Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Identification Technologies by Government and the Private Sector

March 2000 Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Identification Technologies by Government and the Private Sector Summary of Survey Findings Final Prepared for SEARCH Prepared by September 18-30, 2001 August 15-18, 2002 Opinion Research Corporation Founded 1938

TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE... 2 SURVEY SUMMARY... 3 DETAILED FINDINGS... 11 Reading Notes BIOMETRICS... 13 Knowledge and Experiences Fingerprinting and Finger-Imaging FOUNDATIONS... 37 Privacy Concerns and Experiences Experience with the American Legal and Criminal Justice System Identity Fraud Awareness and Experiences ACCEPTABLE USES FOR BIOMETRICS... 56 Justification of Using Biometrics in Crime Prevention Use by U.S. Law Enforcement Authorities Use by Law Enforcement Agencies Use by Government Agencies Use by Private-Sector Organizations SAFEGUARDS... 75 Importance of Policies to Prevent Misuse PROJECTIONS... 86 Benefits vs. Concerns about Providing Identifiers Likelihood of Adopting Safeguards to Protect Privacy Likelihood of All Americans Having a Biometric ID on File by End of the Decade SUMMARY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTITUDES TOWARD THE USE OF BIOMETRICS...95 APPENDIX... 107 Methodology Notes on sampling error and significance testing Questionnaire Page Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 1

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This report presents the findings of telephone surveys conducted September 18-30, 2001 and August This report presents the findings of telephone surveys conducted 15-18, 2002 among national probability samples of 1017 and 1046 adults, respectively, 18 years of September 18-30, 2001 and August 15-18, 2002 among national age and older, living in private households in the continental United States. The 2002 study was probability samples of 1017 and 1046 adults, respectively, 18 years of age the attacks and of older, September living 11. in private households in the continental United States. The 2002 study was intended to examine if there had been shifts SEARCH, in acting public with opinion Dr. Alan Westin, as the a well-respected nation moved expert further on issues of away privacy from and the the use of attacks of September 11. intended to examine if there had been shifts in public opinion as the nation moved further away from personal information, commissioned Opinion Research Corporation International (ORC International) to conduct this research. The primary purpose of the studies is to assess public attitudes toward the SEARCH, use of biometrics acting for identifying with Dr. persons Alan more Westin, accurately a well-respected and for helping to prevent expert crimes on such issues as of identity privacy theft. and the use of personal information, commissioned Opinion Research Corporation International (ORC International) to conduct this research. The primary purpose of the studies is to assess public attitudes toward the use of biometrics for identifying persons more accurately and for helping to prevent crimes such as identity theft. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 2

SURVEY SUMMARY OVERVIEW Both Both immediately immediately after after 9/11 and 9/11 nearly and a nearly year later, a year there is later, substantial there support is substantial for using biometrics support as for using biometrics as both an identification and crime prevention tool. However, both an identification the strength and crime of that prevention support tool. has However, eroded the somewhat strength of that as support evidenced has eroded by the decreasing somewhat evidenced proportion by the of decreasing American proportion adults who of American believe adults specific who believe uses of specific biometrics uses of are biometrics very justified are very justified and by and a slight by a slight increase in the proportion who who believe believe the use the of biometric biometric techniques would techniques not be limited would solely not to be anti-terrorist limited solely work. to anti-terrorist use of work. This subtle shift in attitudes appears to conform with other research which also This subtle shift in attitudes appears to conform with other research which also suggests a reemergence of privacy/civil 2001 recede liberty concerns further as into the events memory. of September 2001 recede further into suggests a reemergence of privacy/civil liberty concerns as the events of September memory. KNOWLEDGE OF AND EXPERIENCE WITH BIOMETRICS KNOWLEDGE OF AND EXPERIENCE WITH BIOMETRICS Read a detailed description of biometrics, one-half of American adults report that they have previously Read heard of a detailed biometric identification description techniques. of biometrics, The question one-half wording of American was: adults report that they have previously heard of biometric identification techniques. The question To identify wording persons more was: accurately for many purposes to prevent crimes such as identity thefts, a To scientific identify procedure persons called more biometrics accurately has been for developed. many purposes Some types to of prevent biometrics crimes use permanent such as physical identity characteristics, thefts, a scientific such as eye procedure or voice patterns called or facial biometrics features. has Other been types developed. use a person s Some behavior, types such of as the biometrics way they sign use their permanent name or type physical words. characteristics, The way this works such is that as a person s eye or voice feature patterns is obtained, or with facial their features. cooperation. Other It is converted types use into a person s mathematical behavior, formula, and such stored as the in way a computer. they sign When their someone s name identity or type is to words. be verified The way for example, this works to access is that a computer a person s system feature is obtained, with their cooperation. It is converted into mathematical formula, with personal and medical stored information in a computer. their biometric When feature someone s is obtained identity at that is point to be and verified compared to for the formula example, stored to in access the database. a computer Before this system survey, with have personal you ever read medical or heard information about any of these their biometric biometric techniques? feature is obtained at that point and compared to the formula stored in the database. Before this survey, have you ever read or heard about any of these biometric techniques? Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 3

SURVEY SUMMARY (continued) Contrary Contrary to to expectations, expectations, the proportion the proportion of adults who of say adults they who are aware say of they biometrics are aware has remained of biometrics stable from September has remained 2001 (52%) stable to August from 2002 September (49%), well 2001 within (52%) the surveys to August margin 2002 of error. (49%), This suggests well within that while the there surveys has been margin a decided of increase error. in This media suggests coverage of that biometrics while there in past has year, been awareness a decided among the increase general public in media of biometric coverage identifiers of biometrics as a distinct, in currently the past available year, awareness technology has among not spread the beyond general those public aware of of the biometric techniques identifiers a year ago. as a distinct, currently available technology has not spread beyond those aware of the techniques Men, whites, adults a year living ago. in the West and more affluent and better-educated adults are more likely than average to report awareness of biometric techniques. Men, whites, adults living in the West and more affluent and better-educated adults There is are some more evidence likely that than the use average of biometric to report identification awareness is increasing of biometric somewhat. Among all techniques. adults, including those who are unaware of biometric techniques, 5% provided characteristics in 2002, compared with 3% in 2001. Among those aware of the techniques, one in ten (11%, up from 5% in There is some evidence that the use of biometric identification is increasing 2001) have personally provided identifying characteristics to an organization for a computer-matched somewhat. Among all adults, including those who are unaware of biometric biometric comparison. techniques, 5% provided characteristics in 2002, compared with 3% in 2001. Among those aware of the techniques, one in ten (11%, up from 5% in 2001) have In 2002, those who provided characteristics are predominately male, under 44 years of age, upperincome (with yearly household incomes of $50,000 or more) and better-educated, with at least some personally provided identifying characteristics to an organization for a computer-matched biometric comparison. college education. In 2002, those who provided characteristics are predominately male, under 44 years Among of the age, small upper-income group of respondents (with who yearly have provided household identifiers, incomes fingerprint of $50,000 scanning or is more) the most and commonly better-educated, experienced technique with at (experienced least some by 70% college in 2001 education. and 82% in 2002), followed by signature dynamics (34% in 2001 and 46% in 2002). Other techniques and the percentage who have Among experienced the them small include: group of respondents who have provided identifiers, fingerprint scanning is the most commonly experienced technique (experienced by 70% in 2001 Hand and geometry 82% in (21% 2002), in followed 2001 and 19% by in signature 2002) dynamics (34% in 2001 and 46% in 2002). Other techniques and the percentage who have experienced them Eye recognition (10% in 2001 and 20% in 2002) include: Voice recognition (9% in 2001 and 27% in 2002) Facial recognition (4% in 2001 and 22% in 2002) Hand geometry (21% in 2001 and 19% in 2002) Typing dynamics (no one in 2001 and 7% in 2002) Eye recognition (10% in 2001 and 20% in 2002) Voice recognition (9% in 2001 and 27% in 2002) Facial recognition (4% in 2001 and 22% in 2002) Typing dynamics (no one in 2001 and 7% in 2002) Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 4

SURVEY SUMMARY (continued) In general, those those who who have experienced have experienced various biometric various techniques biometric are comfortable techniques with are them, comfortable although the number with of them, interviews although these results the number are based of on interviews is fewer than these 50 in all results cases and are should based be viewed on as is directional, fewer than not 50 precise. in all In cases both years, and should a majority be of viewed adults were as directional, very or somewhat not precise. comfortable In with both all years, the tests a they majority experienced, of adults aside from were typing very dynamics. or somewhat In 2001 comfortable no one had with all the tests they experienced, aside from typing dynamics. In 2001 no one had experienced experienced typing dynamics; typing dynamics; of those who of had those in 2002, who none had were in very 2002, comfortable none were with very it. comfortable with it. Attitudes toward fingerprinting may serve as some indication of attitudes toward biometric identification. About toward two in three fingerprinting adults (69% may 2001 and serve 66% as in some 2002), indication report having of been attitudes fingerprinted toward for Attitudes biometric identification identification. purposes, with about About nine two in ten in in three both years adults feeling (69% it was in 2001 an appropriate and 66% requirement. in 2002), report having been fingerprinted for identification purposes, with about nine in ten in both years feeling it was an appropriate requirement. The 2001 study suggests that the generally positive attitudes towards fingerprinting carry over to The finger-imaging. 2001 study More suggests than three that in the four adults generally (77%) positive feel that finger-imaging attitudes towards protects individuals fingerprinting against fraud; only carry 20% think over finger-imaging to finger-imaging. treats people More like presumed than three criminals. in four Finger-imaging adults (77%) is viewed feel even that more finger-imaging positively by victims protects of identity individuals fraud. against fraud; only 20% think finger-imaging treats people like presumed criminals. Finger-imaging is viewed even more positively by victims of identity fraud. GENERAL PRIVACY ISSUES The misuse of personal information is a major concern among most Americans (87% in 2001 and 88% GENERAL PRIVACY ISSUES in 2002); about half in both years said they were very concerned about it. In addition, more than one The in four misuse adults of say personal they have been information the victims is of a an major improper concern invasion among of privacy most by a Americans business, including one in in 2001 three and men and 88% adults in 2002); younger about than 55. half in both years said they were very (87% concerned about it. In addition, more than one in four adults say they have been the Identity victims fraud of is another improper problem invasion which is high of privacy in public consciousness, by a business, with including the vast majority one inof three Americans men (81%) and reporting adults younger in 2001 they than had 55. heard or read about some type of identity fraud. Credit Identity card fraud fraud and check is another forgery are problem the two most which commonly-known is high in public types consciousness, of identity fraud, with 72% the vast and 62% majority of Americans of Americans having heard (81%) about reporting people committing in 2001 those they types had of heard fraud, respectively. or read about some Respondents type of are identity less aware fraud. of identity Credit fraud card involving fraud stolen and telephone check forgery charge numbers are the (52% twoaware), most obtaining commonly-known unauthorized access types to confidential of identity computer fraud, files with (51%) 72% and and applying 62% for of welfare Americans payments having to which heard people aren t about entitled people (50%). committing those types of fraud, respectively. Respondents are less aware of identity fraud involving stolen telephone charge numbers (52% aware), obtaining unauthorized access to confidential computer files (51%) and applying for welfare payments to which people aren t entitled (50%). Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 5

SURVEY SUMMARY (continued) As with privacy invasion, many Americans say they have been the victims of identity As with privacy fraud invasion, (21% in many 2001). Americans Not surprisingly, say they have nearly been the all victims Americans of identity (95%) fraud (21% in consider 2001). Not identity surprisingly, fraud nearly to all be Americans a serious (95%) problem consider today, identity including fraud to be two a serious in three problem who think it s a very serious problem. Women in particular are concerned about it. today, including two in three who think it s a very serious problem. Women in particular are concerned about it. USES AND MISUSES OF BIOMETRICS Overall, USES AND while MISUSES a large OF majority BIOMETRICS of American adults (86% in 2001 and 80% in 2002), think government agencies and private-sector organizations are justified in adopting Overall, while biometric a large majority identification of American programs adults (86% to in help 2001 prevent and 80% in crime, 2002), think the strength government of agencies that support and private-sector has significantly organizations eroded are justified over in the adopting past biometric year, as identification the proportion programs to believing help prevent it crime, is very the justified strength of dropped that support from has significantly 48% to 34%. eroded over the past year, as the proportion believing it is very justified dropped from 48% to 34%. There is high acceptance for U.S. law enforcement authorities requiring fingerprint There is high acceptance scans to verify for U.S. identity law enforcement passports authorities (88% requiring very fingerprint or somewhat scans to verify acceptable identity for passports in 2002), (88% to very obtain or somewhat entry into acceptable government in 2002), to buildings obtain entry (84%), into government at airport check-ins buildings (84%), (82%) at airport and to check-ins obtain (82%) a drivers and to license obtain a (77%). drivers license Support (77%). is noticeably Support is noticeably lower lower for for requiring requiring a fingerprint fingerprint scan scan to rent to a rent car, although a car, although a majority (60%) a majority still think (60%) it is a still think it is a very or somewhat acceptable requirement. Generally, women very or somewhat acceptable requirement. Generally, women and victims of identity fraud are more and victims of identity fraud are more strongly supportive of requiring scans to verify strongly identity. supportive of requiring scans to verify identity. Despite overall overall acceptance, acceptance, however, however, the proportion the who proportion find it very who acceptable find it to very require acceptable fingerprint to scans require has declined fingerprint by five to scans ten points has since declined last year by for five every to ten category, points with since the steepest last year declines for every for airport category, check-ins with (-10 points) the steepest and car rentals declines (-10 points). for airport check-ins (-10 points) and car rentals Putting (-10 points). aside anti-terrorist work, Americans surveyed in the 2001 study also considered it acceptable in most instances for law enforcement agencies to use a biometric identification system in various Putting everyday aside situations, anti-terrorist although support work, is substantially Americans lower surveyed for police in using the facial 2001 recognition study alsotechnol- ogy to scan audiences it acceptable at major sporting most events instances or public for ceremonies. law enforcement agencies to use a considered biometric identification system in various everyday situations, although support is substantially lower for police using facial recognition technology to scan audiences at major sporting events or public ceremonies. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 6

SURVEY SUMMARY (continued) Following are various uses of biometric identification and their acceptability to Americans Following are in various 2001: uses of biometric identification and their acceptability to Americans in 2001: Law Law enforcement agencies agencies could could use finger use or finger hand scan or biometrics hand scan to biometrics allow only authorized to allow only officials authorized to enter officials law enforcement to enter intelligence law enforcement files (93% very intelligence or somewhat files acceptable) (93% very or somewhat Detectives acceptable) could take a fingerprint found at a crime scene, turn it into a biometric reading, and use Detectives this to search could state and take federal a fingerprint databases of found convicted at offenders a crime (93%) scene, turn it into a biometric Law enforcement reading, agencies and use could this create to search a biometric state database and federal of all persons databases convicted of of a serious convicted offenders (93%) crime, for use in later criminal investigations (91%) Law enforcement agencies could create a biometric database of all persons convicted Police in of patrol a serious cars who crime, stopped for a driver use in for later highway criminal violations investigations could take a computer (91%) scan of a Police driver s in finger, patrol and cars then who use a computer stopped terminal a driver in for the patrol highway car to violations check this against could a take database a computer of fugitives scan involved of a driver s in serious finger, crimes (85%) and then use a computer terminal in the patrol Police car could to check use facial this recognition against technology a database to scan of fugitives the features involved of people in attending serious major crimes (85%) sports events or public ceremonies, looking for fugitives for serious crimes whose facial formulas Police they had could in their use system facial (74%) recognition technology to scan the features of people attending major sports events or public ceremonies, looking for fugitives for serious crimes whose facial formulas they had in their system (74%) Support in 2001 also extended to public agencies using biometric readings on other occasions, particularly to screen Support in 2001 people also entering extended high security to public government agencies facilities: using biometric readings on other occasions, particularly to screen people entering high security government Managers at facilities: high-security government facilities, such as laboratories or military bases, could screen people seeking entry against a biometric database of persons authorized to enter (95% very Managers or somewhat at acceptable) high-security government facilities, such as laboratories or military Government bases, agencies could screen issuing required people occupational seeking entry licenses against such as a for biometric teachers, private database guards, of persons or nursing authorized home workers to enter could check (95% applicant s very or somewhat biometric against acceptable) a database of criminal Government offenders not eligible agencies to be issuing licensed required (90%) occupational licenses such as for teachers, private guards, or nursing home workers could check applicant s biometric School security against guards a database could screen of criminal people entering offenders a school, not and eligible compare to the be scans licensed against a (90%) biometric database of convicted child molesters (87%) School To prevent security people from guards obtaining could double screen welfare people benefits, entering officials a could school, screen and people compare seeking the welfare scans against checks against a a biometric database of of those convicted eligible for child the molesters benefit (86%) (87%) To prevent people from obtaining double welfare benefits, officials could screen people seeking welfare checks against a biometric database of those eligible for the benefit (86%) Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 7

SURVEY SUMMARY (continued) Immigration officials could sign up persons wanting to speed up entry at passport-control Immigration officials stations, could sign and up process persons wanting travelers to speed more up quickly entry at passport-control in this way (86%) stations, Election and process officials travelers could more quickly check in a biometric this way (86%) database of convicted criminals and others Election who officials are not could eligible check a to biometric vote and database bar such of convicted persons criminals from voting and others (72%) who are not eligible to vote and bar such persons from voting (72%) Although there is high acceptable for private-sector organizations to take biometric Although there readings, is high acceptable support for is private-sector lower than organizations for law enforcement to take biometric and readings, government support agencies is lower than to for do law so. enforcement Support is and very government strong agencies for requiring to do so. biometric Support is very checks strong tofor purchase requiring biometric a gun (91% checks very to purchase or somewhat a gun (91% acceptable) very or somewhat but acceptable) lower for but other lower for other activities: activities: Credit card firms could offer members a biometric to verify their identity for Credit card firms could offer members a biometric to verify their identity for large transactions, large transactions, and increase the security of credit card transactions (85% very and or increase somewhat the security acceptable) of credit card transactions (85% very or somewhat acceptable) ATMs operated by by banks banks could could require require a biometric a biometric for withdrawing for withdrawing funds (78%) funds (78%) Computer system managers could use a biometric to admit persons authorized to access sensitive Computer files, such as system medical managers or financial information could use (77%) a biometric to admit persons authorized to access sensitive files, such as medical or financial information (77%) Employers could check the biometric of job applicants against a government database of con- Employers could check the biometric of job applicants against a government database victed felons of convicted (76%) felons (76%) Gambling casinos could could use facial use facial scanning scanning technology technology to screen out to professional screen out card counters or professional others banned card from counters gambling in or the others casinos banned (56%) from gambling in the casinos (56%) SAFEGUARDS AGAINST MISUSE MISUSE Most Americans think think law enforcement law enforcement authorities authorities would use biometrics would use solely biometrics for anti-terrorist solely work, for although anti-terrorist fewer are convinced work, although than last year fewer (62% are this year convinced compared than with 68% last year in 2001). (62% Men, this adults year who had compared prior knowledge with 68% of biometrics in 2001). and Men, those who adults are who better-educated had prior are knowledge more skeptical. of biometrics and those who are better-educated are more skeptical. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 8

SURVEY SUMMARY (continued) While there is substantial support for various uses of biometrics by law enforcement While there is substantial authorities, support agencies for various and uses private of biometrics organizations, by law enforcement huge majorities authorities, of Americans agencies and private support organizations, policies to huge guard majorities against of Americans potential support misuses policies of biometric to guard against ID by these potential same misuses entities. of biometric Americans ID by these who same have entities. read Americans or heard who about have biometric read or heard about techniques biometric techniques are even are even more more convinced about the the necessity necessity of safeguards. of safeguards. More than nine nine ten in think ten think it is important, it is important, including eight including ten or eight more in who ten think or it more is very who important that: it is very important that: Biometric IDs IDs only only be be used used in ways in ways known known of and approved of and approved of by the individual of by the individual think People People should should be be fully fully informed informed about how about their how ID is their being ID used is and being why used it is needed and why it is needed Individuals can can check check that their that ID their is correct ID is and correct have any and rejection have any of their rejection identity verified of their identity Biometric verified codes not be shared with other organizations Biometric IDs codes be collected not be knowingly, shared with except other in cases organizations of national security Biometric IDs be collected knowingly, except in cases of national security Support is also very high (more than 80% very or somewhat important) for prohibiting separate Support is also very high (more than 80% very or somewhat important) for biometric identifiers being combined and prohibiting organizations from tracking people using biometric identification. prohibiting separate biometric identifiers being combined and prohibiting organizations from tracking people using biometric identification. PROJECTIONS Overall, two in three adults in 2001 (65%) felt that increases in correct identification of people, with rules in place as a required code for biometrics, would outweigh concerns about having to provide the identifiers; while still a majority, in 2002 this fell to 56%. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 9

SURVEY SUMMARY (continued) PROJECTIONS Americans are also less confident safeguards will be adopted to protect against misuses of biometric information, although a large majority (80% in 2001 and 73% in 2002) still think it is likely protections will be two implemented. in three adults in 2001 (65%) felt that increases in correct Overall, identification of people, with rules in place as a required code for biometrics, would Regardless, outweigh most Americans concerns (87% about in 2001 having and 82% to in provide 2002) think the it identifiers; is likely that every while American still a majority, adult will have in 2002 at least this one fell biometric to 56%. ID on file somewhere before the end of the decade; adults aware of biometrics are even more convinced this will be the case. Americans are also less confident safeguards will be adopted to protect against misuses of biometric information, although a large majority (80% in 2001 and 73% in 2002) still think it is likely protections will be implemented. Regardless, most Americans (87% in 2001 and 82% in 2002) think it is likely that every American adult will have at least one biometric ID on file somewhere before the end of the decade; adults aware of biometrics are even more convinced this will be the case. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 10

READING NOTES The following pages present supporting tabulations of survey results. The data are percentaged vertically and, therefore, should be read from top-to-bottom. The total number of unweighted interviews appears at the top in parentheses. Percentages, however, are calculated on the weighted bases. Percentages may not add to 100% due to weighting factors, rounding or multiple responses. Where a double asterisk (**) appears, it signifies any value of less than one_half percent. Comparisons of independent sub-groups have been made when those differences are mathematically significant. Significance testing is done to the 95% confidence level. Note that any statistical test becomes less reliable when the sample sizes are small. Even though the test mathematically can be performed on samples as low as thirty, sixty respondents is the reasonable lower bound on the size of the sample. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 12

DETAILED FINDINGS Biometrics Opinion Research Corporation Founded 1938

BIOMETRICS Knowledge Of Biometric Techniques One-half of American adults report that they have previously heard of biometric identification techniques. Contrary to expectations, the proportion of adults who say they are aware of biometrics has remained stable from September 2001 (52%) to August 2002 (49%)*. This suggests that while there has been a decided increase in media coverage of biometrics in the past year, awareness among the general public of biometric identifiers as a distinct, currently available technology has not spread beyond those aware of the techniques a year ago. *There is no significant difference between the 2001 and 2002 results. When examining the results for 2001 and 2002 separately, the margin of error is plus or minus three percentage points; this increases to plus or minus four percentage points when comparing the 2001 results to the 2002 results. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 14

BIOMETRICS Knowledge Of Biometric Techniques (continued) Q4: Before this survey, have you ever read or heard about any of these biometric techniques? Sept. 2001 Aug. 2002 Don't Know 1% Don't Know 1% No 47% Yes 52% No 50% Yes 49% Base = Total (1017) Base = Total (1046) Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 15

BIOMETRICS Knowledge Of Biometric Techniques (continued) Men, whites, those living in the West and those who are more affluent and better-educated are more likely to report that they have read or heard about biometric techniques. Those who have been victims of identity fraud are more likely than those who have not been victims to report that they have read or heard about biometric techniques (58% vs. 50%). Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 16

BIOMETRICS Knowledge Of Biometric Techniques (continued) Q4: Before this survey, have you ever read or heard about any of these biometric techniques? Sept. 2001 GENDER RACE African TOTAL Male Female White American (n) = (1017) (507) (510) (818) (78)* % % % % % Yes 52 58^ 46 55^ 36 No 47 42 53^ 44 63^ Don t Know 1 1 1 1 1 EDUCATION HH INCOME REGION Not College Some $35K or North Grad College+ Higher LT $35K Northeast Central South West (n) = (376) (614) (466) (295) (197) (235) (357) (228) % % % % % % % % Yes 38 61^ 61^ 40 48 46 51 64^^^ No 61^ 38 38 58^ 51^ 54^ 48^ 36 Don t Know 1 1 ** 2 1 0 2 1 ^(^^) = Significantly higher than corresponding column(s) at the 95% confidence interval * = Small Base ** = Less than one-half of one percent Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 17

BIOMETRICS Knowledge Of Biometric Techniques (continued) Q4: Before this survey, have you ever read or heard about any of these biometric techniques? Aug. 2002 GENDER AGE RACE African TOTAL Male Female 18-44 45-64 65+ White American n) = (1046) (515) (531) (497) (378) (151) (846) (85)* % % % % % % % % Yes 49 49 50 47 59^^ 40 52^ 29 No 50 51 49 53^ 40 57^ 47 69^ Don t Know 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 1 EDUCATION HH INCOME REGION No College College $35K or North Degree Degree Higher LT $35K Northeast Central South West (n) = (649) (355) (513) (331) (197) (248) (375) (226) % % % % % % % % Yes 41 65^ 54^ 44 44 49 46 60^^^ No 58^ 35 46 55^ 54^ 50^ 53^ 39 Don t Know 1 ** ** 1 2 1 1 1 ^(^^) = Significantly higher than corresponding column(s) at the 95% confidence interval * = Small Base ** = Less than one-half of one percent Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 18

BIOMETRICS Personal Experience With Biometrics There is some evidence that the use of biometric identification is increasing somewhat. Among all adults, including those who are unaware of biometric techniques, 5% provided characteristics in 2002, compared with 3% in 2001. Among those aware of the techniques, one in ten (11%, up from 5% in 2001) have personally provided identifying characteristics to an organization for a computer-matched biometric comparison. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 19

BIOMETRICS Personal Experience With Biometrics (continued) Q5: Have you ever personally provided identifying characteristics to an organization for such a computermatched biometric comparison? Sept. 2001 Aug. 2002 Yes 3% Yes 5% No/Not Aware/Don't Know 97% No/Not Aware/Don't Know 95% Base = Total (1017) Base = Total (1046) Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 20

BIOMETRICS Personal Experience With Biometrics (continued) Q5: Have you ever personally provided identifying characteristics to an organization for such a computermatched biometric comparison? Sept. 2001 Aug. 2002 Don't Know 1% Yes 5% Yes 11% No 95% No 89% Base = Have ever read or heard about biometric techniques (534) Base = Have ever read or heard about biometric techniques (529) Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 21

BIOMETRICS Personal Experience With Biometrics (continued) Among the small group of respondents who have provided identifiers, fingerprint scanning is the most commonly experienced technique (experienced by 70% in 2001 and 82% in 2002), followed by signature dynamics (34% in 2001 and 46% in 2002). In 2002, those who provided characteristics were predominately male, under 44 years of age, upper-income ($50,000 or more household income) and had at least attended college. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 22

BIOMETRICS Personal Experience With Biometric Techniques (continued) Q6: Which of the following computer-based biometric techniques have you personally experienced? - Aided Fingerprint scan 70% Signature dynamics 34% Hand geometry 21% Eye recognition Voice recognition Facial recognition Typing dynamics Don't know/none of these 10% 9% 4% 0% 9% Sept. 2001 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Base = NOTE: Have ever heard or read about biometric techniques and have personally provided identifying characteristics to an organization for a computer-matched biometric comparison (September 2001 n=28). Because of very small base size, results are directional only. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 23

BIOMETRICS Personal Experience With Biometric Techniques (continued) Q6: Which of the following computer-based biometric techniques have you personally experienced? - Aided Fingerprint scan 82% Signature dynamics 46% Voice recognition Facial recognition Eye recognition Hand geometry 27% 22% 20% 19% Aug. 2002 Typing dynamics Don't know/none of these 2% 7% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Base = NOTE: Have ever heard or read about biometric techniques and have personally provided identifying characteristics to an organization for a computer-matched biometric comparison (Aug. 2002 n=57). Because of very small base size, results are directional only. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 24

BIOMETRICS Personal Experience With Biometric Techniques (continued) Q6: Which of the following computer-based biometric techniques have you personally experienced? -Aided Aug. 2002 GENDER AGE EDUCATION No Some TOTAL Male Female 18-44 45+ College College+ (n) = (1046) (515) (531) (497) (529) (395) (609) % % % % % % % PROVIDED IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTICS 5 8 3 6 5 2 7 Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 25

BIOMETRICS Personal Experience With Biometric Techniques (continued) In general, those who have experienced various biometric techniques are comfortable with them. although the number of interviews these results are based on is fewer than fifty in all cases and should be viewed as directional, not precise. In both years, a majority of adults were very or somewhat comfortable with all the tests they experienced, aside from typing dynamics. In 2001 no one had experienced typing dynamics; of those who had in 2002, none were very comfortable with it. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 26

BIOMETRICS Personal Experience With Biometric Techniques (continued) Q7: How would you rate general comfort in taking tests? Facial recognition Voice recognition Hand geometry Fingerprint scan Signature dynamics Eye recognition Typi ng dynamics 32% Very/Somewhat Comfortable 100% 82% 100% 79% 100% 72% 86% 83% 80% 85% Sept. 2001 71% Aug. 2002 70% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Base = NOTE: Have ever heard or read about biometric techniques and have personally provided identifying characteristics to an organization for a computer-matched biometric comparison. Because of very small base size, results are directional only. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 27

BIOMETRICS Personal Experience With Biometric Techniques (continued) Q7: How would you rate general comfort in taking tests? Very Comfortable Hand geometry 57% 69% Fingerprint scan Eye recognition Voice recognition 32% 61% 60% 58% 55% 53% Signature dynamics 25% 71% Sept. 2001 Facial recognition 0% 50% Aug. 2002 Typing dynamics 0% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Base = NOTE: Have ever heard or read about biometric techniques and have personally provided identifying characteristics to an organization for a computer-matched biometric comparison. Because of very small base size, results are directional only. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 28

BIOMETRICS Fingerprinting And Finger-Imaging Two-thirds of adults (69% in 2001 and 66% in 2002) report having had their fingerprints taken for identification purposes, such as military service, when applying for a job or government license, or in a criminal justice proceeding. Most (88% in 2001 and 90% in 2002) felt the fingerprinting was an appropriate requirement. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 29

BIOMETRICS Fingerprinting And Finger-Imaging (continued) Q17: Have you ever had your fingerprints taken, for example for military service, applying for a job or a government license, in a criminal justice proceeding, or other identification purpose? Q18: Did you feel that doing this was an appropriate requirement or not an appropriate requirement? Don't Know 1% Sept. 2001 Don't know 3% Not appropriate 9% No 30% Yes 69% Appropriate 88% Base = Total (1017) Base = Have ever had fingerprints taken (716) Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 30

BIOMETRICS Fingerprinting And Finger-Imaging (continued) Q17: Have you ever had your fingerprints taken, for example for military service, applying for a job or a government license, in a criminal justice proceeding, or other identification purpose? Q18: Did you feel that doing this was an appropriate requirement or not an appropriate requirement? Don't Know 2% Aug. 2002 Not appropriate 9% Don't know 1% No 33% Yes 66% Appropriate 90% Base = Total (1046) Base = Have ever had fingerprints taken (693) Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 31

BIOMETRICS Fingerprinting And Finger-Imaging (continued) More men than women have had their fingerprints taken (78% vs. 62% in 2001 and 78% vs. 54% in 2002). Adults residing in the West are more likely to have had their fingerprints taken than those from other regions. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 32

BIOMETRICS Fingerprinting And Finger-Imaging (continued) Q17: Have you ever had your fingerprints taken, for example for military service, applying for a job or a government license, in a criminal justice proceeding, or other identification purpose? Sept. 2001 GENDER REGION North TOTAL Male Female Northeast Central South West (n) = (1017) (507) (510) (197) (235) (357) (228) % % % % % % % Yes 69 78^ 62 66 58 70^ 84^^^ No 30 22 37^ 31^ 42^^^ 29^ 16 Don t Know 1 1 1 3 * 1 0 ^(^^) = Significantly higher than corresponding column(s) at the 95% confidence interval * = Less than one-half of one percent Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 33

BIOMETRICS Fingerprinting And Finger-Imaging (continued) Q17: Have you ever had your fingerprints taken, for example for military service, applying for a job or a government license, in a criminal justice proceeding, or other identification purpose? Aug. 2002 GENDER REGION North TOTAL Male Female Northeast Central South West (n) = (1046) (515) (531) (197) (248) (375) (226) % % % % % % % Yes 66 78^ 54 55 56 68^^ 81^^^ No 33 21 44^ 43^^ 41^^ 31^ 18 Don t Know 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 ^(^^) = Significantly higher than corresponding column(s) at the 95% confidence interval Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 34

BIOMETRICS Fingerprinting And Finger-Imaging (continued) The 2001 study* suggests that the generally positive attitudes towards finger printing carry over to finger-imaging. More than three-quarters (77%) of adults feel that finger-imaging protects individuals and the public against fraud; only 20% think it treats people like presumed criminals. *Finger-imaging was not included in the 2002 update survey. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 35

BIOMETRICS Fingerprinting And Finger-Imaging (continued) Q16A/16B: Which of these two views comes closest to your own about finger-imaging? Sept. 2001* Don't know 4% Treats people like presumed criminals 20% Helps protect against fraud 77% *Not asked in 2002. Base = Total (1017) *Not asked in 2002. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 36

DETAILED FINDINGS Foundations Opinion Research Corporation Founded 1938

FOUNDATIONS Privacy Concerns Most American adults (87% in 2001 and 88% in 2002) are concerned about the possible misuse of personal information. Over half (51% and 54%) say they are very concerned, while one-third (35% and 34%) report being somewhat concerned. Just over one-in-ten (13% and 12%) express either little or no concern about possible misuse of personal information. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 38

FOUNDATIONS Privacy Concerns (continued) Q19: How concerned are you about the possible misuse of your personal information in America today? Sept. 2001 Aug. 2002 Not very/not at all 13% Not very concerned 9% Not concerned at all 4% Not very/not at all 12% Not very concerned 9% Not concerned at all 3% Somewhat concerned 35% Very concerned 51% Somewhat concerned 34% Very concerned 54% Very/Somewhat 87% Very/Somewhat 88% Base = Total (1017) Base = Total (1046) Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 39

FOUNDATIONS Privacy Concerns (continued) African-Americans are more likely than whites to be very concerned about the possible misuse of their personal information (65% vs. 48% in 2001 and 73% vs. 51% in 2002). In neither year did knowledge of biometrics influence concern about possible misuse of personal information. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 40

FOUNDATIONS Privacy Concerns (continued) Q19: How concerned are you about the possible misuse of your personal information in America today? Are you Sept. 2001 Aug. 2002 RACE RACE African African TOTAL White American TOTAL White American ( n) = (1017) (818) (78)* (1046) (846) (85)* % % % % % % Very/Somewhat concerned 87 86 87 88 87 93 Very concerned 51 48 65^ 54 51 73^ Somewhat concerned 35 38^ 21 34 36^ 20 Not very concerned/not concerned at all 13 14 13 12 13 7 Not very concerned 9 10 10 9 9 4 Not concerned at all 4 4 4 3 3 3 Don t know ** ** 0 ** ** 0 ^(^^) = Significantly higher than corresponding column(s) at the 95% confidence interval * = Small Base ** = Less than one-half of one percent Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 41

FOUNDATIONS Experience With Invasion Of Privacy Nearly three in ten American adults (28% in both 2001 and 2002) say they have been the victims of an improper invasion of privacy by a business. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 42

FOUNDATIONS Experience With Invasion Of Privacy (continued) Q20: As a consumer, have you personally ever been the victim of what you felt was an improper invasion of privacy by a business? Sept. 2001 Aug. 2002 Don't Know 1% Don't Know 1% Yes 28% Yes 28% No 71% No 70% Base = Total (1017) Base = Total (1046) Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 43

FOUNDATIONS Experience With Invasion Of Privacy (continued) More men than women feel that they have been victimized by a business (33% vs. 24% in 2001 and 32% vs. 25% in 2002). In the 2002 results, adults younger than 55 were more likely to say they have been victimized than adults 55 and older (32% vs. 21%). Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 44

FOUNDATIONS Experience With Invasion Of Privacy (continued) Q20: As a consumer, have you personally ever been the victim of what you felt was an improper invasion of privacy by a business? Sept. 2001 Aug. 2002 GENDER GENDER AGE TOTAL Male Female TOTAL Male Female 18-54 55+ (n) = (1017) (507) (510) (1046) (515) (531) (717) (309) % % % % % % % % Yes 28 33^ 24 29 32^ 25 32^ 21 No 71 66 75^ 70 66 74^ 68 77^ Don t know 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ^ = Significantly higher than corresponding column(s) at the 95% confidence interval Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 45

FOUNDATIONS Awareness Of Types Of Identity Fraud* Most American adults (81%) have heard or read about some type of identity fraud. The majority have heard of people assuming the identity of someone else to use stolen credit cards (72%) or to cash forged personal checks at stores (62%). Just half are aware that people assume another identity to: Use stolen telephone charge numbers (52%) Obtain unauthorized access to confidential computer files (51%) Apply for government welfare payments to which they weren t entitled (50%) *Not asked in 2002. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 46

FOUNDATIONS Awareness Of Types of Identity Fraud* (continued) Q1: Some individuals fraudulently assume the identity of other persons in order to engage in illegal acts. Have you read or heard about people doing this in any of the following situations? -Aided Sept. 2001 Stolen credit cards 72% Forged personal checks 62% Stolen telephone numbers 52% Unauthorized access to confidential files Government welfare payments 51% 50% Don't know/none of these 19% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Base = Total (1017) *Not asked in 2002. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 47

FOUNDATIONS Awareness Of Types Of Identity Fraud* (continued) Adults Adults living living in central in central city or suburban city areas, or suburban whites, those with areas, household whites, incomes those of $35,000 with household or more and adults incomes with some college of $35,000 education are or more more likely to and report adults that they with have heard some or college read about some education instances of are identity more fraud. likely to report that they have heard or read about some instances of identity fraud. *Not asked in 2002. *Not asked in 2002. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 48

FOUNDATIONS Awareness Of Types Of Identity Fraud* (continued) Q1: Some individuals fraudulently assume the identity of other persons in order to engage in illegal acts. Have you read or heard about people doing this in any of the following situations? -Aided Sept. 2001 METRO AREA RACE EDUCATION HH INCOME Central African Some No $35K or LT City Suburban Rural White American College+ College higher $35K (n) = (509) (263) (245) (818) (78)* (614) (376) (466) (295) % % % % % % % % % Read or heard about 82^ 83^ 75 84^ 64 86^ 72 87^ 74 people doing this in any of the situations ^ = Significantly higher than corresponding column(s) at the 95% confidence interval * = Small Base *Not asked in 2002. Public Attitudes Toward the Uses of Biometric Technologies 49