oral A Amphetamines Sniff or oral B Cannabis Smoke or oral B Mephedrone Sniff and inject B Tranquillisers Oral or inject B/C (depends on drug) Ketamine Oral, sniff or inject C Poppers Sniff It is an offence for anyone other than a licensed outlet, such as a pharmacist, to supply amyl nitrite. Other types of poppers, for example butyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite, 16 are legal to possess and supply. 17 Glue Sniff It is an offence to supply these substances if it is likely Gas Sniff that the product is intended for abuse. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. This chapter includes estimates of the prevalence of use of Class A drugs. It is important to note the following points: The Class A drugs mentioned in the survey (amphetamines if prepared for injection, ecstasy, cocaine, crack, heroin, LSD, magic mushrooms and methadone) are not an exhaustive list of Class A drugs. Some drugs are classified according to the method of delivery taken. For example, amphetamines are Class B drugs if taken orally and Class A drugs if injected. Methylamphetamine (crystal meth), included in the category Speed and other amphetamines, was reclassifed to Class A in all its forms on 18th January 007. The current questionnaire does not allow a distinction between methylamphetamine and other forms of amphetamines. For the sake of comparability with previous years, this survey has continued to define all amphetamines as Class A if injected, and otherwise Class B. Within the Drugs Act 005, 18 raw magic mushrooms were classified as Class A drugs; this came into force on 18th July 005. Previously, magic mushrooms were Class A drugs only if prepared, for example dried or stewed. The survey questionnaire has never made the distinction and magic mushrooms have always been counted as Class A drugs in the analysis. Cannabis was reclassified from a Class C to a Class B drug on 6th January 009. 19 Mephedrone was classified as a Class B drug from April 010. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 147

4.1.3 Outline of content This chapter covers the following topics: Prevalence and frequency of drug use Drug use among vulnerable young people Availability and awareness of drugs Information about drug use Factors associated with drug use in the last year and the last month. 4. Prevalence and frequency of drug use 4..1 Prevalence of drug use Since 001, there has been an overall decline in the prevalence of drug use among pupils. The proportion of pupils who reported ever having taken drugs decreased from 9% in 001 to 17% in 01. Over the same period, the proportion of pupils who had taken drugs in the last year decreased from 0% to 1% and those who had taken drugs in the last month from 1% to 6%. In 01, the proportions of pupils who had taken drugs were at similar levels to those measured in 011. 17% of pupils had ever taken drugs, 1% had taken them in the last year and 6% had taken them in the last month. (Tables 4.1-4.3, Figure 4.1) Figure 4.1 Took drugs in the last month, last year and ever: 001-01 All pupils 40 Ever taken drugs In the last year In the last month 30 Percent 0 10 0 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 01 Year Older pupils were more likely to report that they had taken drugs. For example, 7% of 11 year olds said they had taken drugs at least once, compared with 31% of 15 year olds. This pattern was also seen for drug use in the last year (4% of 11 year olds, compared with 4% of 15 year olds), and in the last month (% of 11 year olds, compared with 13% of 15 year olds). (Tables 4.1-4.3, Figure 4.) Similar proportions of boys and girls had taken drugs, whether ever, in the last year, and in the last month. When volatile substance use is excluded, boys were more likely than girls to report having ever taken drugs (1% compared with 10%) and having taken drugs in the last month (6% and 4%). (The difference between the proportions of boys and girls who had taken drugs apart from volatile substances in the last year was not statistically significant.) (Tables 4.4, 4.5) 4.. Types of drugs taken in the last year In 01, as in previous years, cannabis was the most widely used drug among 11 to 15 year olds; 7.5% of pupils reported taking it in the last year. This figure is similar to that seen in 011 (7.6%), but continues the overall downward trend in prevalence of cannabis use since 148 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Figure 4. Took drugs in the last month, last year and ever, by age All pupils 40 Took drugs, not in the last year In the last year (but not last month) In the last month 30 Percent 0 10 0 11 years 1 years 13 years Age 14 years 15 years 001. Use of volatile substances, such as glues, gases, aerosols and solvents, was reported by 3.6% of pupils in 01, a similar proportion to 011 (3.5%). Sniffing poppers in the last year was reported by 0.8% of pupils in 01, continuing the decline from a high of 4.9% in 007. 0.7% of pupils reported that they had taken mephedrone in the last year (measured for the first time in 01). For all other drug types, the proportion of pupils who reported any use in the last year was also below 1%. (Tables 4.6a-4.6c, Figure 4.3) Figure 4.3 Took cannabis, volatile substances or poppers in the last year: 001-01 All pupils 5 Cannabis Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Poppers 0 Percent 15 10 5 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 0 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 01 Year As in previous years, in 01 the proportion of pupils who had taken cannabis in the last year increased with age from 0.1% of 11 year olds to 18.6% of 15 year olds. There were similar patterns for most other drugs, for example ecstasy, cocaine and poppers, although at a relatively low level of prevalence. However, the prevalence of sniffing glue, gas and other volatile substances in the last year was similar across all ages. (Tables 4.7a-4.8, Figure 4.4) In 01, Class A drug use remained relatively rare among pupils;.% reported taking one of the eight Class A drugs asked about in the last year. From 001 to 009, this proportion was around 4% but fell to.4% in 010 and has remained at a similar level since. (Tables 4.6a-4.6c) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 149

Figure 4.4 Took volatile substances, cannabis or Class A drugs in the last year, by age All pupils 5 Glue, gas, aerosols, solvents Cannabis Any Class A drug 0 Percent 15 10 5 0 11 years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years Age In 01, 75% of pupils who had taken drugs in the last year reported only having taken one type of drug, and 5% had taken two or more. Boys were more likely than girls to have only taken cannabis in the last year (50% and 41% respectively). Conversely, girls were more likely than boys to have only used volatile substances (6% and 0% respectively). Other differences between boys and girls in patterns of drug use over the last year were not significant. (Table 4.9) Of those who reported any drug use in the last year, older pupils were more likely than younger pupils to have taken two or more types of drug in that time (17% of 11 to 13 year olds, rising to 9% of 15 year olds). Younger pupils were more likely to report that their only drug use in the last year was volatile substances (5% of 11 to 13 year olds compared with 9% of 15 year olds), whilst older pupils were most likely to have taken cannabis, but not other drugs (56% of 15 year olds compared with 1% of 11 to 13 year olds). (Table 4.9) 4..3 Frequency of drug use In addition to questions about use of individual drugs, pupils were asked questions about their drug use in general, specifically how many times they had taken drugs in the last year and how often they usually took them. These were based on a filter question. The estimates of drug use in the last year derived from this question are different from those reported elsewhere and should not be considered definitive. 0 Pupils who said they had taken drugs in the last year were asked on how many occasions they had taken drugs and how often, if at all, they usually did so. Figures for 01 were broadly similar to those reported in previous years; 3% of all pupils said they had only ever taken drugs on one occasion, 3% said they had taken them on two to five occasions, 1% reported they had taken them on six to ten occasions, and % reported having taken drugs on more than ten occasions. (Table 4.10) In 01, % of all pupils reported usually taking drugs at least once a month. This figure has decreased from a peak of 7% in 003 when this question was first asked. (Table 4.1) For all pupils, reported drug use frequency of at least once a month increased with age from less than 0.5% for 11 to 1 year olds, to 5% of 15 year olds. Boys were more likely than girls to report taking drugs at least once a month (3% and % respectively). (Table 4.13) 150 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

4.3 Vulnerable pupils and drug use Some young people whose circumstances or patterns of behaviour already make them the focus of concern have been shown to be vulnerable to problematic drug use. 4 These include those who truant or have been excluded from school. 1 Pupils were asked whether they had ever stayed away from school without permission (truanted/bunked off) or been excluded from school. It should be noted that pupils own reports of truancy and exclusion are not verified as part of the survey and so they should be interpreted with caution. In addition, regular truants and those excluded from school during the fieldwork period were almost certainly underrepresented in the sample, despite additional effort to include them. In 01 1% of pupils in the sample reported that they had ever truanted from school and 9% had been excluded. Overall, 18% reported either truanting, having been excluded from school or both (data not shown). In 01, pupils who had ever truanted or had been excluded from school were more likely to report usually taking drugs at least once a month than those who had never truanted or had never been excluded (10% compared with 1%). This proportion is lower than in 011 (1%) and maintains the overall decline in the prevalence of frequent drug use amongst this group of vulnerable pupils since 003, when it was 1%. (Table 4.14) Pupils who had ever played truant or been excluded were more likely to report taking Class A drugs in the last year (9%) than those who had never truanted or been excluded (1%). This is at a similar level to recent years, although lower than in 003, when it was 14%. (Table 4.15) 4.4 Availability and awareness of drugs 4.4.1 Whether pupils have been offered drugs Pupils were asked which types of drugs they had ever been offered. Since 001, there has been a decline in the proportion of pupils who report having been offered drugs. In 01, 8% of pupils reported ever being offered any drug, a similar proportion as in 011 (9%). Pupils were most likely to have been offered cannabis (19%) or volatile substances (9%). (Table 4.16, Figure 4.5) Figure 4.5 Proportion of pupils who have been offered drugs: 001-01 All pupils Any drug Cannabis Volatile substances 50 40 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent 30 0 10 0 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 01 Year For all types of drug, the likelihood that pupils had been offered them increased with age. By the age of 15, 49% of pupils had been offered at least one of the drugs asked about, compared with 9% of 11 year olds. As pupils were asked whether they had ever been offered drugs, this result reflects not only that older pupils are more likely to be offered drugs, but also that they had a longer period to refer to. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 151

Boys were more likely than girls to say they had been offered any drugs (30% of boys compared with 7% of girls). Boys were more likely than girls to have been offered cannabis (1% compared with 16%), girls were more likely than boys to have been offered volatile substances (10% compared with 8%). (Tables 4.17a-4.17c) 4.4. Awareness of individual drugs As in previous years, there was a widespread awareness of illegal drugs among pupils in 01. Around nine in ten pupils had heard of cocaine (9%), heroin (89%) and cannabis (87%). Fewer pupils had heard of the other drugs listed. Poppers (35%), ketamine (35%) and mephedrone (44%) were the least well-known. (Table 4.18) 4.5 Sources of information about drugs 4.5.1 Sources of helpful information about drugs Pupils were asked about where they had received helpful information about drugs. Overall, pupils were most likely to get helpful information from teachers (66%), parents (63%) or TV (60%). As in previous years, helplines were the source least likely to be found helpful by pupils (15%). (Table 4.19) There were differences between the sources boys and girls found helpful. Girls were more likely than boys to mention newspapers or magazines. Otherwise, where significant differences existed between boys and girls, boys were more likely than girls to cite sources as helpful. There were also differences by age; older pupils were more likely to mention most sources of information compared with younger pupils. In particular, there were strong increases by age in the proportions of pupils who mentioned friends (from 7% of 11 year olds to 49% of 15 year olds), teachers (from 56% to 70%), TV (from 51% to 65%) and FRANK 3 from 8% to 38%). (Table 4.0) 4.6 Factors associated with drug use in the last year 4.6.1 Using logistic regression to analyse drug use A logistic regression model was used to explore which pupil and environmental characteristics were associated with having taken drugs in the last year. The model allows each characteristic to be considered independently by controlling for the effects of the other, sometimes related, factors. For, example drug use is associated with increased age, and with smoking; but older pupils are more likely to smoke. The model allows an evaluation of the strength of the relationship between each of these variables and pupils drug use. The model identifies associations, not causes; in other words, factors which identify pupils with an increased or decreased risk of having taken drugs in the last year. These variations in risk are expressed as odds ratios and expressed relative to a reference category, which is given a value of 1. Odd ratios greater than 1 indicate higher odds (increased risk), and odds ratios less than 1 indicate lower odds (reduced risk). Also shown are 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio. Where the interval does not include 1, this category is significantly different from the reference category. For further information on the logistic regression method used, see Appendix B. 4.6. The variables included in the model The model included key variables relevant to pupils and their schools. The final model was developed using an iterative process to test for significant associations. Sex, age, ethnicity and region were included in all models. Otherwise, variables were rejected if the association with drug use was not significant. This method enabled the exploration of a large number of potential predictor variables. 15 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

The variables tested in the model are listed below. Most variables are categorical; those marked * are continuous. 4 Variables in bold were retained in the final model. Pupil level variables (taken from the pupil questionnaire) Sex Age* Ethnicity (White, Mixed, Asian, Black, other/not given) Smoking status (non-smoker, occasional smoker, regular smoker) Whether drunk alcohol (never drunk alcohol, has drunk alcohol but not in the last week, drank alcohol in the last week) Ever truanted (never truanted, truanted but not in the last year, truanted in the last year) Ever been excluded (never excluded, excluded but not in the last year, excluded in the last year) Receives free schools meals (an indicator of low family income) Number of books in the home 5 (none, very few, enough to fill one shelf, enough to fill one bookcase, enough to fill two bookcases, enough to fill three or more bookcases) Self reported wellbeing (not low wellbeing (score 10-0), low wellbeing (score 0-9)) 6 School-level variables (taken from the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) s Register of Schools, 7 performance data and the teacher questionnaire) Region School type (comprehensive, grammar, secondary modern, independent) School type (community school, academy, independent, foundation school, voluntary aided school, voluntary controlled school) Sex of school intake (mixed, boys only, girls only) GCSE attainment in quintiles Percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals* Percentage of pupils whose first language was not English* Faith school (none/not known, Christian denomination, other religion) Frequency of teaching about drugs in Year 7 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about drugs in Year 8 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about drugs in Year 9 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about drugs in Year 10 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about drugs in Year 11 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 4.6.3 Factors associated with drug use in the last year Sex and age After controlling for other factors, there was no significant difference between boys and girls. Although age was strongly associated with drug use in the last year, once other variables were taken into account, the increase in the odds of having taken drugs in the last year with each additional year of age was not statistically significant. This is because some of the variables that were most strongly associated with drug use in the last year (for example, smoking, drinking alcohol and truancy) were also strongly associated with age. Ethnicity Compared with White pupils, pupils of Mixed, Asian and Black ethnicity were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year (odds ratios: 1.80,.36, 1.97 respectively). Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 153

Smoking and drinking alcohol As in previous years, smoking and drinking alcohol were strongly associated with drug taking. Both regular and occasional smokers were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year (odds ratios=15.10, and 6.79 respectively). Compared with non-drinkers, pupils who had drunk alcohol were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year (odds ratios of 8.03 for pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week, 4.60 for those who had drunk alcohol but less recently). Truancy and exclusion Pupils who had truanted from school were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year compared with pupils who had never truanted (odds ratio=.71). Similarly, pupils who had been excluded from school were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year compared with pupils who had never been excluded (odds ratio=1.77). Wellbeing Pupils whose wellbeing score was less than 10 were considered to have relatively low levels of wellbeing. They were more likely than pupils whose wellbeing scores were higher to have taken drugs in the last year (odds ratio=1.55). Other individual characteristics Other pupil characteristics in the model were not significantly associated with having taken drugs in the last year. School characteristics Pupils likelihood of having taken drugs in the last year increased with the percentage of pupils at their school whose first language was not English, independently of their own ethnicity (odds ratio=1.01). Pupils likelihood of having taken drugs was reduced as the proportion of pupils in their school who were eligible for free school meals increased (odds ratio=0.99). Again, this was independent of pupils own eligibility. Region and other school characteristics, such as the type of school and the frequency of teaching about drugs in lessons, were not significantly associated with whether or not pupils had taken drugs in the last year. (Table 4.1) Notes and references 1 BMA (003) Adolescent Health, BMA London. http://bma.org.uk/about-the-bma/how-wework/professional-activities-and-special-interest/board-of-science/board-of-science-publications Patton G et al (00) Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study. BMJ. 00 November 3; 35(7374): 1195 1198. http://www.bmj.com/content/35/7374/1195.1.full.pdf 3 Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (006) Pathways to problems. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pathways-to-problems 4 Becker J and Roe S (005) Drug use among vulnerable groups of young people: findings from the 003 Crime and Justice Survey. http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/r54.pdf 5 Home Office (010) Drug strategy 010 reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery: supporting people to live a drug-free life. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/drug-strategy- 010-6 Department for Education and the Association of Chief Police Officers (01) DfE and ACPO drug advice for schools. http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/pupilsupport/pastoralcare/health/drug/a000357/drug-advicefor-schools 7 Home Office (1998). Tackling drugs to build a better Britain, Cm 3945, Stationery Office. http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm39/3945/3945.htm 8 Home Office (00) Updated drug strategy 00, which can be accessed via the University of Stirling s online drug and alcohol library http://www.drugslibrary.stir.ac.uk/documents/uk_ds00.pdf 9 Home Office (008) Drugs: protecting Families and Communities. The 008 drugs strategy http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/0100418065544/http://drugs.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugstrategy/ 154 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

10 HM Government (008) Drugs: protecting families and communities. action plan 008-011. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/0100418065544/http://drugs.homeoffice.gov.uk/publication -search/drug-strategy/drug-strategy-008f6ce.html?view=standard&pubid=531716 11 The questionnaire was revised following development work for the 001 survey, which included cognitive testing of questions about drug use, described in full in the 001 report (Boreham R and Shaw A (00) Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 001 TSO, London). As a result, two major changes were made to the questionnaire. The core drug questions were changed to the current format; information is collected about pupils knowledge and experience of 15 individual drugs by asking a series of questions about each drug separately. This replaced the approach of previous surveys; pupils were presented with a list of around 15 drugs shown in grid format on a single page, and were asked which ones they had heard of, been offered and had taken. Evidence from testing suggested that pupils found the grid format difficult to answer, and as a result they were more likely to miss some questions. At the same time, it was found that the term using drugs was associated with regular use rather than trying drugs once or taking them occasionally, and the question wording was changed so that pupils were asked about whether they had ever tried drugs rather than ever used drugs. Comparison of data from the 000 and 001 surveys showed that in 001 there was less missing data and significantly higher reporting of volatile substance use. Given that volatile substances were at the bottom of the list of drugs taken in previous survey questionnaires, it is likely that the difference in reporting was due to the change in question format rather than a real change in behaviour. 1 Trend data concerning drug use from surveys in this series between 1998 and 000 are available in Fuller E (ed) (006) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 005. The NHS Information Centre, Leeds. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/sdd05fullreport 13 Recorded awareness of amphetamines since 001 had not followed the increase generally observed for other drugs. Cognitive testing suggested two potential problems; low awareness of the term amphetamines (the drug was more commonly known as speed ); and, for some children, problems with reading the word amphetamines on a written questionnaire though they might recognise it when said out loud. Because of this change, the measures of awareness, having been offered and having ever tried this drug in this report are not strictly comparable with estimates from 003 and before. 14 The 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act, HMSO, London http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/contents 15 See https://www.gov.uk/penalties-drug-possession-dealing for a summary of current classifications. 16 Amyl nitrite is covered by the Medicines Act 1968; it is legally available on prescription only. See http://www.opsi.gov.uk/revisedstatutes/acts/ukpga/1968/cukpga_19680067_en_1 17 There is some question as to whether these alkyl nitrites, legally available in products such as room deodorants, but also sold by sex shops and other outlets, should be covered by the Medicines Act. See http://www.drugscope.org.uk/resources/drugsearch/drugsearchpages/nitrites.htm 18 The 005 Drugs Act can be found at http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts005/ukpga_0050017_en_1 19 Cannabis was previously reclassified from Class B to Class C on 9th January 004. 0 The prevalence rates of drug use measured by the questions about drugs in general are lower than the key survey estimates reported earlier, based on pupils responses to questions about individual drugs; the latter estimates should be considered definitive. In response to the question about drug use in general, 13% of pupils reported that they had ever taken any drug, whereas the proportion who had ever taken any of the 15 individual drugs listed in the questionnaire (including other drugs) was 17%. The figures for drug use in the last year were 8% in response to the single question, and 1% when reported use of individual drugs was combined. Similar disparities have been noted in previous years. 1 Other groups include looked-after children, those who have experienced homelessness and persistent offenders, none of whom are identified by this survey. If more than four pupils were absent when the survey was carried out, the interviewer returned to the school at a time when those pupils were likely to be present (see Appendix A). Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 3 http://www.talktofrank.com/ 4 Categorical variables are those which group data in a specific number of discrete categories; for example, in this survey, sex has two categories: boy and girl. Continuous variables present data as a continuous range; for example, the percentage of pupils in a school who receive free school meals: from 0 to 100. 5 Used as a proxy measure of social class 6 Wellbeing was measured using a validated scale developed by the Children s Society, based on Huebner s life satisfaction scale,. See Rees G, Bradshaw J, Goswami H, Keung A (010) Understanding children s well-being: a national survey of young people s well-being. Children s Society, London. http://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/tcs/research_docs/understanding%0children% 7s%0wellbeing.pdf 7 The sample of schools was drawn from NFER s register of schools, which included 009 data for some indicators used in the logistic regression model. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 155

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Table 4.1 Proportion of pupils who have ever taken drugs, by sex and age: 001-01 a,b,c All pupils 001-01 Ever taken drugs Year 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11 years 13 1 16 11 15 10 13 10 9 7 7 7 1 years 16 18 17 14 16 13 15 1 14 8 7 8 13 years 30 4 8 4 19 0 3 17 14 15 15 14 years 35 39 37 36 36 3 35 6 7 1 1 18 15 years 51 49 49 44 46 40 4 38 43 33 31 3 Total 30 9 31 6 8 4 6 3 3 18 18 17 Girls 11 years 1 1 15 10 13 10 8 6 9 11 6 7 1 years 17 1 17 15 15 11 1 11 13 9 7 7 13 years 7 4 7 0 3 19 1 19 16 13 14 14 14 years 37 3 38 3 36 31 3 7 7 0 0 0 15 years 45 43 48 4 44 40 41 38 37 30 8 9 Total 8 5 30 5 7 4 4 1 1 18 16 17 Total 11 years 1 1 15 11 14 10 11 8 9 9 6 7 1 years 17 15 17 14 16 1 14 11 13 9 7 8 13 years 8 4 7 19 0 1 17 13 14 15 14 years 36 35 38 34 36 3 33 6 7 0 0 19 15 years 48 46 49 43 45 40 41 38 40 3 9 31 Total 9 7 30 6 8 4 5 18 17 17 Unweighted bases c Boys 11 years 78 803 80 795 680 553 558 578 549 53 457 513 1 years 877 950 980 96 864 769 783 734 714 715 610 663 13 years 90 968 104 960 904 734 758 73 79 689 564 708 14 years 866 91 974 944 881 781 745 79 684 665 591 708 15 years 1008 109 113 105 967 870 889 908 865 86 717 869 Total 4435 4734 491 4713 496 3707 3733 3681 3541 3418 939 3461 Girls 11 years 76 754 811 778 670 586 54 586 575 546 495 57 1 years 939 99 103 886 836 787 69 737 75 681 605 715 13 years 90 905 101 90 877 808 741 75 74 699 66 733 14 years 90 95 940 890 99 754 683 741 70 70 600 733 15 years 933 998 1086 1005 940 971 856 85 849 787 755 838 Total 4474 4511 487 4461 45 3906 3514 3641 3593 3433 3117 3546 Total 11 years 1544 1557 1631 1573 1350 1139 1100 1164 114 1069 95 1040 1 years 1816 1879 003 1848 1700 1556 1475 1471 1439 1396 115 1378 13 years 18 1873 036 186 1781 154 1499 1457 1453 1388 16 1441 14 years 1786 1846 1914 1834 1810 1535 148 1470 1404 1385 1191 1441 15 years 1941 090 09 057 1907 1841 1745 1760 1714 1613 147 1707 Total 8909 945 9793 9174 8548 7613 747 73 7134 6851 6056 7007 a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b The 003 report contained revisions of the previously published estimates for 00. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are of a similar magnitude to the weighted bases shown in Table 4.5. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 157 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

Table 4. Proportion of pupils who took drugs in the last year, by sex and age: 001-01 a,b,c All pupils 001-01 Took drugs in the last Year 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 c 011 c 01 c year % % % % % % % % % % % % Boys 11 years 7 7 8 6 7 7 8 5 5 4 4 1 years 8 10 11 8 11 8 8 6 7 4 3 6 13 years 0 17 19 16 15 13 11 14 10 9 10 9 14 years 6 9 7 7 6 3 4 19 19 16 16 13 15 years 41 39 39 33 34 8 3 30 3 7 6 4 Total 1 1 18 19 17 18 16 16 13 13 1 Girls 11 years 4 6 7 4 6 5 4 4 5 3 4 1 years 9 6 9 8 8 6 7 5 6 5 4 3 13 years 18 16 17 13 14 1 14 13 10 8 9 9 14 years 7 5 9 3 7 3 4 18 18 13 13 14 15 years 36 34 36 3 34 30 30 8 7 4 1 3 Total 19 18 0 17 19 16 17 14 14 1 11 1 Total 11 years 6 6 8 5 6 6 6 4 5 5 3 4 1 years 9 8 10 8 9 7 8 5 7 4 3 4 13 years 19 16 18 14 15 1 1 13 10 8 9 9 14 years 7 7 8 5 6 3 4 19 19 14 14 13 15 years 39 37 38 3 34 9 31 9 30 5 3 4 Total 0 0 1 18 19 17 17 15 15 1 1 1 Unweighted bases c Boys 11 years 779 797 81 79 673 553 554 576 547 51 453 51 1 years 865 945 976 958 858 765 780 78 710 711 607 66 13 years 894 960 101 953 899 77 750 730 73 686 561 708 14 years 860 916 964 936 867 770 735 7 679 663 588 707 15 years 996 1088 111 1044 956 866 878 903 861 80 713 867 Total 4394 4706 4876 4683 453 3681 3697 3659 350 3401 9 3456 Girls 11 years 759 753 808 774 668 583 541 585 574 546 494 55 1 years 939 97 100 885 87 783 687 735 7 681 605 714 13 years 915 903 1004 899 870 805 733 719 73 694 658 730 14 years 916 91 936 886 97 75 679 739 716 718 597 730 15 years 99 993 1077 999 931 965 849 848 845 785 75 835 Total 4458 4497 4845 4443 43 3888 3489 366 3580 344 3106 3534 Total 11 years 1538 1550 160 1566 1341 1136 1095 1161 111 1067 947 1037 1 years 1804 187 1996 1843 1685 1548 1467 1463 143 139 11 1376 13 years 1809 1863 016 185 1769 153 1483 1449 1446 1380 119 1438 14 years 1776 1837 1900 18 1794 15 1414 1461 1395 1381 1185 1437 15 years 195 081 189 043 1887 1831 177 1751 1706 1605 1465 170 Total 885 903 971 916 8476 7569 7186 785 7100 685 608 6990 a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b The 003 report contained revisions of the previously published estimates for 00. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are of a similar magnitude to the weighted bases shown in Table 4.5. 158 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.3 Proportion of pupils who took drugs in the last month, by sex and age: 001-01 a,b,c All pupils 001-01 Took drugs in the last Year 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 c 011 c 01 c month % % % % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11 years 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 3 1 years 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 1 1 3 13 years 11 9 11 8 8 7 5 9 6 5 5 4 14 years 17 19 17 17 16 15 14 10 10 9 8 7 15 years 5 6 5 1 18 19 18 1 16 15 15 Total 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 7 7 7 Girls 11 years 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 years 4 3 5 4 4 3 4 3 3 1 13 years 9 8 8 7 8 6 7 7 6 3 4 6 14 years 15 15 18 13 16 1 15 11 11 6 5 8 15 years 19 0 19 16 16 14 13 13 10 11 Total 11 10 1 9 10 8 9 7 7 6 5 6 Total 11 years 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 1 years 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 3 3 13 years 10 8 9 7 8 6 6 8 6 4 5 5 14 years 16 17 17 15 16 13 15 10 10 7 7 7 15 years 4 3 1 0 17 17 16 17 14 13 13 Total 1 1 1 10 11 9 10 8 8 7 6 6 Unweighted bases c Boys 11 years 778 794 810 79 67 55 551 576 545 50 45 51 1 years 861 941 973 954 851 764 77 78 707 707 606 659 13 years 887 950 1005 95 891 7 745 7 70 685 561 708 14 years 85 910 951 93 853 764 77 716 673 659 584 704 15 years 98 1077 1101 1034 941 855 868 899 848 81 711 860 Total 4360 467 4840 4664 408 3657 3663 3641 3493 3383 914 3443 Girls 11 years 759 751 806 774 667 58 540 584 57 546 493 54 1 years 937 94 1017 883 85 780 685 73 71 680 605 714 13 years 913 897 997 897 865 801 730 716 7 691 65 730 14 years 911 914 99 878 91 745 677 737 714 715 593 77 15 years 919 987 1069 990 9 958 838 837 835 778 744 89 Total 4439 4473 4818 44 400 3866 3470 3606 3564 3410 3087 354 Total 11 years 1537 1545 1616 1566 1339 1134 1091 1160 1117 1066 945 1036 1 years 1798 1865 1990 1837 1676 1544 1457 1460 148 1387 111 1373 13 years 1800 1847 00 1849 1756 153 1475 1438 144 1376 113 1438 14 years 1763 184 1880 1810 1774 1509 1404 1453 1387 1374 1177 1431 15 years 1901 064 170 04 1863 1813 1706 1736 1683 1590 1455 1689 Total 8799 9145 9658 9086 8408 753 7133 747 7057 6793 6001 6967 a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b The 003 report contained revisions of the previously published estimates for 00. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are of a similar magnitude to the weighted bases shown in Table 4.5. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 159 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

Table 4.4 Proportion of pupils who have taken drugs (including and excluding volatile substances) ever, in the last year and in the last month, by sex: 001-01 a,b,c All pupils 001-01 Taken drugs Year 001 00 003 b 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Boys All drugs Ever taken drugs 30 9 31 6 8 4 6 3 3 18 18 17 Taken drugs in the last year 1 1 18 19 17 18 16 16 13 13 1 Taken drugs in the last month 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 7 7 7 Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs 1 1 19 19 18 17 16 15 13 1 1 Taken drugs in the last year 17 18 18 15 15 14 14 13 1 11 11 10 Taken drugs in the last month 11 11 10 9 10 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 Girls All drugs Ever taken drugs 8 5 30 5 7 4 4 1 1 18 16 17 Taken drugs in the last year 19 18 0 17 19 16 17 14 14 1 11 1 Taken drugs in the last month 11 10 1 9 10 8 9 7 7 6 5 6 Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs 17 17 18 16 18 16 15 13 1 11 9 10 Taken drugs in the last year 15 14 15 13 15 13 13 10 10 9 8 8 Taken drugs in the last month 9 8 9 7 8 7 7 5 5 4 4 4 Total All drugs Ever taken drugs 9 7 30 6 8 4 5 18 17 17 Taken drugs in the last year 0 0 1 18 19 17 17 15 15 1 1 1 Taken drugs in the last month 1 1 1 10 11 9 10 8 8 7 6 6 Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs 19 19 0 18 18 17 16 14 13 1 11 11 Taken drugs in the last year 16 16 16 14 15 13 13 1 11 10 9 9 Taken drugs in the last month 10 10 10 8 9 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 Unweighted bases c,d Boys 4360 4734 491 4713 496 3707 3733 3681 3540 3417 951 3473 Girls 4439 4511 487 4461 45 3906 3514 3641 360 3435 317 3557 Total 8799 9145 9658 9086 8408 753 747 73 714 685 6078 7030 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b The 003 report contained revisions of the previously published estimates for 00. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are of a similar magnitude to those shown in Table 4.5. d Bases shown for any drug use excluding volatile substances. Other bases may vary slightly. 160 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.5 Proportion of pupils who have taken drugs (including and excluding volatile substances) ever, in the last year and in the last month, by age and sex All pupils 01 Taken drugs Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys All drugs Ever taken drugs 7 8 15 18 3 17 Taken drugs in the last year 4 6 9 13 4 1 Taken drugs in the last month 3 3 4 7 15 7 Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs 1 3 8 14 7 1 Taken drugs in the last year 1 6 11 10 Taken drugs in the last month 1 1 3 7 14 6 Girls All drugs Ever taken drugs 7 7 14 0 9 17 Taken drugs in the last year 4 3 9 14 3 1 Taken drugs in the last month 1 1 6 8 11 6 Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs 1 1 6 1 3 10 Taken drugs in the last year 1 0 5 10 1 8 Taken drugs in the last month 0 0 3 6 10 4 Total All drugs Ever taken drugs 7 8 15 19 31 17 Taken drugs in the last year 4 4 9 13 4 1 Taken drugs in the last month 5 7 13 6 Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs 1 7 13 5 11 Taken drugs in the last year 1 1 6 11 1 9 Taken drugs in the last month 1 1 3 6 1 5 Unweighted bases a Boys 516 663 710 71 87 3473 Girls 530 719 735 731 84 3557 Total 1046 138 1445 1443 1714 7030 Weighted bases a Boys 510 699 719 696 908 3531 Girls 55 677 678 746 887 3513 Total 1035 1376 1397 144 1795 7045 a Bases shown for drug use excluding volatile substances. Other bases may vary slightly. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 161

Table 4.6a Proportion of boys who have taken individual drugs in the last year: 001-01 a,b All boys 001-01 Type of drugs taken in the last year Year 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Cannabis 14.3 14.4 14. 1. 1. 10.8 9.6 10.1 9.8 8.8 8.9 7.9 Any stimulants d 5.8 6.5 6. 5.3 5.7 5.8 6.4 5.1 3.7.5.9.5 Cocaine 1.1 1. 1.3 1.4.1 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.5 0.8 1.1 1.0 Crack 0.9 0.9 1. 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.7 Ecstasy 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.4 0.8 1.1 1.1 Amphetamines e 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.8 Poppers 3.7 4.7 4.1 3. 3.4 3.6 4.5 3.0 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.7 Mephedrone f f f f f f f f f f f f 0.8 Any psychedelics g.7.1.8.6.5.7.0.6.4 1.6 1.6 1.3 LSD 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.4 Magic mushrooms.4 1.8.6. 1.9 1.9 1. 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.1 0.7 Ketamine h h h h h 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 Any opiates 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 Heroin 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 Methadone 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.3 0.4 0. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents 6.6 6. 7.0 5.3 6.1 4.6 5.6 4.8 5.4 3. 3.1 3. Tranquillisers 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.4 Other drugs 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.7 0. 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7 0. Any Class A drug i 4.5 3.8 4.8 3.9 4.4 4.7 3.8 4.3 3.8.3.7.4 Any drug 1.3 1.4 1.6 18.5 19.3 16.8 17.6 15.9 15.7 13.0 1.7 1.3 Any drug (excluding volatile substances) 17.4 17.4 17.5 14.9 15.3 14.1 13.9 1.9 1. 10.6 10.8 9.8 Unweighted bases (boys) c,j 4687 5081 550 5000 4667 3994 4064 3943 3837 3646 3138 3771 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.7a. d The 01 estimate for stimulants includes mephedrone. e Surveys from 004 onwards asked about speed and other amphetamines. See note 13. f Mephedrone was measured for the first time in 01. g From 005, estimates for psychedelics include ketamine. h Ketamine was measured for the first time in 005. I See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. j Bases show numbers of boys with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 16 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.6b Proportion of girls who have taken individual drugs in the last year: 001-01 a,b All girls 001-01 Type of drugs taken in the last year Year 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Cannabis 1.4 11.9 1.4 10.3 11. 9.4 9. 7.8 8.1 7.5 6.3 7.1 Any stimulants d 5.4 5.9 6.1 5.6 6.6 6.5 7.4 4.7 3.4.9.0.7 Cocaine 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.6.1 1.6 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.8 Crack 1. 1.0 1. 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 0. 0. 0.3 Ecstasy 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.7 Amphetamines e 1.1 1. 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 1. 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.7 Poppers 3.1 3.8 3.9 3.6 4.4 4.8 5.3.8 1.8 1.6 1.0 0.8 Mephedrone f f f f f f f f f f f f 0.6 Any psychedelics g. 1.5.0.0.3 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.6 1. 1.0 LSD 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 Magic mushrooms 1.7 1. 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.6 Ketamine h h h h h 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 Any opiates 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 Heroin 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0. 0. Methadone 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 0.1 0. 0. 0.7 0.3 0. Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents 7.7 6.4 8. 5.8 7.3 5.6 6.8 5. 5.6 4.3 3.9 3.9 Tranquillisers 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0. 0. 0. 0.3 Other drugs 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0. 0.4 0. 0. 0.5 0.4 0.3 Any Class A drug i 4.1 3.6 3.9 3.9 4.4 3.8 4. 3.0 3.3.5 1.9 1.9 Any drug 19.4 18.0 0.5 16.7 18.8 16.3 17.0 14.1 13.9 11.9 10.8 11.5 Any drug (excluding volatile substances) 14.8 14.4 15.1 13. 14.6 1.7 1.7 10. 10.0 8.8 7.7 8.5 Unweighted bases (girls) c,j 4670 4749 511 4666 4507 4138 3749 3811 3811 3596 3308 3763 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.7b. d The 01 estimate for stimulants includes mephedrone. e Surveys from 004 onwards asked about speed and other amphetamines. See note 13. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. f Mephedrone was measured for the first time in 01. g From 005, estimates for psychedelics include ketamine. h Ketamine was measured for the first time in 005. I See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. j Bases show numbers of girls with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 163

Table 4.6c Proportion of pupils who have taken individual drugs in the last year: 001-01 a,b All pupils 001-01 Type of drugs taken in the last year Year 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Cannabis 13.4 13. 13.3 11.3 11.7 10.1 9.4 9.0 8.9 8. 7.6 7.5 Any stimulants d 5.6 6. 6.1 5.4 6. 6. 6.9 4.9 3.6.7.5.6 Cocaine 1. 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.7 1. 0.9 0.8 0.9 Crack 1.1 1.0 1. 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 Ecstasy 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1. 0.9 0.8 0.9 Amphetamines e 1.1 1. 1. 1.3 1. 1. 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 Poppers 3.4 4.3 4.0 3.4 3.9 4. 4.9.9 1.8 1.5 1.0 0.8 Mephedrone f f f f f f f f f f f f 0.7 Any psychedelics g.4 1.8.4.3.4. 1.9.1. 1.6 1.4 1.1 LSD 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 Magic mushrooms.1 1.5.1.0 1.8 1.4 1. 1.3 1.5 1.0 0.9 0.6 Ketamine h h h h h 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 Any opiates 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.5 Heroin 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 Methadone 0. 0. 0. 0.1 0. 0.3 0. 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0. Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents 7.1 6.3 7.6 5.6 6.7 5.1 6. 5.0 5.5 3.8 3.5 3.6 Tranquillisers 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0. 0.4 0.4 Other drugs 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.6 0. 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0. Any Class A drug i 4.3 3.7 4.3 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.6 3.6.4.3. Any drug 0.4 19.7 1.0 17.6 19.1 16.5 17.3 15.0 14.8 1.5 11.8 11.9 Any drug (excluding volatile substances) 16.1 15.9 16.3 14.0 15.0 13.4 13.3 11.6 11.1 9.7 9.3 9.1 Unweighted bases (pupils) c,j 9357 9830 10371 9666 9174 813 7813 7754 7648 74 6491 7534 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.7a. d The 01 estimate for stimulants includes mephedrone. e Surveys from 004 onwards asked about speed and other amphetamines. See note 13. f Mephedrone was measured for the first time in 01. g From 005, estimates for psychedelics include ketamine. h Ketamine was measured for the first time in 005. I See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. j Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 164 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.7a Proportion of boys who have taken individual drugs in the last year, by age a All boys 01 Type of drugs Age taken in the 11 1 13 14 15 Total last year years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis 0. 1. 4.9 9.6 18.8 7.9 Any stimulants 0.6 1.1 1. 1.8 6..5 Cocaine 0.3 0.6 0.4 1.. 1.0 Crack - 0.4 0.4 1.0 1. 0.7 Ecstasy - 0.3 0.6 0.8 3.3 1.1 Amphetamines 0. 0.3 0. 1.0 1.8 0.8 Poppers 0. 0. 0.4 0.8 1.5 0.7 Mephedrone - 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.8 0.8 Any psychedelics 0.6 0.3 1.0 1.8.4 1.3 LSD 0. 0.1 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.4 Magic mushrooms 0. 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 0.7 Ketamine 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.5 Any opiates 0. 0.1 0.8 0.6 1.4 0.7 Heroin - 0.1 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.5 Methadone 0. 0.1 0.4 0. 0.5 0.3 Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents.4 3.5 3.8.9 3. 3. Tranquillisers - 0. 0. 0.8 0.8 0.4 Other drugs 0.1 0. 0. 0. 0.3 0. Any Class A drug b 0.7 0.7 1.5.0 5.8.4 Any drug 3.7 5.5 9.0 13.1 4.5 1.3 Any drug (excluding volatile substances) 1.3.1 6.3 11..3 9.8 Unweighted bases (boys) c 567 731 771 779 93 3771 Weighted bases (boys) c 558 766 778 760 957 3819 a Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. b See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases show numbers of boys with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 165

Table 4.7b Proportion of girls who have taken individual drugs in the last year, by age a All girls 01 Type of drugs Age taken in the 11 1 13 14 15 Total last year years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis - 0.3 3.4 8.6 18.3 7.1 Any stimulants 0.5 0.1 1.5.7 7.1.7 Cocaine - - 0. 1.0.3 0.8 Crack - - 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.3 Ecstasy - 0.1 0.5 0.9 1.6 0.7 Amphetamines - 0.1 0.4 0.7 1.7 0.7 Poppers 0.5-0. 0.6.4 0.8 Mephedrone - 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.6 0.6 Any psychedelics 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.3.5 1.0 LSD 0.1-0.3 0.6 0.7 0.4 Magic mushrooms 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.5 0.6 Ketamine - - 0.3 0.7 1.1 0.5 Any opiates 0. - 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 Heroin 0. - 0.7 0.3 0.1 0. Methadone - - 0. 0.3 0.4 0. Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents.8.7 4.6 5.4 3.9 3.9 Tranquillisers - 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 Other drugs - - 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 Any Class A drug b 0.3 0.1 1.4. 4.5 1.9 Any drug 3.7 3. 8.7 13.8.8 11.5 Any drug (excluding volatile substances) 0.9 0.5 4.7 9.9 0.7 8.5 Unweighted bases (girls) c 58 766 784 76 869 3763 Weighted bases (girls) c 576 73 76 778 916 3719 a Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. b See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases show numbers of girls with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 166 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.7c Proportion of pupils who have taken individual drugs in the last year, by age a All pupils 01 Type of drugs Age taken in the 11 1 13 14 15 Total last year years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis 0.1 0.8 4. 9.1 18.6 7.5 Any stimulants 0.6 0.6 1.3.3 6.6.6 Cocaine 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1. 0.9 Crack - 0. 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 Ecstasy - 0. 0.6 0.8.4 0.9 Amphetamines 0.1 0. 0.3 0.8 1.7 0.7 Poppers 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.7.0 0.8 Mephedrone - 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.7 0.7 Any psychedelics 0.3 0. 0.8 1.5.4 1.1 LSD 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 Magic mushrooms 0. 0. 0.4 0.7 1.4 0.6 Ketamine 0. 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.5 Any opiates 0. 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.5 Heroin 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 Methadone 0.1 0.1 0.3 0. 0.5 0. Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents.6 3.1 4. 4. 3.5 3.6 Tranquillisers - 0. 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.4 Other drugs 0.1 0.1 0.3 0. 0.4 0. Any Class A drug b 0.5 0.4 1.4.1 5.. Any drug 3.7 4.4 8.9 13.4 3.7 11.9 Any drug (excluding volatile substances) 1.1 1.3 5.6 10.5 1.5 9.1 Unweighted bases (pupils) c 1149 1497 1555 1541 179 7534 Weighted bases (pupils) c 1134 1489 1504 1538 1873 7538 a Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. b See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 167

Table 4.8 Proportion of pupils who have taken individual drugs ever, in the last year and in the last month, by sex a All pupils 01 Type of drug Boys Girls Total taken Ever Taken Taken Ever Taken Taken Ever Taken Taken taken in last in last taken in last in last taken in last in last year month year month year month % % % % % % % % % Cannabis 9.8 7.9 4.6 8. 7.1 3.3 9.0 7.5 4.0 Any stimulants 3.1.5 1.5 3..7 1.1 3.1.6 1.3 Cocaine 1. 1.0 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.4 1. 0.9 0.4 Crack 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.3 0. 0.7 0.5 0.3 Ecstasy 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.9 0.7 0. 1.1 0.9 0.5 Amphetamines 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.3 Poppers 1.1 0.7 0.5 1. 0.8 0. 1. 0.8 0.3 Mephedrone 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.3 Any psychedelics 1.8 1.3 0.7 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.6 1.1 0.6 LSD 0.5 0.4 0. 0.5 0.4 0. 0.5 0.4 0. Magic mushrooms 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.6 0. 1.0 0.6 0.3 Ketamine 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0. 0.5 0.5 0.3 Any opiates 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 0. 0.7 0.5 0.3 Heroin 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0. 0.1 0.5 0.4 0. Methadone 0.3 0.3 0. 0.3 0. 0.1 0.3 0. 0.1 Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents 6.8 3. 1.5 8.6 3.9 1.6 7.7 3.6 1.6 Tranquillisers 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.4 0. Other drugs 0.4 0. 0.1 0.3 0.3 0. 0.3 0. 0. Any Class A drug b 3.3.4 1.3.4 1.9 1.1.9. 1. Any drug 17.4 1.3 7.1 16.9 11.5 5.8 17.1 11.9 6.5 Any drug (excluding volatile substances) 1. 9.8 5.9 9.8 8.5 4.3 11.0 9.1 5.1 Unweighted bases c 3771 3771 3771 3763 3763 3763 7534 7534 7534 Weighted bases c 3819 3819 3819 3719 3719 3719 7538 7538 7538 a Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. b See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 168 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.9 Summary of drugs taken in the last year, by age and sex Pupils who took drugs in the last year 01 Summary of drugs taken Age 11-13 14 15 Total years years years years % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Took one type of drug only 81 78 74 77 Cannabis only 5 6 60 50 Volatile substances only 45 14 9 0 Any Class A drug a 6 - Any other type of drug 5 4 4 Took two or more types of drug 19 6 3 Two or more types of drug, but no Class A drugs a 10 16 3 18 Two or more types of drug, including at least one Class A drug a 9 6 3 6 Girls Only took one type of drug 85 73 67 73 Cannabis only 17 4 53 41 Volatile substances only 60 8 9 6 Any Class A drug a 3 1 Any other type of drug 5 1 5 4 Took two or more types of drug 15 7 33 7 Two or more types of drug, but no Class A drugs a 9 15 19 15 Two or more types of drug, including at least one Class A drug a 6 1 14 11 Total Only took one type of drug 83 75 71 75 Cannabis only 1 51 56 46 Volatile substances only 5 9 3 Any Class A drug a 5 1 1 Any other type of drug 5 4 4 Took two or more types of drug 17 5 9 5 Two or more types of drug, but no Class A drugs a 10 16 1 17 Two or more types of drug, including at least one Class A drug a 8 9 8 8 Unweighted bases Boys 11 88 18 47 Girls 104 98 188 390 Total 5 186 406 817 Weighted bases Boys 1 91 0 433 Girls 99 103 01 403 Total 1 193 41 835 a See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 169

Table 4.10 Number of occasions pupils have ever taken drugs, by sex: 003-01 a All pupils 003-01 Number of occasions taken drugs Year 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % Boys Once 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3-5 occasions 5 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 6-10 occasions 1 1 1 1 1 More than 10 occasions 6 5 5 4 4 3 4 3 3 Taken drugs, not in last year b 8 7 9 6 9 6 7 5 5 4 Never taken drugs b 75 80 77 8 78 83 81 87 85 88 Girls Once 5 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3-5 occasions 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 6-10 occasions 3 1 1 1 1 1 More than 10 occasions 5 4 5 4 4 3 3 Taken drugs, not in last year b 8 7 8 7 7 6 7 5 6 5 Never taken drugs b 75 80 76 81 79 83 8 86 86 87 Total Once 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3-5 occasions 5 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 6-10 occasions 1 1 1 1 1 More than 10 occasions 5 4 5 4 4 3 3 3 Taken drugs, not in last year b 8 7 8 6 8 6 7 5 5 4 Never taken drugs b 75 80 76 81 78 83 8 86 85 88 Unweighted bases a Boys 5053 4914 4468 3900 3878 3855 3696 3600 979 3687 Girls 5006 4615 4366 4070 3657 3757 370 3567 3156 3700 Total 10059 959 8834 7970 7535 761 7416 7167 6135 7387 Data from 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.11. b Estimates shown in this table for the proportion of pupils who had taken drugs, but not in the last year, and the proportion who had never taken drugs are based on a filter question. They are not definitive and may vary from estimates shown elsewhere in this report. See note 0. 170 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.11 Number of occasions pupils have ever taken drugs, by age and sex All pupils 01 Number of occasions taken drugs Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Once 1 1 4-5 occasions 1 1 3 6-10 occasions 0-1 1 1 1 More than 10 occasions - 1 1 3 6 3 Taken drugs, not in last year a 3 5 5 5 4 Never taken drugs a 94 94 90 88 80 88 Girls Once 1 4 4 3-5 occasions 0 1 3 7 3 6-10 occasions - 0 1 1 1 More than 10 occasions - 0 4 Taken drugs, not in last year a 3 3 5 6 6 5 Never taken drugs a 95 94 89 84 78 87 Total Once 3 4 3-5 occasions 1 1 3 5 3 6-10 occasions 0 0 1 1 1 1 More than 10 occasions - 0 1 3 5 Taken drugs, not in last year a 3 5 5 6 4 Never taken drugs a 95 94 89 86 79 88 Unweighted bases Boys 554 70 747 766 900 3687 Girls 565 756 769 75 858 3700 Total 1119 1476 1516 1518 1758 7387 Unweighted bases Boys 548 757 754 745 934 3737 Girls 561 713 709 768 905 3656 Total 1109 1469 1463 1513 1838 7393 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. a Estimates shown in this table for the proportion of pupils who had taken drugs, but not in the last year, and the proportion who had never taken drugs are based on a filter question. They are not definitive and may vary from estimates shown elsewhere in this report. See note 0. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 171

Table 4.1 Proportions of pupils who usually take drugs at least once a month, by sex and age: 003-01 a,b All pupils 003-01 Usually takes drugs at Year 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b least once % % % % % % % % % % a month Boys 11-1 years 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 years 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 14 years 10 8 7 5 7 4 5 3 5 4 15 years 16 1 13 8 9 8 1 5 10 5 Total 7 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 Girls 11-1 years 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 13 years 5 4 4 0 14 years 9 5 9 6 7 6 5 3 3 15 years 13 11 1 8 10 6 7 4 6 4 Total 6 5 6 4 5 3 3 Total 11-1 years 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 13 years 5 4 3 3 3 1 1 14 years 10 7 8 5 7 5 5 3 4 3 15 years 15 11 13 8 10 7 10 5 8 5 Total 7 5 6 4 5 3 4 3 Unweighted bases b Boys 11-1 years 1889 1878 1651 147 1416 1403 1355 1313 110 173 13 years 1051 997 947 768 795 771 776 77 570 747 14 years 984 959 897 81 774 75 689 698 588 765 15 years 1116 106 953 883 883 917 868 857 71 896 Total 5040 4896 4448 3890 3868 3843 3688 3595 97 3681 Girls 11-1 years 1907 1739 1574 1449 1313 1374 1363 185 1119 131 13 years 1036 934 894 850 771 74 755 73 658 768 14 years 961 911 934 77 695 764 737 739 616 751 15 years 1089 1017 934 988 867 866 853 80 755 856 Total 4993 4601 4336 4059 3646 3746 3708 3558 3148 3696 Total 11-1 years 3796 3617 35 876 79 777 718 598 1 594 13 years 087 1931 1841 1618 1566 1513 1531 1459 18 1515 14 years 1945 1870 1831 1584 1469 1516 146 1437 104 1516 15 years 05 079 1887 1871 1750 1783 171 1659 1467 175 Total 10033 9497 8784 7949 7514 7589 7396 7153 610 7377 a The answer categories for usual frequency of drug use were slightly different in 004. In every year shown, the question included the categories I take drugs most days and I take drugs at least once a week. In every year except 004, there was an additional category, I take drugs once or twice a month. In 004, this category was replaced by two different categories: I take drugs two or three times a month and I take drugs once a month. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 011 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.13 17 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.13 Usual frequency of drug use, by age and sex All pupils 01 Usual frequency of drug use Age 11-1 13 14 15 Total years years years years % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Most days 0 1 1 1 1 At least once a week 0 0 1 1 Once or twice a month 0 1 3 1 At least once a month a 1 4 5 3 A few times a year 0 0 1 3 1 Once a year or less often 1 1 0 1 Taken drugs in last year but only ever taken drugs once 1 4 Taken drugs, not in last year b 5 5 5 4 Never taken drugs b 94 90 88 80 89 Girls Most days - 1 0 1 0 At least once a week - 0 1 1 1 Once or twice a month 0 1 1 At least once a month a 0 3 4 A few times a year 0 1 3 5 Once a year or less often 1 1 1 4 Taken drugs in last year but only ever taken drugs once 4 4 3 Taken drugs, not in last year b 3 5 6 6 5 Never taken drugs b 95 89 84 78 87 Total Most days 0 1 1 1 1 At least once a week 0 0 1 1 1 Once or twice a month 0 1 1 At least once a month a 0 3 5 A few times a year 0 1 4 Once a year or less often 1 1 1 3 1 Taken drugs in last year but only ever taken drugs once 3 4 3 Taken drugs, not in last year b 3 5 5 6 4 Never taken drugs b 94 89 86 79 88 Unweighted bases Boys 173 747 765 896 3681 Girls 131 768 751 856 3696 Total 594 1515 1516 175 7377 Weighted bases Boys 1304 754 743 99 379 Girls 174 708 768 90 3651 Total 578 146 1510 1831 7381 a At least once a month is the sum of Most days, At least once a week and Once or twice a month. Individual categories may not add to this total due to rounding. b Estimates shown in this table for the proportion of pupils who had taken drugs, but not in the last year, and the proportion who had never taken drugs are based on a filter question. They are not definitive and may vary from estimates shown elsewhere in this report. See note 0. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 173

Table 4.14 Proportion of pupils who usually take drugs at least once a month, by whether ever truanted or excluded: 003-01 a,b All pupils 003-01 Usually takes drugs at least once a month Year 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Truanted or excluded 1 17 18 11 14 11 14 8 1 10 Never truanted or excluded 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total c 7 5 6 4 5 3 4 3 Unweighted bases b Truanted or excluded 073 1896 1998 190 1736 1499 1446 16 1093 171 Never truanted or excluded 7767 7470 6651 596 5654 6011 5801 5790 4934 5993 Total c 10033 9497 8784 7949 7514 7589 7396 7153 610 7377 a The answer categories for usual frequency of drug use were slightly different in 004. In every year shown, the question included the categories I take drugs most days and I take drugs at least once a week. In every year except 004, there was an additional category, I take drugs once or twice a month. In 004, this category was replaced by two different categories: I take drugs two or three times a month and I take drugs once a month. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are as follows: Truanted or excluded: n=180; Never truanted or excluded: n=5988. c Total includes pupils who did not say whether they had ever truanted or been excluded from school. Table 4.15 Proportion of pupils who took Class A drugs in the last year, by whether ever truanted or excluded: 003-01 a,b All pupils 003-01 Took Class A drugs in the last year Year 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Truanted or excluded 14 14 14 14 13 1 1 9 8 9 Never truanted or excluded 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total c 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Unweighted bases b Truanted or excluded 1983 1879 003 1867 178 1477 146 1178 1116 131 Never truanted or excluded 7500 799 6550 5764 553 5908 5683 5641 4949 5843 Total c 9650 9307 870 7741 7396 7451 788 6940 6195 7183 a See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are as follows: Truanted or excluded: n=180; Never truanted or excluded: n=5848. c Total includes pupils who did not say whether they had ever truanted or been excluded from school. 174 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.16 Proportion of pupils who have ever been offered individual drugs: 001-01 a,b All boys 001-01 Type of drug offered Year 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Cannabis 7 8 7 5 5 3 1 18 19 19 Any stimulants c 1 3 0 0 19 17 13 13 13 Cocaine 9 9 9 8 9 9 10 9 8 6 6 6 Crack 9 7 9 8 8 7 8 7 6 5 5 5 Ecstasy 10 9 9 7 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 4 Amphetamines d 7 6 6 7 7 6 6 6 5 4 4 4 Poppers 10 1 1 11 1 1 13 10 7 5 4 3 Mephedrone e e e e e e e e e e e e 3 Any psychedelics f 1 11 1 1 13 11 10 10 10 8 8 7 LSD 6 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 Magic mushrooms 10 9 10 10 11 8 8 7 8 6 5 5 Ketamine g g g g g 3 3 Any opiates 8 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 Heroin 7 6 7 5 6 5 6 5 5 4 5 4 Methadone 1 3 Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents 0 17 19 14 18 14 16 13 14 10 10 9 Tranquillisers 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Other drugs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Any drug 4 40 4 36 39 35 36 33 33 8 9 8 Unweighted bases (pupils) c,h 9357 9859 10390 9715 9175 813 7813 7754 7649 796 6493 7538 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the proportions of pupils who had been offered drugs from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.7c. c The 01 estimate for stimulants includes mephedrone. d Surveys from 004 onwards asked about speed and other amphetamines. See note 13. e Mephedrone was measured for the first time in 01. f From 005, estimates for psychedelics include ketamine. g Ketamine was measured for the first time in 005. h Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 175

Table 4.17a Proportion of boys who have ever been offered individual drugs, by age All boys 01 Type of drug offered Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis 3 6 15 7 44 1 Any stimulants 4 6 11 14 3 13 Cocaine 4 4 7 1 6 Crack 1 3 6 6 8 5 Ecstasy 1 5 9 4 Amphetamines 0 5 7 4 Poppers 1 3 7 3 Mephedrone 1 1 3 8 3 Any psychedelics 3 6 8 15 8 LSD 1 1 7 3 Magic mushrooms 1 4 6 10 5 Ketamine 0 1 3 6 3 Any opiates 3 7 7 8 6 Heroin 3 6 6 6 5 Methadone 1 1 3 Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents 4 7 9 9 11 8 Tranquillisers 1 1 3 5 3 Other drugs 0 1 0 1 1 1 Any drug 10 15 6 34 5 30 Unweighted bases (boys) a 567 73 771 780 94 3774 Weighted bases (boys) a 558 767 778 761 958 38 a Bases show numbers of boys with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 176 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.17b Proportion of girls who have ever been offered individual drugs, by age All girls 01 Type of drug offered Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis 1 11 0 38 16 Any stimulants 3 3 11 14 4 1 Cocaine 6 8 1 7 Crack 1 1 7 6 8 5 Ecstasy 1 1 3 4 10 4 Amphetamines 0 1 5 9 4 Poppers 1 1 9 3 Mephedrone 0 0 7 3 Any psychedelics 1 4 8 15 7 LSD 0 0 1 4 7 3 Magic mushrooms 1 3 6 9 5 Ketamine 0 0 1 4 Any opiates 1 6 6 9 5 Heroin 1 1 5 5 7 4 Methadone - 0 4 Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents 6 7 11 13 13 10 Tranquillisers 1 0 3 Other drugs - 0 1 1 1 0 Any drug 8 1 3 47 7 Unweighted bases (girls) a 58 767 784 76 869 3764 Weighted bases (girls) a 576 74 76 778 916 370 a Bases show numbers of girls with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 177

Table 4.17c Proportion of pupils who have ever been offered individual drugs, by age All pupils 01 Type of drug offered Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis 4 13 4 41 19 Any stimulants 3 5 11 14 4 13 Cocaine 3 5 7 1 6 Crack 1 6 6 8 5 Ecstasy 1 1 3 4 10 4 Amphetamines 0 1 5 8 4 Poppers 1 1 3 8 3 Mephedrone 1 1 3 7 3 Any psychedelics 1 5 8 15 7 LSD 1 1 3 7 3 Magic mushrooms 1 4 6 10 5 Ketamine 0 1 5 Any opiates 6 6 9 5 Heroin 6 5 7 4 Methadone 0 1 4 Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents 5 7 10 11 1 9 Tranquillisers 1 1 4 Other drugs 0 0 1 1 1 1 Any drug 9 13 4 33 49 8 Unweighted bases (pupils) a 1149 1499 1555 154 1793 7538 Weighted bases (pupils) a 1134 1491 1504 1539 1874 754 a Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 178 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.18 Proportion of pupils aware of individual drugs: 001-01 a,b All boys 001-01 Aware of drug Year 001 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % % % Cannabis 91 9 9 9 91 89 90 90 91 89 89 87 Any stimulants c 97 96 97 96 97 96 97 96 96 95 96 95 Cocaine 94 93 94 94 94 9 94 94 94 93 94 9 Crack 84 85 89 87 89 87 89 88 88 87 86 83 Ecstasy 81 81 8 78 76 73 75 74 7 68 68 64 Amphetamines d 57 54 5 71 70 66 65 6 60 56 57 5 Poppers 5 53 55 48 50 50 5 50 49 43 40 35 Mephedrone e e e e e e e e e e e e 44 Any psychedelics f 80 80 81 80 84 81 81 81 8 79 79 76 LSD 64 6 60 56 55 54 55 54 54 50 51 51 Magic mushrooms 74 75 77 77 79 76 76 77 78 74 73 70 Ketamine g g g g g 31 31 30 31 3 31 35 35 Any opiates 94 93 95 93 94 9 93 93 93 93 93 90 Heroin 93 93 94 9 93 91 9 9 93 9 91 89 Methadone 55 55 53 49 51 51 55 56 58 64 64 57 Tranquillisers 74 71 73 70 70 67 71 67 67 64 63 58 Other drugs 4 5 6 3 5 4 3 Not heard of any of these drugs 3 3 3 3 Unweighted bases (pupils) c,h 9357 983 10364 9668 9181 8135 7818 7756 7674 743 6503 7538 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the proportions of pupils who were aware of drugs from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.7c. c The 01 estimate for stimulants includes mephedrone. d Surveys from 004 onwards asked about speed and other amphetamines. See note 13. e Mephedrone was measured for the first time in 01. f From 005, estimates for psychedelics include ketamine. g Ketamine was measured for the first time in 005. h Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 179

Table 4.19 Sources of helpful information about drug use, by sex All pupils 01 Sources of helpful information Sex Boys Girls Total % % % Parents 65 6 63 Siblings 31 9 30 Other relatives 44 38 41 Friends 38 37 37 GP 37 31 34 Teachers 66 67 66 Other adults at school 37 38 37 Police in schools 51 46 49 Youth workers 9 4 6 TV 6 58 60 Radio 3 5 9 Newspapers or magazines 41 44 4 Internet 53 50 5 FRANK 4 1 Helplines 16 15 15 Unweighted bases a 3493 3548 7041 Weighted bases a 3554 3518 7071 a Bases shown are for those responding to the question about parents. Bases for other variables may vary slightly. Table 4.0 Sources of helpful information about drug use, by age All pupils 01 Sources of Age helpful 11 1 13 14 15 Total information years years years years years % % % % % % Parents 61 60 65 66 64 63 Siblings 5 7 30 3 33 30 Other relatives 39 41 41 4 4 41 Friends 7 30 35 39 49 37 GP 36 34 36 3 33 34 Teachers 56 61 69 7 70 66 Other adults at school 35 33 37 38 41 37 Police in schools 48 49 51 51 46 49 Youth workers 3 8 9 8 6 TV 51 55 61 63 65 60 Radio 8 9 7 9 9 9 Newspapers or magazines 36 41 43 45 45 4 Internet 40 45 5 57 59 5 FRANK 8 11 18 8 38 Helplines 16 15 14 15 16 15 Unweighted bases a 1039 1389 1457 1463 1693 7041 Weighted bases a 1033 1391 1415 1459 1773 7071 a Bases shown are for those responding to the question about parents. Bases for other variables may vary slightly. 180 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 4.1 Estimated odds ratios for drug use in the last year, by individual and school-level measures All pupils Variable a 01 95% confidence interval N Odds p-value Lower Upper ratio Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Sex (p=0.346) Boys 3456 1 Girls 3534 0.91 0.346 0.74 1.11 Age (p=0.080) b 6990 1.09 0.080 0.99 1.1 Ethnicity (p<0.001) White 5677 1 Mixed 305 1.80 0.009 1.16.79 Asian 507.36 <0.001 1.56 3.57 Black 3 1.97 0.011 1.17 3.31 Other/not given 69.00 0.008 1.0 3.35 Smoking status (p<0.001) Non-smoker 6390 1 Occasional smoker 71 6.79 <0.001 4.94 9.3 Regular smoker 9 15.10 <0.001 10.59 1.54 Not given 37 1.6 0.65 0.45 3.51 Drinking alcohol (p<0.001) Non-drinker 3938 1 Drank alcohol in the last week 709 8.03 <0.001 5.64 11.4 Drank alcohol, not in the last week 145 4.60 <0.001 3.5 6.01 Not given 198 3.86 <0.001.33 6.38 Ever truanted (p<0.001) No 6053 1 Yes 81.71 <0.001.14 3.45 Not given 15 1.48 0.30 0.70 3.13 Ever excluded from school (p<0.001) No 673 1 Yes 586 1.77 <0.001 1.3.38 Not given 131.93 0.007 1.34 6.38 Wellbeing (p=0.001) Wellbeing not low 5499 1 Low wellbeing 986 1.55 0.001 1.1 1.99 Not given 505 1.09 0.643 0.74 1.61 Percentage of pupils in school whose first language is not English (p=0.005) c 6990 1.01 0.005 1.00 1.0 Percentage of pupils in school eligible for free school meals (p=0.011) c 6990 0.99 0.011 0.98 1.00 Region (p=0.405) North East 67 1 North West/Merseyside 744 1.08 0.77 0.71 1.63 Yorkshire and the Humber 749 0.78 0.85 0.50 1.3 East Midlands 67 0.99 0.966 0.65 1.51 West Midlands 1000 1.09 0.703 0.69 1.7 Eastern 889 0.74 0.141 0.49 1.11 London 961 0.99 0.977 0.63 1.57 South East 50 1.11 0.644 0.71 1.74 South West 873 0.86 0.53 0.53 1.38 a P-value for each variable excludes missing values. b Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional year of age. c Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional percentage point. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 181

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5 Smoking, drinking and drug use Helen Henderson Key findings for 01 The estimates from this survey indicate that in England in 01 around 10,000 pupils aged between 11 and 15 were regular smokers, around 30,000 had drunk alcohol in the past week, 00,000 had taken drugs in the last month, and 370,000 had taken drugs in the last year. 5% of pupils aged between 11 and 15 said that they had tried smoking, drunk alcohol or taken drugs at least once in their lives. 17% had done one or more of these recently. Pupils were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week (10%) than to have smoked in the last week (6%) or to have taken drugs in the last month (also 6%). Pupils who smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs are likely to do more than one of these things. For example, 6% of pupils reported taking drugs in the last month and most of those (4% of all pupils) had smoked or drunk alcohol in the last week, or had done both. Pupils are more likely to think that it is OK for someone of their age to drink alcohol than to smoke cigarettes or take drugs. Around three in five pupils said that they had received lessons about smoking (61%), drinking alcohol (59%) or drug use (60%) in the last year. Most pupils think that their school has given them enough information about smoking (74%), drinking (71%) and drug use (68%). Almost all schools said that they provided pupils with lessons about tobacco, alcohol and legal and illegal drugs. Between 79% and 97% will provide at least one lesson a year to pupils, depending on year and topic. Teachers drew on support from a range of colleagues, the police and outside sources, including local authority teams, specialist agencies and individual speakers to contribute to their lessons about smoking, drinking and drug use. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Most schools provided education and advice outside lessons about smoking, drinking and drug use, including external speakers, school assemblies and one-to-one advice. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 183

5.1 Introduction In previous chapters of this report, smoking, drinking and different types of drug use have been examined independently of one another. This chapter looks at the relationships between these behaviours, by comparing prevalence rates and examining overlaps in pupils behaviours. This chapter also examines attitudes towards smoking, drinking and drug use, and uses data from pupils and teachers to explore how schools teach pupils about smoking, drinking alcohol and illicit drug use. 5. How many young people smoke, drink or take drugs? Findings from the survey series describe the behaviour of young people aged 11 to 15 in England. The most recent official estimate of the total number of boys and girls in this age group in England, based on the 011 census, was just over 3.1 million. 1 Key survey measures, usually presented as percentages, can be used to estimate the numbers of young people who smoked, drank alcohol or took drugs. Any population estimates based on survey data should be interpreted with caution; like the percentages they are based on, they are subject to sampling error. For this reason, they are shown rounded to the nearest 10,000 with 95% confidence intervals, showing the wider margin of error. In practice, the true value is likely to lie within the confidence interval (CI). In 01, the key survey estimates for 11 to 15 year olds in England included the following: 4% of pupils were regular smokers, equivalent to around 10,000 young people (CI=110,000-140,000) 10% had drunk alcohol in the last week, equivalent to around 30,000 young people (CI=300,000-350,000) 6% had taken drugs in the last month, equivalent to around 00,000 young people (CI=180,000-30,000). 1% had taken drugs (including volatile substances) in the last year, equivalent to around 370,000 young people (CI=340,000-400,000) 5.3 The prevalence of smoking, drinking and drug use 5.3.1 Experience of smoking, drinking and drug use Around half (5%) of pupils said that they had smoked, drunk alcohol or tried drugs on at least one occasion. This continues the decline observed since 005, when the proportion was 66%. (Table 5.1, Figure 5.1) As in previous years, the combined proportion of pupils who had ever smoked, drunk alcohol or taken drugs increased with age, from 0% of 11 year olds to 8% of 15 year olds. More pupils reported that they had drunk alcohol at least once (43%) than had smoked cigarettes (3%) or taken drugs (17%). Individually, the prevalence of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and drug use each increased with age. There was, however, variation with age in terms of specific drug use. At the age of 11, pupils were more likely to have sniffed volatile substances (6%) than to have taken cannabis (less than 0.5%). The proportion of pupils who reported that they had tried volatile substances did not differ greatly across age groups, but the use of cannabis increased sharply with age. By the age of 15, more pupils reported having tried cannabis than volatile substances (3% and 8% respectively). (Table 5., Figure 5.1) 184 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Figure 5.1 Whether pupils had smoked, drunk alcohol or taken drugs All pupils 70 Ever Recently 60 50 Percent 40 30 0 10 0 Smoked cigarettes Drank alcohol Took any drugs Behaviour Took cannabis Sniffed volatile substances Took any Class A drugs Note: the category 'Took any drugs' includes use of volatile substances, cannabis and Class A drugs. 5.3. Recent smoking, drinking and drug use Around one in six pupils (17%) reported that they had recently smoked cigarettes (in the last week), drunk alcohol (in the last week) or taken drugs (in the last month). This is slightly lower than in 011 when the proportion was 19%, and continues the downward trend since 009 when the proportion was much higher (6%). The proportion of young people who said that they had done any of these recently increased with age, from 3% of 11 year olds to 36% of 15 year olds. Pupils were most likely to have reported recent alcohol consumption than recent use of cigarettes or drugs; 10% said that they had drunk alcohol in the last week, compared with 6% who said they had smoked cigarettes in the last week and 6% who said they had used drugs in the last month. As with overall experience of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and taking drugs, recent experience of each of these increased with age. However, reported recent use of volatile substances was similar across all age groups. (Tables 5.3, 5.4) 5.3.3 Overlaps between behaviours Smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and taking drugs all pose significant individual health risks to young people. However, those who engage in more than one of these expose themselves to an increased level of risk. 3 Findings from previous surveys in this series suggest that there are strong correlations between smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use. 4 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. As in previous years, in 01 there were strong overlaps in smoking, drinking and drug taking behaviour. Of the 6% of pupils who reported smoking in the last week, most (5% of all pupils) had also drunk alcohol or taken drugs recently, or had done both. Similarly, 6% of pupils reported taking drugs in the last month and most of those (4% of all pupils) had smoked or drunk alcohol in the last week, or had done both. The pattern amongst those who had drunk alcohol in the last week was slightly different. Of the 10% of pupils who reported drinking alcohol in the last week, less than half (4% of all pupils) had recently smoked cigarettes or taken drugs, or done both. (Tables 5.4, 5.5) 5.4 Attitudes All pupils were asked whether they thought it was OK for someone of their age to try smoking, drinking and taking different types of drugs to see what it was like. Pupils were Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 185

also asked whether it was OK for someone of their age to do each of these things once a week. Drinking alcohol was seen by pupils to be the most acceptable behaviour, with just over half (53%) saying it was OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like and just over a quarter (8%) saying it was OK to drink alcohol once a week. Cigarette smoking was seen as less acceptable, with 31% of pupils saying it was OK to try smoking to see what it s like and 13% saying it was OK to try smoking once a week. Drug taking was seen by pupils as the least acceptable behaviour, with smaller proportions thinking it was OK for someone to try cannabis (9%), sniffing glue (7%) or taking cocaine (3%) and even smaller proportions thinking it was OK to take these drugs once a week (cannabis 5%, sniffing glue 3%, cocaine 1%). (Table 5.6, Figure 5.) Figure 5. Whether pupils think it is OK for someone of their age to smoke, drink alcohol, get drunk or use drugs All pupils 60 OK to try once OK to do once a week 50 40 Percent 30 0 10 0 Smoke Drink alcohol Get drunk Take cannabis Sniff glue Take cocaine Behaviour Pupils attitudes to what they think is OK for someone of their age to do tends to reflect the prevalence of actual behaviour: drinking alcohol was seen as the most acceptable behaviour, as well as being the most prevalent. 5.5 School teaching about smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use 5.5.1 Pupils recall of school lessons All pupils were asked whether they had had any lessons, videos or discussions in class on the topics of smoking, alcohol and drugs. Around three in five pupils said that they recalled lessons on each of these topics during the last year: 61% lessons on smoking, 59% lessons on alcohol, and 60% lessons about drugs. These proportions were similar in previous years. Levels of recall may be influenced not just by whether pupils were given such lessons, but also whether they made sufficient impact. The schools that responded to the survey reported that most pupils received lessons about tobacco, alcohol and legal and illegal drugs at least once a year (see Section 5.5.3). (Table 5.7) The proportion of pupils who recalled lessons about smoking increased with school year, from 50% in Year 7 to 69% in Year 9, and then decreased to 60% in Year 11. A similar pattern was observed for lessons about alcohol and drugs: 45% of pupils in Year 7 recalled lessons about alcohol in the last year, increasing to 68% in Year 10 before decreasing to 60% in Year 11; 41% of pupils in Year 7 recalled lessons about drugs, increasing to 71% in Year 10 before decreasing to 65% in Year 11. (Table 5.8) 186 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

5.5. Pupils views about whether schools give them enough information about smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use Around seven in ten pupils thought that their schools gave them enough information about smoking (74%), alcohol (71%) and drugs (68%). A higher proportion of boys (70%) than girls (66%) thought their school gave them enough information about drugs. Similar proportions of boys and girls felt their school gave them enough information about smoking and about alcohol. The proportion of pupils who felt their school gave them enough information about alcohol increased with school year from 64% in Year 7 to 74% in Year 10. This pattern was also observed for information about drugs (59% in Year 7 to 75% in Year 10), but not for smoking. (Table 5.9) 5.5.3 What schools teach about tobacco, alcohol and legal and illegal drugs In each participating school, a teacher or other staff member was asked about lessons and other education and advice provided to pupils about tobacco, alcohol and legal and illegal drugs. Responses were received from 148 schools, a response rate of 58%. The confidence intervals associated with a sample of this size are too broad for detailed analysis. Almost all schools reported that they provided pupils with lessons about tobacco (99%), alcohol (98%) and legal and illegal drugs (98%). (Table 5.10) There were broadly similar patterns of teaching about each topic across school years: in most schools pupils were likely to have lessons about each of these topics in every school year at least once (between 79% and 97% depending on the school year and topic). However, relatively few schools taught about these more than once a term. Between 9% and 14% of pupils in Years 8 to 11 were taught about tobacco, alcohol or drugs more than once a term. In Year 7, pupils were very unlikely to have lessons more than once a term about tobacco (5%), alcohol (6%) or drugs (4%). (Tables 5.11 to 5.13) Schools were asked who contributed to these lessons. Not surprisingly, 96% said teachers did. In almost half of schools, the police (45%) or school nurses (43%) also contributed. Other school staff (30%), youth workers (4%) and specialist agencies (3%) were also mentioned by more than one in five of responding schools. The last group included individual speakers and a range of local authority teams and charities. (Table 5.14) Teachers drew on a range of sources to prepare lessons about tobacco, alcohol and drugs, including FRANK 5 (78%), Google and other search engines (74%), the PSHE Association (5%) and other teachers (49%). Almost half (47%) mentioned other sources; these were similar to those that contributed to their lessons, for example local advisors and specialist charities. (Table 5.15) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Most schools said that they also provided a range of drug education or advice outside lessons. This was most likely to include external speakers (64% of all schools), school assemblies (6%), one-to-one advice (6%), leaflets (57%) and posters (55%). (Table 5.16) To investigate whether the schools that completed the questionnaire were typical of the sample, two types of pupil characteristics were compared: the prevalence of smoking, drinking and drug use among pupils and the recall of lessons about these topics. Pupils in schools where the school survey was completed were more likely to be regular smokers, to have drunk alcohol in the last year and to have taken drugs in the last year than pupils in schools where the school-level data were not collected, although the differences were at the margins of statistical significance. The proportions of pupils who recalled lessons about smoking, drinking alcohol and taking drugs were similar in schools that had completed the questionnaire and those that had not. (Table 5.17) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 187

Notes and references 1 Mid-011 population estimates, based on the 011 census. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/search/index.html?nscl=population+estimates+by+age+and+sex& nscl-orig=population+estimates+by+age+and+sex&content-type=dataset&contenttype=reference+table&sortdirection=descending&sortby=pubdate A confidence interval can be calculated around each survey estimate, indicating the range within which the true value for the population is likely to fall for a given level of confidence. The 95% confidence intervals shown here can be defined as the range which has a 95% chance of containing the true population value. 3 British Medical Association (003) Adolescent Health. BMA, London. 4 This survey series has recorded consistently high correlations between smoking cigarettes and cannabis use, and the correlation between smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol and taking cannabis and the use of Class A drugs were also relatively strong. See for example, Hills A (007) Smoking, drinking and drug use in Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England 006. The Information Centre, Leeds, available at http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/sdd06fullreport, and Blenkinsop S (006) Relationships and risks in Fuller E (ed) Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 005. The Information Centre, Leeds, available at http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/sdd05fullreport. 5 www.talktofrank.com 188 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Table 5.1 Ever smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs: 005-01 All pupils 005-01 Ever smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs Year 005 006 007 008 009 010 a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % Smoked cigarettes 40 39 33 3 9 7 5 3 Drunk alcohol 58 55 54 5 51 45 45 43 Taken any drugs 8 4 5 18 17 17 Sniffed volatile substances 14 11 13 11 13 8 8 8 Taken cannabis 14 13 1 11 11 10 9 9 Taken Class A drugs b 6 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 Ever done any of these 66 66 64 61 61 54 54 5 Never done any of these 34 34 36 39 39 46 46 48 Unweighted bases a,c 909 815 7738 7750 761 754 6446 7538 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 5.. b See section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about smoking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 5. Ever smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs, by age All pupils 01 Ever smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Smoked cigarettes 4 9 0 9 45 3 Drunk alcohol 1 18 37 58 74 43 Taken any drugs 7 8 15 19 31 17 Sniffed volatile substances 6 6 9 9 8 8 Taken cannabis 0 1 5 11 3 9 Taken Class A drugs a 1 1 3 6 3 Ever done any of these 0 7 47 66 8 5 Never done any of these 80 73 53 34 18 48 Unweighted bases b 1145 1503 1558 1543 1789 7538 Weighted bases b 1134 1490 1505 1541 1869 7539 a See section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. b Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about smoking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 189

Table 5.3 Recently smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs: 005-01 All pupils 005-01 Recently smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs Year 005 006 007 008 009 010 a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % Smoked cigarettes in the last week 13 1 10 9 9 7 8 6 Drunk alcohol in last week 1 0 18 18 13 1 10 Taken any drugs in last month 11 9 10 8 8 7 6 6 Sniffed volatile substances in last month 3 3 1 Taken cannabis in last month 7 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 Taken Class A drugs in last month b 1 1 1 Done any of these recently 9 7 9 5 6 0 19 17 Done none of these recently 71 73 71 75 74 80 81 83 Unweighted bases a,c 909 7846 7517 7596 7111 7064 6307 79 a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 5.4. b See section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about smoking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 5.4 Recently smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs, by age All pupils 01 Recently smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % Smoked cigarettes in the last week 0 1 4 8 15 6 Drunk alcohol in last week 1 6 1 5 10 Taken any drugs in last month 5 7 13 6 Sniffed volatile substances in last month 1 1 Taken cannabis in last month 0 0 4 10 4 Taken Class A drugs in last month a 0 0 1 1 3 1 Done any of these recently 3 5 13 0 36 17 Done none of these recently 97 95 87 80 64 83 Unweighted bases b 109 1445 1506 1505 1744 79 Weighted bases b 1087 1436 1460 1499 180 730 a See section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. b Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about smoking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 190 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Table 5.5 Summary of whether pupils had recently smoked, drunk alcohol or taken drugs, by age and sex All pupils 01 Recently smoked, Age drunk alcohol, taken 11 1 13 14 15 Total drugs a years years years years years % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Boys Smoked only - 0 1 1 Drank alcohol only 0 4 8 14 7 Took drugs only 4 3 Smoked and drank alcohol 0 0 0 1 4 1 Smoked and took drugs 0 0 1 4 Drank alcohol and took drugs - - 0 1 1 Smoked, drank alcohol and took drugs - 0 1 5 None of these b 97 94 90 8 65 84 Girls Smoked only - 0 3 4 Drank alcohol only 0 1 4 6 14 6 Took drugs only 1 1 3 3 Smoked and drank alcohol - 0 1 1 5 Smoked and took drugs - 0 1 1 Drank alcohol and took drugs - 0 0 0 1 Smoked, drank alcohol and took drugs - - 1 3 4 None of these b 99 97 88 8 67 85 Total Smoked only - 0 1 3 3 Drank alcohol only 0 4 7 14 6 Took drugs only 1 3 3 Smoked and drank alcohol 0 0 0 1 5 Smoked and took drugs 0 0 1 3 1 Drank alcohol and took drugs - 0 0 1 1 Smoked, drank alcohol and took drugs - 0 1 4 None of these b 98 96 89 8 66 84 Unweighted bases Boys 475 616 670 668 814 343 Girls 500 696 703 689 80 3390 Total 975 131 1373 1357 1616 6633 Weighted bases Boys 470 650 68 653 851 3306 Girls 496 655 651 703 838 3344 Total 966 1305 1333 1356 1689 6650 a Smoking in the last week, drinking in the last week, drug use in the last month. b Bases shown for pupils who gave valid answers to all relevant questions (smoking in the last week, drinking in the last week, drug use in the last month). These bases are different from those used to estimate the prevalence of these behaviours separately and so estimates shown in this table for the proportion of pupils who had never smoked, drunk alcohol or taken drugs are not definitive. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 191

Table 5.6 Attitudes to smoking, drinking alcohol and different types of drug use, by age All pupils 01 Attitudes to smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use Age 11 1 13 14 15 Total years years years years years % % % % % % OK to try smoking a cigarette to see what it's like 6 11 5 41 57 31 OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it's like 19 30 5 68 80 53 OK to try getting drunk to see what it's like 5 14 9 49 OK to try taking cannabis to see what it's like 1 1 5 1 3 9 OK to try sniffing glue to see what it's like 4 6 8 9 8 7 OK to try taking cocaine to see what it's like 1 1 4 5 3 OK to smoke cigarettes once a week 3 4 11 15 6 13 OK to drink alcohol once a week 8 13 36 50 8 OK to get drunk once a week 1 6 1 10 OK to take cannabis once a week 1 0 7 1 5 OK to sniff glue once a week 3 4 3 OK to take cocaine once a week 0 0 1 3 1 Unweighted bases a 1117 1469 15 155 1766 7399 Weighted bases a 1106 1465 1474 150 1843 7408 a Bases shown for pupils who answered whether it was OK for someone their age to try smoking once. Bases for views about other behaviours are of a similar magnitude. Table 5.7 Proportion of pupils who recalled receiving lessons about smoking, alcohol or drugs in the last year: 003-01 a,b,c All pupils 003-01 Recalled lessons Year 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Recalled lessons on smoking 63 65 61 58 59 58 60 61 60 61 Recalled lessons on alcohol c 56 5 54 54 58 59 57 60 59 59 Recalled lessons on drugs c 61 59 59 58 61 60 59 61 60 60 Unweighted bases b,d,e 10097 9437 8810 7833 754 7566 7383 7006 676 75 a Estimates from survey years between 1986 and 000 can be found in Fuller E and Sanchez M (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 008, published by the NHS Information Centre. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 5.8. c Some estimates and bases between 000 and 006 have been revised since their original publication. d Bases shown for recall of lessons about drugs. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 19 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Table 5.8 Proportion of pupils who recalled receiving lessons about smoking, alcohol or drugs in the last year, by school year and sex All pupils 01 Recalled lessons School year Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Total % % % % % % Boys Recalled lessons about smoking 49 60 68 65 60 61 Recalled lessons about alcohol 46 56 65 66 59 59 Recalled lessons about drugs 4 56 67 69 63 60 Girls Recalled lessons about smoking 50 54 69 69 60 61 Recalled lessons about alcohol 44 51 67 70 61 59 Recalled lessons about drugs 40 49 66 7 66 59 Total Recalled lessons about smoking 50 57 69 67 60 61 Recalled lessons about alcohol 45 53 66 68 60 59 Recalled lessons about drugs 41 53 67 71 65 60 Unweighted bases a Boys 691 690 735 769 713 3598 Girls 685 753 797 731 688 3654 Total 1376 1443 153 1500 1401 75 Weighted bases a Boys 696 717 746 751 74 365 Girls 671 717 736 760 734 3617 Total 1367 1434 148 1511 1475 769 a Bases shown for recall of lessons about drugs. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 193

Table 5.9 Proportion of pupils who think that their school has given them enough information about smoking, alcohol or drugs, by school year and sex All pupils 01 School has given enough School year information Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Total % % % % % % Boys Enough information about smoking 67 76 77 78 74 75 Enough information about alcohol 64 70 74 76 75 7 Enough information about drugs in general 60 68 7 77 71 70 Girls Enough information about smoking 74 75 74 74 73 74 Enough information about alcohol 64 69 7 7 71 70 Enough information about drugs in general 58 6 66 73 68 66 Total Enough information about smoking 71 76 76 76 74 74 Enough information about alcohol 64 69 73 74 73 71 Enough information about drugs in general 59 65 69 75 69 68 Unweighted bases a Boys 533 590 650 67 645 3090 Girls 500 609 666 666 609 3050 Total 1033 1199 1316 1338 154 6140 Weighted bases a Boys 541 609 656 665 675 3147 Girls 488 585 616 696 647 303 Total 109 1194 173 1361 13 6179 a Bases shown for the question about smoking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 5.10 Whether school provides lessons about tobacco, alcohol, or legal and illegal drugs All schools 01 School provides lessons % Lessons on tobacco 99 Lessons on alcohol 98 Lessons on legal and illegal drugs 98 Base 148 Table 5.11 Frequency of lessons about tobacco in each school year All schools 01 School year Frequency of lessons More Once At Never Bases a than a term least once a once a term year Year 7 % 5 16 70 9 141 Year 8 % 11 16 69 4 138 Year 9 % 13 14 6 11 144 Year 10 % 10 16 63 11 14 Year 11 % 9 1 68 10 137 a Bases exclude schools with no pupils in that year. 194 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Table 5.1 Frequency of lessons about alcohol in each school year All schools 01 School year Frequency of lessons More Once At Never Bases a than a term least once a once a term year Year 7 % 6 14 65 15 141 Year 8 % 1 16 69 4 138 Year 9 % 14 13 66 7 145 Year 10 % 11 17 64 7 143 Year 11 % 9 14 70 7 139 a Bases exclude schools with no pupils in that year. Table 5.13 Frequency of lessons about legal and illegal drugs in each school year All schools 01 School year Frequency of lessons More Once At Never Bases a than a term least once a once a term year Year 7 % 4 13 6 1 141 Year 8 % 11 15 66 7 140 Year 9 % 13 14 68 5 144 Year 10 % 13 16 68 3 143 Year 11 % 10 13 71 6 139 a Bases exclude schools with no pupils in that year. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Table 5.14 Who contributes to school lessons about tobacco, alcohol and drugs All schools 01 Contributes to lessons a % Teachers (any subject) 96 Police 45 School nurse 43 Other school staff 30 Youth workers 4 Specialist external agencies, advisors and speakers 3 Other local authority advisors 7 Other contributors 10 Base 148 a Percentages total to more than 100 because schools could give more than one answer. Table 5.15 Sources used to prepare school lessons about tobacco, alcohol and drugs All schools 01 Sources a % FRANK 78 Google and other search engines 74 PSHE Association 5 Other teachers 49 Drug Education Forum 3 TES Connect Other sources 47 Base 148 a Percentages total to more than 100 because schools could give more than one answer. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 195

Table 5.16 Other drug education or advice about tobacco, alcohol and drugs outside lessons All schools 01 Other education or advice a % External speakers 64 School assemblies 6 One-to-one advice 6 Leaflets 57 Posters 55 Other activities 31 Does not offer any drug education or advice outside lessons 9 Base 148 a Percentages total to more than 100 because schools could give more than one answer. Table 5.17 Comparison of whether pupils had smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs and recalled lessons, by whether school survey completed All pupils 01 Whether smoked, drank alcohol, took drugs, recalled lessons School survey completed Yes No % % Regular smoker 4 3 Drank alcohol in last week 11 9 Took drugs in last year 13 11 Recalled lessons about smoking 6 59 Recalled lessons about alcohol 60 57 Recalled lessons about drugs 61 58 Unweighted bases a 4337 301 Weighted bases a 441 3118 a Bases shown for the question about smoking status. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 196 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

6 Smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use by region Key findings for 011/01 Data from 011 and 01 have been combined to enable analysis of key survey estimates by region. Across the two survey years, the proportion of pupils who had tried smoking varied between % in London, the East Midlands and the West Midlands and 30% in the North East. There was similar variation in the proportion of regular smokers, but this was not statistically significant. The proportion of pupils who drank alcohol was lower in London than anywhere else; 31% of pupils in London had ever drunk alcohol, and 7% had drunk in the last week. Outside London, the proportion of pupils who had ever drunk alcohol ranged from 36% in the West Midlands to 51% in the North East, and the same pattern was seen for drinking alcohol in the last week. The proportion of pupils who had ever tried drugs was lower in regions in the north and midlands than in the south of England. There was no significant variation by region in the proportions of pupils who had taken drugs in the last year or the last month. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 011 197

6.1 Background This chapter presents estimates by nine English regions, based on 011 and 01 data combined. In 009, the first estimates of smoking, drinking and drug use based on this survey series were published. In order to provide sufficiently large samples in each region and to minimise the effect of clustering, these estimates were based on data combined from three survey years, 006-008. 1 In 010, the design of the survey sample was changed with the intention of facilitating regional estimates (see Appendix A). From 010, published findings have been based on weighted data (see Appendix B). As this chapter combines data from two survey years, the weights have been scaled to compensate for differences in the achieved samples across the two years. Separate estimates have been published for each year, here and in the 011 report, and consequently the tables in this chapter do not show a total column. Overall patterns in the prevalence of smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use (for example, by age and sex) are discussed in Chapters to 4 of this report. 6. Smoking The proportion of pupils who had ever smoked varied across regions from % in London and the East and West Midlands to 30% in the North East. The proportion of regular smokers (pupils who said that they smoked at least one cigarette a week) varied from 3% to 6%, but this variation was not statistically significant. (Tables 6.1, 6.) 6.3 Drinking alcohol 6.3.1 The prevalence of drinking alcohol In 011/1, less than a third (31%) of pupils in London had ever drunk alcohol. Elsewhere the proportion of pupils who had ever drunk alcohol varied from 36% in the West Midlands to 51% in the North East. There was a similar regional pattern for the proportion of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week, which varied from 7% in London to 14% in the North East. (Tables 6.3, 6.4, Figure 6.1) 6.3. Alcohol drunk in the last week The average amount of alcohol that pupils drank in the last week varied between 9.4 units in London and 15.7 units in the North East and the North West. (Table 6.5) 6.4 Drug use The proportions of pupils who had ever tried drugs were generally higher in the south of England than elsewhere. In the north and midlands, between 15% and 17% of pupils reported having tried drugs. In the south, the proportion who had ever taken drugs varied between 18% (the South West) and 0% (London). There was little variation between regions in the proportion of pupils who had taken drugs in the last year and in the last month. (Tables 6.6-6.8, Figure 6.) 198 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Figure 6.1 Proportions of pupils who have drunk alcohol ever and in the last week, by region: 011-01 All pupils 60 Ever In last week 50 40 Percent 30 0 10 0 North East North West Yorks & the Humber East Midlands West Midlands Region East of England London South East South West Figure 6. Proportions of pupils who have taken drugs ever and in the last year, by region: 011-01 All pupils 5 Ever In last year 0 Percent 15 10 5 0 North East North West Yorks & the Humber East Midlands West Midlands Region East of England London South East South West Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Notes and references 1 NHS Information Centre (009) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England: findings by region 006-008. Leeds. Fuller E (011) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England. NHS Information Centre, Leeds. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/pubs/sdd11fullreport Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 199

Table 6.1 Proportion of pupils who have ever smoked, by region and sex: 011-01 All pupils 011-01 Ever smoked Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Boys 9 5 4 3 4 1 5 4 Girls 31 6 30 3 3 5 5 Total 30 5 7 4 5 4 Unweighted bases Boys 730 798 656 1010 86 949 49 695 759 Girls 791 683 58 975 887 779 648 83 856 Total 151 1481 138 1985 1749 178 1140 157 1615 Weighted bases Boys 36 1038 763 660 844 876 1075 181 755 Girls 354 100 739 639 810 843 1048 14 730 Total 717 041 150 199 1655 1719 14 504 1485 Table 6. Prevalence of regular smoking, by region and sex: 011-01 All pupils 011-01 Regular smoking Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Boys 6 4 4 5 3 4 3 5 4 Girls 7 5 6 3 5 4 3 4 5 Total 6 4 5 4 4 4 3 5 4 Unweighted bases Boys 730 798 656 1010 86 949 49 695 759 Girls 791 683 58 975 887 779 648 83 856 Total 151 1481 138 1985 1749 178 1140 157 1615 Weighted bases Boys 36 1038 763 660 844 876 1075 181 755 Girls 354 100 739 639 810 843 1048 14 730 Total 717 041 150 199 1655 1719 14 504 1485 00 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 6.3 Proportion of pupils who have ever drunk alcohol, by region and sex: 011-01 All pupils 011-01 Ever drunk alcohol Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Boys 5 45 48 44 38 47 33 5 5 Girls 50 46 50 43 35 48 30 45 49 Total 51 46 49 43 36 47 31 48 50 Unweighted bases Boys 78 796 654 1004 846 94 491 690 750 Girls 797 685 581 971 88 778 65 833 859 Total 155 1481 135 1975 178 170 1143 153 1609 Weighted bases Boys 36 1036 761 657 830 871 1073 171 747 Girls 357 1005 738 636 805 84 1054 15 734 Total 719 041 1499 193 1635 1714 17 496 1481 Table 6.4 Proportions of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week, by region and sex: 011-01 All pupils 011-01 Drank alcohol in the last week Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 14 11 1 14 11 11 6 16 11 Girls 14 13 14 9 9 10 8 11 13 Total 14 1 13 1 10 10 7 13 1 Unweighted bases Boys 708 784 644 995 834 930 486 680 733 Girls 787 678 574 957 873 768 643 86 846 Total 1495 146 118 195 1707 1698 119 1506 1579 Weighted bases Boys 354 101 750 651 80 86 106 150 731 Girls 35 996 731 68 797 83 1039 114 74 Total 706 017 1480 179 1617 1694 101 464 1455 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 01

Table 6.5 Mean consumption of alcohol by pupils who drank in the last week, by region and sex: 011-01 Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 011-01 Alcohol drunk in the last week Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber Units of alcohol Boys 17.1 14.4 9.6 11.1 13.1 9.6 a 1.5 13. Standard error of mean.86 1.84 0.9 1.13 1.8 1.89 a 1.64.10 Girls 14.3 16.8 10.0 9.5 10.5 10.9 [7.6] 8.6 8.5 Standard error of mean.10 3.04 1.57 1.0 1.59 1.95 [1.9] 0.80 0.97 Total 15.7 15.7 9.8 10.5 11.9 10. 9.4 11.0 10.7 Standard error of mean 1.88 1.99 0.95 0.77 1.6 1.1 1.19 1.11 0.9 Unweighted bases Boys 71 67 57 107 71 7 5 86 66 Girls 84 68 56 67 66 60 39 70 88 Total 155 135 113 174 137 13 64 156 154 Weighted bases Boys 37 88 67 71 71 71 55 163 70 Girls 38 101 73 45 6 68 65 106 79 Total 75 189 140 117 133 139 10 69 148 a Because of the small bases, estimates are not shown for boys in London, and estimates for girls in London are shown in square brackets (see Section 1.1.5). Table 6.6 Proportion of pupils who have ever taken drugs, by region and sex: 011-01 All pupils 011-01 Ever taken drugs Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Boys 18 16 15 17 16 17 19 0 17 Girls 14 13 15 15 18 14 0 18 19 Total 16 15 15 16 17 16 0 19 18 Unweighted bases Boys 659 74 605 935 775 876 45 656 700 Girls 747 650 54 91 837 738 61 793 83 Total 1406 139 1147 1856 161 1614 1064 1449 153 Weighted bases Boys 36 965 705 611 761 813 990 108 701 Girls 335 956 689 605 765 801 991 1169 70 Total 661 191 1394 116 157 1614 1980 377 1403 0 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table 6.7 Proportion of pupils who took drugs in the last year, by region and sex: 011-01 All pupils 011-01 Took drugs in the last year Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Boys 13 1 11 1 11 13 13 14 13 Girls 10 10 10 10 1 10 1 1 14 Total 1 11 10 11 1 11 1 13 13 Unweighted bases Boys 657 740 60 933 774 874 448 653 697 Girls 746 650 536 919 834 736 609 789 81 Total 1403 1390 1138 185 1608 1610 1057 144 1518 Weighted bases Boys 35 963 701 610 760 810 981 103 698 Girls 335 956 68 604 763 799 986 1163 700 Total 660 1918 1383 113 153 1609 1967 365 1398 Table 6.8 Proportion of pupils who took drugs in the last month, by region and sex: 011-01 All pupils 011-01 Took drugs in the last month Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 8 6 7 6 7 6 8 8 8 Girls 6 5 4 4 7 3 6 5 7 Total 7 6 6 5 7 5 7 7 7 Unweighted bases Boys 655 737 60 99 768 87 448 649 697 Girls 741 648 535 916 833 73 604 785 817 Total 1396 1385 1137 1845 1601 1604 105 1434 1514 Weighted bases Boys 34 958 701 607 754 809 981 1195 698 Girls 333 953 680 60 76 794 977 1157 697 Total 657 1911 1381 108 1516 1603 1958 35 1394 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 03

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Appendix A: Survey design, fieldwork and response 1 Sample design The survey population comprises pupils in Years 7 to 11 in secondary schools, or at an equivalent level in middle and upper schools. The survey covers almost all types of secondary school in both the maintained and non-maintained sectors of education. Special schools, hospital special schools and pupil referral units are excluded from the survey. In 010, the design of the sample changed from that used in recent years. Rather than a distribution in proportion to the national population, equal numbers of schools were selected in each of the ten English Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs). Within schools an average of 35 pupils were selected in each participating school. 1 This change was designed to enable the publication of more up-to-date regional analyses of the data than was possible with the original design (see Chapter 6). The same method was used in 011 and 01, except that schools were selected from each of the nine regions. In 01, the sample was selected in two stages, following the model of past surveys. 3 For each region, 56 schools (the primary sampling units) were selected from the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) database, 4 which was first sorted by type of school (comprehensive, secondary modern, grammar and private), then by whether schools were single sex or mixed, then by local authority and finally by number of pupils. Within each region, the probability of each school being selected was proportional to the numbers of pupils in Years 7 to 11, so that larger schools had a higher chance of inclusion. 5 Table A1 shows the estimated number of schools in each stratum overall, based on the number of pupils in each stratum compared with the total number of pupils in England, and the number of schools actually selected. (Table A1) At the second stage, approximately 35 pupils were selected in each school. Pupils were selected from all classes in Years 7 to 11 using probability methods to give an appropriately sized group for conducting the survey in one place during a single lesson. Clearly, at this stage, each pupil in larger schools had a relatively small chance of being selected. This counter-balanced the method of selecting schools to fulfil the criterion that, overall, every pupil had an equal chance of being selected. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Probabilities of selection Within each region, it was necessary that each pupil in the target population should have the same probability of being selected to take part in the survey. Within regions, the overall probability of selection (or sampling fraction) was the product of the sampling fractions at the first and second stages, i.e. where f 1 = probability of selecting the school f = probability of selecting the pupil. Schools were sampled with probability proportional to the number of pupils in Years 7 to 11, so that roughly equal numbers of pupils could be sampled from each selected school. Thus: where F=f 1 x f f 1 = n 1 x si S n 1 = total number of schools to be selected si = number of pupils in an individual school in Years 7 to 11 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 05

and f = n s i S = total number of pupils in the region in Years 7 to 11 where n = number of pupils to be selected from each school. Overall, therefore, within each region the sampling fraction for each pupil was: F = (n 1 x si ) x ( n ) = n 1 x n S si S and thus all pupils within a single region had an equal probability of selection. Because the populations of regions vary and the sample included equal numbers of schools in each, the probability that each pupil would be selected was not the same across the country. Selection weights were applied to the survey data to compensate for these different probabilities (see Appendix B, Section 1). (Table A) 3 Sampling within selected schools Within schools, pupils were sampled from school registers. For each school, a sampling fraction was calculated using the information about the school s population from the January 011 school census 5 to provide a sample of 35 pupils per school. A random start (an integer between 1 and the sampling fraction) was also generated for each school. Sampling was done in the following way. Registers including all pupils from Years 7 to 11 were sorted systematically (pupils alphabetically within class or tutor groups, classes or groups within school years and school years in order from 7 to 11). The random start identified the first pupil to be selected, and then every nth pupil was selected, where n was the sampling interval. As the pupils were sampled from a different academic year (01-013) from the sample of schools (010-011), the number of pupils selected varied to the extent to which the size of the school had changed in the interim. 4 Fieldwork procedures 5 schools were approached and invited to take part. 6 Schools were sent an initial letter during the summer term of 01, explaining that they had been selected to take part in the survey and that they would be contacted by NFER or NatCen Social Research at the start of the autumn term. This letter also included a form which schools could return indicating their willingness to take part. 78 schools returned these forms. In these cases, NFER wrote to them at the start of the autumn term and the schools details were passed directly to NatCen interviewers. Otherwise, NFER contacted all schools in writing and by telephone from the beginning of the autumn term. Schools were invited to take part, and, if they agreed, were asked to provide an electronic copy of their registers. NFER contacted schools over four weeks in September and all information was passed to NatCen s interviewers. Schools were classified into six types and the following procedures were followed. Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E School participating, and electronic register supplied School participating and register supplied but too late to sample School participating, but no register supplied School not contacted/decision about participation not made School refused Systematic sample of pupils taken by NFER and details of the selected pupils were passed back to the school and onto interviewers Registers sent to interviewers who took manual sample of pupils Interviewers contacted schools and arranged an initial visit to take a manual sample of pupils Interviewers were passed details of any contact with schools so that they could contact schools and persuade them to take part, then interviewers took a manual sample of pupils Refusals were reissued to interviewers (with reasons for refusal) for them to contact and persuade schools to change their minds and participate, then interviewers took a manual sample of pupils 06 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Schools that returned the early assent form were labelled Type G; they were contacted earlier in the term, but otherwise treated like Type C schools. Type G School returned early assent form NFER wrote to school at start of term. NatCen interviewers contacted schools and arranged an initial visit to take a manual sample of pupils In all participating schools, once a sample of pupils had been selected, interviewers provided letters about the survey for pupils to take home and give to their parents or guardians. Parents were asked to reply only if they did not want their child to take part in the survey. Interviewers arranged with schools a convenient time to conduct the survey. The selected pupils were gathered together in a room for one school period to complete the questionnaire under the interviewer s supervision. The interviewer gave a brief introduction explaining why the survey was being carried out, and explained how the questionnaire should be filled in. The questionnaire used is reproduced in Appendix C. Questionnaires were completed in exam conditions ; pupils were not allowed to discuss the questions with each other or look at others answers. Pupils could request and receive help if they did not understand questions. If possible, teachers were not present during the completion of questionnaires in order to encourage pupils to give honest answers. Where schools insisted on a teacher being present in the room, he or she was not allowed to see pupils questionnaires at any stage of the survey. Interviewers stressed that pupils answers would be completely confidential and that their answers would not reflect on them or their school. Questionnaires were serial numbered for administrative purposes, but serial numbers were not linked to pupils names. In participating schools, interviewers also asked a staff member a series of questions about how the school taught pupils about smoking, drinking alcohol and illicit drugs. 5 Achieved response rate and sample size In total, 54 schools agreed to take part in the survey out of the 519 eligible schools, 6 a response rate of 49%. The response from selected pupils in participating schools was 88%, yielding a total of 7,589 completed usable questionnaires. The product of the school and pupil rates gave an overall response of 43%. 7 (Table A3ii) The main reasons given by schools for refusing to participate in the survey included: no available time for pupils to complete the survey; the burden of participation on staff or pupils; and a reaction to the large number of school surveys currently being conducted. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. In a significant number of schools, interviewers found it difficult to make contact with an appropriate person; consequently, by the time survey participation had been agreed in principle, there was no suitable time available to carry the survey out with the selected pupils within the fieldwork period (September to December 01). Interviewers conducted the survey where possible in a single visit to each school. All selected pupils completed a questionnaire in exam conditions within one school period under the supervision of an interviewer. To maximise pupil response, a second visit to the school was undertaken if four or more pupils were absent. Follow-up visits were carried out in 4% of schools, and pupils included in this way accounted for 9% of the sample. Response rates were lower among pupils in higher school years, declining from 90% of pupils in Year 7 to 83% in Year 11. This pattern of variation by school year has been seen in previous surveys in the series. (Tables A4, A5) 148 schools from the 54 productive schools responded to the school-level questionnaire, a response rate of 58%. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 07

6 Data cleaning Questionnaires were sent to an external keying agency to enter the data. The data from each questionnaire were scanned. The data thus captured was verified by visual checks of original questionnaires. Within NatCen the data were then subjected to an additional edit check which included the following: checking that filters were correctly followed checking ranges on consumption variables and age of first use variables checking whether answers given as other answers could be back-coded into existing codes resolving inconsistencies between answers. An SPSS dataset was created for analysis purposes. Notes and references 1 For this reason, schools with fewer than 40 pupils in the eligible age range were excluded from selection. The regions were equivalent to the nine Government Office Regions (GORs). The change was made in anticipation of the proposed abolition of Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs) outlined in the Health and Social Care Bill 011, subsequently enacted in the Health and Social Care Act 01. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/01/7/contents/enacted/data.htm For the purposes of this survey, the boundaries of SHAs and GORs were effectively the same, except that the South East region is split into South Central and South East Coast SHAs. 3 Before 010, the primary stratifier was school type and sex of intake. The distribution of schools across regions was proportionate to the population. 4 NFER maintains a database containing records for all schools in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. It also contains schools in the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, Service Children s Education Authority (armed forces) schools and British schools around the world. In addition, details are held for all colleges in the further and higher education sectors and for all universities. 5 Information on school size was based on the Department for Education (DfE) school census data collected in January 011. 6 Three schools were found to be ineligible after being approached. 7 The school response rate has declined since the 1990s; since 003 it fell every year until 011, when it was at the same level as in 010. School response increased modestly in 01. Falling response appears to be a common problem for school-based surveys. Although each school has its own reasons for participating or not, the increasing difficulty of persuading schools to take part has been ascribed to increasing curriculum demands on staff and pupils and also the large number of surveys, from a variety of sources, that schools are invited to participate in each year. 08 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Table A1 Allocation of primary sampling units (PSUs) a to strata 01 Type of school Pupil Estimated Actual population b PSUs PSUs c Comprehensive Boys 75,761 11.6 13 Girls 17,116 19.4 18 Mixed,378,77 49.4 49 Grammar Boys 40,804 6.1 7 Girls 41,984 6.3 5 Mixed 9,749 4.7 5 Secondary Modern Boys 4,584 0.8 1 Girls 6,606 1.1 1 Mixed 54,89 8.0 7 Private Boys 8,35 4.5 6 Girls 5,761 8.4 8 Mixed 138,591.7 Total,979,943 53 5 Table A Distribution of pupil population by region 01 Region Pupil % of population a population b North East 14,17 5 North West 405,940 14 Yorkshire & the Humber 99,347 10 East Midlands 57,380 9 West Midlands 39,147 11 East of England 341,480 11 London 46,314 14 South East 496,49 17 South West 95,700 10 Total,993,864 100 a Pupils in Years 7 to 11, based on DfE population estimates for 01. b Percentages do not total to 100 due to rounding. a The primary sampling units for this survey were individual schools. b Pupils in Years 7 to 11, based on DfE population estimates for 011. c Small strata have been combined in order to improve the efficiency of the sampling, so estimated and actual PSUs may differ. Table A3i School and pupil response: 198-001 All eligible schools and pupils 198-001 Response Survey year 198 1984 1986 1988 1990 199 1993 1994 1996 1998 1999 000 001 % % % % % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. School 90 88 84 96 91 97 89 85 87 74 85 7 69 Pupil 94 93 93 91 90 9 90 9 89 90 90 87 89 Overall 87 8 77 87 83 89 80 77 78 70 76 63 61 Table A3ii School and pupil response: 00-01 All eligible a schools and pupils 00-01 Response Survey year 00 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 01 % % % % % % % % % % % School 7 74 70 68 65 61 58 54 48 48 49 Pupil 88 87 89 89 85 87 88 87 87 88 88 Overall 63 65 6 60 55 53 51 47 41 4 43 a Each year, some sampled schools are found to be ineligible during fieldwork; in 01 three sampled schools were ineligible. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 09

Table A4 Pupil response by sex and school year: 003-01 All eligible pupils 003-01 Pupil Survey year response 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 01 % % % % % % % % % % Boys Year 7 91 91 9 90 89 91 91 90 89 90 Year 8 88 91 91 90 91 90 88 89 91 91 Year 9 89 90 90 87 87 89 89 88 88 89 Year 10 86 87 86 83 86 86 84 85 86 87 Year 11 80 84 81 78 8 83 8 80 84 83 Total 87 89 88 85 87 88 87 86 87 88 Girls Year 7 91 93 91 90 90 90 89 91 90 89 Year 8 9 91 93 88 91 9 89 90 91 91 Year 9 88 91 91 86 90 89 89 88 90 90 Year 10 86 88 89 83 86 85 88 86 86 87 Year 11 83 83 81 80 81 81 80 79 86 83 Total 88 89 89 85 87 87 87 87 89 88 Total Year 7 91 9 9 90 90 91 90 91 90 90 Year 8 90 91 9 89 91 91 89 90 91 91 Year 9 89 91 91 86 88 89 89 88 89 89 Year 10 86 88 87 83 86 86 86 86 86 87 Year 11 81 83 81 79 81 8 81 80 85 83 Total 87 89 89 85 87 88 87 87 88 88 Bases Boys Year 7 1193 1163 105 904 917 90 839 89 735 818 Year 8 1190 1193 107 950 960 910 96 864 754 88 Year 9 118 1130 1107 943 906 889 917 84 71 860 Year 10 1174 1116 107 998 974 948 891 846 757 9 Year 11 1185 1045 1039 936 93 900 91 874 719 907 Total 5987 5708 534 4731 4689 4565 4485 455 3686 4335 Girls Year 7 1178 1094 993 931 89 84 876 813 7 87 Year 8 1177 1056 976 974 844 888 891 790 761 853 Year 9 1164 107 1043 95 87 850 856 851 758 888 Year 10 113 1008 1067 1004 841 89 889 89 739 843 Year 11 1130 1013 99 100 908 898 876 809 743 839 Total 5787 544 5071 4881 494 4388 4388 409 373 450 Total Year 7 388 58 045 1835 1746 1744 1715 164 1457 1645 Year 8 388 50 048 194 1804 1798 1817 1654 1515 1681 Year 9 397 157 150 1895 1778 1739 1773 1693 1479 1748 Year 10 311 16 139 00 1815 1840 1780 1675 1496 1765 Year 11 38 059 031 1956 1840 1798 1788 1683 146 1746 Total 11854 10957 10413 961 8983 8953 8873 8347 7409 8585 10 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 1988 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table A5 Pupil response, by school year and sex All eligible pupils 01 Response School year Year Year Year Year Year Total 7 8 9 10 11 % % % % % % Boys Questionnaire completed 90 91 89 87 83 88 Parent refusal 1 1 1 1 1 Pupil refusal 1 1 1 1 Sick 4 3 4 4 5 4 Truant - 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown 3 4 4 3 Other 1 1 5 Girls Questionnaire completed 89 91 90 87 83 88 Parent refusal 1 1 1 1 1 Pupil refusal 0 0 1 1 1 Sick 3 3 5 4 3 Truant - 0 0 0 0 Unknown 4 3 4 4 5 4 Other 1 5 Total Questionnaire completed 90 91 89 87 83 88 Parent refusal 1 1 1 1 1 Pupil refusal 1 1 1 1 Sick 3 3 4 4 4 4 Truant - 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown 3 3 3 4 5 4 Other 1 5 Bases Boys 818 88 860 9 907 4335 Girls 87 853 888 843 839 450 Total 1645 1681 1748 1765 1746 8585 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 11

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Appendix B: Weighting, analysis methods and design effects 1 Weighting Until 009, the sample of schools was selected in proportion to the distribution of population across England, so that all pupils across England had equal chances of selection. From 010, the sample design was based on regions, with equal numbers of schools sampled in each (see Appendix A). To compensate for this the data were weighted for the first time since 1999. 1 In 01, the sample was based on nine regions. Selection weights were calculated to correct for unequal selection probabilities (see Appendix A). The weights were then calibrated to ensure that the marginal distribution of pupils sex, school year and region matched the school population, based on the 01 school census. Both unweighted and weighted bases are shown in the tables. The unweighted bases represent the number of pupils who responded. The absolute size of the weighted bases has no particular significance, since the weights have been scaled to the achieved sample size. Population estimates This report includes estimates of the numbers of young people in England who smoked regularly, drank alcohol in the last week, took drugs in the last year or took drugs in the last month (see Section 5.). These were based on census estimates of the 011 population for England. 3 The estimated population of young people aged between 11 and 15 in England in March 011 was 3,144,699. 4 Percentage estimates of prevalence were calculated to one decimal place, and then multiplied by the population estimates. 95% confidence intervals were calculated as plus or minus 1.96 times the true standard errors of the estimates, once the effects of clustering and stratification had been taken into account (see Section 4 of this appendix). Estimates of the numbers of young people who smoked, drank or took drugs were rounded to the nearest 10,000. 3 Logistic regression analysis Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Logistic regression modelling has been used in this report to examine the factors associated with selected outcome variables, after adjusting for other factors. Models were constructed for outcomes of interest: regular smoking, drinking alcohol in the last week and taking drugs in the last year. The models included a variety of explanatory variables relating to both individual pupil characteristics (e.g. age, sex, smoking, drinking, drug use, family deprivation) and whole-school characteristics (e.g. region, the percentage of pupils receiving free school meals). Although models used comparable variables as far as possible, they also included variables specific to particular outcomes; for example the drug use model included families attitudes to pupils smoking and recall of lessons on drugs. Variables related to smoking, drinking and drug use were each included in the models relating to the other two. The explanatory variables include categorical variables, which group cases into a number of discrete categories, and continuous variables, which present a continuous range of values. Missing values for explanatory variables were included in the model. For categorical Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 13

variables, they were coded as a single category, though not reported on. For continuous variables, they were set as the mean value of the range. 5 The results of the regression analyses are presented in tables showing odds ratios for the final models, together with the probability that each association is statistically significant. The explanatory variable is significantly associated with the outcome variable if p<0.05. (The p-values shown for each variable exclude missing values.) The models show the relative odds of the outcome of interest (e.g. regular smoking) for each category of the explanatory variable (e.g. being a boy or a girl). For categorical variables, odds are expressed relative to a reference category, which has a given value of 1. Odds ratios greater than 1 indicate higher odds (increased likelihood), and odds ratios less than 1 indicate lower odds (reduced likelihood). 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratios are shown. Where the interval does not include 1, this category is significantly different from the reference category. For continuous variables, there is a single p-value. Continuous variables do not have a reference category; the odds ratio represents the change in odds associated with each additional point in the range (for example each extra year of age, or unit of alcohol drunk). 6 Again, the 95% confidence interval is shown, and the odds ratio is significant if the interval does not include 1. The three models included, as far as possible, the same or comparable explanatory variables. Variables which were not significantly associated with the outcome but which were included in the models are listed in the text, although they are not shown in the tables for reasons of space and clarity. 4 Precision of results Since the data in this report were obtained from a sample of the population, they are subject to sampling error. Any sample is only one of an almost infinite number that might have been selected, all producing slightly different estimates. Sampling error stems from the probability that any selected sample is not completely representative of the population from which it is drawn. Sampling error shows the amount by which the value of a sample estimate of a variable can be expected to differ from the true value of that variable in the population. With a simple random sample, the formula for calculating the sampling error for a percentage p, is: p(100 p) n where n is the sample size. The formula for calculating sampling errors of differences in percentages p 1 and p between surveys (assuming simple random samples) is: p 1 (100 p 1 ) + p (100 p ) n 1 n 1 In general, attention is drawn to differences between estimates only when they are significant at the 95% confidence level. This indicates that there is less than 5% probability that the observed difference is due to random sampling variation rather than a difference occurring in the population. The survey used a multi-stage sample design which involved both clustering within schools and stratification (see Appendix A). Consequently, sampling errors are not the same as they would have been for a simple random sample of the same size, and this needs to be taken into account when calculating standard errors. Tables B1 to B5 give true standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for this complex sample design for five key variables. Standard errors and design effects (defts) were calculated using a Taylor Series expansion method. (Tables B1-B5) 14 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

It is important to recognise that sampling error is only one of the sources of error which affect the accuracy of any survey results. Other sources of inaccuracy include nonresponse bias, as well as over- and under-reporting, both of which are difficult to quantify. Since the results compared in this report are from surveys in the SDD series conducted in a similar way and using the same methods of collecting information, other types of error should be similar on each survey and so will not affect comparisons. However, it is also possible that social desirability of these behaviours may affect whether pupils over-report or under-report, and as social desirability may change over time this may affect comparability. Notes and references 1 In 010, equal numbers of schools were selected in each Strategic Health Authority (SHA). In 011 and in 01, the sampling and strategy was similar to 010, although based on nine regions rather than ten SHAs. For the purposes of this survey, the boundaries of SHAs and regions are effectively the same, except that the South East region is split into South Central and South East Coast SHAs. http://www.education.gov.uk/researchandstatistics/statistics/statistics-bytopic/schoolpupilcharacteristics/a0009478/schl-pupil-charac-jan-01 3 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/011-census/population-and-household-estimates-for-englandand-wales---unrounded-figures-for-the-data-published-16-july-01/index.html 4 This includes young people not in formal education, and therefore not included in the population sampled by the survey; for example, those being educated at home, as well as pupils in special schools, hospital schools and pupil referral units. The population sample was also based on school year (Years 7 to 11) rather than age and included a few pupils younger than 11 or older than 15. For the sake of simplicity, in the analysis these pupils have been grouped with pupils aged 11 and 15 respectively. 5 Excluding missing values for explanatory variables tends to cause significant sample attrition, since cases are lost if they have a missing value for any one of the relevant variables. This reduces precision of estimates and may introduce bias. 6 Because these are ratios, they do not increase in a simple linear way. For example, compared with an 11 year old, the odds of a 1 year old being a regular smoker are multiplied by 1.73 (see Section 3.3.3). Similarly, compared with a 1 year old, a 13 year old s odds of being a regular smoker are increased by 1.73 as well. The increase in the odds of being a regular smoker for a 13 year old compared with an 11 year old is 1.73 x 1.73 (=.99). Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 15

Table B1 True standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for the prevalence of regular smoking, by sex and age All pupils 01 Sample Weighted % True Confidence interval size sample standard size error Lower Upper Deft Boys 11 years 566 558 0.1 0.08 0.00 0.6 1.076 1 years 739 771 0.19 0.135 0.00 0.45 0.866 13 years 775 781 1.47 0.450 0.59.35 1.046 14 years 781 763 4.00 0.777.48 5.5 1.094 15 years 94 957 10.4 1.36 8.00 1.85 1.5 Total 3785 3830 3.77 0.355 3.07 4.47 1.155 Girls 11 years 579 575 - - - - - 1 years 764 70 0.40 0.43 0.00 0.87 1.038 13 years 783 74 1.98 0.55 0.95 3.01 1.013 14 years 76 778 6.09 0.886 4.35 7.8 1.034 15 years 865 91 9.97 1.19 7.64 1.31 1.0 Total 3753 3709 4.19 0.38 3.44 4.94 1.161 Total 11 years 1145 1134 0.10 0.103 0.00 0.30 1.079 1 years 1503 1490 0.9 0.137 0.0 0.56 0.984 13 years 1558 1505 1.7 0.355 1.0.41 1.060 14 years 1543 1541 5.06 0.589 3.90 6.1 1.054 15 years 1789 1869 10.0 0.850 8.54 11.87 1.13 Total 7538 7539 3.98 0.70 3.45 4.51 1.199 Table B True standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for the proportion who drank alcohol in the last week, by sex and age All pupils 01 Sample Weighted % True Confidence interval size sample standard size error Lower Upper Deft Boys 11 years 55 539 0.70 0.303 0.11 1.30 0.843 1 years 703 736.70 0.670 1.39 4.0 1.119 13 years 743 75 6.08 0.940 4.3 7.9 1.078 14 years 751 737 1.35 1.341 9.7 14.98 1.105 15 years 890 931 4.56 1.605 1.41 7.71 1.137 Total 3639 3694 10.53 0.647 9.6 11.80 1.81 Girls 11 years 57 566 0.88 0.491 0.00 1.84 1.5 1 years 754 71 1.19 0.46 0.36.03 1.046 13 years 769 711 6.66 1.037 4.63 8.69 1.108 14 years 73 75 10.9 1.303 8.37 13.48 1.144 15 years 845 888 5.76 1.745.34 9.17 1.188 Total 367 369 10.4 0.643 8.98 11.50 1.76 Total 11 years 114 1105 0.79 0.94 0. 1.37 1.10 1 years 1457 1447 1.96 0.394 1.19.73 1.081 13 years 151 146 6.36 0.673 5.04 7.68 1.054 14 years 1483 1489 11.63 0.98 9.71 13.55 1.180 15 years 1735 1819 5.14 1.146.90 7.39 1.15 Total 7311 733 10.39 0.436 9.53 11.4 1.1 16 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Table B3 True standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for mean alcohol consumption in the last week, by sex and age Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Sample Weighted Mean True Confidence interval size sample number standard size of units error Lower Upper Deft Boys 11-13 years 51 48 7.61 1.351 4.96 10.6 1.115 14 years 80 76 17.0 3.076 11.18 3.3 1.70 15 years 18 194 13.0 0.97 11.39 15.0 1.08 Total 313 319 13.31 0.897 11.56 15.07 1.074 Girls 11-13 years 5 48 7.71 1.453 4.86 10.56 0.961 14 years 6 58 15.54.685 10.8 0.80 1.060 15 years 187 00 11.49 1.079 9.38 13.61 1.079 Total 301 306 11.66 1.106 9.50 13.83 1.93 Total 11-13 years 103 96 7.66 1.005 5.69 9.63 1.038 14 years 14 134 16.48.045 1.48 0.49 1.163 15 years 369 394 1.34 0.73 10.9 13.75 1.070 Total 614 64 1.51 0.716 11.10 13.91 1.196 Table B4 True standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for the proportion who have taken drugs in the last month, by sex and age All pupils 01 Sample Weighted % True Confidence interval size sample standard size error Lower Upper Deft Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11 years 51 505.57 0.786 1.03 4.11 1.115 1 years 659 698 3.19 0.739 1.74 4.63 1.111 13 years 708 717 4.40 0.864.70 6.09 1.17 14 years 704 687 7.9 1.83 4.78 9.81 1.91 15 years 860 893 14.80 1.494 11.87 17.73 1.57 Total 3443 3500 7.11 0.630 5.88 8.35 1.448 Girls 11 years 54 519 1.01 0.519 0.00.0 1.184 1 years 714 671 1.5 0.44 0.38.1 1.031 13 years 730 674 5.87 1.118 3.68 8.06 1.34 14 years 77 741 7.6 1.068 5.53 9.7 1.095 15 years 89 871 10.56 1.39 8.13 1.99 1.190 Total 354 3477 5.80 0.481 4.86 6.74 1.1 Total 11 years 1036 104 1.78 0.461 0.87.68 1.115 1 years 1373 1369.4 0.434 1.39 3.09 1.085 13 years 1438 1391 5.11 0.705 3.73 6.49 1.19 14 years 1431 148 7.47 0.857 5.79 9.15 1.31 15 years 1689 1764 1.71 1.08 10.69 14.7 1.95 Total 6967 6977 6.46 0.414 5.65 7.7 1.405 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 17

Table B5 True standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for the proportion who have taken drugs in the last year, by sex and age All pupils 01 Sample Weighted % True Confidence interval size sample standard size error Lower Upper Deft Boys 11 years 51 505 3.70 0.886 1.97 5.44 1.053 1 years 66 700 5.5 0.984 3.60 7.45 1.138 13 years 708 717 8.97 1.347 6.33 11.61 1.61 14 years 707 690 13.11 1.451 10.7 15.95 1.18 15 years 867 900 4.46 1.874 0.79 8.14 1.306 Total 3456 3513 1.31 0.709 10.9 13.70 1.78 Girls 11 years 55 51 3.66 1.075 1.55 5.77 1.304 1 years 714 671 3.18 0.689 1.83 4.53 1.016 13 years 730 674 8.74 1.14 6.36 11.1 1.115 14 years 730 747 13.75 1.370 11.07 16.44 1.086 15 years 835 879.85 1.570 19.77 5.93 1.107 Total 3534 3491 11.53 0.65 10.6 1.81 1.04 Total 11 years 1037 106 3.68 0.679.35 5.01 1.153 1 years 1376 1371 4.38 0.666 3.07 5.68 1.03 13 years 1438 1391 8.86 0.917 7.06 10.66 1.0 14 years 1437 1437 13.44 1.013 11.46 15.43 1.14 15 years 170 1779 3.67 1.37 1.4 6.09 1.6 Total 6990 7004 11.9 0.475 10.99 1.86 1.6 18 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

Appendix C: Questionnaire SN 1001-06, Card 1007-08,Batch 1009-13 P3118 LABEL Day (date) of interview Month of interview 1014-15 1018 1019 1016-17 AM interview PM interview 1 1st visit nd visit 1 SURVEY OF SMOKING, DRINKING AND DRUG USE AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN IN ENGLAND IN 01 We promise that your answers are confidential. They will not be shown to anyone that you know Example questions Most of the questions can be answered by putting a tick in the box next to the answer that applies to you. You are sometimes told to skip over some questions in this survey. When this happens, you will see an arrow with a note that tells you what question to answer next, like this: Yes 1 Q4 No Q5 Or sometimes you have to write a number in the box, for example: 14 days Or sometimes you have to tick a box and write in an answer, for example: Something else (Tick and write in) Chocolate Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 19

Q1 Are you a boy or a girl? 100 Boy Girl Q Which year are you in at school? 101 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Q3 How old are you now? 10-3 10 years old 01 11 years old 0 1 years old 03 13 years old 04 14 years old 05 15 years old 06 16 years old 07 17 years old 08 Q4 Which year were you born in? (Please write in full, eg 1997) 104-7 Q5 Which month were you born in? (Please write in full, eg January) 108-109 Spare 1030-1036 1 1 3 4 5 0 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q9 Now read the following statements carefully and tick the box next to the one which best describes you. 1040 I have never smoked 1 Q10 I have only ever tried smoking once Q11 I used to smoke sometimes but I never smoke a cigarette now I sometimes smoke cigarettes now but I don t smoke as many as one a week I usually smoke between one and six cigarettes a week Q11 3 Q18 on page 7 Q14 on page 6 I usually smoke more than six cigarettes a week Q14 on page 6 Q10 Just to check, read the statements below carefully and tick the box next to the one which best describes you. I have never tried smoking a cigarette, not even a puff or two I did once have a puff or two of a cigarette, but I never smoke now I do sometimes smoke cigarettes 1041 Q13 on page 6 Q11 Q18 on page 7 Q11 How old were you when you first tried smoking a cigarette, even if it was only a puff or two? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 104-1043 I was years old Q1 Have you ever done any of the following things to help you give up smoking? Tick one box on each row Yes No 1044 Asked an adult at school (e.g. teacher, school nurse) 1 1045 Asked family or friends 1 Used any nicotine products, such as nicotine patches, chewing gum or other similar products 1046 1047 1 Been to see your family doctor or GP 1 1048 Phoned an NHS smoking helpline 1 1049 Used NHS Stop Smoking Services 1 1050 Not spent time with friends who smoke 1 Q6 What is your ethnic group? Tick one box only, the one that is most true for you 1037-38 01 White British 0 White Irish Any other White background (please write in) 03 04 White and Black Caribbean 05 White and Black African 06 White and Asian Any other Mixed background (please write in) 07 08 Indian 09 Pakistani 10 Bangladeshi Any other Asian background (please write in) 11 1 Caribbean 13 African Any other Black background (please write in) 14 4 5 6 1 3 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 1 15 1 Chinese Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Any other ethnic group (please write in) 16 Q7 The next questions are about cigarettes. Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q8 Do you smoke cigarettes at all nowadays? 1039 Yes No

Q18 Have you ever tried to give up smoking? Yes No Q19 Have you ever done any of the following things to help you give up smoking? Tick one box on each row Asked an adult at school (e.g. teacher, school nurse) Asked family or friends Used any nicotine products, such as nicotine patches, chewing gum or other similar products Been to see your family doctor or GP Phoned an NHS smoking helpline Used NHS Stop Smoking Services Not spent time with friends who smoke Q0 How old were you when you first tried smoking a cigarette, even if it was only a puff or two? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1064-1065 I was years old Q1 How does your family feel about you smoking? They try to stop me They try to persuade me not to smoke They do nothing They encourage me to smoke They don t know I smoke I don t know 1056 1 Q19 Q0 Yes No 1057 1 1058 1 1059 1 1060 Q13 How do you think your family would feel if you started smoking? 1051 1 Q6 on page 10 They would try to stop me Q6 on page 10 They would try to persuade me not to smoke 3 Q6 on page 10 They would do nothing 4 Q6 on page 10 They would encourage me to smoke 5 Q6 on page 10 I don t know Q14 How long is it since you started smoking at least one cigarette a week? 105 1 Less than 3 months 1061 3-6 months 1 6 months to 1 year 1053 1054 1055 106 1 1063 1 1066 1 Q3 on page 8 Q3 on page 8 3 Q3 on page 8 4 Q3 on page 8 5 Q on page 8 6 Q3 on page 8 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 More than 1 year Q15 How easy or difficult would you find it to go without smoking for as long as a week? Very difficult Fairly difficult Fairly easy Very easy Q16 How easy or difficult would you find it to give up smoking altogether if you wanted to? Very difficult Fairly difficult Fairly easy Very easy Q17 Would you like to give up smoking altogether? Yes No I don t know Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q4 Where do you usually get your cigarettes from? (Please tick more than one box if you often get cigarettes from different people or places.) I buy them from a supermarket I buy them from a newsagent, tobacconist or a sweet shop I buy them from a petrol station or garage shop I buy them from some other type of shop I buy them from street markets I buy them from a machine I buy them through the Internet I buy them from friends or relatives I buy them from someone else Friends give them to me My brother or sister gives them to me My mother or father gives them to me Someone else gives them to me I take them I get them in some other way (please write in) Q5 On the whole, do you find it easy or difficult to buy cigarettes from a shop? Very difficult Fairly difficult Fairly easy Very easy I don t usually buy cigarettes from a shop 1069-1098 01 0 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Q How do you think your family would feel if they knew that you smoked? 1067 11 They would try to stop me 1 They would try to persuade me not to smoke 13 They would do nothing 14 They would encourage me to smoke 15 I don t know Q3 Do you usually smoke cigarettes from a packet, hand-rolled cigarettes, or both about equally? 1068 1099 Cigarettes from a packet 1 Hand-rolled cigarettes (roll ups) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Both about equally 3 4 5 1 3 1 3 4 5 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 3

Q3 How often do you buy cigarettes from a shop? 1107 Almost every day Once or twice a week Two or three times a month About once a month Only a few times a year Q33 In the past year, have you ever asked anyone else to buy cigarettes for you from a shop? 1108 Yes Q34 1 No Q37 on page 1 Q34 At any time when you asked someone to buy cigarettes for you, did anyone actually buy you any from a shop? 1109 Yes Q35 1 No Q37 on page 1 Q35 Which of the following people have bought cigarettes for you from a shop in the last year? Tick all that apply 1110-117 My brother or sister 01 A friend of my own age 0 A friend older than me 03 A friend younger than me 04 My boyfriend or girlfriend 05 My mother, father or step-parent 06 Another adult I know 07 A stranger 08 Someone else (please tick the box and write in how you knew the person) Q6 The next questions should be answered by all pupils. Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so noone who knows you will find out your answers. Q7 In the past year, have you seen cigarette packets on display in any of the shops listed below? Only include shops where you have seen cigarette packets displayed on a shelf or counter. Do not include signs or adverts saying cigarettes can be bought. Tick all that apply. 1100 09 A supermarket 1 A newsagent, tobacconist or a sweet shop A petrol station or garage shop 3 Some other type of shop 4 Have not seen cigarettes for sale in any of these places Q8 In the past year, have you ever gone into a shop to buy cigarettes? This includes buying cigarettes for somebody else. 1101 1 Q9 Q33 on page 11 110 1103 1 Q31 Q3 on page 11 5 1 1 3 4 5 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Yes cigarettes No Q9 At any of these times when you went into a shop to buy cigarettes, did the shopkeeper refuse to sell them to you? Yes No Q30 The last time you went into a shop to buy cigarettes, what happened? I bought some cigarettes They refused to sell me any cigarettes Q31 How many cigarettes did you buy last time? Write the number in the box. 1104-1106 I bought Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q38 The next few questions should be answered by all pupils. Q39 In the past year, how often were you in the same room as someone smoking at home? Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year Don t know Q40 In the past year, how often were you in the same room as someone smoking at someone else s home? Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year Don t know Q41 In the past year, how often were you in your family s car with somebody smoking? Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year Don t know 110-111 01 0 03 04 05 06 11-113 01 0 03 04 Q36 In the last year, how often have other people bought cigarettes for you from a shop? 1135 05 Almost every day 06 Once or twice a week 114-115 Two or three times a month 01 About once a month 0 Only a few times a year 03 Only once in the last year Q37 Do any of these people that you know smoke cigarettes? Tick all that apply 1136-1149 01 Spare Columns 1150-109 My boyfriend or girlfriend 0 Some friends of my own age 03 Some friends older than me 04 Some friends younger than me 05 My mother, father or step-parent 06 My brother or sister 07 Other relatives 08 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 04 05 06 1 3 4 5 6 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 5 No, none of my friends or family smoke

Q44 The next questions are about alcohol. Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q45 Have you ever had a proper alcoholic drink a whole drink, not just a sip? Please don t count drinks labelled low alcohol. Yes No Q46 How would your parents/guardians feel if you started drinking alcohol? They wouldn t like me drinking alcohol at all They wouldn t mind as long as I didn t drink too much They would let me drink as much as I liked Q47 How old were you when you had your first proper alcoholic drink? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 18-19 I was years old Q48 How often do you usually have an alcoholic drink? Every day or almost every day About twice a week About once a week About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year I never drink alcohol now 16 17 130 1 Q47 Q46 Q78 on page Q78 on page Q78 on page Q49 on page 16 Q49 on page 16 Q49 on page 16 Q49 on page 16 Q4 In the past year, how often were you in someone else s car with somebody smoking? 116-117 01 Every day or most days 0 Once or twice a week 03 Once or twice a month 04 Less often than once a month 05 Never in the past year 06 Don t know Q49 on page 16 Q43 Below are some things people say about why people of your age smoke. Some people think they are true and some people think they are false. What do you think? Against each sentence, tick one box to show if you think it is true or false. True False 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 118 119 10 11 1 13 14 15 Q49 on page 16 Q54 on page 17 1 3 1 3 4 5 6 7 6 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 People of my age smoke because it helps them to relax People of my age smoke because they are addicted to cigarettes People of my age smoke because they believe it helps them to stay slim People of my age smoke because it helps them to cope with stress in their life People of my age smoke to look cool in front of their friends People of my age smoke because they find it exciting to break the rules People of my age smoke because their friends pressure them into it People of my age smoke because it gives them a good feeling Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q5 And when you drink alcohol, where are you usually? In a pub or bar In a club or disco At a party with friends At my home At someone else s home On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside Somewhere else Q53 How do your parents/guardians feel about you drinking alcohol? They don t like me drinking alcohol at all They don t mind as long as I don t drink too much They let me drink as much as I like They don't know I drink Q54 How would your parents/guardians feel about you drinking alcohol? They wouldn t like me drinking alcohol at all They wouldn t mind as long as I didn t drink too much They would let me drink as much as I liked Q55 When did you last have an alcoholic drink? Today Yesterday Some other time during the last 7 days 1 week, but less than weeks ago weeks, but less than 4 weeks ago 1 month, but less than 6 months ago 6 months ago or more 16-175 01 0 03 04 05 06 07 176 1 Q55 Q55 3 Q55 4 Q54 177 178-179 01 Q56 on page 18 0 Q56 on page 18 Q49 If you buy alcohol, where do you usually buy it? (Please tick more than one box if you often buy alcohol from different places.) 131-146 01 In a pub or bar 0 In a club or disco 03 From an off-licence 04 From a shop or supermarket 05 From a friend or relative 06 Off the street (e.g. from a van or someone s garage) 07 From a garage forecourt 08 From someone else 09 I never buy alcohol Q50 When you drink alcohol, are you usually on your own, or with other people? 147 Q5 on page 17 03 On my own Q51 With other people Q51 When you drink alcohol with other people, who are you usually with? Tick all that apply. 148-161 01 0 03 04 05 06 07 Q56 on page 18 04 Q74 on page 1 05 Q74 on page 1 06 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Q78 on page 07 Q78 on page 1 1 3 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 7 My girlfriend or boyfriend Friends of the same sex as me Friends of the opposite sex A group of friends of both sexes My parents or guardians My brother, sister, or other relatives Other people

Q60 During the last 7 days, how much SHANDY have you drunk? Half a pint or more Less than half a pint Have not drunk shandy in the last 7 days Q61 Write in the boxes below the number of pints, half pints, large cans and small cans of SHANDY drunk in the last 7 days. pints half pints large cans small cans Q6 Was the SHANDY you drank in the last 7 days mostly lemonade, mostly lager or beer, or about half and half of each? Mostly lemonade Mostly lager or beer About half and half of each Q63 During the last 7 days, how much WINE have you drunk? One glass or more Less than a glass Have not drunk wine in the last 7 days Q64 Write in the box below the number of glasses of WINE drunk in the last 7 days. glasses 1306 1307-1308 1309-1310 1311-131 1313-1314 1315 1316 1317-1318 Q56 On which of these days during the last 7 days did you have an alcoholic drink? Tick all that apply 180-193 01 Sunday 0 Monday 03 Tuesday 04 Wednesday 05 Thursday 06 Friday 07 Saturday Q57 During the last 7 days, how much BEER, LAGER AND CIDER have you drunk? Please don t include drinks labelled low alcohol. 194 1 Q58 Half a pint or more Q60 on page 19 Q60 on page 19 195-196 197-198 199-1300 1301-130 1303-1304 1305 1 Q61 Q63 3 Q63 1 Q64 Q65 on page 0 Q65 on page 0 3 1 1 3 3 8 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Less than half a pint Have not drunk beer, lager or cider in the last 7 days Q58 Write in the boxes below the number of pints, half pints, large cans, small cans and bottles of BEER, LAGER AND CIDER drunk in the last 7 days. pints half pints large cans small cans bottles Q59 Do you usually drink normal strength or strong beer? If you usually drink both normal and strong beer, please tick the type you drank most recently. Normal strength beer Strong beer Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q71 Have you drunk any other types of alcoholic drink in the last 7 days? 1330 Yes 1 Q7 No Q74 Q7 What other alcoholic drink(s) have you drunk? Please write in the name(s) below. 1331-1350 Q73 Write in the boxes below the number of pints, half pints, large cans, small cans, bottles and glasses of this other alcoholic drink that you have drunk in the last 7 days. 1351-135 pints 1353-1354 half pints 1355-1356 large cans 1357-1358 small cans 1359-1360 bottles 1361-136 glasses Q74 Have you been drunk in the last 4 weeks? 1363 Yes 1 Q75 No Q78 on page Q65 During the last 7 days, how much MARTINI AND SHERRY have you drunk? 1319 1 Q66 One glass or more Q67 Less than a glass 3 Q67 Have not drunk martini or sherry in the last 7 days Q66 Write in the box below the number of glasses of MARTINI AND SHERRY drunk in the last 7 days. 130-131 glasses Q67 During the last 7 days, how much SPIRITS and LIQUEURS (eg whisky, vodka, gin, tequila, Baileys, Tia Maria) have you drunk? By a glass we mean a single pub measure. 13 1 Q68 One glass or more Q69 Less than a glass 3 Q69 Have not drunk spirits or liqueurs in the last 7 days Q68 Write in the box below the number of glasses of SPIRITS and LIQUEURS (eg whisky, vodka, gin, tequila, Baileys, Tia Maria) drunk in the last 7 days. 133-134 glasses Q69 During the last 7 days, how many ALCOPOPS (eg Bacardi Breezer, Red Square, Reef, Smirnoff Ice, WKD, Archers) have you drunk? 135 136-137 138-139 1 Q70 Q71 on page 1 Q71 on page 1 Q75 How many times have you been drunk in the last 4 weeks? Write the number in the box. 1364-1365 I have been drunk times 3 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 9 One bottle or more Less than a bottle Have not drunk alcopops in the last 7 days Q70 Write in the boxes below the number of cans and bottles of ALCOPOPS (eg Bacardi Breezer, Red Square, Reef, Smirnoff Ice, WKD, Archers) drunk in the last 7 days. small cans bottles

Q81 Have you drunk alcohol in a pub, bar or club in the evening in the last 4 weeks? Yes No Q8 On how many days have you drunk alcohol in a pub, bar or club in the evening in the last 4 weeks? 1379-1380 times Q83 Thinking about the last time that you drank alcohol in a pub, bar or club in the evening. Who were you with? Tick all that apply My boyfriend or girlfriend Friends of the same sex as me Friends of the opposite sex A group of friends of both sexes My parents or guardians My brother, sister, or other relatives Someone else On my own Q84 Have you bought or tried to buy any alcohol in the last 4 weeks? This includes buying alcohol for someone else. Yes No Q85 In the last 4 weeks, have you bought or tried to buy alcohol from a shop, supermarket or off-licence? This includes buying alcohol for somebody else. Yes No 1378 1 Q8 Q84 1381-1394 01 0 03 04 05 06 07 08 1395 Q76 Have you deliberately tried to get drunk in the last 4 weeks? 1366 1 Q85 Yes Q91 on page 4 No Q77 Did any of the following happen to you when you drank alcohol in the last 4 weeks? Tick one box on each row Yes No 1367 1 I got into an argument 1368 1 I got into a fight 1369 1 I felt ill or sick 1370 1 I vomited 1371 1 137 1 1373 1 1374 1 1375 1 Q80 Q84 on page 3 1396 Q86 on page 4 Q88 on page 4 1 1 30 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 I had to be taken to hospital I lost some money or other items My clothes or other items got damaged I got into trouble with the police Q78 The next questions are about pubs, bars and clubs and should be answered by all pupils. Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q79 Have you been in a pub, bar or club in the evening in the last 4 weeks? Yes No Q80 On how many days have you been in a pub, bar or club in the evening in the last 4 weeks? 1376-1377 times Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q9 Have you been given alcohol by any of these people in the last 4 weeks? Tick one box on each row. Given alcohol by parents or guardians Given alcohol by brothers or sisters Given alcohol by other relatives Given alcohol by friends Given alcohol by other people Q93 Have you got alcohol in any of these other ways in the last 4 weeks? Tick one box on each row. Taken it from your home (with permission) Stolen it from your home (without permission) Taken it from a friend s home (with permission) Stolen it from a friend s home (without permission) Stolen it from somewhere else Yes No 1 1 1 1 1 Yes No 1 1 1 1 1 1403 1404 1405 Q86 At any time in the last four weeks when you tried to buy alcohol from a shop, supermarket or off-licence, did you actually buy any alcohol? 1397 1406 Yes 1407 No Q87 What happened the last time you bought or tried to buy alcohol from a shop, supermarket or off-licence? 1398 1408 I bought some alcohol 1409 They refused to sell me alcohol Q88 In the last 4 weeks, have you bought or tried to buy alcohol in a pub, bar or club? This includes buying alcohol for somebody else. 1399 1 Q89 Yes Q91 No Q89 At any time in the last four weeks when you tried to buy alcohol from a pub, bar or club, did you actually buy any alcohol? 1400 1410 Yes 1401 140 1411 141 1 1 1 1 1 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 368 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 31 No Q90 What happened the last time you bought or tried to buy alcohol in a pub, bar or club? I bought some alcohol They refused to sell me alcohol Q91 Have you got anyone else to buy any alcohol for you in the last 4 weeks? Yes No

Q96 The next questions are about drugs (apart from cigarettes and alcohol). Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q97 The next set of questions are about Cannabis, also called Marijuana, Dope, Pot, Blow, Hash, Skunk, Puff, Grass, Draw, Ganja, Spliff, Smoke, Weed, Wacky Backy. Q98 Have you ever heard of Cannabis? 141 Yes 1 Q99 No Q104 on page 8 Q99 Have you ever been offered Cannabis? 14 Yes No Q100 Have you ever tried Cannabis (even if only once)? 143 Yes 1 Q101 No Q104 on page 8 Q101 How old were you when you first tried Cannabis? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words 144-145 I was years old Q10 When did you last use or take Cannabis? 146 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q103 On how many occasions have you used or taken Cannabis? 147 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q94 The next questions should be answered by all pupils. Remember that no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q95 Below are some things people say about why people of your age drink alcohol. Some people think they are true and some people think they are false. What do you think? Against each sentence, tick one box to show if you think it is true or false. True False 1 1413 People of my age drink alcohol because it helps them relax 1 1414 People of my age drink alcohol because it makes them feel more confident 1 1415 People of my age drink alcohol to be sociable with friends 1 1416 People of my age drink alcohol because they are bored and have nothing to do 1 1417 People of my age drink alcohol to look cool in front of their friends 1 1 1 1418 1419 140 1 3 1 3 4 3 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 People of my age drink alcohol because it helps them forget their problems People of my age drink alcohol because it gives them a rush or a buzz People of my age drink alcohol because their friends pressure them into it Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q11 The next set of questions are about LSD, also called Acid, Trips, Dots, Flash, Smilies. Q113 Have you ever heard of LSD? 1437 Yes 1 Q114 No Q119 on page 30 Q114 Have you ever been offered LSD? 1438 Yes No Q115 Have you ever tried LSD (even if only once)? 1439 Yes 1 Q116 No Q119 on page 30 Q116 How old were you when you first tried LSD? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1440-1441 I was years old Q117 When did you last use or take LSD? 144 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q118 On how many occasions have you used or taken LSD? 1443 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q104 The next set of questions are about Speed and other Amphetamines, also called Whizz, Sulphate, Billy, Methamphetamine, Crystal Meth, Dexies. Q105 Have you ever heard of Speed or other Amphetamines? 148 1 Q106 Yes Q11 on page 9 No Q106 Have you ever been offered Speed or other Amphetamines? 149 1 Yes No Q107 Have you ever tried Speed or other Amphetamines (even if only once)? 1430 Yes Q108 1 Q11 on page 9 No Q108 How old were you when you first tried Speed or other Amphetamines? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1431-143 years old I was Q109 When did you last use or take Speed or other Amphetamines? 1433 1 In the last month 3 1 3 4 1 3 1 3 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 33 In the last year Longer ago 1 Q110 On how many occasions have you used or taken Speed or other Amphetamines? Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 1434 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Q111 How do you usually take Speed or other Amphetamines? Please tick any that apply 1435-1436 I sniff or swallow them I inject them

Q16 The next set of questions are about Semeron, also called Sem. Q17 Have you ever heard of Semeron? Yes No Q18 Have you ever been offered Semeron? Yes No Q19 Have you ever tried Semeron (even if only once)? Yes No Q130 How old were you when you first tried Semeron? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1454-1455 I was years old Q131 When did you last use or take Semeron? In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q13 On how many occasions have you used or taken Semeron? Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1451 145 1453 1456 1457 1 Q18 Q133 on page 3 Q119 The next set of questions are about Ecstasy, also called E, Mitsubishis, Rolex s, Dolphins, XTC. Q10 Have you ever heard of Ecstasy? 1444 Yes Q11 1 Q16 on page 31 1 Q130 No Q11 Have you ever been offered Ecstasy? 1445 Q133 on page 3 Yes No Q1 Have you ever tried Ecstasy (even if only once)? 1446 Yes Q13 1 Q16 on page 31 1 No 1 3 1 3 4 1 1 3 1 3 4 34 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Q13 How old were you when you first tried Ecstasy? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1447-1448 years old I was Q14 When did you last use or take Ecstasy? 1449 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q15 On how many occasions have you used or taken Ecstasy? 1450 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q140 The next set of questions are about Tranquillisers, also called Downers, Moggies, Jellies, Roofies, Benzos. Q141 Have you ever heard of Tranquillisers? 1465 Yes 1 Q14 No Q147 on page 34 Q14 Have you ever been offered Tranquillisers? 1466 Yes No Q143 Have you ever tried Tranquillisers (even if only once)? 1467 Yes 1 Q144 No Q147 on page 34 Q144 How old were you when you first tried Tranquillisers? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1468-1469 I was years old Q145 When did you last use or take Tranquillisers? 1470 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q146 On how many occasions have you used or taken Tranquillisers? 1471 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q133 The next set of questions are about Poppers, also called Amyl nitrite, Liquid Gold, Ram. Q134 Have you ever heard of Poppers? 1458 1 Q135 Yes Q140 on page 33 No Q135 Have you ever been offered Poppers? 1459 1 Yes No Q136 Have you ever tried sniffing Poppers (even if only once)? 1460 Yes Q137 1 Q140 on page 33 No Q137 How old were you when you first tried sniffing Poppers? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1461-146 44 years old I was Q138 When did you last sniff Poppers? 1463 1 In the last month In the last year 3 1 3 4 1 3 1 3 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 35 More than a year ago Q139 On how many occasions have you sniffed Poppers? 1464 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions

Q154 The next set of questions are about Magic Mushrooms, also called Shrooms, Magics, Liberties. Q155 Have you ever heard of Magic Mushrooms? 1479 Yes 1 Q156 No Q161 on page 36 Q156 Have you ever been offered Magic Mushrooms? 1480 Yes No Q157 Have you ever tried Magic Mushrooms (even if only once)? 1481 Yes 1 Q158 No Q161 on page 36 Q158 How old were you when you first tried Magic Mushrooms? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 148-1483 I was years old Q159 When did you last use or take Magic Mushrooms? 1484 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q160 On how many occasions have you used or taken Magic Mushrooms? 1485 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q147 The next set of questions are about Heroin, also called Brown, Smack, Skag, Horse, Gear, H. Q148 Have you ever heard of Heroin? 147 Yes Q149 1 Q154 on page 35 No Q149 Have you ever been offered Heroin? 1473 1 Yes No Q150 Have you ever tried Heroin (even if only once)? 1474 Yes Q151 1 Q154 on page 35 No 1 3 1 3 1 3 4 36 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Q151 How old were you when you first tried Heroin? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1475-1476 years old 1 I was Q15 When did you last use or take Heroin? 3 1477 4 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q153 On how many occasions have you used or taken Heroin? 1478 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q168 The next set of questions are about Crack, also called Rocks, Stones, Freebase, Wash. Q169 Have you ever heard of Crack? 1500 Yes 1 Q170 No Q175 on page 38 Q170 Have you ever been offered Crack? 1501 Yes No Q171 Have you ever tried Crack (even if only once)? 150 Yes 1 Q17 No Q175 on page 38 Q17 How old were you when you first tried Crack? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1503-1504 I was years old Q173 When did you last use or take Crack? 1505 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q174 On how many occasions have you used or taken Crack? 1506 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q161 The next set of questions are about Methadone, also called Linctus, Physeptone, Meth. Q16 Have you ever heard of Methadone? 1486 1 Q163 Yes Q168 on page 37 No Q163 Have you ever been offered Methadone? 1487 1 Yes No Q164 Have you ever tried Methadone (even if only once)? 1488 Yes Q165 1 Q168 on page 37 No Q165 How old were you when you first tried Methadone? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1489-1490 years old I was Q166 When did you last use or take Methadone? 1491 1 In the last month In the last year 3 1 3 4 1 3 1 3 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 37 More than a year ago Q167 On how many occasions have you used or taken Methadone? 149 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Spare 1493-1499

Q18 The next set of questions are about Ketamine, also called Green, K, super K. Q183 Have you ever heard of Ketamine? 1514 Yes 1 Q184 No Q189 on page 40 Q184 Have you ever been offered Ketamine? 1515 Yes No Q185 Have you ever tried Ketamine (even if only once)? 1516 Yes 1 Q186 No Q189 on page 40 Q186 How old were you when you first tried Ketamine? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1517-1518 I was years old Q187 When did you last use or take Ketamine? 1519 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q188 On how many occasions have you used or taken Ketamine? 150 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q175 The next set of questions are about Cocaine, also called Charlie, C, Snow, Percy, Toot. Q176 Have you ever heard of Cocaine? 1507 Yes Q177 1 Q18 on page 39 No Q177 Have you ever been offered Cocaine? 1508 1 Yes No Q178 Have you ever tried Cocaine (even if only once)? 1509 Yes Q179 1 Q18 on page 39 No 1 3 1 3 1 3 4 38 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Q179 How old were you when you first tried Cocaine? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1510-1511 years old 1 I was Q180 When did you last use or take Cocaine? 3 151 4 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q181 On how many occasions have you used or taken Cocaine? 1513 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q196 The next questions are about Glue, gas (butane, lighter refills), aerosols or solvents (to inhale or sniff). Q197 Have you ever heard of Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents? 158 Yes 1 Q198 No Q03 on page 4 Q198 Have you ever been offered Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents to inhale or sniff? 159 Yes No Q199 Have you ever tried sniffing Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents (even if only once)? 1530 Yes 1 Q00 No Q03 on page 4 Q00 How old were you when you first tried sniffing Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1531-153 I was years old Q01 When did you last sniff Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents? 1533 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q0 On how many occasions have you sniffed Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents? 1534 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q189 The next questions are about Mephedrone, also called M-Cat, Meow Meow, Bubble, Charge, Drone, 4MMC. Q190 Have you ever heard of Mephedrone? 151 1 Q191 Yes Q196 on page 41 No Q191 Have you ever been offered Mephedrone? 15 1 Yes No Q19 Have you ever tried Mephedrone (even if only once)? 153 Yes Q193 1 Q196 on page 41 No Q193 How old were you when you first tried Mephedrone? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 154-155 years old I was Q194 When did you last use or take Mephedrone? 156 1 In the last month In the last year 3 1 3 4 1 3 1 3 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 39 More than a year ago Q195 On how many occasions have you used or taken Mephedrone? 157 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions

Q08 How old were you when you first tried these other drugs? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words. 1578-1579 I was years old Q09 When did you last use or take these other drugs? In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q10 On how many occasions have you used or taken these other drugs? Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Q11 Do you think that these other drugs that you have used or taken were legal to buy? Please choose one only All of the drugs were legal Some of the drugs were legal None of the drugs were legal Don t know 1580 1581 158 1 3 Q03 The next set of questions are about other drugs (other than those that you could get from a doctor or chemist). Q04 Have you ever heard of any other drugs that would not be given to you by a doctor or chemist? 1535 Yes Q05 1 Q1 on page 44 No Q05 What other drugs have you heard of? Please write in the names below. 1536-1575 1 Q06 Have you ever been offered these other drugs? 1576 1 Yes No 1 1 3 4 1 3 4 40 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Q07 Have you ever tried these other drugs (even if only once)? 1577 Q08 on page 43 Q1 on page 44 Yes No Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q16 Do you think it is OK for someone your age to do the following? Tick one box on each row It s ok It s not ok Don t know Try smoking a cigarette to see what it s like 1 3 1587 Try drinking alcohol to see what it s like 1 3 1588 Try getting drunk to see what it s like 1 3 1589 Try sniffing glue to see what it s like 1 3 1590 Try taking cannabis to see what it s like 1 3 1591 Try taking cocaine to see what it s like 1 3 159 Q17 Do you think it is OK for someone your age to do the following? Tick one box on each row It s ok It s not ok Don t know Smoke cigarettes once a week 1 3 1593 Drink alcohol once a week 1 3 1594 Get drunk once a week 1 3 1595 Sniff glue once a week 1 3 1596 Take cannabis once a week 1 3 1597 Take cocaine once a week 1 3 1598 Q18 The next questions are about people your own age, such as people at your school and other schools. Remember that no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q19 Thinking about people your own age, how many of them do you think smoke cigarettes? 1599 All of them Most, but not all About half Only a few None of them 1 Q1 Just to check, have you ever used or taken any drugs, including sniffing glue or solvents, but not including cigarettes or alcohol? (even if only once). 1583 1 Q13 Yes Q16 on page 45 No Q13 When did you last take drugs (including sniffing glue or solvents, but not including cigarettes or alcohol)? 1584 1 Q14 In the last month Q14 In the last year Q16 on page 45 3 More than a year ago Q14 On how many occasions have you taken drugs (including sniffing glue or other solvents but not including cigarettes or alcohol)? 1585 Q16 on page 45 1 Once Q15-5 occasions 3 Q15 6-10 occasions 4 Q15 More than 10 occasions Q15 How often do you usually take drugs (including sniffing glue or other solvents but not including cigarettes or alcohol)? 1586 1 3 4 5 3 4 5 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 41 I take drugs most days I take drugs at least once a week I take drugs once or twice a month I take drugs a few times a year I take drugs about once a year or less often

Q3 Have you got helpful information about drinking alcohol from any of these people? Tick one box on each row. Parents or guardians Brothers or sisters Other relatives Friends Family doctor or GP Teachers Other adults at school (e.g. school nurse, Connexions advisors, counselling service) Police in schools Youth workers Q4 Have you got helpful information about taking drugs from any of these people? Tick one box on each row. Parents or guardians Brothers or sisters Other relatives Friends Family doctor or GP Teachers Other adults at school (e.g. school nurse, Connexions advisors, counselling service) Police in schools Youth workers Yes No 1 1611 1 161 1 1613 1 1614 1 1615 1 1616 1 1617 Q0 How many people your own age do you think drink alcohol? 1600 1 1618 All of them 1 1619 Most, but not all Yes No About half 1 160 Only a few 1 161 None of them Q1 How many people your own age do you think take drugs (including sniffing glue or other solvents)? 1601 1 16 All of them 1 163 Most, but not all 1 164 About half Yes No 1 160 1 1603 1 1604 1 1605 1 1606 1 1607 1 1608 1 1609 1 1610 1 165 1 166 1 167 1 168 1 3 4 5 1 3 4 5 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Only a few None of them Q Have you got helpful information about smoking cigarettes, from any of these people? Tick one box on each row. Parents or guardians Brothers or sisters Other relatives Friends Family doctor or GP Teachers Other adults at school (e.g. school nurse, Connexions advisors, counselling service) Police in schools Youth workers Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q7 Have you got helpful information about taking drugs from any of these places? Tick one box on each row. TV Radio Newspapers or magazines The internet FRANK Helplines Q8 In the last twelve months have you had any lessons, videos or discussions in class on the following topics: Tick one box on each row Smoking? Alcohol? Drugs in general? Q9 Do you think your school has given you enough information on the following topics: Tick one box on each row Smoking? Alcohol? Drugs in general? Yes No 1 1668 1 1669 1 1670 1 1671 1 167 1 1673 Yes No Don t know 1 3 1674 Q5 Have you got helpful information about smoking cigarettes, from any of these places? Tick one box on each row. Yes No 1 169 TV 1 1630 Radio 1 1631 Newspapers or magazines 1 163 The internet 1 1633 FRANK 1 1634 Helplines Spare Columns 1635-1661 Q6 Have you got helpful information about drinking alcohol from any of these places? Tick one box on each row. Yes No 1 166 TV 1 1663 Radio 1 1664 Newspapers or magazines 1 1665 1 1666 1 1667 1 3 1675 1 3 1676 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Yes No Don t know 1 3 1677 1 3 1678 1 3 1679 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 43 The internet FRANK Helplines

Q33 How often have you played truant (bunked off) in the last 1 months? Not played truant in the last 1 months Once or twice 3 or 4 times 5-10 times More than 10 times Q34 Have you ever been excluded from school? Yes No Q35 How often have you been excluded from school in the last 1 months? Not been excluded in the last 1 months Once or twice 3 or 4 times 5-10 times More than 10 times Q36 How many books are there in your home? (Do not count newspapers, magazines or your school books) None Very few (1-10 books) Enough to fill one shelf (11-50 books) Enough to fill one bookcase (51-100) Enough to fill two bookcases (101-00) Enough to fill three or more bookcases (more than 00 books) 168 1683 1684 1685 1 Q35 Q36 1 3 4 5 Q30 The last set of questions are more general questions. Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q31 Do you get free school meals or vouchers for free school meals? 1680 1 Yes No Q3 Have you ever stayed away from school without permission (truanted/bunked off)? 1681 Q33 on page 51 1 Yes Q34 on page 51 No 1 3 4 5 1 3 4 5 6 44 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q44 Finally, just to check, have you smoked any cigarettes in the last seven days ending yesterday? 1699 Yes No Q45 How many cigarettes did you smoke on each day in the last seven days ending yesterday. If you did not smoke on a day write 0. 1700-1701 Last Monday I smoked cigarettes 170-1703 Last Tuesday I smoked cigarettes 1704-1705 Last Wednesday I smoked cigarettes 1706-1707 Last Thursday I smoked cigarettes 1708-1709 Last Friday I smoked cigarettes 1710-1711 Last Saturday I smoked cigarettes 171-1713 Last Sunday I smoked cigarettes Q46 Were there any questions you meant to go back and complete? Please check. Q37 How many people do you live with? Include your parents, brothers and sisters and anyone else you live with. 1686-1687 other people I live with Q38 How many of them smoke? Do not count yourself. 1688-1689 people smoke Q39 Does anyone you live with usually smoke inside your home? 1690 Thank you very much for your help. Yes 1 Q45 No Q40 How many of the people you live with drink alcohol? Do not count yourself. 1691-169 people drink alcohol Q41 Does anyone you live with usually drink alcohol inside your home? 1693 Q46 Yes 1 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. No Q4 The next questions ask about how you have been feeling over the last few weeks. Please think about how you have been feeling most of the time. 1 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 45 Q43 Please say how much you agree or disagree with the following sentences. Don t know Strongly disagree Tend to disagree Neither agree nor disagree Tend to agree Strongly agree 1694 My life is going well 1 3 4 5 6 1695 1 3 4 5 6 My life is just right 1696 1 3 4 5 6 I wish I had a different kind of life 1697 1 3 4 5 6 I have a good life 1698 1 3 4 5 6 I have what I want in life

If you still have some time left you might want to try this puzzle Animal & Insects Wordsearch H S S Y Y V O P H I G U A N A O L A I F O K E A P M V M Q G E C X U J W H W R A Y E L E P H A N T M R L T A Q S Y K V I F U A T R A P E S L T J X R E H D E H I P P O P O T A M U S F L R O L L H A F P F E C L Z E Y Y A M A L Q P C Y E W K L A Z L A R T A N Z Y Y G E E W P B H H M L I D F O E Z Q U K R T O F N K O W Q T I C B H I D I O P N S Q F F F T B L J R I K E A I G C E F H Z R A C C W R N S K J B E L T R U T Z W G Y P Z A X U O H O A C L M X J D P B F U A E J W O Z Q K P L V F R A R T T C N Z M L E W Y I W M T Q P G O L A F F U B E K D D C S W S A F O N I F F D W D T F W B H U M L T F H W L F A R H I N O H N R T G G E E B E L B M U B O A D I C E G I M G N M H X Q N E G P A R Q R R M A K O R S B T R G L J K D V E S G B X V F F E R T D M F F Y J V C Q L J M K E A L B O O J H A A I E T M U P O J L T C J S S U G F U Y L R Y U O C E M C E U R D Q R D F R Y C S C R C I Y A I R L A E O U G O Z B A Z Y B O M D C D D Y O I X S T D Z G C Y D F C O S K R X E Q L S G F O Q Q D X W F C J O Q U T K Q O K T E O V M C G Y J D O O F V Y W U V D Z P C L Z G K Z L T I D K Y Y C PYTHON RHINO SHEEP SPIDER TIGER TURTLE WALRUS WASP ZEBRA HIPPOPOTAMUS HYENA IGUANA JAGUAR KANGAROO KOALA LADYBIRD MOSQUITO PANTHER ALLIGATOR BUFFALO BUMBLEBEE BUTTERFLY CHEETAH COCKROACH CROCODILE DRAGONFLY ELEPHANT GIRAFFE 46 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Appendix D: School questionnaire P3118 School Serial Number SURVEY OF SMOKING, DRINKING AND DRUG USE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN ENGLAND 01: TEACHER SURVEY Q 1 Does your school provide pupils with lessons about the following topics? Tick one box on each row. Yes No Tobacco Alcohol IF NO TO ALL, GO TO Q11 Drugs (both legal and illegal) The next set of questions are about how often pupils receive lessons on these topics. Each year will be asked about separately. Q Thinking firstly about pupils in year 7 only, how often do they receive lessons on each topic? Tick one box on each row More than once a term Once a term Less than once a term, but at least once a year Never No Year 7 pupils at this school Tobacco Alcohol Drugs (both legal and illegal) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 47

Q 6 Thinking about pupils in year 11 only, how often do they receive lessons on each of the following topics? Tick one box on each row More than once a term Once a term Less than once a term, but at least once a year Never Tobacco Alcohol Drugs (both legal and illegal) Q 7 Who contributes to the lessons that pupils within your school receive on tobacco, alcohol and drugs? Please tick all that apply A teacher (of any subject) School nurse Other school staff member Local jobs advisor Police Youth worker Someone else (please write in who below) Q 3 Now thinking about pupils in year 8 only, how often do they receive lessons on each of the following topics? Tick one box on each row More than once a term Once a term Less than once a term, but at least once a year Never No Year 8 pupils at this school Tobacco Alcohol Drugs (both legal and illegal) Q 4 Thinking about pupils in year 9 only, how often do they receive lessons on each of the following topics? Tick one box on each row More than once a term Once a term Less than once a term, but at least once a year Never No Year 9 pupils at this school No Year 11 pupils at this school 48 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Tobacco Alcohol Drugs (both legal and illegal) Once a term Less than once a term, but at least once a year Never No Year 10 pupils at this school Q 5 Thinking about pupils in year 10 only, how often do they receive lessons on each of the following topics? Tick one box on each row More than once a term Tobacco Alcohol Drugs (both legal and illegal) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Q 9 Does your school offer any drug education or advice on tobacco, alcohol or drugs outside of formal lessons? Yes è Q10 No è Q11 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Q 8 What sources, if any, do you use when preparing lessons on tobacco, alcohol and drugs? Please tick all that apply FRANK website Web search engines (e.g. Google) Drug Education Forum TES (Times Education Supplement) Connect PSHE Association Other teachers Someone/something else (please write in below) Do not use any sources Q 10 What drug education or advice on tobacco, alcohol or drugs does your school offer outside of formal lessons? Please tick all that apply School assemblies One to one advice Leaflets Posters Speakers from outside Something else (please write in below) Q 11 That is the end of the questionnaire. Thank you very much for your time. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 49

About NatCen Social Research NatCen Social Research is an independent institute specialising in social survey and qualitative research for the development of public policy. Research is in areas such as health, housing, employment, crime, education and political and social attitudes. Projects include ad hoc, continuous and longitudinal surveys, using face to face, telephone and postal methods; many use advanced applications of computer assisted interviewing. About the National Foundation for Educational Research The National Foundation for Educational Research has been engaged in educational research since 1946 and is an independent foundation with charitable status. The Foundation undertakes research and evaluation for local and national agencies, in the government, commercial and charitable sectors. The research programme is concerned with all aspects of education and training, a major part being concerned with the public education system.