2002,34 (2) :126 134 Acta Psychologica Sinica 3 1, 2 2 2 1 ( 1,100871) ( 2,100875), VP + N1 + + N2,,, 1,,,,,,,, B842 1 [1 ], ential context) [2 ], Tanenhaus,, [3 ],,,, [4 ],,, ( garden - path, model) [5 ],,,,, put the apple on the towel in the box,, put the apple on the towel, (referential theory) [6 ] (constraint,, Tanenhaus, on the,,,,, put the apple on the towel,,, ( refer2 - based models) [7 ],,, VP + N1 + + N2, : 2000-12 - 28 3 (95 - - 09) ( :60083005) 126
1 : 127,,, / [8 ] /,, [8 ],,, (referen2,,, tial presuppositions) ;, [6, 9 ],VP, + N1 + + N2 N2, ;,, (),,, VP + N1 + + N2, N2, N2 VP + N1 + N2,,,,,,, N2 N2 ( N2, N2, 1a),,, N2 ( 1),N2 ( (1,2R < 1R), N2, 1b),,,, 1a /,1,,/ / / / / / / / / / (: ) 1b /,/ / / / / / / / / / (: ) 1, 2 5 1, 1 ( 1a 1b ) VP N1 N2 1 2 3 4 5 2R = 1R 3 2R = 1R 2R = 1R 2R = 1R 2R < 1R / / / / / 3 3 2R < 1R 2R < 1R 2R < 1R 2R < 1R / / / / : 3 2R, 1R ; 3 3 /,, ( conceptual expectations ) [10 12 ] 1a, (N2),,,, N2, VP + N1 + ( ) N2 ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,
128 34 VP + N1 + ( ), ( N1 ), (1),, N2 (1) 1,1,,,, 1,,,, 1, Spivey - Knowlton, Trueswell Tanenhaus,,, [11 ],,, Spivey - Knowlton Sedivy [10 ],,,,( 1) (2),,,N2,, 2 1 2. 1 2. 1. 1 20,, 2. 1. 2 2 ( : ) 2 ( : ), 2. 1. 3 12 ( 16 ) [8 ] 7,,,, 7, 2 2 1 2 4. 0 (3. 7 4. 1) a 5. 0 b 4. 9 2. 5 (1. 5 3. 7) 4. 0 5. 4 :a., 1. 0, 7. 0, 4. 0 ; b., 2 ( 1a 1b) 3, N2, N2,,,,12,,,, 9 (1a 1b),( 1a 1b ), 24, 48 24, 24 24,8 16,, 9, 3 48,24
1 : 129 2. 1. 4, 50cm,,,, ( 24 24),,, 6,4 72, 2 35 2. 2 85 %, 93. 6 %,1000 200, 3. 45 % 4 3 3 () 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 549 427 403 440 457 471 478 489 601 532 402 389 423 442 462 496 491 609 17 25 14 17 15 9-18 - 2-9 544 422 418 448 477 474 456 468 595 536 406 401 414 435 453 475 483 583 7 16 17 33 41 20-19 - 15 12 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 : N1,, F1 (1, 19) = 5167, p < 0 105,, F2 (1, 22) = 3160, p < 0 110, N2, N1,, F1 (1, 19) = 3161, p < 0110, F2 (1, 22) = 3105, p < 0110, N2, N2,, F1 (1, 19) = 4111, p < 0110, N2,N2 1,, F1 (1, 19) = 9157, p < 0101,, F2 (1, 22) = 3174, p < 0 110, N2, 1,,,, N1,1,,, 1,,,,,,,2, 3 2 2, 1,2 5,(1) ; (2), ( 3,,,,,,
130 34 ), ; (3) ; (4), ; (5), 311 31111 16,, 31112,1 31113 SR Research Ltd. EyeLink ( Eye2 tracker) Ethernet Pentium 350,,, Eyetracker 4, 640 480, 50 %,( 75 %), 31114, 60cm,,,,,,1,, 40,,,,,, 6 312 4 (2 75 %,2 ) 12 89158 %, 4 5 4 (ms) 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 248 218 186 211 226 217 228 247 240 243 222 196 216 226 217 235 266 206 247 228 224 215 226 229 213 218 215 238 196 178 218 239 226 238 227 209 280 233 186 226 254 233 250 280 258 270 238 196 223 246 231 277 308 250 289 239 224 219 241 251 227 230 237 283 215 178 232 249 250 255 259 232 387 333 204 289 350 320 351 396 288 372 318 235 298 314 324 387 396 300 428 369 278 331 367 326 323 319 331 422 385 226 365 326 335 304 339 302
1 : 131 5 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 0119 0140 0113 0114 0115 0119 0132 0161 0150 0108 0131 0106 0135 0113 0119 0131 0164 0147 0115 0157 0110 0141 0125 0126 0117 0171 0158 0111 0142 0111 0145 0124 0122 0118 0157 0147 0144 0128 0107 0106 0113 0121 0119 0111 0100 0150 0125 0111 0111 0114 0117 0124 0115 0100 0171 0139 0108 0119 0121 0106 0124 0118 0100 0164 0135 0115 0117 0111 0103 0113 0113 0100 :,,, F1 (1, 11) = 3191, p < 0 110, N2,,,,,,,,,, N1, (1),, F1 (1, 11) = 3120, p < 0110,, F1 (1, 11) = 4100, p < 0110, F2 (1, 21) = 2191, p < 0110,,, F < 110,,, F1 (1, 11) = 10128, p < 0 101,, F2 (1, 22) = 3163, p < 0 110, N2, N1,,, N1,,,N1,,,, 1 ( ), N1, ; (2),, F1 (1, 11) = 4133, p < 0 110,, F2 (1, 22) = 5156, p < 0105, N2, N1, N2,,, F1 (1, 11) = 5129, p < 0 105, N2, N2,,,, N2 (1), N2, N2,,,, N2, N2 N2, N2,,, N2,
132 34,,N2,, 3 4,, N2, N2,, (1) 3,,, F1 (1, 11) = 3117, p < 0 110,, F2 (1, 22) = 5136, p < 0105, N2, 3 ; (2) 4,,, F2 (1, 22) = 3118, p < 0 110, N2, 4,N2,, N2 N2,,N2, N2, 3 4,,,,, 3 4, 3 4 4 1, N1, 1,,,,, 1, 2,,,(1) N1 ; (2) N1,,2,, N2, N2,, N2,,,1, N2, N2,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,1,2, N2 1,,,,,,,,2,,, 3 4, 1 3 4 ( 3),,,,,,,, [6 ] [7 ],
1 : 133 [5 ],,, 2 N1, 3 4,,,,,,,,, [10, 11 ] 1 Zhang Y, Shu H, Zhang H. A review of researches on syntactic ambiguity resolution and sentence comprehension(in Chines). Psy2 chological science ( ), 2000, 23 (1) : 88 91 2 Altmann G. Ambiguity in sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1998, 2 :146 152 3 Tanenhaus M K. et al. Integration of visual and linguistic informa2 tion in spoken language comprehension. Science, 1995, 268 :1632 1634 4 Ni W, Crain S, Shankweiler D. Sidestepping garden paths : As2 sessing the contributions of syntax, semantics and plausibility in re2 solving ambiguities. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1996, 11 (3) :283 334 5 Frazier L. Sentence processing : A tutorial review. In : M Colt2 heart ed. The psychology of reading. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erl2 baum Associates Inc, 1987. 559 586 6 Altmann G, Steedman M. Interaction with context during human sentence processing. Cognition, 1988, 30 :191 238 7 MacDonald M C, Pearlmutter N J, Seidenberg M S. Lexical na2 ture of syntactic ambiguity resolution. Psychological Review, 1994, 101 : 676 703 8 Zhang Y, Zhang H, Shu H. A study on the processing of ambigu2 ous phrases in Chinese (in Chinese). Acta Psychologica Sinica ( ), 2000, 32 (1) : 13 19 9 Crain S, Steedman M. On not being led up the garden path : the use of context by the psychological parser. In :D Dowty, L Kartun2 nen, H Zwicky ed. Natural language parsing. Cambridge, U K: Cambridge University Press, 1985. 320 358 10 Spivey - Knowlton M, Sedivy J C. Resolving attachment ambigui2 ties with multiple constraints. Cognition, 1995, 55 : 227 267 11 Spivey - Knowlton M, Trueswell J, Tanenhaus M. Context ef2 fects in syntactic ambiguity resolution : Discourse and semantic in2 fluences in parsing reduced relative clauses. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology : Special Issue, 1993, 47 (2) :276 309 12 Spivey - Knowlton M. Another context effect in sentence process2 ing : Implications for the principle of referential support. In Pro2 ceedings of the 14 th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Soci2 ety. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum, 1992. 486 491
134 34 THE PROCESSING OF AMBIGUOUS PHRASES IN REFERENTIAL DISCOURSE CONTEXT IN CHINESE Zhang Yaxu 1, 2, Shu Hua 2, Zhang Houcan 2, Zhou Xiaolin 1 ( 1 Department of Psychology, Peking U niversity, Beijing 100871) ( 2 Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal U niversity, Beijing 100875) Abstract In Chinese language, there are some phrases, which are orderly composed of one verb ( VP), one noun (N1), one auxiliary, and anot her noun ( N2). They are temporarily ambiguous between modifier - noun con2 struction (MNC) and narrative - object structure (NOS). Some of them are balanced between MNC and NOS (named Balanced Phrases). The ot hers bias towards eit her MNC ( named MNC - biased Phrases) or NOS (named NOS - biased Phrases). Both balanced and NOS - biased phrases were used to investigate the mecha2 nisms underlying t he effect of referential discourse context on t he parsing of t hese ambiguous p hrases. Twenty undergraduate students participated in Experiment 1, they were asked to read short passages word - by - word as quickly as possible, wit hout sacrificing t heir comprehension of each passage. Anot her sixteen undergraduate students participated in Experiment 2, where their eye movements were recorded when they read the same pas2 sages. It was found that the referential discourse context, in both experiments, had its influenced on the parsing of the ambiguous phrases even at the very beginning of these phrases. These results indicate that the specific mechanism t hat drives t he context ual influence may not be att ributable solely to referential presuppositions. In ot her words, informational or concept ual expectations can be, at least partly, responsible for t he referential con2 text ual effect s observed. In addition, very early influence of discourse context was found in Experiment 2, which was not predicted by garden - path models that suppose initial parsing decision is context - independent. Key words syntactic ambiguity resolution, parsing, discourse context, concept ual expectations, Chinese.