Designing a typeface in Bengali script for on-screen usage. Anvesh Dunna,

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Designing a typeface in Bengali script for on-screen usage Anvesh Dunna, 116250004

2 Bengali Language Second most spoken language in India Sixth most spoken language in the world Spoken in West Bengal and parts of Tripura and Assam Official language of Bangladesh Written using Bengali (also called Bangla) script

3 Bengali Script It is an abugida There is no uppercase or lowercase Written from left to right Horizontal line runs along the top of the letters The glyphs can be divided into vowels, consonants, vowel diacritics, consonant clusters, modifiers, numerals and punctuation marks

4 Evolution of Bengali Script Western* variety Nagari script* Brahmi lipi Northern script Eastern* variety Proto-Bengali* forms Mature Proto-Bengali forms Mauryan Kushan Gupta Pratihara Pala Deva Sena Muhammedan conquests 100 B.C. 300 A.D. 4th-6th century 9th-10th century 11th-12th century 13th-14th century * Siddham script/ for bengali it is also called Kutila script

5 Brahmi lipi Northern script Eastern variety Proto-Bengali forms Mature Proto-Bengali forms Bengali script Bengali letters Modern Bengali letters Muhammedan conquests Sri Chaitanya Charles Wilkins 13th-14th century 15th century 1778 20th century

6 Origin and Development of Bengali Script source: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh

Final alphabet 7

8 Srikrisnakirtana by Chandidasa 14th Century Bengali manuscript Bangiya Sahitya Parishad source: The Origin of the Bengali Script, R.D.Banerji

9 Vidyasundara by Bharatachandra Raya 18th Century Bengali manuscript The British Library

10 Charles Wilkin's first Bengali fount 18th Century

11 Dr. W. Carey s translation in Bengali language of New Testament of Bible Printed by William Ward First edition 1800-1801

12 Bengali Glyphs Vowels (Shoroborno)

13 Bengali Glyphs Consonants (Byonjonborno)

14 Bengali Glyphs Vowel diacritics (-kar)

15 Bengali Glyphs Consonant clusters (Juktakkhor) Up to four consecutive consonants not separated by vowels can be orthographically represented as a ligature called a "consonant conjunct"

16 Bengali typeface nomenclature ascender ligature kerning vowel sign matra (headline) baseline subscript vowel sign bowl rounding or blob main stroke or stem finial or stroke termination counter kana (vowel sign) reference: The Printed Bengali Character and its Evolution, Fiona Ross

17 Existing typefaces for on-screen Vrinda ব ল ভ ষ Nirmala UI ব ল ভ ষ SiyamRupali

Examples of on-screen usage 18

Examples of on-screen usage 19

20 Graphic and web designers say Not many web safe fonts options available Not aware of the available web fonts Most of them use print fonts for web Believe in typing faster using Bengali typing softwares

21 Users say Most of them prefer prints/books to websites Not many good web designs in Bengali The content makes them to visit a website even if it is a bad design Their preference for modulated and monothickness font varied Letterspacing matters a lot

22 Personal observation The -akar protrusions above the matra made the users like the font The -akar protrusions is one of the key recognizing features of Bengali script Modulated fonts were easy to read Most of them are used to the Linotype Bengali letterforms

23 Design process timeline Data Collection Case study of Verdana, Georgia Studied about Hinting/ Rendering technology Calligraphy Comparison of onscreen fonts Studying Fontlab manual Finished reading books Form explorations Discussion regarding Bengali letters Study of typeface grids Desirable qualities of typeface Form explorations Form explorations Primitives/ main features Digitizing letterforms Jul 8-14 Sep 4-24 Sep 24 - Oct 1 Oct 1-8 Oct 8-15

24 Design process timeline Studied Vrinda and Raghubengali letterforms Tried hinting Worked on basic glyphs Fine-tuning Worked on more glyphs Fine-tuning Worked on more glyphs Fine-tuning Digitizing letterforms Testing of fonts on browser Testing of fonts on browser Testing of fonts on browser Oct 15-22 Oct 22-29 Oct 29 - Nov 5 Nov 5- now

Understanding the tools and letterforms 25

26 Calligraphy Using cut nib pens

27 Calligraphy Using chisel markers

28 On-screen vs. Print typefaces Optimized for low resolutions Uses screen rendering technologies Rasterized grid Font scaling is based on ppem source: FontLab

29 tall x-height large counter Illusions wide letter spacing wide punch width Verdana

30 good bold to regular contrast Illusions wide letter spacing large counter Georgia

31 Qualities of a good on-screen font Generous letter width and spacing Open letterforms Large counters Derived from pixels Mono-thickness Symmetry and many more

32 Form explorations Mono-thickness attempt Has -aakaar extensions Without the filled-in loops

33 Form explorations Flat terminals More rectangular forms Thinking in terms of grid

Form explorations 34

35 Form explorations 1:12 1:12 1:12 1:11 Different stroke to height ratios Different joinery positions Different character widths

36 Study of Grids Minimum Stroke Width Height Half-form Height Ascender Descender Stroke to Height ratio

37 Ascender Half-form Height Height Descender Grid Structure

38 5.2x x 6.2x 9.7x 20.6x 5.7x Vrinda Stroke to Height ratio 1: 9.7

39 Study of grids 1: 9.7 1: 10.1 1: 10.9 1: 10 looks optimum for Regular style Half-form height is more than the mathematical half Extra space for conjuncts below baseline

40 Designing the grid Ascender Matra line Half-form Baseline Descender

41 Designing the glyphs Grid was filled like a pixel art Outlines wrapped around the filled area

42 Creating the vector outlines PostScript outlines

43 Creating the PostScript outlines (Draft 1) ক চ ছসপ ক জ গ ল

44 Hinting Unhinted uppercase H Uppercase H after hinting img src: beatstamm.com/typography

45 Hinting Mathematical instruction added to font Defines which pixels to turn on/off Distorts outline at particular sizes Creates the best bitmap image Rasterization and Gridfitting

46 Hinting Gridfitting Symmetry plays a role in hinting source FontLab

47 Different types of Hinting TrueType and Type 1 hinting TrueType is more flexible and powerful Type 1 hints depend on rasterizer TrueType hints guide the rasterizer

48 Hinting the glyphs Hinting the letter Cha at 19ppem

49 Hinting the glyphs 15ppem 16ppem 17ppem 18ppem 19ppem Black and White GrayScale ClearType

50 ClearType rendering of hinted Ga unhinted hinted

51 Black and White rendering of hinted Ga Unhinted Hinted

52 Initial shapes স

53 Initial shapes স

54 Initial shapes স

55 Initial shapes স

56 New shapes স Flat base for stems

57 New shapes স Flat ends for terminals followed by curves

58 New shapes প Angled cuts for angled crossbars

Font design process 59

Font design process 60

Font design process 61

Font design process 62

Font design process 63

Font design process 64

Font design process 65

66 IDC Screen Bangla Vowels অ আ ই ঈ উ ঊ ঋ এ ঐ ও ঔ

67 IDC Screen Bangla Consonants ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ প ফ ব ভ ম য র ল শ ষ স হ ত থ দ ধ ন

68 IDC Screen Bangla Numerals ১২৩৪৫৬৭৮৯০ Vowel diacritics ক ক ক ক ক ক ক ক কক কক Modifiers ক ক ক ক

69 IDC Screen Bangla Conjuncts ক ক ক ট ক ত ক ন ক ব ক ম ক য ক র ক ল ক স খ ব খ র গ গ গ দ গ ধ গ ন গ ব গ ম গ ল গ র ঘ ন ঘ ব ঘ র ঙ ক ঙ খ ঙ গ ঙ ঘ ঙচ ঙ ম চ চ চ ছ চ ঞ চ ন চ র ছ ব ছ র জ জ জ ঝ জ ঞ জ ব জ র ঝ র ঞ চ ঞ ছ ঞ জ ঞ ঝ ঞ ব ট ট ট ব ট ম ট র ঠ র ড গ ড ড ড ম ড র ঢ র ণ ট ণ ঠ ণ ড ণ ঢ ণ ণ ণ ন ণ ব ণ ম ণ র ত ত ত থ ত ন ত ব ত ম ত র থ ব থ র দ গ দ ঘ দ দ দ ধ দ ন দ ব দ ভ দ ম দ র ধ ন ধ ব ধ ম ধ র ন ট ন ঠ ন ড ন ঢ ন ত ন থ ন দ ন ধ ন ন ন ব ন ম ন র ন স

70 IDC Screen Bangla Conjuncts প ট প ত প ন প প প ব প ম প ল প র প স ফ ট ফ ল ফ র ব জ ব দ ব ধ ব ব ব র ভ ল ভ র ম ত ম দ ম ন ম ফ ম ব ম ভ ম ম ম ল ম র ল ক ল গ লঘ ল ট ল ড লঢ ল ত ল ধ ল প ল ব ল ম ল ল ল র লস শ চ শ ত শ ন শ ব শ ম শ ল শ র ষ ক ষখ ষ ট ষ ঠ ষ ণ ষ ফ ষ ব ষ ম ষ র স ক স খ স ট স ত স থ স ফ স ব স ম স ল স র শ র র হ ৱ

71 Sample আম দ র কছ দট নদ চল ব ক ব ক ব শ খ ম স ত র হ ট জল থ ক প র হয য য কগ র, প র হয গ ড, দ ই ধ র উ চ ত র, ঢ ল ত র প ড 18/22 pt চ ক চ ক কর ব ল, দক থ ন ই ক দ, একধ র ক শবন ফ ল ফ ল স দ ক চ ম চ কর স থ শ ল ক র ঝ ক, র ত ওঠ থ ক থ ক শ য ল র হ ক আর-প র আমবন ত লবন চল, গ য র ব ম ন প ড ত র ছ য তল ত র ত র ছ ল ম য ন ইব র ক ল গ মছ য জল ভর গ য ত র ঢ ল সক ল ব ক ল কভ ন ওয হল পর আ চল ছ ক য ত র কছ দট ম ছ ধর ব ল দ য ম জ থ ল, ঘট গ ল ম জ, বধ র ক পড ক চ য য গ হক জ আষ ঢ ব দল ন ম, নদ ভর ভর ম ত য ছ ট য চল ধ র খরতর মহ ব গ কলকল কক ল হল ওঠ, কঘ ল জল প কগ ল ঘ র ঘ র কছ দট দ ই ক ল বন বন পড য য স ড, বরষ র উৎসব জ গ ওঠ প ড

72 Sample আম দ র কছ দট নদ চল ব ক ব ক ব শ খ ম স ত র হ ট জল থ ক প র হয য য কগ র, প র হয গ ড, দ ই ধ র উ চ ত র, ঢ ল ত র প ড চ ক চ ক কর ব ল, দক থ ন ই ক দ, একধ র ক শবন ফ ল ফ ল স দ ক চ ম চ কর স থ শ ল ক র ঝ ক, র ত ওঠ থ ক থ ক শ য ল র হ ক আর-প র আমবন ত লবন চল, গ য র ব ম ন প ড ত র ছ য তল ত র ত র ছ ল ম য ন ইব র ক ল গ মছ য জল ভর গ য ত র ঢ ল সক ল ব ক ল কভ ন ওয হল পর আ চল ছ ক য ত র কছ দট ম ছ ধর ব ল দ য ম জ থ ল, ঘট গ ল ম জ, বধ র ক পড ক চ য য গ হক জ আষ ঢ ব দল ন ম, নদ ভর ভর ম ত য ছ ট য চল ধ র খরতর মহ ব গ কলকল কক ল হল ওঠ, কঘ ল জল প কগ ল ঘ র ঘ র কছ দট দ ই ক ল বন বন পড য য স ড, বরষ র উৎসব জ গ ওঠ প ড

73 Testing the font in browsers Google Chrome / PC

74 Testing the font in browsers Mozilla Firefox / PC

75 Testing the font in browsers Chrome / Mac OS X

76 Testing the font in browsers Safari / Mac OS X

Simulating the font on websites 77

Simulating the font on websites 78

Simulating the font on websites 79

Simulating the font on websites 80

Simulating the font on websites 81

Users' feedback 82

83 Users' feedback Some of the glyphs were jumping Way too rounder shapes Looks minimalistic but pleasing ড looks bigger than the rest of the alphabets should start from the headline's height Not much difference observed in the reading time with text set in Vrinda and my typeface

ধন যব দ Anvesh Dunna, 116250004