POLITICAL THINKING, POLITICAL THEORY, AND CIVIL SOCIETY Steven M. DeLue Miami University Allyn and Bacon Boston London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore
CONTENTS Preface xiii Introduction 1 /. Political Thinking and Political Theory 1 II. The Link Between Political Theory and Political Thinking III. Socrates of the Apology and the Crito 3 IV. The Rest of the Book 6 PART I Classical, Christian, and Machiavellian Approaches 1 The Importance of a Civil Society 13 /. Civil Society: The Problem Faced 13 II. The Democratic Civil Society 15 III. Civil Society of Mediating Groups 16 IV. Civil Society: The Liberal Solution 17 V. Liberal Civil Society: The Justification 18 VI. The Civic Virtues of Toleration and Mutual Respect 19 VII. The Market Dimension of Civil Society: Adam Smith's Dilemma 21 VIII. The Importance of Civil Society 25 Endnotes 25 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 26 2 Plato: Civic Virtue and the Just Society 27 /. Introduction 27 II. Plato's Republic: What Justice Is Not: Cephalus and Polemarchus 29
vi Contents HI. What Justice Is Not: Thrasymachus 30 IV. The Next Question: What Is Justice? 32 V. The Basic Dimensions of Society 33 VI. The Guardians and the Three Parts of the Soul 34 VII. The Philosopher as King 37 VIII. Justice, Civic Virtue, and the Noble Lie 38 IX. Democracy and Injustice 41 X. Plato and Civil Society 43 Endnotes 45 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 46 Aristotle's Response to Plato: The Importance of Friendship 47 /. Introduction 47 II. Scientific Knowledge and Practical Intelligence 48 III. Aristotle on Plato's Forms and the Search for Happiness 50 IV. The Nature of the Polis 52 V. Citizenship and Friendship 54 VI. Slavery and Friendship 56 VII. Citizenship and Differentials in Contribution 57 VIII. Family and Private Property 58 IX. Constitutions: Just and Unjust 59 X. Democracy and Public Deliberation 62 XI. Aristotle and Civil Society 64 Endnotes 65 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 67 Christian Conceptions of Civic Virtue 68 /. Introduction 68 II. Introduction to Augustine 68 III. The Problem of Sin 70 IV. The Two Cities: The Earthly City and the Heavenly City 71 V. Implications of Augustine's View for Civic Virtue and Civil Society 72 VI. St. Thomas Aquinas: Justice Restored 74 VII. The Natural Law in Aquinas 75 VIII. Human Law and Civic Virtue 78 IX. Aquinas on the Question of Civic Virtue and Civil Society 79 X. Luther and Calvin: An Introduction 80 XI. Luther and Calvin: Morality and Civic Virtue 81 XII. The State and Intellectual Freedom in Luther and Calvin 82 XIII. The Implications for Civic Virtue and Civil Society 83 XIV. Transition to Machiavelli 84
Contents vii Endnotes 85 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 87 5 Niccolo Machiavelli: Civic Virtue and Civil Society 88 /. Historical Setting and Introduction 88 II. The Prince 90 A. Monarchy 90 B. Innovation through Violence 91 C. Techniques of Power: Maintaining Appearances 93 ///. The Discourses and Republican Forms 95 IV. Mandragola 700 V. The Moral of Mandragola and Civil Society 101 Endnotes 102 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 103 PART II Modern and Contemporary Approaches to Civil Society 6 Thomas Hobbes and Modern Civil Society 107 I. Historical Context 107 II. Hobbes's Method 108 III. Hobbes and the State of Nature 109 IV. Hobbes's Civil Society: The Laws of Nature and Civic Virtue 112 V. The Role and Structure of the State 115 VI. The Christian Commonwealth 118 VII. Response and Rejoinder 120 Endnotes 122 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 123 7 John Locke, Civil Society, and the Constrained Majority 124 /. Introduction 124 II. The Concept of Political Authority 125 III. The State of Nature I: Justification for Political Authority 126 IV. The State of Nature II: Constraints for Freedom 127 V. The Nature of Civil Society and Constrained Majority Rule 130 VI. Locke's Limited Government 134 VII. The Right of Revolution 136 VIII. Toleration and Civil Society 136 IX. Response and Rejoinder 139 Endnotes 140 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 141
viii Contents 8 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Community and Civil Society 143 7. Introduction 143 II. Selfishness and Self-Love 145 III. The Second Discourse: Origin of Inequality among Men 146 IV. The Loss of Civic Virtue 149 V. The New Social Contract and the New Civil Society 150 VI. Rousseau's Threat to Civil Society 155 VII. Response and Rejoinder 158 Endnotes 160 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 161 9 Kant: Civil Society and International Order 163 7. Public Reason 163 II. The Process of Practical Reason 165 III. Kant's Civil Society 167 IV. Nature's Secret Plan 169 V. The New World Order: A Federation of Civil Societies 170 VI. Public Reason and Civil Society 172 VII. Response and Rejoinder 174 Endnotes 177 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 178 10 Hegel: Civil Society and the State 179 I. Introduction 179 II. Phenomenology of Spirit 180 III. Civil Society 182 IV. The State and Civic Virtue 185 V. Response and Rejoinder 191 Endnotes 194 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 195 11 John Stuart Mill: Civil Society as a Higher Calling 196 7. Mill's Perfected Civil Society 196 II. Mill and Bentham and the Principle of Utility 197 A. Bentham's Pleasure Calculus 197 B. Utility, Justice, and Rights 199 777. On Liberty: The Culture of Civil Society 200 A. Well-Developed Persons 200 B. Opinion Advocacy and Civic Virtue 202 C. Self-Regarding Conduct 203 IV. The Stationary Economy and Private Property 204 V. On Representative Government 207 VI. Response and Rejoinder 209 Endnotes 211 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 212
Contents 12 John Rawls: The Just and Fair Civil Society 213 I. Introduction 213 II. Rawls's Principles of Justice in A Theory of Justice 214 III. The Well-Ordered Society 217 IV. Political Liberalism and Value Pluralism 217 V. The Overlapping Consensus and Civic Virtue 221 VI. Public Reason and Constitutional Essentials 222 VII. Civil Society and Political Liberalism 225 VIII. Response and Rejoinder 227 IX. Transition to Conservatives: The Communitarian Critique of Rawls 229 Endnotes 232 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 233 13 The Conservative View: Burke, Tocqueville, and Oakeshott 234 7. Introduction 234 II. Edmund Burke: The Purpose of Civil Society 236 III. The Natural Aristocracy 239 IV. The Role of Virtue: The Importance of Moderation 240 V. Local Affiliations and Religion 241 VI. Identity and Civic Virtue in Burke 242 VII. Alexis de Tocqueville and the Commitment to Equality 242 VIII. The Passion for Equality 243 IX. Voluntary Associations and Local Government 244 X. Materialism and Religion 245 XI. Threats to Civil Society 246 XII. Tocqueville, Identity, and Civic Virtue 248 XIII. Introduction: Michael Oakeshott and Civil Society 248 XIV. Oakeshott's Free Agent 249 XV. Civitas Versus Universitas 249 XVI. Civitas, Politics, and Government 250 XVII. Response and Rejoinder 254 Endnotes 256 0 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 258 PART III Critiques of Civil Society 14 The Marxist Critique of Civil Society 263 7. Marx's Reaction to Hegel 263 II. Political Emancipation: Rights in Civil Society 265 III. Modern Alienation 267 IV. The Norms of Alienated Life 269 V. Historical Context of Alienation 270
Contents VI. The Economic Argument: The Sources of Exploitation 273 VII. Crisis of Capitalism: Declining Profits 275 VIII. The New Order 275 IX. Response and Rejoinder 276 X. Max Weber and Herbert Marcuse: The Bureaucratic State 279 Endnotes 285 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 287 15 Friedrich Nietzsche's Critique of Civil Society 288 7. Introduction 288 II. Dionysus Versus Apollo and the Quest for a New Culture 289 III. The Place of Morality 290 IV. The Master and Slave Moralities 292 V. Origin of Slave and Herd Moralities 295 VI. Democracy and Civil Society 297 VII. Politics of Bad Conscience 299 VIII. Response and Rejoinder 301 IX. Michel Foucault's Nietzschean Critique 304 Endnotes 310 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 312 16 Feminist Responses to Civil Society 313 7. The Public and the Private 313 II. The Silencing of Women 314 III. Political Theory and the Feminist Critique: Hegel and Mill 315 IV. Pateman and Okin on Patriarchy 317 V. Okin and the Non-gendered Viewpoint: The Liberal Conception 318 VI. MacKinnons: Female Empowerment 320 VII. Elshtain: The Discourse of Justice 324 VIII. Hartsock and the Marxist, Feminist Viewpoint 326 IX. Paglia's Nietzschean Perspective 330 X. Response and Rejoinder 335 Endnotes 337 Partial Bibliography and Further Reading 339 17 Civil Society Revisited 340 7. Summary of the Main Argument 340 1. Civil Society as a Separate Sphere 2. Civic Virtue 343 3. Mutual Respect 344 4. Toleration 345
Contents xi 5. Autonomy 345 6. The Market Experience 346 7. The Value of Civil Society: The Quest for Equality 347 77. The Future of Civil Society 348 1. Bureaucratic Roadblocks to the Future of Civil Society 348 2. Economic Roadblocks to the Future of Civil Society 352 3. Personal Roadblocks to Civil Society 354 Index 357