International WaTER Conference on Grey Water Treatment and its Reuse using Vertical Wall System University of Oklahoma, USA September 21-23, 2015 Minakshi Bagde CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nagpur, India
Elementary Highlights Background Domestic Water consumption pattern in India Necessity of Grey water reuse Assessment of Grey water generation Characterization of Grey Water quality Methodology & approach of treatment Results & Discussion Conclusions Future prospects
Background In 2005, 65% of major cities in India- water deprivation and famine in land availability. Water conservation - reusing of wastewater by possible treatment to keep usage and also ensure future availability of resources Reuse technology is increasingly being advocated as a new solution to meet water demands Today s desire to design green systems, following concern factors are: o. Reduce the fresh water demand o Carbon footprint area o Control temperature o Social and Economic needs 54% The world s six billion people are appropriating 54% of all the accessible freshwater contained in rivers, lakes and under-ground aquifer (source: http://www.unwater.org/statistics.)
Domestic Water Demand V/s rise in Urbanization Domestic Water Consumption in India 2050E(%) 30 Urban Population as a % of Total Population 25 20 61% 15 45% 10 34% 5 0 Domestic Activities1 Other House Cleaning Toilet Cooking Washing utensils Bathing Drinking Washing Clothes Note:- Water Poverty in Urban India: A case study at major cities 2007 2025E 2050E Note:- Central Pollution Control Board : India s water future in 2025-2050; Urban and Rural areas 2007 Water Supply-The Indian Scenario
Necessity of Grey water Reuse Impact on Water Stress* Domestic contribution to the total water consumption is projected to increase from 5% in 2000 to 11% by 2050. It is estimated that by the year 2050, close 54% to 80% of the world s population will live in urban areas and the total population of the world will increase by 3 billion people. Per capita water consumption is expected to double from 89 liters/day in *India sinking into water stress at current usage levels 2000 to 167 liters/day by 2050. Note:- *Dreaming with BRIC s- The Path to 2050, Goldman Sachs,2003; IEA Status of Water treatment plants in India
Necessity of Grey water Reuse Waste water reuse technology is at higher demand to conserve water. On reuse point grey water plays important role for water conservation, which is less polluted when compared with black water (toilet, faeces). Hence, can be successfully treated and reuse for non-potable purposes. Total Water Consumption 3% Grey water Production 17% 49% 27% [PERCE NTAGE] Grey water 62% [PERCE NTAGE] [PERCE NTAGE] 7% Shower and Bath Hand Basin Laundary Kitchen Drinking water Gardening Grey Water Toilet flushing Washing & Cleaning of house Ref. Ghunmi 2009; Lin et al. 2005; Jefferson et al. 2004; NEERI 2007
Assessment of Grey water generation It is observed that swimming pool requires substantial quantity of water particularly for bathing of users (21.119397,79.066232) before and after the use of pool. This indirectly leads to grey water generation. Number of users 5-20 persons/day (winter) 40-80 persons/day (summer) Total Grey water generated (shower) 5004000 lit/d, approx. Location @ NEERI, Swimming pool premises for implementing Grey water treatment system unit
Vertical Wall System..??? Wall Treatment system in minimal spatial area to treat grey water by using indigenous and inexpensive material through linear wetland or bio-filtration The system also called as green wall/ bio-wall/vertical garden A new innovative, yet environment-friendly, light framed and self supporting plant Based on the principles of hydroponics. Plants receive water and nutrients from within the vertical support instead of from the ground.
Key components of system 1. Vertical Panel Frame Material: Recycled Polypropylene with UV Stabilizer Dimensions of Pot: Length 11.5 Cm, Width 1.5 Cm, Height 12 Cm Properties: Uses: Low weight Flexible High tensile strength Stackable containers Good UV resistance Indoor and Outdoor use
2. Light Weight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) Leca is a light weight aggregate made by heating clay to around 1,200 C (2,190 F) in a rotary kiln. LECA is imported in India by GBC INDIA. Gradation: 0-4mm Properties: Light Weight: Density of aggregates (380-710 kg/m3 ) Water Absorption (0-25 mm) is about 18% of volume in saturated state during 72 hours. Thermal insulation; Sound Insulation; High Durability Filtration Used as a growing medium in hydroponics systems as treatment facilities for the filtration and purification of municipal wastewater. Leca wide availability: Light Weight Concrete, light weight block, Prefabricated Panels & Slabs. Light Filler, Leca Mortar and Water Purification.
3. Plants The selection of the plants is a technical criterion of utmost importance because determines: Syngonium Asparagus Sprengeri Alternanthera Versicolor Dwarf Canna indica Alternanthera Green
Methodology Grey water Collection Tank (100 Litre cap.) Grey Water Inlet 0.15m Feeding System 0.10m 0.10m 0.45m Vertical Wall Frame (Size 150X450cm) each consist with 3 no. pots 8mmØ Treated Grey water Collection Tank (Cap. 90 litre) 0.45m 0.80 m Towards Gardening 10mmØ Sump 2 Overflow pipe Sump1 3"Ø P Degreaser (0.9X0.9X0.3m) (inner dimensions) Ground Level Discharge Pipe Asparagus Sprengeri Alternanthera Versicolor Alternanthera Green
Experimental Setup at Swimming pool premises, NEERI Water dripping down through the vertical displacement will sustain the plants and at same period wastewater will be purified by forming treatment mechanism. Proposed Treatment mechanism: Phytodepuration Filtration
Commissioning of System Characteristics of Grey Water Parameters Units Concentration ph - 8.1-8.5 TSS mg/l 20-36 BOD mg/l 90-120 COD mg/l 150-200 Oil & grease mg/l 20-25 Alkalinity mg/l 110-130 Key Findings o Fresh water demand is regularly in use for non-potable purpose (gardening) o To reduce the fresh water demand Initially 5 L of grey water was fed in the treatment system to nourish plant. o After 1 week - 10 L of grey water was fed to the system, which indicated potential of plants to treat grey water (above table) o Looking forward to this, 100 litre cap. of grey water would be fed in coming 15-20 days
Results & Discussion 200 Values in mg/l except ph 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Alkalinity BOD Inlet (Raw) COD Oil & Grease TSS Outlet (Treated) Fig. Grey water quality parameters through the treatment system Inlet (Raw Grey water) & Outlet (Treated Grey water) Grey Water Quality Parameters Sr. No Parameters Inlet (Raw) Outlet (Treated) 8.4 8.25 1 ph 124 114 2 Alkalinity 115 92 BOD 4 192 152 5 COD 24 22.5 7 Oil & Grease 8 TSS 36 24 3 480*10 460*103 10 TC (cfu/100ml) 80*103 30*103 11 FC (cfu/100ml) *All parameters except ph are in mg/l
Estimate Summary for Vertical Wall of Capacity 1000 lit/day. Sr. No Description (100L cap.) Amount ($ US) A Vertical Wall Component 438 B Civil Work 159 Total 597 Say 600 $ In words: (Six Hundred Dollar only) approx. Wall area required : 1.25/m2 for 100 Litre cap. (approx.) 1000 L cap. Wall area required (approximate) = 15m2 Tentative Cost = 2365 $
Conclusions Minimal spatial footprint area, makes this design attractive for urban development. The reduction of weight was achieved with the use of lightweight substrates (LECA) Water Treatment Efficiency with Hydraulic loading rate = 67 lit/m2/day (approx.) Good overall treatment performance with average removal of solids (TSS) and organic compounds (BOD3 and COD) within the expected range
29%-43% saving on fresh water consumption Improved air quality, Adds aesthetics of thermal insulation, locality and socio- temperature control and economically acoustics sustainable Future Prospects..
Acknowledgement National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur Dr. Girish. R. Pophali Dr. Pawan. K. Labhasetwar Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) The University of Oklahoma, Norman, U.S.A
Minakshi Bagde : minakshi.bagde@gmail.com