Multimedia Applications Slides courtesy of Tay Vaughan Making Multimedia Work
Chapter 4 Text
Overview Importance of text in a multimedia presentation. Understanding fonts and typefaces. Using text elements in a multimedia presentation. Computers and text. Font editing and design tools. Multimedia and hypertext.
Text in History Text came into use about 6,000 years ago
Revolution in Communication Using symbols for communication relatively recent 6,0000 years old 15th Century Johann Gutenburg printing press revolutionized information Recently another revolution the World Wide Web and its native language HTML
The Power of Meaning and the Importance of Text Words must be chosen carefully Words appear in: Titles Menus Navigational aids Test the words you plan to use Keep a thesaurus handy
Using Text in Multimedia Typeface Arial Fonts Points Styles Leading Kerning Type terminology Courier Times
Fonts and Faces A typeface is a family of graphic characters that includes many type sizes and styles (such as Times, Arial, Helvetica) A font is a collection of characters of a single size and style belonging to a typeface family (such as bold, italic) Font sizes are in points 1 point = 1/72 inch (measured from top to bottom of descenders in capital letter) X height is the height of the lower case letter x
Character Metrics
Factors affecting legibility of text Size. Background and foreground color. Style. Leading (pronounced ledding ).
Styles Examples of styles are boldface and italic Italic Bold Underlined
Leading and Kerning Computers can adjust the line spacing (called leading) leading and the space between pairs of letters, called kerning
Fonts and Faces PostScript, TrueType and Master fonts can be altered Bitmapped fonts cannot be altered The computer draws or rasterizes a letter on the screen with pixels or dots.
Cases When type was set by hand, the type for a font was kept in a drawer or case, The upper drawer held the capital letters, and the lower drawer held the smaller letters From this we get the terms uppercase and lowercase
Case Sensitive Password, and paths in a URL are case sensitive ( that is home is different from HOME ) It is easier to read words that have a mixture of upper and lower case letters rather than all upper case Computer terms use an intercap for readability as in PageMaker, or LastName
Serif and Sans Serif Type either has a little decoration at the end of the letter called a serif or it doesn t sans serif ( sans from the French meaning without) Examples ( Times serif T ) ( Arial sans serif T ) Use what is appropriate to convey your message
Using Text In Multimedia WYSIWYG What you see is what you get! Aim for a balance between too much text and too little Make web pages no more than 1 to 2 screenfuls of text Bring the user to the destination with as few actions as possible
Text Font Design Tips Use the most legible font available Use as few different faces as possible ( too many called ransom note typography Use bold and italics to convey meaning Adjust line spacing ( leading) Adjust the spacing between letters in headings to remove gaps Use colors and background to make type stand out Use meaningful word for links and menus
More Text Font Design Tips Anti aliasing or dithering blends colors along the edges of letters to create gentle effect. Experiment with shadows Surround headlines with white space Try attention grabbing effect with color, word art or large drop letters at the beginning of text
Menus For Navigation A Multimedia project or web site should include: content or information navigation tools such as menus, mouse clicks, key presses or touch screen some indication or map of where the user is in the presentation
Buttons for Interaction Buttons are objects that make things happen when they are clicked Use common button shapes and sizes Label them clearly BE SURE THEY WORK!
Fields for Reading Reading from a computer screen is slower than from a book People blink 3 5 times/minute, using a computer and 20 25 times/minute reading a book This reduced eye movement causes fatigue, dryness Try to present only a few paragraphs per page
Portrait vs. Landscape Monitor use wider than tall aspect ratios called landscape Most books use taller than wide orientation, called portrait Don t try to shrink a full page onto a monitor portrait landscape
HTML Documents Standard document format on the web is called Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML) Originally designed for text not multimedia now being redesigned as Dynamic HTML ( DHTML), which uses CSS (Cascading Style sheets) and permits defining text choices. Specify typefaces, sizes colors and properties by marking up the text with tags (such as <B>, </B>)
HTML Documents The Font tag is used to specify the font to be displayed (if present) <font face = Verdana, Arial, Times > If those fonts are not on the system, the default is used ( see p. 55 57 for common fonts)
Symbols and Icons Symbols act like visual words to convey meaning, (called icons) MAC trash can Windows hourglass Icons and sound are more easily remembered than words It is useful to label icons for clarity See smileys in textbook (p. 61)
Animating Text To grab a viewer s attention: let text fly onto screen rotate or spin text, etc. Use special effects sparingly or they become boring
Computers and Text Mac standard 72 pixels/ inch PC VGA 96 pixels/inch Screen ( 640 pixels across x 480 down, called 640 x480 resolution) Today much higher resolution possible
Fonts Wars Apple Adobe PostScript page description font language describes an image in terms of mathematical constructs (Bezier curves) Can be scaled larger or smaller Currently > 6,000 typefaces available Apple & Microsoft created TrueType
Computers and Text Allow text to be drawn at any size without jaggies, by anti-aliasing the edges of the characters
Fonts and Characters Fonts smaller than 12 point are not very legible on a monitor Never assume the fonts installed on your computer are on all computers Stay with TrueType fonts ordinarily ASCII character set most common Extended Character set used for HTML UNICODE supports characters for all known languages
Unicode Developed in 1989 for multilingual text Contains 65,000 characters form all known languages and alphabets Where several languages share a set of symbols, they are grouped into a collection called scripts ( eg. Latin, Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Tibetan, etc.) Shared symbols are unified into collections called scripts
Unicode Numbers Mathematical symbols Punctuation Arrows, blocks and drawing shapes Technical symbols
Mapping Text Across Platforms Viewing a presentation on either MAC and PC reveals differences Fonts must be mapped from one machine to another If same font doesn t exist on the other machine, one is substituted ( called font substitution) To avoid this, convert to bitmaps
Representing Languages Some contain different symbols Others represent an entire concept with a single symbol (as in some Asian languages) Translating into another language is called localization
Font Editing and Design Tools Allow you to create your own fonts ResEdit for MAC Fontographer (from Macromedia) caan be used to create Postscript, TrueType and bitmapped fonts for MAC, PB, SUN includes a freehand drawing tool 3D programs, such as COOL 3D and HotTEXT, create special effects See text for descriptions
Font Editing and Design Tools Fontographer (from Macromedia)
Editing and Design Tools
Hypermedia and Hypertext Hyper media provides a structure of links Hypertext words are linked to other elements Hypertext is usually searchable by software robots
Hypermedia and Hypertext Multimedia combines text, graphics and audio Interactive multimedia gives user control over what and when content is viewed (nonlinear) Hypermedia provides a structure of linked elements through which user navigates and interacts
Hypermedia Structures Hypermedia elements are called nodes Nodes are connected using links A linked point is called an anchor
Hypermedia Structures Link connections between conceptual elements (navigation pathways and menus) Node contains text, graphics sounds Anchor the reference from one document to another document, image, sound or file on the web Link anchor where you came from
Hypermedia and Hypertext Doug Englebart inventor of mouse 1965 Ted Nelson coined the word hypertext Computer based hypertext systems will fundamentally alter the way humans think, approach literature and the expression of ideas Hotlinks lead user from one reference to another
Using Hypertext Searching for words boolean search using AND, OR, NOT truncation using only part of word, such as geo might yield result with geology, geography, George, etc. Search engines employ robots to visit web pages and create indexes.
Hypertext Tools Building or authoring builder creates links, identifies nodes, generates an index of words Reading both linear and increasingly non linear Becoming more comfortable with non linear hypertext systems will change the way we think.