Self-rescue in quantitative risk analysis



Similar documents
Term Structure of Interest Rates: The Theories

Taxes and the present value assessment of economic losses in personal injury litigation: Comment 1

Service Capacity Competition with Peak Arrivals and Delay Sensitive Customers

The Valuation of Futures Options for Emissions Allowances under the Term Structure of Stochastic Multi-factors

DATA MINING TECHNOLOGY IN PREDICTING THE CULTIVATED LAND DEMAND

Facts About Chronc Fatgu Syndrom - sample thereof

QUANTITATIVE METHODS CLASSES WEEK SEVEN

Numerical Algorithm for the Stochastic Present Value of Aggregate Claims in the Renewal Risk Model

Many quantities are transduced in a displacement and then in an electric signal (pressure, temperature, acceleration). Prof. B.

Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) Statistics

Methodology of the CBOE S&P 500 PutWrite Index (PUT SM ) (with supplemental information regarding the CBOE S&P 500 PutWrite T-W Index (PWT SM ))

Life Analysis for the Main bearing of Aircraft Engines

Game of Platforms: Strategic Expansion into Rival (Online) Territory

QUALITY OF DYING AND DEATH QUESTIONNAIRE FOR NURSES VERSION 3.2A

Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard in a Model With 2 States of the World

Children s best interests between theory & practice

Traffic Flow Analysis (2)

INFLUENCE OF DEBT FINANCING ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INVESTMENT PROJECT WITHIN THE MODIGLIANIMILLER THEORY

The example is taken from Sect. 1.2 of Vol. 1 of the CPN book.

Online Load Balancing and Correlated Randomness

UNDERSTAND YOUR UNIVERSE: KNOW YOUR DATA-PRIVACY OBLIGATIONS

The influence of advertising on the purchase of pharmaceutical products

PARTICULAR RELIABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO ELEMENT PARALLEL TECHNICAL (MECHATRONIC) SYSTEMS

Multi- item production inventory systems with budget constraints

Control of Perceived Quality of Service in Multimedia Retrieval Services: Prediction-based mechanism vs. compensation buffers

Lecture 3: Diffusion: Fick s first law

ERLANG C FORMULA AND ITS USE IN THE CALL CENTERS

Parallel and Distributed Programming. Performance Metrics

Technological Entrepreneurship : Modeling and Forecasting the Diffusion of Innovation in LCD Monitor Industry

Tax Collection, Transfers, and Corruption: the Russian Federation at the Crossroads 1)

GUIDANCE STATEMENT ON CALCULATION METHODOLOGY

Advantageous Selection versus Adverse Selection in Life Insurance Market

Entity-Relationship Model

SPECIAL VOWEL SOUNDS

An Efficient Load Balancing Algorithm for P2P Systems

Linear Extension Cube Attack on Stream Ciphers Abstract: Keywords: 1. Introduction

Lecture 40 Induction. Review Inductors Self-induction RL circuits Energy stored in a Magnetic Field

Problem Set 6 Solutions

Logistic Regression for Insured Mortality Experience Studies. Zhiwei Zhu, 1 Zhi Li 2

Yuriy Alyeksyeyenkov 1

by John Donald, Lecturer, School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Deakin University, Australia

Bank Incentives, Economic Specialization, and Financial Crises in Emerging Economies

Removal of Cu(II) from Water by Adsorption on Chicken Eggshell

CEO Björn Ivroth. Oslo, 29 April Q Presentation

Modeling Contract Form: An Examination of Cash Settled Futures. Dwight R. Sanders. and. Mark R. Manfredo *

Reputation Management for DHT-based Collaborative Environments *

Pedro M. Castro Iiro Harjunkoski Ignacio E. Grossmann. Lisbon, Portugal Ladenburg, Germany Pittsburgh, USA

MORE ON TVM, "SIX FUNCTIONS OF A DOLLAR", FINANCIAL MECHANICS. Copyright 2004, S. Malpezzi

Personalized Web Search by User Interest Hierarchy

No 28 Xianning West Road, Xi an No 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang.

EUROPEAN ECONOMY EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS

The Sensitivity of Beta to the Time Horizon when Log Prices follow an Ornstein- Uhlenbeck Process

(Analytic Formula for the European Normal Black Scholes Formula)

Estimating Powers with Base Close to Unity and Large Exponents

MTBF: Understanding Its Role in Reliability

Non-Linear and Unbalanced Three-Phase Load Static Compensation with Asymmetrical and Non Sinusoidal Supply

Question 3: How do you find the relative extrema of a function?

AP Calculus AB 2008 Scoring Guidelines

Pricing Freight Rate Options

How To Write A Recipe Card

Sun Synchronous Orbits for the Earth Solar Power Satellite System

An Architecture to Support Distributed Data Mining Services in E-Commerce Environments

Index Mathematics Methodology

Category 7: Employee Commuting

is knowing the car market inside out.

Intermediate Macroeconomic Theory / Macroeconomic Analysis (ECON 3560/5040) Final Exam (Answers)

Increasing Net Debt as a percentage of Average Equalized ValuaOon

Voice Biometrics: How does it work? Konstantin Simonchik

Probabilistic detection of short events, with application to critical care monitoring

Econ 371: Answer Key for Problem Set 1 (Chapter 12-13)

ANALYSIS OF ORDER-UP-TO-LEVEL INVENTORY SYSTEMS WITH COMPOUND POISSON DEMAND

Analyzing Energy Use with Decomposition Methods

ME 612 Metal Forming and Theory of Plasticity. 6. Strain

Genetic Algorithm with Range Selection Mechanism for Dynamic Multiservice Load Balancing in Cloud-Based Multimedia System

EFFECT OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS ON HEAT TRANSFER PERFORMACE OF RECTANGULAR CIRCUMFERENTIAL FINS

MODEL-BASED APPROACH TO CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFUSION PROCESSES VIA DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF ACTUATED SENSOR NETWORKS

A Theoretical Model of Public Response to the Homeland Security Advisory System

Basis risk. When speaking about forward or futures contracts, basis risk is the market

FACULTY SALARIES FALL NKU CUPA Data Compared To Published National Data

Modelling Exogenous Variability in Cloud Deployments

Estimating Private Equity Returns from Limited Partner Cash Flows

Rural and Remote Broadband Access: Issues and Solutions in Australia

How To Calculate Backup From A Backup From An Oal To A Daa

DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL FOR RUNNING DIESEL ENGINE ON RAPESEED OIL FUEL AND ITS BLENDS WITH FOSSIL DIESEL FUEL

THE USE IN BANKS OF VALUE AT RISK METHOD IN MARKET RISK MANAGEMENT. Ioan TRENCA *

GENETIC ALGORITHMS IN SEASONAL DEMAND FORECASTING

Asian Development Bank Institute. ADBI Working Paper Series

Preface. P.1 Purpose. P.3 Authority. P.4 References. Procedures for Performing a Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality

WORKERS' COMPENSATION ANALYST, 1774 SENIOR WORKERS' COMPENSATION ANALYST, 1769

Part 2 - Notes on how to complete your application form

5 2 index. e e. Prime numbers. Prime factors and factor trees. Powers. worked example 10. base. power

Prices of Credit Default Swaps and the Term Structure of Credit Risk

Sharp bounds for Sándor mean in terms of arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means

Use a high-level conceptual data model (ER Model). Identify objects of interest (entities) and relationships between these objects

Transcription:

Slf-rscu n quanav rsk analyss I.J.M. Trjssnaar- Buhr & I.M.E. Rabn & T. Wrsma & S.I. Wjnan TNO, Apldoorn, Th Nhrlands ABSTRACT: In quanav rsk analyss (QRA) mhods, h damag of oxc and fr ffcs o prsons s drmnd usng a fxd xposur m. Th modl dscrbd n hs papr nabls o nclud slf rscu n QRA mhods. Th modl can b usd 1) for calculaons of a mor ralsc xposur m, 2) o drmn h numbr of prsons ncapabl of slf-rscu, whch s mporan nformaon for h rscu srvcs 3) o drmn h ffc of safy masurs mprovng slf-rscu. Th modl provds a soluon bwn vacuaon modllng, whch mgh b oo m-consumng and sa-of-h-ar QRA-calculaons, whch hav nsuffcn dal o show h ffc of safy masurs. 1 INTRODUCTION If safy masurs for slf-rscu can no b assssd whn a quanav rsk analyss (QRA), h rsk judgmn sysm dos no mova compans or local auhors o ak masurs, bcaus hr ffcs ar no vsbl n a sa-of-h-ar rsk assssmn. In mos quanav rsk analyss mhods, prsons prsn n h hazardous ara ar assumd o b xposd for a fxd amoun of m. Assumpons for fxd xposur ms ar 3 mnus for a oxc xposur and 2 sconds for xposur o ha radaon. Furhrmor, prsons ar assumd o say on h sam plac. Th raly s dffrn: n cas of an mrgncy, vry prson capabl of scap wll ry o rscu hmslf. In cas of a oxc rlas s possbl ha a saf plac (for xampl nsd a buldng) s rachd whn h prscrbd 3 mnus. On h ohr hand, n cas of fr n crowdd placs, can b xpcd ha popl ar unabl o scap whn 2 sconds. Exampls of mhods ar h Duch probablsc QRA mhods for ranspor of dangrous goods and for saonary nsallaons (Uj d Haag 26). In QRA calculaons whr slf-rscu s vry mporan, for nsanc n unnl safy suds, xnsv calculaons wh vacuaon modls ar prformd. Subsqunly h oupu of h vacuaon modls s usd n h QRA, h vacuaon modl s no ngrad whn h QRA. Th modl dscrbd n hs arcl provds a soluon bwn vacuaon modllng, whch mgh b oo m-consumng and sa-of-h-ar QRAcalculaons, whch hav nsuffcn dal o show h ffc of safy masurs. Th modl can b ngrad n a quanav rsk analyss mhod, hrwh nablng o accoun for slf-rscu and o show h ffc of safy masurs by runnng a sngl QRA modl. Th modl s spcally suabl for QRA s nvolvng rsks o dnsly populad aras, such as ralway saons, sadums, and offcs as wll as for ndusral plans and hr nhabd surroundngs. 2 MODEL OUTLINE In ordr o judg h ffc of slf-rscu mprovng masurs, a modl has bn dvlopd o quanfy h ffc of slf-rscu, dpndng on xposur o fr or oxc chmcals. Th modl dsngushs ha radaon, smok and svral yps of oxc chmcals and quanfs hr ffc on h walkng vlocy and xposur duraon (s Fgur 1). Fgur 1. Slf-rscu n quanav rsk analyss

Ohr facors ha ar consdrd n h modl ar h dsanc o a saf locaon and h prsnc of a bolnck n h vacuaon rou. Th modl can b usd for h followng purposs: For fas calculaons of h xposur m and h numbr of prsons ncapabl of slf-rscu; To drmn h ffc of safy masurs mprovng slf-rscu, by calculang h rmanng consquncs for a scnaro afr akng masurs. Subsqunly hs consquncs can b compard o hos of h orgnal scnaro n h QRA. Th followng scons show h rlaons for dscrpon of h oxc ffcs and hr nflunc on h mobly or walkng vlocy. No ha n cas of fr, for nsanc, hr can b nracon bwn oxc xposur and ha xposur: f h mobly dcrass du o oxc xposur (smok), h xposur m o ha can ncras. 3 TOXIC INJURIES For oxc njurs a dsncon s mad bwn asphyxan and rran gass. For an asphyxan produc, such as carbon monoxd, h mos mporan crron for s oxc ffcs s h concnraon n h blood supply o h brans. On h ohr hand, for an rran produc h mos mporan facor s h concnraon n h lnng of h nos, hroa, or lung (Pursr 22). 3.1 Asphyxan fr producs Th Fraconal Incapacaon Dos (FID) modl of Pursr (Pursr 22) has bn slcd o dscrb h ffcs of asphyxan fr producs for hr prsnc n fr smok as wll as for h pur subsanc. Th FID modl rlas h oxc dos nhald by a prson o h dos whr ncapacaon (.. loss of conscousnss) occurs. Th FIN s h sum of h FID valus for all asphyxan fr producs, whch also accouns for hyprvnlaon rsulng from xposur o carbon doxd. Incapacaon occurs by a (cumulad) xposur o carbon monoxd, hydrocyanc acd and oxygn dfcncy (FIN oal =1) or by xposur o hgh concnraons of carbon doxd (FIDCO 2 =1). oal ( FID + FID ) * VCO FID ) FIN = + (1) ( CO HCN 2 O2 whr FID CO, FID HCN and FID O2 = Fraconal Incapacaon Dos for CO, HCN and O 2 rspcvly; CO = carbon monoxd; HCN = hydrocyanc acd; O 2 =oxygn; CO 2 = carbon doxd; VCO 2 = mulplcaon facor hyprvnlaon [-]. Th Fraconal Incapacaon Dos s dscrbd for CO, HCN, O 2, and CO 2 by quaon 2 o 6 (Pursr 22). 5 = 3.317 1 [ CO] 1. RMV (2) PID FID CO 36 whr [CO] = CO concnraon n ppm; RMV =Rspraory Mnu Volum n lr/mn, whch s 25 lr/mn a lgh acvy; = xposur m n mn; PID = Prsonal Incapacaon Dos =3%. Th FIDs for oxygn and hydrocyanc acd ar dscrbd by quaons 3 and 4. Equaon 3 and 4 ar vald for rlavly shor xposur m (shorr han 1 hour) and a consan concnraon. FID = (3) O2 8.13.54*(2.9 V % O2 ) whr V%O 2 = O 2 volum prcnag; FID HCN = (4) 5.396.23*[ HCN ] whr [HCN] = HCN concnraon n ppm. Carbon doxd (CO 2 ) ncrass h Rspraory Mnu Volum, rsulng n a largr upak ra of ohr gass. Th ncras of Rspraory Mnu Volum by hyprvnlaon s dscrbd by a mulplcaon facor VCO 2 :.193* V % CO2+ 2.4 VCO 2 = (5) 7.1 whr V%CO 2 = CO 2 volum prcnag. Bsds s ffc on h Rspraory Mnu Volum, CO 2 n slf can lad o ncapacaon whn prsn n hghr concnraons. FID CO = (6) 6 CO2 2.1623.5189* V % Usng quaons 1 o 6, h FIN can b drmnd for oxc fr producs whn fr smok as wll as for h spara oxc subsancs. For asphyxan fr producs h m o ncapacaon and s svry usually show a shor prod of noxcaon ha s followd by a rlavly sharp dcln no ncapacaon (Pursr 22). Th rlaon bwn FIN and mobly s shown n fgur 2 (Unvrsy of Grnwch, 24).

Mobly facor 1,,8,6,4,2,,2,4,6,8 1 FIN or FIC Fgur 2. Mobly as a funcon of FIN and FIC 3.2 Irran fr producs FIN FIC Dos calculaons ar appld for ncapacaon ffcs of asphyxan fr producs as wll as for h lhal ffcs of rran fr producs. Howvr, h ncapacaon ffc of rran fr producs s rlad o h concnraon nsad of h dos. Th oxc ffcs ar dscrbd by h Fraconal Irran Concnraon (FIC) modl. [ HCl] [ HBr] [ HF] [ SO2 ] [ NO2 ] FIC = + + + + (7) F F F F F HCl HBr whr [HCl] = Hydrochlorc acd concnraon n ppm; F HCl = hrshold concnraon for HCl n ppm; Th hrshold valus for rran fr producs ar gvn n abl 1. Incapacaon occurs whn h FIC quals uny, for whch h oxc ffc of dffrn rran fr producs can b addd. Th rlaon bwn FIC and mobly s shown n fgur 2 (Unvrsy of Grnwch, 24). Tabl 1. Thrshold valus for rran fr producs Toxc gas Svrly rran concnraon (ppm) HBr 2 HCl 2 HF 12 NO2 8 SO2 3 HF SO 2 NO 2 3.3 Toxc chmcals In ordr o b abl o ransla h prsnc of oxc chmcals no mobly, h mhods of FID and FIC ar also appld for rlass of oxc chmcals. Th gnral quaons for h FID and FIC mhods ar: FID = FIC = C D ( ) n n = = 1 = ( C) = 1 ( C) n = 1 C F (8) (9) whr C = avrag concnraon n ppm of chmcal ovr h chosn m ncrmn; = chosn m ncrmn n mn; D () = dos of chmcal a m ; (C) = h hrshold dos n ppm*mn; F = hrshold concnraon for chmcal n ppm. Bcaus h FID and FIC hrshold valus ar only known for fr producs, ohr hrshold valus ar rqurd for h oxc chmcals. Th Acu Exposur Gudln Lvl 2 (AEGL-2) s vry suabl for h dfnon of ably of slf-rscu. AEGL-2 s h arborn concnraon of a subsanc abov whch s prdcd ha h gnral populaon, ncludng suscpbl ndvduals, could xprnc rrvrsbl or ohr srous, long-lasng advrs halh ffcs or an mpard ably o scap. AEGL-2 valus ar avalabl for xposur duraons of 1 mnus, 3 mnus and 1 hour, 4 hours and 8 hours. Th subdvson of svral chmcals n asphyxan and rran as wll as hr hrshold valus ar shown n abl 2. Th chmcals n abl 2 ar rprsnav for varous hazard cagors as usd n QRAs. Th AEGL-2 s no (y) drmnd for acrylonrl and hylchlord, h Immdaly Dangrous o Lf and Halh (IDLH) valu s usd for hs chmcals. IDLH s dfnd as a concnraon ha an xposur up o 3 mnus dos no caus dah, srous or rrvrsbl halh ffcs, or dos no mpar or mpd h ably o scap. Tabl 2. Subdvson and AEGL-2 hrshold valus of oxc chmcals. Chmcal Subdvson Concnraon (ppm) 1 mn 3 mn xposur xposur Acrylonrl FID - 85* Ehyl chlord FID - 38* Ammona FIC 22 22 Chlorn FIC 2.8 2.8 Mhylsocyana FID.4.13 Nrc acd FIC 43 3 * IDLH hrshold valu Th FID can now b drmnd by calculang h hrshold dos (C) from abl 2 and nsrng hs valu no quaon 8. For nsanc, h hrshold

dos (C) for acrylonrl s 255 ppm*mn. Th FIC can b drmnd by akng h hrshold concnraon from abl 2, for nrc acd h valu dpnds slghly on h mscal of h calculaons (1 mn or 3 mn valu). Th FID and FIC ar ranslad no a walkng vlocy usng h rlaons shown n fgur 2. 4 THERMAL INJURIES Exposur o hrmal radaon s assumd o hav ll or no ffc on h mobly of h vcms, unl h njurs bcom lhal. Durng h slf-rscu prod, h ha radaon o whch h prson s xposd wll dcras wh h dsanc. Ths s accound for by calculang h ffcv xposur duraon (CPR 16E 1992): 5 3 x 3 u + + ff r 1 1 v (1) 5 u x whr ff = ffcv xposur m (s); x = h nal dsanc o h fr sourc (m); u = h vacuaon vlocy (m/s); r = racon m (= 5 s); v = (x s - x )/u = vacuaon m (s); x s = dsanc from fr sourc whr ha radaon s blow 1 kw/m 2 (m). Th vacuaon vlocy, u, can b nfluncd by xposur o oxc fr producs: f h mobly dcrass h xposur m o ha s ncrasd: u = mobly facor * u, whr u = maxmum vacuaon vlocy. Th ffcv xposur m oband wh quaon 1 can subsqunly b usd o calcula dgr of njurs and lhal vcms du o ha xposur. 5 EVACUATION Two mporan characrscs of h vacuaon rou ar ncludd n h modl, namly h dsanc o a saf locaon and h prsnc of bolncks on h vacuaon rou. 5.1 Dsanc o saf locaon Th dsanc o a saf locaon can b dfnd by a hrshold valu (concnraon, maxmum dos or ha radaon lvl) or can b h dsanc o a plac o shlr, such as a buldng, whr wndows and doors can b closd. Th mobly of a prson s nfluncd by h concnraon or oxc dos o whch h s xposd on hs way o h saf locaon. In cas of fr, h dsanc o a ha rssan shlr or h dsanc o 1 kw/m 2 (x s ) s nsrd n quaon 1. 5.2 Bolncks on h vacuaon rou Th vacuaon calculaons whn h modl ar no nndd o modl h vacuaon rou n dal. Howvr n cass of mporan bolncks n h rou, such as a door or sars, can b vry mporan o b abl o modl h ffc of h bolnck. Th vacuang prsons nd o pass h bolnck bfor rachng a saf locaon. Th acual xposur m ncrass du o h m ncssary o pass h bolnck. An avrag valu for h xra xposur m du o h bolnck s gvn by: bolnck = n/ C bolnck (11) whr n = numbr of prsons ha nd o pass hrough h bolnck (-); C bolnck = bolnck capacy n numbr of prsons pr mnu. 6 IMPLEMENTATION AND APPLICATION 6.1 Modl mplmnaon Th modl can b mplmnd n svral ways, hs chapr dscrbs h followng xampls: 1 Sraghforward mplmnaon for QRA mhod; 2 Dynamc mplmnaon for scnaro analyss or mor xnsv QRA calculaons. Th dffrnc n mplmnaon s h lvl of dal of modllng h ffc of oxc xposur o h vacuaon vlocy. 6.2 Sraghforward mplmnaon mhod For h QRA mhod a sraghforward mplmnaon s ofn suffcn. In hs cas h vacuaon vlocy s basd on h concnraon profl on h sarng locaon of h prson. For asphyxan chmcals, h frs sp s o sma h xposur m wh h maxmum vacuaon vlocy, u=u, accordng o: xp = r + bolnck +(x s -x )/u; (12) Subsqunly h dos s drmnd usng h concnraon profls C (x, ) on h sarng locaon of h prson: D ( ) = C ( x, d (13) ) FID and corrspondng mobly facor ar calculad wh h quaons n scons 3.1 or 3.3 and fgur 2. Subsqunly h ffcv xposur m s drmnd wh quaon 12, hs m wh u= mobly facor*u :

ff = r + bolnck + (x s -x ) / (mobly facor*u ) In h fnal sp h ffcv FID s drmnd usng h ffcv xposur m. Th ffcv FID s usd o drmn whhr a prson wh a cran sarng locaon wll bcom ncapabl of slfrscu durng hs amp o scap (usng fgur 2). For rran chmcals h FIC a h sarng poson s drmnd wh h quaons n scons 3.2 or 3.3 and h mobly facor s rad from fgur 2. Th ffcv xposur m can hn b calculad wh quaon 12, assumng u= mobly facor*u. Th ffcv xposur m s mporan npu for calculang lhal damag. 6.3 Dynamc mplmnaon mhod For a scnaro analyss h vacuaon vlocy wll b calculad dynamcally: whn a prson movs o anohr (safr) locaon, h wll b xposd o a lowr concnraon. Thrfor h oxc dos wll ncras lss compard o sayng on h sam locaon. For ach m ncrmn, h FID or FIC and mobly facor ar calculad and usd as npu for h nx m ncrmn unl a prson hr rachd a saf locaon or s ncapabl of slf-rscu. For rran chmcals C (x,) s npu for quaon 9. For asphyxan chmcals h dos s calculad wh: D ( ) = C ( x, ) d (13) For boh rran and asphyxan chmcals: x = x for r x = x + u(- r ) for > r u= mobly facor*u s drmnd for ach m ncrmn wh FID (as a funcon of D ()) or wh FIC and corrspondng mobly facors. 6.4 Modl applcaons Whn applyng h modl, a mor ralsc xposur m and hrwh a mor ralsc smaon of h (lhal) damag of hs xposur can b calculad. Evn mor mporan, s h us of h modl o sma h numbr of prsons n h hazardous ara, who ar no capabl of slf-rscu. Th FID and FIC can b drmnd for vry xposd prson dpndng on hs sarng locaon. If h FID or FIC of a prson xcds uny, ha prson wll b ncapabl of slf-rscu. Combnng hs nformaon on slf-rscu wh populaon daa ylds h oal numbr of prsons ncapabl of slf-rscu. Th numbr of prsons ncapabl of slf-rscu s mporan nformaon for prparaon and ral-m acvs of rscu srvcs. In ordr o drmn h rscu capacy ncssary o handl h accdn, h numbr of prsons ncapabl of slf-rscu s mor rlvan han h numbr of faal njurs. Th ffcs of safy masurs mprovng slfrscu can b drmnd wh h us of h modl. An xampl of a safy masur s ncrasng h capacy of a bolnck n h vacuaon rou or placng a shlr or saf havn. 7 CONCLUSIONS Wh sa-of h ar QRA mhods, safy masurs for slf-rscu canno y b assssd. Th modl dscrbd n hs papr nabls o nclud slf-rscu n QRA mhods. Th modl dsngushs ha radaon, smok and svral yps of oxc chmcals and quanfs hr ffc on h walkng vlocy and xposur duraon. Evacuaon rou characrscs consdrd n h modl ar h dsanc o a saf locaon and h prsnc of a bolnck n h vacuaon rou. Th modl can b usd o drmn h numbr of prsons ncapabl of slf-rscu, whch s mporan nformaon for h rscu srvcs. Furhrmor h mor ralsc xposur ms oband wh h modl can b usd for mprovng h smaon of lhal damag. Th modl can b ngrad whn a quanav rsk analyss mhod o drcly show h ffc of slf-rscu mprovng masurs. Th modl s spcally suabl for QRAs nvolvng rsks o dnsly populad locaons, such as ralway saons, sadums, offcs as wll as ndusral plans and hr nhabd surroundngs. NOMENCLATURE [CO] Carbon monoxd concnraon (ppm) AEGL-2 Acu Exposur Gudln Lvl 2: arborn concnraon of a subsanc abov whch s prdcd ha h gnral populaon, ncludng suscpbl ndvduals, could xprnc rrvrsbl or ohr srous, longlasng advrs halh ffcs or an mpard ably o scap C bolnck Bolnck capacy (prsons / mn) C (x,) Concnraon profl of chmcal (ppm) F HCl Thrshold concnraon for HCl (ppm) FIC Fraconal Irran Concnraon (-) FID Fraconal Incapacaon Dos (-) FIN Sum of h FID valus for asphyxan fr producs (-) IDLH Immdaly Dangrous o Lf and Halh (IDLH) valu: concnraon ha an xposur up o 3 mnus dos no caus dah, srous or rrvrsbl halh ffcs, or dos no mpar or mpd h ably o scap

n Numbr of prsons ha nd o pass hrough h bolnck (-) PID Prsonal Incapacaon Dos (%) QRA Quanav Rsk Analyss RMV Rspraory Mnu Volum (lr/mn) Exposur m (mn) ff Effcv xposur m (s) r Racon m (= 5 s) v Evacuaon m (s) u Evacuaon vlocy (m/s) u Maxmum vacuaon vlocy (m/s) V%O 2 Oxygn volum prcnag (%) VCO 2 Mulplcaon facor hyprvnlaon (-) x x s Inal dsanc o h fr sourc (m) Dsanc from fr sourc whr ha radaon s blow 1 kw/m 2 (m) REFERENCES CPR 16E. 1992. Mhods for h drmnaon of possbl damag o popl and objcs rsulng from rlass of hazardous marals. Frs don. Comm for h Prvnon of Dsasrs causd by dangrous subsancs. Th Hagu: drcora-gnral of Labour of h Mnsry of Socal Affars and Employmn. ISBN 9-537-52-4. Pursr, P.A. 22. Toxcy assssmn of combuson producs, In: Th SFPE handbook of fr procon ngnrng. 3 rd don. Quncy, Massachuss: NFPA. ISBN 87765-451-4. Uj d Haag, P.A.M. 26. Handldng Rscobrknngn BEVI (Gudlns for quanav rsk analyss, n Duch). Unvrsy of Grnwch. 24. Buldng Exodus Manual.