MEASUREMENT OF CONDITIONS FOR KNOWLEDGE SHARING

MEASUREMENT OF CONDITIONS FOR KNOWLEDGE SHARING Paul va de Brk Delft Uversty of Techology ad O The Brk, The Netherlads e-mal: thk@othebrk.l; webste: www.othebrk.l Publshed : Proceedgs 2d Europea Coferece o Kowledge Maagemet, Bled, ovember 2001 Ths paper descrbes a model to quatfy codtos that eable sharg a orgazato. Based o ths level of facltated sharg we are able to detfy the ext steps to be take,.e. whch codtos are most approprate to stmulate. I addto, ths measuremet provdes a dcator of the effectveess of (oe or more) actos take, ad may help steerg sharg efforts. 1 Objectve of ths artcle Ths artcle helps orgazatos to determe ther ext steps facltatg ad stmulatg sharg. The artcle s structured three ma parts. We frst troduce the codtos that we cosder eablers of sharg a orgazato. We also defe s that dfferetate betwee possble stages the developmet of sharg a orgazato ad we propose a relato of the eablg codtos to these s. The secod part of the paper descrbes a model to measure the eablg codtos based o a pragmatc quatfcato ad rakg of these codtos to determe the applcable sharg. Ths detfes whch codtos are the most approprate to stmulate. I the thrd part of ths artcle we descrbe our method as a cotuous cycle of measuremet ad acto. 2 Codtos that eable sharg We propose three ettes as key factors sharg: people, orgazato, ad techology. That s because we cosder sharg as a socal teracto betwee people. Also, orgazatoal ssues have a major mpact o sharg. Furthermore, (formato ad commucato) techology s a mportat facltator of sharg. The socal, orgazatoal, ad techologcal codtos that we recogze as eablers of sharg (see Fgure 1) are detaled below (Brk 2001). 2.1 Socal codtos Davs (1998) states that Effectve maagemet requres a fudametal chage the way most compaes do busess, ad people are at the heart of ay effectve chage. The huma factor sharg focuses o the drvers that trgger people to do what they do, o the possble skll levels of a perso, ad o the roles a dvdual ca play a orgazato. care: I a orgazatoal cotext care has the meag of warm, geue terest of oe employee aother employee, gvg atteto ad helpg hm or her wheever eeded, ad stmulates hs or her persoal growth ad developmet (Krogh 1998). Ths may costtute a foudato for people to be ope to thoughts of other people, to egage a dalogue wth each other, ad to recosder oe s ow basc belefs 1

apprasal: Sege (1992) observes that people should redesg ther metal models costructed tradtoally compettve evromets order to support sharg ad trasfer of ad expertse. People eed to be stmulated ad motvated to do so, they eed cetves to partcpate the sharg process (Hase 1999, Trussler 1998, Ellott 1997). empowermet: Empowermet s volvg people the chages that wll affect them (Sche 1995, Ulrch 1998). Noaka (1995) beleves that ths may mprove a dvdual s motvato to create because the autoomous dvdual strves for persoal developmet ad has the possblty to create hs or her ow cocepts. Fgure 1: Socal, orgazatoal, ad techologcal codtos for sharg trust: Trust s used to lower ucertaty regardg the behavor of other people or objects (Ladry 1992, Joes 1998). It s a to some extet emotoal cofdece the relablty of a perso or object wth respect to past, curret, ad atcpated future behavor. Trust lays the prmary bass for a socal relato ad s therefore a prerequste for people to share ther deas, formato, ad. competece leverage: Competece ca be defed as the ablty of a perso to accomplsh tasks (Weggema 1997). It s depedet o the professoal, experece, atural talet, craftsmashp, ad sklls of the dvdual. Competece leverage stmulates sharg because creato of ew sklls ad trasfer of s tetoally ecouraged. 2

crew: Noaka (1995) regards the crew as the project leaders of the orgazatoal -creato process. The crew structures ad matas a platform for creatg ad dstrbutg to people ad cotrols the qualty ad tegrty of the compoets. They orgaze the repostores, they hut for ew approprate, they valuate ad classfy the compoets, they support competece ceters, ad they ecourage people to make (better) use of ths platform (Stewart 1997a). 2.2 Orgazatoal codtos We explot the 7S framework by McKsey (that cossts of seve orgazatoal factors: strategy, structure, systems, staff, sklls, style, ad shared values) to dstgush whch orgazato related codtos facltate sharg. learg orgazato: We ote that orgazatos lear order to mprove ther adaptablty ad effcecy durg tmes of chage (Balasubramaa 1996). A learg orgazato has a ehaced capacty to lear, adapt, ad chage ad sees every experece (lke cotact wth a customer, formato gatherg about compettors, ad ew ways to solve problems) as a opportuty to mprove (Hamel 1994). orgacally structured orgazato: The orgazato s see as a learg orgasm: lvg systems who are depedet o the evromet whch they lve. Such orgazatos are structured as ope, adaptve systems that lve costat teracto wth ther surroudg. Because ths structure ought to be able to deal wth greater amouts of ucertaty t teds to be orgac rather tha mechastc (Gly 1996, Fol 1985, Stebbs 1998). Ths flexble, orgac structure supports ad ecourages crossfuctoal teamwork, small ad terlked (etworked) task-oreted orgazatoal uts, free formato flow, partcpatve desg, empowermet, evolutoary developmet, flatter herarchy, dstrbuto, ad mmal formalzato ad bureaucracy. These characterstcs are all favorable to cooperato, collaborato, ovato, reflectve acto-takg, ad learg wth the orgazato (Gephart 1996, Fol 1985, Powell 1997, Balasubramaa 1996). slack: Mohrma (2000) observes that the tme for eeded exchage s repeatedly crowded out by the pressure to meet the latest deadle : sharg should ot be stacked o top of everythg else. Orgazatos therefore help ther sharg actvtes by allowg ther employees slack tme to be reflectve, reframe ssues, ad lear ew competeces (Sche 1995a ad 1996a, Brow 1997, Ulrch 1998, Beath 1991). systems tegrated to daly workprocess: Kowledge sharg seems to work best whe t s a automatc part of orgazatoal lfe, so the systems that support t must work trasparetly ad seamlessly wth other elemets of the daly workprocess. metrcs: To ga sght the effectveess of actvtes coected to sharg there ought to be a way to measure ths Retur O Kowledge. Ellott (1997) observes Because someoe wll ultmately questo whether beeft s beg derved from spedg o maagemet, the value ad mpact should be motored from the begg. champo: A champo (or sposor) s a member of topmaagemet who uderstads the eed for sharg ad realzes how t ca leverage the performace of the orgazato. He or she has the authorty, the clout, ad ca commad the ecessary resources (lke people ad budget) to brg about the eeded orgazatoal chage (Ellott 1997). 3

clmate of opeess: It s mportat to have the rght orgazatoal clmate order for people to create, reveal, share, ad use (Daveport 1998, Choo 1995). A clmate of opeess may, accordg to Choo (1995), fluece the atttude of people to obta a ope-mdedess to deal wth the ufamlar ad the ufavorable, ad the boldess to expermet ad ovate : qury, dalogue, creatvty, expermetato, ad rsk-takg are ecouraged (Gephart 1996, Powell 1997). commutes: Stewart (1997) argues a compay eeds to foster teamwork, commutes of practce, ad other socal forms of learg. These commutes cosst of dvduals from dverse ad possbly dspersed orgazatoal uts who have a sese of coheso amog them ad are self-motvated to acheve ther goals. Commutes are mechasms ad platforms for the exchage of expereces, deas, vews, ad thoughts betwee people. collaborato: Collaborato s more tha workg together o the bass of compesato for help receved the past or atcpato of help eeded the future (Joes 1998). People share actvtes, processes, develop products together, ad share resposblty. Log (1997) expresses the vew that: Whe orms ad practces promote collaborato betwee fuctos ad operatg uts, teractos are much more lkely to create ew orgazatoal ad apply t more effectvely. dalogue: Sege (1992) otes that the Greek terpreted dalogos as a free flow of thoughts wth a group of people, whch created the possblty of elghtemet that could ot be attaed o a dvdual bass. Through free horzotal ad vertcal commucato flows a orgazato, mutual depedeces wth ad across orgazatoal fuctos ad uts crease. Ths allows for more frequet ad elaborate commucatos amog dsparate terests, ad stmulates mutual explorato across sub-culture boudares (Powell 1997, Sche 1996a). Dalogue creates a shared cotext ad atmosphere for sharg because people put forward ther belefs ad deas that are ormally kept to oeself (Tekas 1996). 2.3 Techologcal codtos A major objectve of formato ad commucato techology facltatg sharg s to coect people wth other people or wth explct (possbly rrespectve of tme ad place). We dstgush three, related dmesos. Oe dmeso s to have formato ad explct compoets ole, dexed ad mapped, wth easy access ad accurate retreval for all users ths stuato the emphass s put o explct. Aother dmeso s to mprove coordato, commucato, ad collaborato betwee people, teams, or groups to trasfer the from those who possess ths to people who eed or ca use ths (McGee 1996) here the emphass s o tact. The thrd dmeso s to offer poters to people wth a specal expertse or to documets that descrbe ths dmeso the emphass s o both tact ad explct. repostory: Kowledge repostores hold collectos of compoets that have a structured cotet lke formato from busess applcatos, mauals, reports ad artcles, or customer related databases. A cotet classfcato scheme or taxoomy s used to orgaze the repostores to facltate groupg, sortg, vsualzato, searchg, publcato, mapulato, refemet, ad avgato. routemap: Kowledge routemaps are gudes, drectores, or poters to a orgazato s teral ad exteral formato ad sources both tact ad explct. Kowledge routemaps provde poters to sources of that ca clude people wth a specal expertse or may offer lks to documets that descrbe research results, best practces, lessos leared, dagostcs tools, or lst frequetly 4

asked questos. Aother fuctoalty that routemaps offer s that of ole learg (computer based trag), whch access to possble teractve, multmeda educatoal materal s gve. collaboratve platform: A collaboratve platform s a fuctoalty of formato ad commucato techology that electrocally facltates group or teamwork ad collaborato. It s a dstrbuted vrtual evromet that may ecourage debate, dalogue, teracto, creatvty, ovato, ad sharg (Duffy 1996) that otherwse would have bee costraed by barrers of tme ad place. 2.4 Kowledge sharg s These eablg codtos may be clustered accordg to ther ature (Brk 2001): motvatoal (they ted to create a feelg of well beg for people), cultural (they try to crease the ablty of the orgazato to act upo sgals from the evromet), or strumetal (they supply strumets to facltate sharg). Ths leads us to beleve that some codtos are more approprate to stmulate a certa stuato tha others. We argue that ths ca be related to the developmet sharg of a orgazato. We characterze the developmet of a orgazato wth respect to sharg by several s. Gephart (1996) observes that whe a orgazato passes through each, sharg moves from beg utetoal, dvdualstc, ad ot tegrated to beg formalzed, expaded, ad coected; utl t s a collectve, strogly tegrated, ad daly part of the whole orgazato. As each reflects a partcular stage the developmet of sharg a orgazato t follows that some eablg codtos are more relevat to certa s tha to others. These s are derved from the sharg strategy of a orgazato, the ofte vsble role formato ad commucato techology ca play a orgazato wth respect to sharg, ad from the exstg lterature (Parlby 1999, Gephart 1996, Bar 1997). We propose the followg sharg s: uawareess : A orgazato the uawareess does ot realze the possble cotrbuto of to ts compettveess (Parlby 1999). Kowledge sharg s ot addressed the orgazatoal vso or strategy. repostory : The repostory s applcable to orgazatos that have become aware of the potetal value of formato ad. I ts strategy the orgazato pays atteto to formato maagemet ad t s wllg to vest formato systems. routemap : A orgazato the routemap realzes the beefts of ad udertakes creasg effort sharg. Ths focuses ot oly o sharg of explct but also o sharg of drect by meas of routemaps (Bar 1997). collaboratve platform : Orgazatos the collaboratve platform use to compete ad to address ther busess drvers. The way of workg s focused o partcpatve decso-makg, collaborato, ad learg together (Sche 1995), for stace commutes of practce. orgazatoal learg : Learg by tral ad error s sded by explct, systematc (double loop) learg. Compettve advatages are attaed through collectve learg the orgazato, through combato ad coordato of sklls, competeces ad techologes (Sche 1996, Choo 1998, Gephart 1996, Garv 1993). 5

The borders betwee each are ambguous for most orgazatos, but evertheless ths dstcto s wll help to dcate the status quo of a orgazato wth regard to the maturty level sharg. 2.5 Stable ad dyamc evromets I our theory we also cosder the evromet whch the orgazato operates. We dstgush betwee a stable ad dyamc evromet. Whether the evromet s stable or dyamc has ts repercussos o the sharg strategy. The sharg strategy ought to be guded by the characterstcs of the products or servces of the orgazato (Hase 1999). If the products ad servces are stadard or mature ad do ot vary much, we call ths a stable evromet ad the strategy should focus o elaborate storage ad easy access of explct. If however a orgazato sells customzed, uque, or ovatve products ad servces, about those products or servces does t have a hgh re-usage value or becomes out of date quckly. A orgazato such a evromet whch we label dyamc should cosder offerg easy access to specalsts ad experts because people eed to share formato ad that would get lost f t had bee codfed. We argue that the sharg strategy s to be reflected the sequece of the sharg s. A orgazato a stable evromet puts emphass o explct ad therefore wll go through the uawareess, the repostory, the routemap, the collaboratve platform, ad the orgazatoal learg. O the other had, a orgazato a dyamc evromet s focused o tact ad wll move from the uawareess, to the collaboratve platform, the routemap, the repostory, ad to the orgazatoal learg. We see that the dfferece the sequece of the sharg s for the two types of evromet s demostrated through a terchage of the repostory wth the routemap. 2.6 Kowledge sharg s related to eablg codtos I the table below we postulate for each type of evromet for each relatoshps wth ther most approprate socal, orgazatoal, ad techologcal codtos that eable sharg. Wth each cell we lst ts codtos a sequece that we detfy as a dcato of the fluece of such a codto o sharg whe compared to the other codtos the cell. Brk (2001) provdes a justfcato for the postog of each codto. Uawareess Kowledge repostory Kowledge routemap Collaboratve platform STABLE ENVIRONMENT Socal Orgazatoal Techologcal oe apprasal; competece leverage crew trust; care; empowermet slack; systems tegrated to daly workprocess champo; metrcs clmate of opeess; dalogue; commutes; collaborato repostory routemap collaboratve platform 6

Orgazatoal learg Uawareess Collaboratve platform Kowledge routemap Kowledge repostory Orgazatoal learg orgacally structured orgazato; learg orgazato DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT Socal Orgazatoal Techologcal oe trust; care; apprasal; competece leverage; empowermet crew clmate of opeess; slack; dalogue; commutes; champo; collaborato metrcs systems tegrated to daly workprocess orgacally structured orgazato; learg orgazato Table 1: Kowledge sharg s ad eablg codtos collaboratve platform routemap repostory 3 A model for measuremet Our model to measure the eablg codtos s based o a pragmatc quatfcato ad rakg of these codtos. Frst we preset the basc formula of ths model. Next we propose a rakg of the eablg codtos to dcate a possble dfferece the sgfcace of these codtos for sharg. Ths rakg takes the ature of the evromet stable or dyamc of the orgazato to accout. We also calculate mmum, maxmum, ad threshold values for each sharg that we detfed. Usg our formula, the rakg ad a realstc quatfcato of the exstg codtos, we ca calculate the level of facltated sharg for the orgazato at had. Whe we subsequetly make use of the values defed for the sharg s, we are able to determe the applcable sharg. After cotemplato whether we eed to stregthe the curret sharg or to accomplsh a trasto to the ext, we ca establsh whch codtos usg Table 1 ad ther curret values are the most approprate to stmulate. 3.1 The basc formula Our formula for measuremet s costructed from the detfed codtos that facltate sharg. We defe the level of facltated sharg a orgazato as determed by a fucto of ts eablg codtos. Level _ of _ Facltate d _ Kowledge _ Sharg f Codtos 7

Multplcato of (the value of) these eablg codtos dcates that all codtos cotrbute to sharg, ad t also shows that a low score o oe codto sgfcatly reduces the overall level of facltated sharg. However, order to damp a perhaps too strog propagato of a chage a codto we propose to use the logarthm fucto, whch s of a slowly creasg ature. I ths respect a useful property of the logarthm fucto s the followg: log Codto Codto log Codto log Codto,, j 1 j Whe we thereby choose to quatfy all codtos the closed terval of 1 to 10, the logarthm fucto results a value that falls the closed terval of 0 to 1 (ad ths compactess has a practcal arthmetc value): Codto 1,10 log Codto 0,1, 1 Because we wat to create a possblty to dcate a possble varace sgfcace of these eablg codtos, we assocate weghts (.e. coeffcets) to these codtos. Ths results our basc formula: j Level _ of _ Facltate d _ Kowledge _ Sharg log Codto 1 Whe we rak the eablg codtos, we ca arrage ther coeffcets a ordal scale: 1 2 k, k 1.. Because they are all weghts, we defe the sum of these coeffcets as equal to 1: Ad applyg the expresso: 1 1 1 1 2 2 Gves the followg ordal value for a arbtrary coeffcet: 1 k 1 k, k 1.. 1 1 2 The mmum value of our basc formula s 0 ad the maxmum value equals 1: 1.. Codto 1 1.. logcodto 0 Level _ of _ Facltate d _ Kowledge _ Sharg 1 0 0 m 8

1.. Codto 10 1.. logcodto 1 Level _ of _ Facltate d _ Kowledge _ Sharg 1 1 1 max 3.2 Rakg of the socal, orgazatoal, ad techologcal codtos I ths secto we propose a rakg of the 19 eablg codtos. Ths rakg dcates a dfferece the sgfcace of these codtos for sharg. We use ther motvatoal, cultural, or strumetal ature (as addressed Brk 2001) ad ther postog Table 1 to establsh ths rakg. We argue that codtos that are focused o motvatoal aspects bear the most sgfcace o sharg because whe people are ot motvated to partcpate, ay sharg program wll most lkely fal. Next, we cosder codtos of a cultural ature to have more mpact o sharg tha strumetal codtos, because we regard these strumetal codtos the sese that s gve the structuratoal model of Orlkowsk (1992): as a facltator or medum of huma acto, ad whe the (orgazatoal) evromet s ot coducve to sharg there s o huma acto to facltate. Ths meas that the motvatoal codtos apprasal, care, ad competece leverage wll have the hghest rakg. The cultural codtos empowermet, trust, clmate of opeess, collaborato, commutes, dalogue, learg orgazato, orgacally structured orgazato, ad slack come wth respect to rakg after that. The lowest rakg wll be held by the strumetal codtos crew, champo, metrcs, systems tegrated to daly workprocess, collaboratve platform, repostory, ad routemap. We detal ths rakg usg the sequece of the sharg s, because sharg bulds o sharg -1. We saw that ths sequece s ot the same for the two types of evromet. I addto, we use the postog of the codtos each cell of Table 1, because ths order also dcates a fluece o sharg relatve to the other codtos lsted ths cell. We resolve coflcts (where more tha oe codto wll ed up wth the same rakg) by cosderg the type of these codtos (socal, orgazatoal, ad techologcal), ad we apply the same reasog as above to defe whch codto has more sgfcace o sharg: ths vew socal codtos rak hgher tha orgazatoal codtos, whch ther tur rak hgher tha techologcal codtos. Our rakg s show Fgure 2. We ca summarze our rakg method as follows: we rak the eablg codtos dfferetly for the stable ad dyamc evromet. We frst cosder the motvatoal, cultural, or strumetal ature of a codto. Subsequetly we take the sharg of that codto to accout ad use the relatve mportace of that codto. If ecessary, we also cosder the type of a codto (whether t s socal, orgazatoal, or techologcal). 3.3 Values for sharg tervals For each sharg we wll calculate a terval that gves a upper ad lower lmt of the level of facltated sharg that. We therefore dvde the terval of [0, 1] of the basc formula to tervals assocated wth the sharg 9

s. For each we wll defe ts terval usg the rakg of the most approprate codtos for ths, where the rakg s dcated by the ordal umber. Sce the umber of detfed eablg codtos s 19, we have the followg ordal value for a arbtrary coeffcet: k 20 k, 190 k 1,19 Whe we apply the rakg as defed the precedg secto, we ca wrte our basc formula as a scalar product of two vectors a 19-dmesoal space: the coeffcets are multpled wth the log fucto of the raked codtos. The vector that cossts of the raked codtos, for a stable or dyamc evromet respectvely, s preseted below: competece leverage care slack trust empowermet clmate of opeess dalogue commutes log collaborato orgacally apprasal structured orgazato learg orgazato tegrated to daly workprocess repostory crew champo metrcs routemap collaboratve platform apprasal competece leverage trust empowermet clmate of opeess slack dalogue commutes log collaborato orgacally care structured orgazato learg orgazato champo collaboratve platform crew metrcs routemap tegrated to daly workprocess repostory Fgure 2: Vector of raked codtos for stable (left) ad dyamc (rght) evromets The vector that arrages the coeffcets a ordal scale s as follows: 19 18 17 16 4 3 2 1 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 Fgure 3: Vector of 19 coeffcets a ordal scale I Table 2 below we propose values for sharg tervals that quatfy ad cofe a sharg. We preset ths for both (stable ad dyamc) evromets. The table lsts the codtos most approprate to a certa (as defed Table 1 above), ad all socal, orgazatoal, ad techologcal codtos have the umerator of ther ordal umber attached (whch s derved from the vectors above). For 10

example: the codto slack a stable evromet has the coeffcet (or ordal umber) 16, therefore the table after slack ( the stable evromet) we lst the umber 16. 190 To calculate the maxmum value of a sharg terval we assg each codto that we defed Table 1 as most approprate to ths ts maxmum value of 10, whch results a value of 1 for ts logarthm fucto. Ths eables us to add all ordal umbers of these codtos to yeld the maxmum value of the sharg. For example: let us calculate the maxmum value for the repostory a stable evromet. I Table 1 above we related fve codtos wth ths : apprasal, competece leverage, slack, systems tegrated to daly workprocess, ad repostory. The ordal umbers of these codtos ths evromet are respectvely: 19 18 16 7,,,, 190 190 190 190 6 190. Whe we sum these ordal umbers we get approxmately 0.3474 as the maxmum value for the repostory a stable evromet. Ths maxmum value s used to calculate the threshold of the at had. We choose the threshold to be 75% of ths maxmum value, but ths percetage may be adapted to ft specfc characterstcs of a orgazato. For example: the threshold of the repostory a stable evromet s 75% * 0.3474 = 0.2605. The maxmum value s also used to determe the upper lmt of the at had: t s added to the lower lmt (whch s the upper lmt of the precedg ). The lower lmt of the frst s 0, for ths s the mmum value of the terval of the basc formula. For example: the terval of the routemap a stable evromet s [0.3474, 0.4211), because 0.3474 (whch s the upper lmt of the repostory ) added to 0.0737 (whch s the maxmum value of the routemap ) gves 0.4211. Uawareess Kowledge repostory Kowledge routemap Collaboratve platform Orgazatoal learg Socal Orgazatoal STABLE ENVIRONMENT Techologcal Maxmum Threshold Iterval oe oe oe ot applcable ot applcable ot applcable apprasal = 19; competece leverage = 18 crew = 5 trust = 15; care = 17; empowermet = 14 slack = 16; systems tegrated to daly workprocess = 7 champo = 4; metrcs = 3 clmate of opeess = 13; dalogue = 12; commutes = 11; collaborato = 10 orgacally structured orgazato = 9; learg orgazato = 8 repostory = 6 routemap = 2 collaboratve platform = 1 66/190 0.3474 14/190 0.0737 93/190 0.4895 17/190 0.0894 0.2605 [0, 0.3474) 0.0553 0.3671 [0.3474, 0.4211) [0.4211, 0.9106) 0.0671 [0.9106, 1] 11

Uawareess Collaboratve platform Kowledge routemap Kowledge repostory Orgazatoal learg Socal Orgazatoal DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT Techologcal Maxmum Threshold Iterval oe oe oe ot applcable ot applcable ot applcable trust = 16; care = 19; apprasal = 18; competece leverage = 17; empowermet = 15 crew = 5 clmate of opeess = 14; slack = 13; dalogue = 12; commutes = 11; champo = 7; collaborato = 10 metrcs = 4 systems tegrated to daly workprocess = 2 orgacally structured orgazato = 9; learg orgazato = 8 collaboratve platform = 6 routemap = 3 repostory = 1 158/190 0.8316 12/190 0.0632 3/190 0.0158 17/190 0.0894 Table 2: Kowledge sharg tervals 0.6237 [0, 0.8316) 0.0474 0.0119 [0.8316, 0.8948) [0.8948, 0.9106) 0.0671 [0.9106, 1] 3.4 The level of facltated sharg Table 2 s used to determe whch sharg s applcable to a orgazato,.e. whch wth ts specfc characterstcs typfes the developmet of that orgazato wth respect to sharg. We apply the actual value of the codtos to calculate the level of facltated sharg. These actual values as they are preset the orgazato ca be obtaed from coductg sem-structured, -depth tervews wth pre-selected tervewees who are a posto to dscuss a varety of aspects about sharg ad have a broad overvew o the way-of-workg ther orgazato. The tervew protocol cossts of askg a quatfcato for each codto o a scale from 1 to 10 (to dcate a ot preset up to a completely fulflled codto) ad a justfcato for ths percepto. However, the resultg overall value s costructed from all codtos,.e. also from codtos that are related to dfferet sharg s. To be able to determe the rght that s applcable to a orgazato, we apply thresholds (as lsted Table 2). We cosder a fulflled whe the actual value of the codtos related to that yeld a value greater tha or equal to ts threshold. Because sharg bulds o sharg -1 we always check the frst ( case of a stable evromet ths s the repostory, a dyamc evromet ths s the collaboratve platform ) to see whether t s fulflled. If so, we check the ext utl the threshold of the uder scruty ca ot be passed. The last fulflled sharg s the applcable to the orgazato at had. 12

The overall value ca be used whe measured perodcally to dcate a possble progress the level of facltated sharg. Whe the dcated by the overall value for the level of facltated sharg s ot the same as the applcable, ths may suggest that the sharg efforts are ufocused ad ucoected, or that a orgazatoal sharg strategy s lackg or does ot ft the characterstcs of the orgazato. It may also mea that the relatoshps betwee the eablg codtos ad the sharg s as defed our theory eed to be refed. 4 A cotuous cycle of measuremet ad acto Our method ca be characterzed as a cotuous cycle of acto ad measuremet. Acto s defed as the stmulato of approprate eablg codtos. By quatfyg codtos, before ad some tme after a codto s stmulated, a chage the level of facltated sharg may become vsble. Ths measured varato may become a dcator of the effectveess of (oe or more) actos take. Ths cotuous cycle s started by a tal measuremet ad a tal acto that cossts of the followg steps: decde o the ature of the evromet of the orgazato: stable or dyamc; quatfy all eablg codtos preset by estmatg ther degree of fulfllmet the orgazato, where the value of a codto s defed to be the terval betwee 1 ad 10; use the values of these codtos ad ther rakg (cosderg the type of evromet) to calculate the scalar product as formulated 3.4: ths results a overall value for the level of facltated sharg the orgazato at had; employ also the values of these codtos, ther rakg, ther relato wth the sharg s, the thresholds, ad the fulfllmet of the s to determe whch s applcable to the orgazato, the way as preseted 3.4; based o ths detfed sharg we decde whether we ehace the curret sharg or whether we facltate a trasto from the preset to the ext ; tha we kow whch codtos from Table 1 ad ther curret values are most approprate for stmulatg sharg ad we ca put to practce actualzatos of these codtos. The tal actos take to stmulate the detfed codtos wll have ther effect o the level of facltated sharg the orgazato. A cotuous cycle of measuremet ad acto should follow. After some tme the mpact of the actos take s assessed by calculatg the altered overall value for the level of facltated sharg usg the presumably chaged values of the eablg codtos. Ths ca be used to motor progress ad measure results. The measuremet wll gve rse to aother acto,.e. a addtoal stmulato of codtos volved. 13

5 Dscusso ad cocluso I ths paper we developed a dagostc model to measure the level of facltated sharg level a orgazato. Ths model detfes the eablg codtos most approprate to stmulate ad t facltates measurg the effectveess of actualzatos of these codtos. Some propostos ths artcle warrat a dscusso to obta a ecessary refemet ad a perhaps better attuemet to realty: Are the 19 eablg codtos that we detfed ths paper, the key codtos that eable sharg? Is the breakdow to the sharg s as we troduced them ths artcle correct? Is t advsable for orgazatos to go through all s ad reach the ultmate or orgazatoal learg, o matter what costs are curred? Do the codtos belog to the sharg s the way that we preseted them? A related ssue s whether the sequece of the codtos as we lsted them the table-cells s deed the correct sequece? Do we apply the proper argumetato whe we defe the rakg of the codtos? Is t logcal to make use of a ordal scale whe rakg the codtos? Are the tervals of the sharg s determed a correct way? Do we defe the thresholds a realstc maer? Is the quatfcato of the eablg codtos always executed a subjectve maer? If so, ca you prevet that a persoal bas slps to ths process? Wth respect to quatfyg the perceved fluece codtos may have o sharg, we commet that the outcomes wll ofte be a approxmato of the exact, actual real-lfe stuato. Wthout ay abstracto, realty s hard to quatfy: orgazatos are of a hghly complex ature, the teractos betwee people are characterzed by pheomea that are ether drectly observable or easly dscerble, ad t s trcate to determe whether behavoral chage (of people or of orgazatos) ca be attrbuted to sharg. We argue that the possble fluece of codtos o sharg s ot clearly demostrable: sharg tself s barely quatfable ad there does ot exst a stadard or orm value to compare to. Therefore we emphasze the prmary objectve of our research: to uderstad ad ga sght to codtos related to sharg a orgazato. Measuremet as defed ths paper should always be see from ths perspectve ad should be regarded as a geeral, applcable, uderstadable, ad practcal tool. It helps orgazatos to become more aware of ther curret status wth respect to sharg ad t helps to measure the effect of actos take to stmulate sharg. Refereces Bar, J. (1997), Kowledge Maagemet, Proceedgs Garter Group Symposum ITxpo97, Caes. Balasubramaa, V. (1996), Orgazatoal Learg ad Iformato Systems, URL http://www.ees.jt.edu/~333/orglr.html, accessed November 1997. Beath, C.M. (1991), Supportg the Iformato Techology Champo, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3, September 1991, pp. 355-372. 14

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