WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Ghosh et al. SJIF Impact Factor 6.041 Volume 5, Issue 6, 1338-1345 Research Article ISSN 2278 4357 A SURVEY REPORT ON DIETARY HABIT AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF A FAMILY OF KHARUABAZAR AT CHINSURAH, HOOGHLY, WEST BENGAL Chandona Saha, Suvendu Ghosh, Kuntal Gupta, Sanjib Hazra, Rabindranath Dome, Debosree Ghosh * 1 Department of Physiology (Undergraduate and Post Graduate), Hooghly Mohsin College, P.O. - Chinsurah, Dist. - Hooghly, Pin-712 101, West Bengal, India. Article Received on 29 March 2016, Revised on 20 April 2016, Accepted on 11 May 2016 DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20166-6904 *Corresponding Author Debosree Ghosh Department of Physiology (Undergraduate and Post Graduate), Hooghly Mohsin College, P.O. - Chinsurah, Dist. - Hooghly, Pin-712 101, West Bengal, India. ABSTRACT Our study was conducted for knowing the dietary habit and nutritional status of a family of KharuaBazar at Chinsurah, District Hoogly. The family we studied belongs to middle class socio-economic status. We evaluated the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the members of the family from their respective height and weight. Blood pressure was also recorded. The prime objective of our study was to get an idea about the basic physiological status of the family members from their dietary habit. We also tried to understand if there is any relationship between the basic physiological status and dietary habit of the family. KEYWORDS: Body Mass Index, blood pressure, dietary habit, nutritional status, socio-economic. INTRODUCTION Diet Survey constitutes an essential part of studying nutrients intake level, dietary habit, dietary pattern and nutritional status of an individual or a family or families in a community. It also reveals the source of nutrients and attitude towards food. Under circumstances where frank signs of malnutrition do not exist, such type of survey may provide an indication of the adequacy/ inadequacy, of the diet for the maintenance of optimal nutritional status of individuals or families. It also provides data regarding dietary adequacy/ inadequacy which helps to exclude or include the type of food with required quantity to overcome the imbalanced status of the diet if found any. The deficiency or excess of a specific nutrient or www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 6, 2016. 1338
food groups are identified and accordingly the manoeuvre may be undertaken to ensure balanced diet intake. Questionnaire studies is naturally not accurate and comprises of questionnaire method. By visiting the family and collecting the data indirect assessment is performed and this is applicable for the family as a whole or at individual level. [1] MATERIALS AND METHODS Selection of the family The family was selected for conducting survey randomly from the local area of Chandan Nagar, Hooghly, West Bengal. The family had three members. The family comprised of the head of the family who is a business man by profession, his wife and one daughter. The family was selected keeping in mind certain things i.e., co-operative family, consisting of 3 to 7 members, no festivals (in society /in family) during the survey period, no ritualistic fasting of any member (during the period of survey), presence of family throughout the period. The Family daily habits Daily habits of the family were taken into consideration during the survey work. The family buys all regular food commodities (vegetables, cereals etc) from the market nearest to their house. They use water provided by local municipality and this water is also used for cooking purpose; They use standard water purifier for purifying drinking water. For washing clothes, utensils, vegetables and fishes they use the same water from. Sanitation system of the family is appropriate. Time Period of the Survey Studies show that a three days dietary survey is good enough to understand the nutritional status of the family. [1-3] Our survey work was conducted in the household of the selected famiy. The survey was conducted for a period of three consecutive days. An extreme care was taken to make sure that there was no exaggeration or suppression of facts regarding the food intake. Survey method Oral questionare method and raw food weighment method were used for the study. Food group wise consumptions and nutrient wise consumptions were compared to their requirements and thus excess or deficiency were evaluated. www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 6, 2016. 1339
Average Edible Consumption/ Consumption Unit/ Day for each family was calculated in terms of Raw Food/ Day. Nutrient Value of all items or foods consumed/ Day was considered. After calculating, data of Average Consumption of Food Items and different Nutrient Consumption Unit/ Day was compared with ICMR Standards. Diet Survey is broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative. Our Survey can be considered as Quantitative. Body mass index (BMI) Body mass index is a simple anthropometric index which shows the current nutritional status of an individual.bmi of each family member was calculated by weight and height measurements using the following formula. BMI= Weight (kg)/height (m 2 ) Blood Pressure Measurement Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures have physiological as well as clinical significance. [1] We measured blood pressure using sphygmomanometer. RESULTS The food group wise requirement and nutrient wise requirement was consulted from the ICMR standard and we calculated the food group wise and nutrient wise consumption of the family. We evaluated percentage of deficiency and excess for various food groups for a better understanding of the nutritional status of the family. While comparing the requirement and actual consumption in respect to food groups for the family, It has been observed that the family is deficient in cereals (40%), pulses (70%),roots & tubers (76%) leafy vegetables (50.18%), others vegetables (60%), milk & milk products (40%), flesh foods (16%), sugar & jiggery (70%) and fruits & nuts (68%). However, fats & oil (66%) consumption is excess than the requirement (Table 1). www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 6, 2016. 1340
Table: 1 Food group wise requirement, consumption, deficiencies and excess by the family REQUIREMENT COMSUMPTION DEFFICIENCY EXCESS Cereals Pulses Roots and Leafy Other Fats and Milk and milk tubers veg. veg. oil products Flesh foods Total 990 210 600 300 600 70 900 175 Per ACU 375 75 200 100 200 20 300 75 Total 580 173.33 131.56 139 219 93 500 173 Per ACU 207.88 62.12 47.15 50 78.49 33.33 179.21 62 Total 410 35 469 161 381 400 2 Per ACU 167.12 12.87 152 50.18 121.50 120.18 12 Total 23 Per ACU 13.33 Comparing the requirements & actual consumption of nutrient for the family, it was found that the family is deficient in energy (30%),protein (13%), iron (21%), vitamin A (13%), vitamin B1 (12%),vitamin B 2 (37%), nicotinic acid (28%), free folic acid (63%). The family was found to have excess consumption of fat (83%),carbohydrate (28), calcium (17%), vitamin C (5%) (Table 2). Table: 2 Nutrient wise requirement, consumption, deficiencies and excess by the family REQUIREMENT CONSUMPTION DEFFICIENCY EXCESS Energy (cal) Protein Fat CHO Calcium (mg) Iron (mg) Vit A (µg) VitB1 (mg) VitB2 NICOTINIC ACID Total 6530 170 80 1295.49 1800 59 1800 3.4 3.8 42 Per ACU 2320 60 25 460.37 600 17 600 1.2 1.4 16 Total 4518.31 145.03 128.15 1976.55 1970.55 37.07 144.33 2.94 2.45 31.96 Per ACU 1619.46 51.98 45.93 593.75 706.29 13.28 517.701.05 0.87 11.45 Total 2011.69 24.97 21.93 355.61 0.46 1.35 10.04 Per ACU 700.5 8.02 3.72 82.89 0.15 0.53 4.55 Percentage 30% 13% 21% 13% 12% 37% 28% Total 48.15 681.06 170.55 Per ACU 20.93 133.28 106.26 Percentage 83% 28% 17% www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 6, 2016. 1341
Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI of each subject was evaluated using their respective weight (Kg) and height (m), (Table 4.A.). Comparing to the standard recommendation (Table 4 B.), the health status of each subject was predicted and considered in context to their dietary habit and nutritional status. Table 4 A.Body Mass Index Chart Family Age Weight Height Sex members (Years) (Kg) (cm) BMI Remarks 1. 50 M 70 180 21.6 Normal 2. 43 F 56 150 24.88 Normal 3. 20 F 50 145 23.78 Normal Table: 4 B. Significance of BMI (Nutritional Grading) BMI State of CED <16.0 Grade III CED 16.0 17.0 Grade II CED 17.0 18.5 Grade I CED 18.5 20.0 Below Normal 20.0 25.0 Normal 25.0 30.0 Grade I Obese 30.0 Grade II Obese CED Critical energy deficiency Blood Pressure (systolic & diastolic) Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of each family member was measured and recorded (Table 5). Table 5.Blood Pressure Chart DISCUSSION Family Age Blood Pressure (mm of Hg) Sex members (Years) Systolic Diastolic 1. 50 M 130 86 2. 43 F 112 78 3. 20 F 110 72 According to our diet survey report it is evident that the family consumes an improper daily diet which is deficient in certain essential nutrients and at the same time is excess in some others. The diet of the family needs to be planned. www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 6, 2016. 1342
From the food group wise results, it is revealed that daily diet of the family is deficient in nearly all groups like cereals, pulses, leafy vegetables, some other vegetables, milk and milk products, flesh foods and jaggery, whereas fats & oils consumption is quite higher than the requirements. As per nutrient wise results, the family is found to be deficient in consumption of most of the nutrients. Some deficiency is observed in vitamin and mineral groups. The cause of such deficiency is due to inadequate intake of pulses, leafy vegetables, other vegetables and milk & milk products etc. It is also observed that fat, carbohydrate and some micronutrients like calcium, vitamin C etc. consumptions by the family are excess than requirements which is not good for the normal physiological process of the body. Excess consumption of fat is due to excess consumption of fats & oils by the family. Body Mass Index (BMI) is the weight of a person in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. A high BMI is considered as an indirect indicator of high body fat content and obesity. BMI determination is an easy-to-perform as well as inexpensive method of screening for weight categories that may lead to health issues. [5] Body mass index of each member of the family is normal which reflects good status of their overall health. Surprisingly excess and deficient intake of certain nutrients has not affected the BMI of the subjects. Regular exercise, thyroid hormone level and activity, metabolic rate of the body, genetic predisposition of the activities of various lipolytic enzymes and metabolic status 6 etc. may be the reasons behind such strange observation. Establishment of the facts mentioned above in correlation to the normal BMI of the members of the family inspite of consumption of excess fats and oils needs further detailed investigation. Blood pressure (Systolic and diastolic) reflects the cardiovascular status of an individual and is considered as an early marker parameter for detection of possibilities of cardiovascular disorders 5.None of the family members exhibit hypertension. The females rather have low blood pressure values. Adequate intake of protein and other essential vitamins and minerals should be included in the daily diet of the family. www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 6, 2016. 1343
CONCLUSION As reflected from food group wise results and nutrient wise results, the family consumes certain foods and nutrients in excess than required while they consume certain other foods and nutrients less than their actual requirement. This imbalance in diet should be corrected by proper intake of foods and nutrients as per requirement obeying the guidelines laid by the Indian Council of Medical Research (which has already been communicated to the family). Though the BMI and Blood pressure values of all three members of the family as observed are nothing to worry about only except that the two female members of the family have low blood pressure values than normal. Inclusion of adequate quantity of protein and other essential nutrients in their diet is recommended. Green leafy vegetables and indigenous spices and spice herbs should be incorporated in the foods consumed by the family. They help to meet requirements of various micro and macro nutrients. They also strengthen the immune system of the body and are rich source of antioxidants as well. [7,8] ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors acknowledge the Department of Physiology, Hooghly Mohsin College and the Government of West Bengal. They also acknowledge the head of the family and all other family members for cooperating during the survey work. Conflict of Interest Declared None. REFERENCES 1. Hazra S, Saha C, Dome R, Ghosh S, Gupta K, Ghosh D. Studies on dietary habit and nutritional status of a family at Chandan Nagar, Hooghly, West Bengal: A Survey Report. WJPR, 2016; 5(4): 266-274. 2. Hanson C. Food Security, Inclusive Growth, Sustainability, And The Post-2015 Development Agenda, 2013; 1-41. http://www.post2015hlp.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/05/hanson_food-security-inclusive-growth-sustainability-andthe-post-2015-development-agenda.pdf 3. Yang YJ, Kim MK, Hwang SH, Ahn Y, Shim JE, Kim DH. Relative validities of 3-day food records and the food frequency questionnaire. Nutrition Research and Practice, 2010; 4(2): 142-148. doi:10.4162/nrp.2010.4.2.142. www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 6, 2016. 1344
4. Huybrechts I, De Bacquer D, Matthys C, De Backer G, De Henauw S. Validity and reproducibility of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire for estimating calcium intake in Belgian preschool children. Br J Nutr, Apr, 2006; 95(4): 802-16. 5. Ghosh A, Mukherjee R and Ghosh D. Comparative study of anthropometric and basic physiological parameters of female children of pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal age groups from two districts of West Bengal, India. Int J Pharm Bio Sci., Oct, 2015; 6(4): (B) 690 702. 6. Roy K, Ghosh D, Sukul S, Hembram J, Das A. Comparative Study of Physiological And Anthropometric Parameters Between Urban And Rural Adult Male Population of Bankura District Of West Bengal, India And Pharmacogenomics. WJPPS, 2015; 4(9): 1185-1190. 7. Ghosh D, Firdaus SB, Mitra E, Chattopadhyay A, Pattari SK, Jana K, Bandyopadhyay D. Ameliorative Effect of Curry Leaf Aqueous Extract Against Lead Acetate- Induced Oxidative Stress In Rat Kidneys. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci., 2013; 5(4): 546-556. 8. Ghosh D, Parida P. Medicinal Plants of Assam, India: A Mini Review. International Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 2(6): 5-10. www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 6, 2016. 1345