Name: Class: _ Date: _ Study Test Chapter 6 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience is defined as a. mediation b. maturation c. learning d. conditioning 2. A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as a. instrumental conditioning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. observational conditioning 3. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a. responses come to be controlled by their consequences b. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior c. an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end d. a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus 4. Pavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs a. salivating right before food was placed in their mouths b. failing to salivate when food was placed in their mouths c. salivating only when food was placed in their mouths d. salivating right after they had swallowed food 5. When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, the process is a. operant conditioning b. instrumental conditioning c. Skinnerian conditioning d. classical conditioning 6. Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to a. sing a song b. tie shoe laces c. print letters d. fear the dark 7. Lyn is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger. Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine. The learning process that could best account for Lyn's fear of spiders is a. operant conditioning b. observational learning c. delayed reinforcement d. classical conditioning 1
Name: 8. When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned stimulus d. an unconditioned stimulus 9. Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned response d. a conditioned stimulus 10. The initial stage of learning a response is called a. extinction b. contiguity c. acquisition d. conditioning 11. According to Pavlov, the key to classical conditioning is the a. strength of the UCS b. strength of the CS c. resistance to extinction brought about by sign-releasing stimuli d. stimulus contiguity 12. Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli a. occur together in time b. occur together in space c. occur together in time and space d. have been conditioned prior to the current trial 13. On Tuesday morning, Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast, she tried eating guava for the first time. Later she became extremely ill. If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items, the conditioned response will most likely be to a. guava, because it was a novel stimulus b. milk, because the milk may have been sour c. grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast d. coffee, because coffee is a stimulant 14. Stimulus generalization occurs when a. there is a temporal association between two stimuli b. an organism fails to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in conditioning c. an unconditioned stimulus fails to elicit the unconditioned response d. an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus 15. When shown a Santa Claus beard, Little Albert showed a fear response, which was evidence of a. stimulus discrimination b. superstitious behavior c. stimulus generalization d. extinction 2
Name: 16. When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbor's budgie bird kept flying near her head. Today she is afraid of all birds, including robins, pigeons, and blue jays. Diana's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of a. instinctive drift b. stimulus generalization c. stimulus discrimination d. negative avoidance 17. When Luis was a child, he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother always used to wear. He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom. As an adult, Luis likes any floral scent, including the smell of lilacs and wildflowers. This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus discrimination c. instinctive drift d. spontaneous recovery 18. A dog is first conditioned to salivate to a tone. Then, a light is paired with the tone for a number of trials. Finally, the light is presented alone, and the dog responds. This procedure is known as a. chaining b. higher-order conditioning c. compound conditioning d. sensory preconditioning 19. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a. responses come to be controlled by their consequences b. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior c. involuntary responses are slowly replaced by voluntary responses d. a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus 20. In the 1930's learning that is influenced by stimuli that follow the response was christened "operant conditioning" by a. Ivan Pavlov b. John Watson c. B. F. Skinner d. Edward Thorndike 21. Operant conditioning is another name for a. classical conditioning b. respondent conditioning c. instrumental learning d. observational learning 22. According to Skinner, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that organisms tend to repeat those responses that a. reduce a biological need b. are followed by favorable consequences c. decrease the probability of the consequence that produced it d. increase a biological need 3
Name: 23. According to Skinner, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it a. reduces a biological need b. induces a biological need c. increases the probability of the response that produced it d. decreases the probability of the response that produced it 24. Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar. If Cassie asks for more candy bars in the future, the candy bar has acted as a. a discriminative stimulus b. a reinforcer c. a conditioned response d. a conditioned stimulus 25. The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response is called a. stimulus discrimination b. selection c. shaping d. step-wise conditioning 26. Learning to ride a bicycle is most likely acquired via the process of a. classical conditioning b. shaping c. spontaneous recovery d. innate stimulus release 27. A discriminative stimulus is a. the same thing as a reinforcer b. the same thing as a conditioned stimulus c. a cue that indicates the probable consequences of an operant response d. a cue that indicates whether the unconditioned stimulus will be pleasant or aversive 28. A pigeon learns to peck at a disk lighted green to receive reinforcement, but not at a disk lighted red. This means that, for the pigeon, the color of the disk is a a. reinforcer or nonreinforcer b. punisher or nonpunisher c. generalization stimulus d. discriminative stimulus 29. An event following a response which increases an organism's tendency to make that response again is referred to as a. a reinforcer b. a conditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned stimulus d. a discriminative stimulus 30. Continuous reinforcement occurs when a. reinforcement is delivered continually, regardless of whether or not a response is made b. it is not known in advance what responses will be reinforced c. every behavior engaged in by the subject is reinforced d. every occurrence of the designated response is reinforced 4
Name: 31. When a researcher does not reinforce every correct response that an organism makes, it is referred to as a. continuous reinforcement b. extinction c. intermittent reinforcement d. punishment 32. Assuming the reinforcer is the sound of the rattle, a baby's response of shaking a rattle is reinforced according to which type of schedule? a. continuous reinforcement b. fixed-interval c. variable-interval d. variable-ratio 33. Katrina is trying to put a dollar bill into a vending machine in her office. Sometimes the machine will take a dollar bill on the first try, other times it can take up to five or six tries before the dollar bill is finally accepted. In this example, inserting a dollar bill into the vending machine is reinforced on a. a continuous reinforcement schedule b. a noncontingent reinforcement schedule c. an intermittent reinforcement schedule d. a short-delay reinforcement schedule 34. Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of a. a continuous reinforcement schedule b. a noncontingent reinforcement schedule c. an intermittent reinforcement schedule d. a short-delay reinforcement schedule 35. Relative to extinction following continuous reinforcement, extinction following intermittent reinforcement a. proceeds more slowly b. proceeds more rapidly c. occurs at the same rate d. is longer lasting 36. Behaviors that are acquired through intermittent, or partial, reinforcement instead of continuous reinforcement are a. slower to be established, but more resistant to extinction b. faster to be established and more resistant to extinction c. slower to be established, but less resistant to extinction d. faster to be established, but less resistant to extinction 37. The behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be one that was a. reinforced every time it occurred b. shaped c. reinforced intermittently d. reinforced by your parents 38. Positive reinforcement involves a. the presentation of a pleasant stimulus b. the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus c. the removal of a pleasant stimulus d. the removal of an unpleasant stimulus 5
Name: 39. Tessa really likes to mow the lawn during the summer months, but her parents will only let her mow the lawn if all the dishes are washed. Consequently, every Saturday Tessa has the table cleared and all of the dishes washed as soon as everyone has finished breakfast. In this case, a. mowing the lawn is a negative reinforcer for doing the dishes b. doing the dishes is a positive reinforcer for mowing the lawn c. mowing the lawn is a positive reinforcer for doing the dishes d. doing the dishes is a negative reinforcer for mowing the lawn 40. If you perform behavior designed to prevent an unpleasant event from happening, your behavior is classified as a. a primary response b. a classically conditioned response (CR) c. an avoidance response d. an escape response 41. Escape learning is a type of learning in which a. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior b. an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end c. a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus d. an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring 42. A rat is placed on one side of a two-compartment shuttle box. For each trial, a light is turned on and is followed 10 seconds later by a painful electric shock for one minute. The rat can terminate the trial by jumping a barrier into the other compartment. If the rat jumps during the light, it has learned to the shock; if the rat jumps during the shock, it has learned to the shock. a. escape; avoid b. avoid; escape c. escape; escape d. avoid; avoid 43. Any event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a a. negative reinforcer b. positive reinforcer c. punisher d. vicarious conditioner 44. Jane, your teenage daughter, was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt. Now, she no longer wears that style of shirt to school. Being ridiculed is an example of a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. punishment d. modeling 45. Although there are many controversies surrounding punishment it is used frequently for disciplinary purposes. Which of the following are desirable aspects surrounding the use of punishment? a. It suggests alternative behaviors. b. It can be modeled as a positive problem solving method. c. It reduces the probability of undesirable behavior. d. It will often trigger strong emotional responses. 6
Name: 46. Which of the following statements about punishment is least accurate? a. Punishment may take the form of removal of a rewarding stimulus. b. Punishment occurs whenever a response terminates an aversive condition. c. Punishment may take the form of giving aversive stimulation after a response. d. Punishment, by definition, weakens preceding behavior. 47. Instinctive drift occurs when a. an extinguished response reappears after a period of nonexposure to the CS b. an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes c. an organism that has learned a response to one stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar d. an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated 48. When an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with the conditioning process, it is referred to as a. learned helplessness b. instinctive drift c. counterconditioning d. misbehavior 49. Breland and Breland's work with "miserly raccoons" demonstrated a. how principles of reinforcement (derived from studies of rats and pigeons) easily generalize to raccoons b. differences in appropriate rewards for different species c. that there are biologically imposed limits to the generality of conditioning principles d. that raccoons are less conditionable, and therefore less intelligent, than rats and pigeons 50. Breland's trained raccoons would deposit single tokens into a slot but would not deposit two tokens, which they rubbed together. This is due to a. instinctive drift toward food-washing behavior b. poor conditioning of token placing c. insufficient reinforcement of token placing d. lack of interest in the single tokens 51. You observe an animal show in which a raccoon has been trained to put a coin into a slot. You notice that before the raccoon deposits the coins into the slot they rubbed the coins together. What do psychologists attribute the coin washing behavior to? a. instinctive drift toward food-washing behavior b. poor conditioning of token placing c. insufficient reinforcement of token placing d. lack of interest in the single tokens 52. Michael Domjan suggests that the rapid conditioning seen in conditioned taste aversions is a. unique in that all neutral stimuli condition in the same way. b. an example of what happens when ecologically relevant conditioned stimuli are studied. c. an example of what happens when arbitrary, neutral conditioned stimuli are studied. d. not all that unique and it reflects the differences between studying learning in a laboratory setting and a natural setting. 7
Name: 53. Edward Tolman's research suggests that in order to learn routes through mazes rats a. must be reinforced for reaching the end of the maze. b. will run through the maze only when they are highly motivated. c. need to be allowed to explore the maze first. d. must be punished for wrong choices in the maze on the first trials. 54. Newly learned behavior that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as a. insight learning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. latent learning 55. Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger daughter attempts to wash some dishes. The older daughter has acted as a. a noncontingent reinforcer b. a negative reinforcer c. a positive reinforcer d. a model 56. According to Bandura, your motivation to perform an observed response depends on a. the amount of attention you paid to the model's behavior originally b. your expectation of being reinforced for the response c. the degree to which you can remember the model's behavior d. your ability to perform the observed response 57. In the featured study on modeling and behavior by Bandura, Ross and Ross the results suggest that a. observers are likely to imitate another's behavior if that behavior leads to positive consequences b. observers are likely to imitate another's behavior if that behavior leads to negative consequences c. observers are likely to imitate another's behavior if that behavior is preceded by positive consequences d. observers are likely to imitate another's behavior if that behavior is completed in front of the child live; not on tv 58. Research into the debate on the role of media violence on children suggests that a. media violence contributes to increased aggression among children but not adults b. media violence contributes to increased aggression among adults but not children c. media violence contributes to increased aggression among children and adults d. no conclusion as to the cause and effect relationship between media violence and aggression because the majority of the studies have been correlational 59. Research on conditioning generally has demonstrated the importance of, but findings regarding the biological constraints on conditioning have shown that is also very important. a. nature; nurture b. nurture; nature c. heredity; biology d. instincts; training 8
Name: 60. A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning is known as a. behavior modification b. cognitive engineering c. modeling d. insight training 61. In setting up reinforcement contingencies in a self-modification program, you should a. choose a reinforcer that is readily available and relatively potent b. use delayed reinforcement c. arrange to reinforce yourself only after there has been a drastic change in the frequency of the target response d. use continuous rather than intermittent reinforcement 62. A system for administering symbolic reinforcers that can later be exchanged for "genuine" reinforcers is referred to as a. vicarious conditioning b. a token economy c. a behavioral contract d. antecedent control 63. Tia wants to be the governor for her state. In all her television ads she plays patriotic music and has the American flag displayed in the background. If voters develop positive feelings toward Tia as a result of these ads, those positive feelings would represent a. an unconditioned response b. a conditioned response c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement 9
Study Test Chapter 6 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 215 OBJ: 6-1 2. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 216 OBJ: 6-1 3. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 216 OBJ: 6-1 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual 4. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 95% REF: p. 216 OBJ: 6-1 KEY: Factual 5. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 66% REF: p. 216 OBJ: 6-1 KEY: Factual 6. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 89% REF: p. 218 OBJ: 6-2 7. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 218 OBJ: 6-2 8. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 72% REF: p. 216 p. 218 OBJ: 6-2 9. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 23% REF: p. 218 OBJ: 6-2 10. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 86% REF: p. 220 OBJ: 6-3 KEY: Factual 11. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 77% REF: p. 220 OBJ: 6-3 12. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 220 OBJ: 6-3 13. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 220 OBJ: 6-3 KEY: Critical Thinking 14. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 222 OBJ: 6-4 KEY: Factual 15. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 222 OBJ: 6-4 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual 16. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 222 OBJ: 6-4 17. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 222 OBJ: 6-4 18. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 77% REF: p. 223 OBJ: 6-5 KEY: Factual 19. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 224 OBJ: 6-6 KEY: Factual 1
20. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 224 OBJ: 6-6 21. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 68% REF: p. 224 OBJ: 6-7 KEY: Factual 22. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 225 OBJ: 6-8 23. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 92% REF: p. 225 OBJ: 6-8 KEY: Factual 24. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 53% REF: p. 225 OBJ: 6-8 25. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 71% REF: p. 227 OBJ: 6-9 KEY: Factual 26. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 77% REF: p. 227 OBJ: 6-9 27. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 53% REF: p. 229 OBJ: 6-10 KEY: Factual 28. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 80% REF: p. 229 OBJ: 6-10 29. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 230 OBJ: 6-11 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual 30. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 68% REF: p. 231 OBJ: 6-12 KEY: Factual 31. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 231 OBJ: 6-12 32. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 51% REF: p. 231 OBJ: 6-12 33. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 231 OBJ: 6-12 34. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 231 OBJ: 6-12 35. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 65% REF: p. 231-232 OBJ: 6-12 KEY: Factual 36. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 37. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 49% REF: p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 KEY: Factual 38. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 93% REF: p. 233 OBJ: 6-13 KEY: Factual 39. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 233 OBJ: 6-13 40. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 234 OBJ: 6-14 TOP: WWW 41. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 234 OBJ: 6-14 KEY: Factual 42. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 92% REF: p. 234 OBJ: 6-14 2
43. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 81% REF: p. 235 OBJ: 6-15 KEY: Factual 44. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 38% REF: p. 235-236 OBJ: 6-15 45. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 235 OBJ: 6-16 46. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 235 OBJ: 6-16 TOP: WWW 47. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 238 OBJ: 6-17 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual 48. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 80% REF: p. 238 OBJ: 6-17 KEY: Factual 49. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 80% REF: p. 238 OBJ: 6-17 50. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 74% REF: p. 238 OBJ: 6-17 51. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 238 OBJ: 6-17 52. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 239 OBJ: 6-18 53. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 240 OBJ: 6-19 54. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 241 OBJ: 6-19 55. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 89% REF: p. 243 OBJ: 6-20 56. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 243 OBJ: 6-21 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual 57. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 245 OBJ: 6-22 58. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 246 OBJ: 6-22 59. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 62% REF: p. 250 OBJ: 6-23 60. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 250 OBJ: 6-24 61. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 42% REF: p. 252 OBJ: 6-25 62. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 254 OBJ: 6-25 KEY: Factual 63. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 254-255 OBJ: 6-26 KEY: Critical Thinking 3