AMERICA ON THE WORLD STAGE

U.S. EXPANSION IN THE 1800 S Manifest Destiny- Fulfilled? Need for Expansion U.S. farms and factories produce more than Americans can consume. The US wanted more natural resources and economic markets. Others wanted to spread American and Christian values; patriotic reasons. Debate: U.S. need for new lands to prosper versus the fear that overseas expansion would weaken the US and was against American values.

APPENDIX A Read Alfred Thayer Mahan s excerpt from Sea Power. Why does he support the development of the U.S. Navy.

EARLY EXPANSION U.S. opened trade relations with Japan when Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Harbor and forced the Japanese to open trade relations with the U.S. in negotiations in 1853-54. U.S. acquires Alaska William Seward Secretary of State under Lincoln, Johnson (1867)arranged purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Has trouble convincing House to fund purchase Alaska called Seward s Icebox, Seward s Folly Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil

The painting depicts Perry hosting a dinner party aboard the USS Powhatan for Japanese officials.

THE CRY FOR ANNEXATION o o o o o o Since 1790s, U.S. merchants stop in Hawaii on way to Asia 1820s, missionaries founded schools and churches on islands Mid-1800s, American-owned sugar plantations 75% of islands wealth 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor and becomes refuelling station 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminates duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar Planters call for U.S. to annex islands so they will not have to pay duty

THE END OF A MONARCHY o o o o o 1887, businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit vote to landowners Queen Liliuokalani tries to remove landowning requirement With help of marines, business groups overthrow queen and set up government headed by Sanford B. Dole President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to the queen so the Republic of Hawaii is recognized In 1898, Hawaii is annexed under the McKinley administration

TROUBLE IN CUBA Cuba had struggled for independence from Spain s repressive government in 1800s. Cuba only 90 miles from Florida! U.S. Interest in Cuba Cuba had a strong sugar industry and US citizens had invested in the industry. Jose Martí a Cuban revolutionary, spent time in New York and gathered arms and support for Cuban independence. The US imposed a tariff on sugar in 1894 which hurt Cuba and made it worse for Spain.

Sketch by Captain P. Jackson showing Cuban revolutionaries in Santiago in the late 1800 s

REVOLUTION IN CUBA (1895) Jose Martí returned to Cuba and full revolution began again. The Spanish forced thousands of Cubans into reconcentration camps with horrible conditions. America watches as the violence and destruction of revolution tears Cuba, initially President McKinley wants to avoid war.

U.S.S. Maine exploding in Havana Harbor; notice insets.

USS MAINE The battleship USS Maine was sent to Havana to look out for Americans and American property in Cuba. February 15, 1898 it blew up in the harbor. Spain was blamed. (However in later years it was determined to have been an accident.) But cries came out to Remember the Maine. War begins to be a possibility.

Front page of New York World February 17, 1898

YELLOW JOURNALISM Yellow journalism-the telling of exaggerated and sensational stories or headlines with little concern for the facts. Newspapers were the major news sources and were very competitive. Two editors,william Randolph Hearst (the New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (The World), published many of these stories and headlines about Cuba, Spain, and the sinking of the USS Maine. US declared war on Spain on April 11, 1898. Critics blame yellow journalism.

APPENDIX B THE EDITOR S TO BLAME BY BOB CONNELLY Chorus: Editor, Editor, We all know your name. Editor, Editor, You're the man to blame. Editor, Editor, We all know your name. Editor, Editor, You're the man to blame. Now wars are never started by those Who eventually have to fight them. And profit is often gained by those Who plot and intrigue to ignite them. Now take the recent struggle 'twixt America and Spain, When all is said and all is done, There's only one man to blame He saw his circulation, Sinking mighty low, So he put us on the go. Then he looked at Cuba, And then he looked at Spain, He says I ll tell the world and God Of Cuba's tragic shame. And so he wrote of pain and tear, Of anguish and despair, Of bold and bare. He wrote of bleeding Cuba, He wrote of cruel Spain, He says that we should intervene, In Christianity s name. And when the country was aroused, As much as we could be, He scribbled off his masterpiece, Enthusiastically. He took his yellow quilted pen, And then with great disdain He wrote his editorial, And sunk the goodship, Maine. This fellow made a lot of money From the little war, And after it was over, boys, He made a whole lot more. Newspapers all around the land, Bear his famous name, But it begun the day this man, Sunk the goodship, Maine.

Battle of Manila, Philippines; U.S. battleships sink the Spanish fleet.

WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES Feb 1898, Asst. Secretary to the Navy Theodore Roosevelt sent Commodore Dewey to move ships from Hong Kong to the Philippines. May 1 (after Congress declared war) Dewey and his ships attacked Spanish ships in Manila Bay. In 7 hours the US sunk 10 ships. US troops arrived and stormed the island with help from Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo. However, once the Spanish were defeated US did not grant Philippine independence.

WAR IN CUBA After the victory in Philippines, 17,000 soldiers sent to the Santiago area fighting in Cuba began June 20, 1898. Rough Riders regiment of volunteers partially led by Teddy Roosevelt. They were a mix of cowboys, college students, polo players, and other adventurers. Roosevelt had left the Secretary of the Navy to join the war. Not always effective but popular with the press. (The famous charge on San Juan Hill taking it from the Spanish.) There were many African American troops that fought well but had to serve in segregated units and often faced discrimination.

The black Ninth and Tenth Calvary fighting in the Battle of Guasimas on June 24, 1898

DEFEAT OF SPAIN The Battle of San Juan Hill- the first and last major land battle in Cuba of the Spanish-American War. US blockade of Santiago Harbor- Spanish fleet tried to run but was destroyed in a onesided battle. Spain signed a cease-fire on August 12, 1898 and a peace treaty was signed in Paris in October. The Splendid Little War was over. 385 Americans were killed in action but another 5,000 died of tropical diseases and tainted food.

U.S. BECOMES AN IMPERIALIST POWER Treaty in Paris Spain granted independence to Cuba, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the US for a payment of $20 million. Independent Cuba? It becomes a protectorate or a country whose affairs partly controlled by stronger one They were forced by Americans to put the Platt Amendment in their constitution which gave the US the right to put navy bases on the island and to control foreign intervention in Cuba.

REPUBLIC OR EMPIRE? Not everyone was enthusiastic The Anti-Imperialist League formed to protest US imperialism. The league thought it was against US principles and would get the US in foreign wars. However Imperialists said America practiced benevolent imperialism that would uplift backward cultures and spread liberty. America only went abroad for trade, not to rule. Thus, McKinley, benefiting from economic recovery and patriotism from the Spanish-American war, beat the anti-imperialist Bryan in 1900.

1900 Puck magazine cartoon showing Pres. McKinley measuring Uncle Sam for new territories; anti-imperialists are trying to give him medicine. Caption reads: Declined with thanks. The Antis-Here, take this and get thin again! Uncle Sam- No, Sonny! I never did take any of that stuff, and I m too big to begin! APPENDIX C Analyze the political cartoon.