PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAND USE REGULATION: ZONING AND DEED RESTRICTIONS Rd C. Wls Wls, Cbbs, G & Flum, P.C. Hus, Txs Uvsy f Hus Rl Es Dcums, Wkus d Clsgs Cus Ju 1993
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAND USE REGULATION: ZONING AND DEED RESTRICTIONS Rd C. Wls My, Cbbs & Wls, P.C. Hus, Txs @All ghs svd 1993 I. INTRODUCTION A. Scp f Acl Ths Acl s dd s gl vvw f Txs zg d dd sc lw, s wll s lyss f h dffcs. Issus lg h subdvs f l ppy, vml ms, Amcs wh Dsbls Ac h qus-ld us scs wll b ddssd. Oly dd scs h fm f xpss cvs (s ppsd cds mpld cvs) ffcg sufc ( ml) us d whch u wh h ld dscussd. B. Rfc Mls 1. Zg. Th Bbl f Txs Zg Lw s Jh Mx's Txs Mucpl Zg Lw publshd by Buwh Lgl Publshs Aus, Txs (fd h s Mx), h ly cmphsv lyss f Txs Zg Lw. Ahu J. Ads (Ak, Gump, Suss, Hu & Fld, Dlls, Txs) uhd Txs Ld Us Lw (1989) publshd by Pfssl Educ Sysms, Ic., Eu Cl, Wscs (fd h s Ads), whch cs pccl lyss f dvlpm lw ssus. M. Ads d Wllm S. Dhlsm (ls f Ak, Gump) uhd Txs Zg d Ld Us Fms (Buwh Lgl Publshs, Aus, Txs) whch cs fms d dscusss zg quss. 2. Dd Rscs. Tw xcll cls dd scs Rscv Cvs by Chls W. Spc, Uvsy f Hus Lw C Advcd Rl Es Lw Cus, 1990, d Iply f Zg d Rscs by Buc W. Mw, Pfssl Educ Sysms, Ic. Txs Ld Us Lw Sm, 1991. C. Ackwldgms Th pu d sssc f Pfss Jh Mx f h Uvsy f Hus Lw C d Jms L. Dughy, Cy Ay f h Cy f Ws Uvsy Plc, ws vlubl h zg sc f hs Acl. Th dd sc sc f hs pp s k subslly fm h xcll cl by W. Edwd Wls, II psd h 14h Aul 1
Advcd Rl Es Lw Cus 1992. M. Wls cl cd ccs dscuss f dd sc ssus whch culd b subslly mpvd up by hs uh. Ths pp wuld hv b pssbl whu h dlg ffs f scs Dll G d Vss Gff, plgl Sh Gubz, lw clk Ncl DBd, d ssc Dl J. R. II. DEED RESTRICTIONS A. Dd Rscs Dfd Dd scs pv, ccul cvs whch lm ld us. Dd scs plcd l ppy by ffmv c f h w f h l ppy, f h bf f h ppy ly, wh ypcl hc h vlu f h l ppy. Dd scs ffc subsqu ws f h l ppy f sd m, d f y xss. Th lms h u f dd scs xcp f cmplc wh lws d publc plcs. Pv ld us scs my b mpsd up l ppy by y w f l ppy d such scs fcbl by Txs cus. Efcm f dd scs s ypclly udk by clssfc f h cgs: 1. hs h hv y, such s Txs pf cp, sblshd pvd f h fcm lg-m bss; 2. hs h hv such y, bu whch sd ly up pv fcm by dvduls such s, lly, h dvlp d, l, dvdul ldws; d 3. hs fcd by spclly uhzd cus d h Cy f Hus. Dd scs fcbl h Cy f Hus d s xl jusdc by h Cy f Hus. Tx. Lcl Gv Cd A. 203.001 sq. (1991). Dd scs cmmly hv h fllwg gl chcscs: () dsg d csuc sdds f l csuc wh dvlpm, () gv cvs whch phb vus yps f csuc d uss, () ssssm mchsm d (v) c f pv -pf cp s h vhcl f fcm f h scv cvs. B. Hsy f Dd Rscs As lg s h hv b dds l ppy, h hv b scs plcd hs dcums f h pups f lmg fuu ld us. Ul Wld W II, ms dd scs w cd dvdul dds h h h pl cmphsv dcum ffcg subdvs. As h cmphsv dvlpm f sdl subdvss vlvd, dvlps cd csgly lb schms f ld us. Ths schms w dpd hugh h clus f ll f h scs ch dd fm h dvlp l l ws. Rly ws hmws ssc cd, d, v f cd, ly fudd hugh mdy ssssms. G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
Th dvlps mvd cmphsv dcums cvg ll scs. My pjcs w mul-phsd wh sp pls f ch phs. As subdvss dvlpd, ch w sc wuld c sp s f cmphsv dd scs whch, lhugh ypclly css fm d gl ppch, f cd sgfc dffcs us scs d h m whch h dd scs w b mdfd xdd. Ths cmphsv dd scs w cdd bf y dds l l ws. Ech dd l l ws fcd h cmphsv dd scs, bu hws dd c spcfc c f h us scs. Tdy, sm dvlps dp ms scs pplcbl f dvlpm su cuy f us. Illy, dd scs w d by h lw s puly ccul ms bw csg ps. Dd scs w scly csud sc hy sugh sc h gh f subsqu l ppy ws us h ppy. S lg s dd scs w lwful, sbl d vl f s publc plcy, hy w fcd. Ov h ys, scy hs dmd h c yps f dd scs fcbl s m f publc plcy (.g. c scs, wd shgls) d h, sd f bg scly csud, hy shuld b lblly csud d fc h (S Tx. Pp. Cd 202.003 [V Supp. 1992]). Dd scs hv w d w wh my lgl ccps fudml hm hv b suly jcd d h us f v m dld d scv dd scs, pcully lg cmphsvly pld sdl cmmus, hs csd. Ov h ps fv ys, sm xps sm h ffy pc f w hm csuc Hus ccud hs hghly scd sdl subdvss. C. Gl Rqums Th ypcl ld us cs s chczd s cv. Cvs mps blgs up ldw h d, f fm dg, c cs. Cvs dvdd w yps - psl cvs, ls kw s sms gss, d hs h u wh h ld. Psl cvs xs ly bw h cv d h cv d fcbl by h cv's ssgs. Rghs fsh, bcycl, pcc, d d hss, bs cl h cy, wuld b psl cvs. Dy v. Egl Rck Rch, Ic., 364 S.W.2d 196 (Tx. 1962). Cvs whch u wh h ld fcbl gs h ssgs f h ps. Dd scs ypclly c xpss pvs h h blgs u wh h ld. A dd sc mus ssfy h fllwg qums d u wh h ld: 1. Tuch d Cc h Ld. Dd scs pv gms ffcg ld. Sc, hclly, ld hs cpcy xs ppully d vlu my b ddd by pmg scg c cvs, h lw wll fc dd scs gs pss vlvd mkg h dd scs ly f h dd scs "uch d cc" h ld. Txs cus hv cgzd h ll cvs u wh h ld. S Dy v. Egl Rck Rch, Ic., sup; Cl Lk Cy W Auhy v. Cl Lk Uls, 549 G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
S.W.2d 385 (Tx. 1977) ; Mgmy v. Cg, 22 S.W. 2d 463 (Tx. Cv.App.--Esld 1929, w). I Cl Lk Cy W Auhy, h Txs Supm Cu hld h dd scs qug h c f ld cv s w fm h gv uly ws fcbl sc ly clllly ffcd h us f ld. Sc h dd scs dd uch d cc h ld, hy cd pvy f s d hf w fcbl gs ssgs. I lk m, puchs's gm qu hd ps pvd d, w d swg ccs djg c wh fu ys f sl s psl cv d cv ug wh h ld ud Txs lw. Dyd v. Clk, 771 F. Supp. 181 (S.D. Tx. 1991). Ms cvs d uch d cc l s. Hwv, sc psl cvs d xs, h pc shuld vw y cvs dm f h ps dd c blg h culd ly b pply pfmd by h l ps d by h ssgs succsss. 2. Pvy f Es. I ccp lgus sdg, h lw qus pvy f s bf fcg dd scs. Txs cus hv hld h pvy f s s qud f dd scs u wh h ld. Cl Lk Apms, Ic. v. Cl Lk Uls C., 537 S.W.2d 48 (Tx.Cv.App.--Amll 1942, w f d w..m.). Jm Wl Hms v. Yugw, Ic., 786 S.W.2d 10, 11 (Tx.App.--Bum 1990, w); T Appsl Dsc v. Cll Cuy Club, 767 S.W.2d 230, 235 (Tx.App.--F Wh 1989, w dd). Evs v. Suhsd Plc Pk Ass., 154 S.W.2d 914 (Tx.Cv.App.--Glvs 1941, w f d w..m.), lluss hs qum. Plffs wd l, wh subdvs, whch hd pk d plygud whch culd ly b usd by ppy ws wh h dd. Plffs lsd h hus. Th ws dd h us f h pk sc, s lss, h ws ppy w. Th cu uphld h dl f pk pvlgs h, fdg h h m ppy ws ws syymus wh puchss f hm ss. Id. 917. Sc h ws w, h lckd h cssy pvy f s qud s pqus h gh us h pk. I Jm Wls Hms, sup, buld ws hld lbl f vl f dd scs du h u f h sucu bul. Usully, d c pvy f s, h mus b cmm g wh clly xpsss bf ld hugh h us f scv cvs. Hp v. Lm, 171 S.W.270 (Tx.Cv.App.--El Ps 1914, w); Cul v. Wlk, 112 Tx. 4, 244 S.W. 497 (1922); Fly v. C, 273 S.W.2d 439 (Tx.Cv.App.--Wc 1954, w f d). A gl schm pl f dvlpm ccd wh h ppy my ls pvd h cssy pvy f s. I Hp, h cu sd, Whh ps py scv cv hs gh fc dpds up h f h ps mpsg. Ths s b scd fm h lgug f h dd slf, csud cc wh h ccumscs xsg h m ws xcud. Hp, sup, 271. If cmm g xss, f cmm pl schm f dvlpm ffcg ll pps s vlvd, h pvy f s s ssfd, d h s sdg m su f fcm f h dd scs. G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
3. Nc. A bslu qum f fcm f dd scs s h c f such cvs' xsc b gv h ldw. Dvs v. Huy, 620 S.W.2d 561 (Tx. 1981); T Appsl Dsc, sup. Chp 11 f h Txs Ppy Cd ss fh h pvs f cdg dcums h Cuy Clk's cds. Th d f flg f h dd scs dms c. Gysbug Hmws Ass. v. Ols, 768 S.W.2d 369, 372 (Tx. App.--Hus [14h Ds.] 1989, w). Such cd s glly ssl pvd h cssy c f h xsc f dd scs. M cmmly, h c qus ss h cx f whh h dd scs suffcly spcfc pvd dqu c hd py. Dd scs shuld hv lglly suffc ppy dscp dfg h whch hy pply. Ohws, h su f fuds wll b fcm f h dd scs. Dd scs mpsd subsqu h svc f h ml s d lm h sufc us ghs f h ml s w. Ppy Ows v. Wlf & Mg., Ic., 786 S.W.2d 757, 760 (Tx.App.--Tyl 1990, w). 4. Rsblss. O my cu h Old Eglsh cmm lw ccp h cv qug ldw d gv c ws fcbl, whl cv qug ldw d gv c ws. Spc's Cs, 5 C. 16, 77 Eg. Rp. 72 (QB. 1583). Such dsc wuld clly b cgzd by Txs Cus. S Fy v. DCdv Bd Ess Ows Ass., 647 S.W.2d 246 (Tx. 1983). Mc f pmss, pym f ssssms, d gl mc shuld ll b fcbl dus sc such cvs muully bfcl lds subjc gl pl schm f dvlpm. Hwv, whh cv mds c c, mus sll b sbl. If dd scs (hsclly fd s qubl svuds ) pp b usbl, h my b pssbl g cu chcz hm s vluy svuds, whch ufcbl. Th ssu s whh h dd scs cmpl cs c, bu h whh h dd scs' dmds sbl. D. Cds vsus Cvs Dcums ld Dcl f Cvs, Cds d Rscs ypcl md subdvss. Whl h l my b msc f h gl lgl ppsy v us wd wh h wll d, h s dsc bw cvs d cds. 1. Dsc. Bh cvs d cds pv gms ccg ly. Cvs ypclly fcd hugh jucv lf. Cds, hwv, dpdg h u, my b fcd hugh spss y l cs, dcly judgms h cuss f c whch sk ffc h sus f l l ppy. G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM. Cv Th ppy cvyd h shll v b usd f pupss f juk yd, pl hll, sml cvs cs cv.
G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM b. Cd Bu h v h h ppy cvyd h shuld v b usd f juk yd, pl hll, sml cvs, h wshp f h ly cvyd h shll mmdly v A, hs hs, succsss d ssgs cs cd. Ths s subsqu cd, sc svs df s h hs pvusly b vsd h g. A cd pcd xss wh h cd hs h ffc f pvg pssg f l ul h cd hs b fulflld. 1. Cv Fvd. Txs cus wll y p pvs s cv h h s cd. Th Txs Supm cu sd: Cds subsqu fvd by h cus, d h pms blg f h g wll b csud s cv ulss c cdl s s clly d uquvclly vld by h lgug f h sum. I css wh h s dubful, h spul s d s cv h h s cd subsqu wh h gh df h cvyc. Hv v. Bdshw, 158 Tx. 453, 312 S.W.2d 948, 951 (1958). Hwv, f h cu ccluds h h lgug s cl d umbguus, h wll fc cd subsqu. Swll v. Dlls Idpd Schl Dsc, 727 S.W.2d 586 (Tx.App.--Dlls 1987, w f d...). E. Gl Ruls f Ip f Dd Rscs 1. Tdl Rul f Sc Csuc f Dd Rscs. Dd scs cumbcs ly d hf, ud cmm lw, b scly csud fv f h f us f ld. Lv v. Tu, 264 S.W.2d 478 (Tx.Cv.App.--El Ps 1954, w dsm d); Dvs v. Huy, 620 S.W.2d 561, 565 (Tx. 1981). Hwv, dd scs fcd s w wh h lgug d s cl. WLR, Ic. v. Bds, 690 S.W.2d 663, 667 (Tx. App.--Wc 1985, w f d...). Dd scs w scly csud, fvg h g d dsfvg h g. Bk v. Hds, 137 Tx. 466, 153 S.W.2d 465 (1941). Ay mbguy s slvd fv f h ls scv sbl p. Slv Spu Add Hmws v. Clksvll Ss Apms, 848 S.W.2d 772 (Tx.App.--Txk, 1993). 2. Lbl Csuc Fv f Dd Rscs Rqud by Su. I 1987, h Txs lgslu vsd ys f wll sld cs lw by qug: A scv cv shll b lblly csud gv ffc f s pupss d. Tx. Pp. Cd A. 202.003() (V Supp. 1992). Th full ffc f hs vsl s ucl, s ly pd cs hs ld hs sc. S Cdllgh Hlls Cvc Ass., Ic. v. Gdw, 763 S.W.2d 474 (Tx.App.--Hus [14h] 1989 w dd).
Cus wll pbbly b qud pply hs w uls w ypcl fc sus. O su ss wh h h dvlp, y pv ppy ws, ssc fcs dd scs; bu, fcm hs sd b lf h ppy ws hmslvs. I hs cs, h my b lgm gums f wv d sppl. Dpdg h fcul ccumscs, h cu's ucm my pp fllw h Bk v. Hds ul m h 202.003. Ths my ccu bcus h fcs wll b suffcly cfusd h cmm lw ssus f wv d sppl vsus fcm h ulg k Bk v. Hds wll lk m qubl h yg fc ll-dfd pups d f gv cv. Hwv, f h dvdul ppy ws hv llwd wdspd vl f h dd scs, h 202.003 shuld supp h ppy w's clm. I h scd su, fcm s bugh by duly lcd ppd psv f ppy w's ssc whch hs xcsd sm dg f dlgc s ffs. Th, h cu wll pbbly us 202.003, bussd by Tx. Pp. Cd 202.004 (dscussd blw) uphld h ulg f h ppy w's ssc, bs vdc f ml vdcv bss f h ppy w ssc's c. 3. Psump f Rsblss f Ppy Assc Ac. Als 1987, h Txs lgslu ddd w wkl gdg fcm f dd scs qug dscy c by ppy w's ssc by sg: A xcs f dscy uhy by ppy ws ssc h psv dsgd by w f l ppy ccg scv cv s psumd sbl ulss h cu dms by ppdc f h vdc h h xcs f dscy uhy ws by, cpcus, dscmy. Tx. Pp. Cd A. 202.004() (V Supp. 1992). P cs lw dcd h ppy ws ssc cs d uls wll b uphld s lg s hy sbl. Fy v. D Cdv B Es Ows' Ass., 632 S.W.2d 877, 880 (Tx.App.--F Wh, ff d 647 S.W.2d 246) (Tx. 1982) ; Hllm v. Mss Tc Hmws' Ass., 556 S.W.2d 632, 635 (Tx.Cv.App.--S A 1977, w). 4. Gl Pl Rqud. Whh ps dd vk h pc f h dd scs f h pups f h ppy wh h cvd by h cvs s cmmly sd by lkg f vdc f gl pl schm f dvlpm. Lhm v. Wllc, 510 S.W.2d 675 (Tx.Cv.App.--S A 1974, w f d...). If, hwv, dcl svs h ulmd gh, y m, chg h dd scs, h cmm pl schm ss whch h cu culd fc. Gy v. Lws, 241 S.W.2d 313 (Tx.Cv.App.--Glvs 1951, w f d...). A dvlp my, hwv, sv h ulmd gh chg h dd scs f p f ppy cvd by cmm pl schm f dvlpm, pvdd such gh d h mhd f chg clly cd h dcl f scs. Bldw v. Bb Cp., 773 S.W.2d 681 (Tx.Cv.App.--S A 1989, w dd). G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
5. Vld f N Cy Publc Plcy Ohws Illgl. A w f ld my mps dd scs pvdd h such scs d cv publc plcy d h h ccs llgl. B v. McPhul, 357 S.W.2d 420 (Tx.Cv.App.--Amll 1952, w). Scvll v. Spgpk Hmw's Ass., Ic., 784 S.W. 2d 498, 502 (Tx.App.--Dlls 1990, w dd). I csug h f h ps h dd scs, h cu wll cc slf wh h ms f h dd scs bcus h ps hv h gh dp y yp f sc hy chs. Slv Spu Add Hmws, Id. 6. Equbl Csds. Ijucv lf wll b dd smply bcus ldw my suff g juy by s f fcm. Guls v. Nh Wdld Hlls Cmmuy Ass., 563 S.W.2d 334 (Tx.Cv.App.--Hus [1 s Ds.] 1978, w). Th cu wll fc supplml dd scs fld kp cppld chld fm hvg hspl Wc. Tyl v. McL Cuy Cppld Chlds Ass., 206 S.W.2d 632 (Tx.Cv.App.--Wc 1947, w f d...). Ijucv lf, h ms cmmly qusd mdy dd sc fcm cs, s qubl u. T qus quy, mus b ppd d quy. 7. Lgug Csuc.. Dd scs b gv h pl, gmmcl, dy d cmmly ccpd mg ulss d s wuld df h f h ps s clly vdcd by h sm dcum. Tvs Hghs Impvm Dsc v. Smll, 662 S.W.2d 406 (Tx.App.--Aus 1983, w) ; Jm Wl Hms, Ic. v. Yugw, Ic., 786 S.W.2d 10, 12 (Tx.App.--Bum 1990, w). b. A sbl p sdd wll b ppld. Rdy v. Cl Lk Fs Cmmuy Ass., Ic., 681 S.W.2d 191, 195, (Tx.App.-- Hus [14 h Ds. 1984] w f d...). c. Wh h dd sc s mbguus, h dcum s vwd dm h f h ps whu pl vdc (v fm h gl dvlp). Cdllgh Hlls, sup 477. d. Ambguy s qus f lw f h cu dcd. Cmmuy Imp. Ass. v. Sl's Vllg, 828 S.W.2d 182, 184 (Tx.App.--Hus [14 h Ds.] 1992, w).. If h s mbguy, csuc f dd sc s ls qus f lw f h cu dcd. Id. f. If h s mbguy, pl vdc s dvsbl shw h f h ps. Id 185. g. Th cu wll sk hmz d gv ffc ll pvss s h wll b dd uslss. Scvll, sup. G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
h. Th gl ul f csuc f ccs pply dd scs. Id. 8. Wv/Abdm. Dd scs my b wvd. Th ul f wv f dd sc hs b sd s fllws: Rscs my b wvd, bu d sblsh wv f gl schm pl f h dvlpm f pcul, mus b shw h such pl hs b vld such x s sbly ld h cclus h fc hd b bdd, d h usubsl vl hf h fc h cmpl hs bjcd pvus vl f such scs, pcully wh hy dd mmdly ffc h jym f hs w pmss, wll pv hm fm mg c f juc lf pv subsl vls hf, vl whch wuld mlly ffc hs w pmss. Bhm v. Rms, 366 S.W.2d 257, 259 (Tx.Cv.App.--F Wh 1963, w). Evdc f p vl whch lg cus s vdc f wv bdm. Fkls v. Suhmp Cvc Club, 675 S.W.2d 271, 278 (Tx.Cv.App.-- Hus [1 s Ds.] 1984 w f d...). Wh pcul vl hs b wvd, such wv wll pc y w vl whch s subslly h sm s h p vl, bu wll xd g vl. Shpsw Cvc Ass., Ic. v. Pck, 679 S.W.2d 956, 958 (Tx. 1984). Th bud shw wv bdm s h py ssg. Cwlg v. Cllg, 312 S.W.2d 943, 946, 158 Tx. 458 (Tx. 1958). Esppl my b qubl dfs h fcm f dd scs. Fkls, sup 279. Th bud f pf s up h py ssg h sppl. Dmpsy v. Apch Shs Ppy Ows Ass., Ic., 737 S.W.2d 589, 595 (Tx.Cv.App.--Aus 1987, w). 9. Chgd Cds. Chgd cds subjc dd scs my pclud h fcm f hs dd scs. Th fcs usd dmg whh h cds hv suffcly chgd such h h bfs f h dd scs lg pssbl y subsl dg clud: G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM. h sz f h scd ghbhd; b. h lc f h chg wh spc h ppy ssu; c. h yp f h chg; d. h cduc f h ps h pdcsss l;. h pups f whch h dd scs w mpsd; d f. h mg m f h dd scs.
Sm v. Hchs, 394 S.W.2d 249, 254 (Tx.Cv.App.--Cpus Chs 1965, w f d...); Cwlg, sup. Cds usd dd scd my chg d hv dvs ffc up h subjc gl pl schm f dvlpm. Hwv, v up shwg f such chgd cds, cus wll fc scs s "bd" cs f h bfs f h gl pl c sll b lzd f h ls. Cwlg, sup; Idpd Amc Rl Es, Ic. v. Dvs, 735 S.W.2d 256 (Tx.App.--Dlls 1987, w). Cmmcl dvlpm usd h dd scd, zg chgs l wh h dd-scd, d h csd vlu f ppy wh h dd-scd f cmmcl dvlpm s pmd lv h qus f whh h dd scs m fcbl. Idpd Amc Rl Es, Ic., sup. 10. Lms/Lchs. Th fu-y su f lm ppls fcm f dd scs. Tx. Cv. Pc. & Rm. Cd A. 16.051 (V 1987), Schhls v. Cls, 451 S.W.2d 597, 599 (Tx.Cv.App.--Amll 1970, w). Th dc f lchs my pv fcm, bu ly f h ppy w hs b pjudcd by h dlyd fcm. K v. Rd, 340 S.W.2d 859, 860 (Tx.Cv.App. --Wc 1960, w f d...). F c dscuss f lchs h cx f dd scs, s Ok Fs Cvc Club v. Duk, 1991 WL 202720 *5 (App.--Hus [1 s Ds.] 1991, w) (upublshd p). 11. Subsl Cmplc. Wh ppy w llgs subsl cmplc wh dd sc, bu sc cmplc s bg sugh, h ppy w my df h qus f sc cmplc wh h hm sulg fm sc fcm wuld subslly uwgh h bfs dvd. Twplc Hmws Ass. v. McMh, 594 S.W.2d 172, 176 (Tx.Cv.App.--Hus [1 s Ds.] 1980, w f d...). Th bud f pf s h ppy w llgg subsl cmplc. Mlls v. Kub, 685 S.W.2d 395, 398 (Tx.App.--Hus [1 s Ds.] 1985 w f d...). 12. Dcly Judgm. A c f dcly judgm s ppp ms f skg dm f h vldy, pplcbly fcbly f dd sc. Cdllgh Hlls, sup 481. F. Typs f Efcbl Dd Rscs 1. Rsdl Us Rscs. A sdl-ly us sc wll b fcd. Bh v. Lckh, 127 S.W.2d 1029 (Tx.Cv.App.--S A 1939, w f d); Wld v. Ws McGg Pcv Ass., 332 S.W.2d 338 (Tx.Cv.App.--Hus 1960, w f d...); Ild v. Bbl Bps Chuch, 480 S.W.2d 467 (Tx.Cv.App.--Bum 1972), c. dd, 411 U.S. 906 (1973). Th ms sdc pupss d sdcs qu h us f ppy f lvg pupss s dsgushd fm uss f busss cmmcl pupss. McDld v. P, 441 S.W.2d 179, 182 (Tx. 1969). Th us f h phs h m sdc suggss m h sdc d pms h csuc f duplxs. Id. 183. G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
Mufcud d mdul hms vl cv phbg mbl hms. Dmpsy v. Apch Shs Ppy Ows Ass., Ic., 737 S.W.2d 589 (Tx.App.--Aus 1987, w). A sdl ly dd sc whch phbd h c f y sucu h h dchd sgl-fmly dwllg dd pclud h us f sgl-fmly dwllg s fmly hm f sx mlly dd duls. Pm Bs Cs f Ml Hlh d Ml Rd v. Alsbk, 723 S.W.2d 774 (Tx.App.--El Ps 1986, w f d...). T clfy sm cfus lw cu ulgs hs p, h Txs lgslu 1987 cd 202.003(b) f h Ppy Cd whch cdfs h hldg Pm Bs Cs, Tx. Pp. Cd A 202.003(b) (V Supp. 1992). 2. Rw Acg N L. Dvlps wd csuc whuss pld smply s w cg. Th plff sugh fc sdl cv whch pvdd, N l shll b usd xcp f sgl fmly sdl pupss. Th cu hld h w cg ws l d, sc h cv ppld ly ls, hy dd pply w cg. Bsk v. Jffs, 653 S.W.2d 480 (Tx.Cv.App.--Bum 1982, w f d...). 3. Df f Sucu. A fc s sucu wh h scp f dd scs phbg sucus spcfc s. Sw v. Wlsh, 142 Tx. 314, 178 S.W.2d 506 (1944). A cds sucus wh h phb gs cg sucus h fv f y sd l l. Abl v. By, 353 S.W.2d 322 (Tx.Cv.App.--Aus 1962, w). Hwv, cc slb f s cu ws sucu f pupss f sbck scs sblshd by dd scs. Tu v. Egld, 628 S.W.2d 213 (Tx.App.--Esld 1982, w f d...). A upvd pkg l f mpvd mls ws csdd sucu ud zg dc Cy f Jsy Vllg v. Txs N. 3 Ld., 809 S.W.2d 312 (Tx.App.--Hus [14 h ] 1991 w). 4. Mbl Hms. Wh dd sc qud y sdc csucd hv mmum fl spc f 1500 squ f wh ls 80% msy csuc, mbl hm dd m hs qums v hugh h mbl hm ws gud h h mbl hm ws sdc wh h mg f h dd sc. Cuy v. Rk, 635 S.W.2d 641 (Tx.Cv.App.--Amll 1982, w). Dd scs pvdg h, N sucus hus ls f y kd my b mvd h ppy, bd py fm buyg hus d hvg mvd h ppy. Schulz v. Zll, 568 S.W.2d 677 (Tx.Cv.App.--S A 1978, w f d...). Hwv, mbl hm ws c k h fm Hussy v. Ry, 462 S.W.2d 45 (Tx.Cv.App.--Tyl 1970, w). I Hussy, h fllwg dd sc ppld subdvs h w f W: N l,, shck, sbl b shll b plcd, cd b pmd m y l, shll y sdc f mpy chc b usd y m s sdc. Id. 45. Th cu ccludd h h wd l ds clud mbl hm d hus, ccupcy f mbl hm ws pmssbl us. Id. G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
5. Pkg Ls. A pkg l s gl p f supmk, hf, wh dd scs phbd h us f ld f pupss f supmk, h us f h ld s pkg l f supmk ws ls phbd. H.E. Bu Gcy C. v. Jusc, 484 S.W.2d 628 (Tx.Cv.App. --Wc 1972, w f d...). Ev hugh djc pm cmplxs w subjc sdl us ly dd sc, such dd sc phbd h us f ls subjc sc f pupss f pkg f h pm cmplx. Bs M Cvl Club v. Mchll, 368 S.W.2d 860 (Tx.Cv.App.--Wc 1963, w f d...). Lkws, ls scd sdl us ly culd b usd s pkg l f ghclub. Eks, v. Gs, 278 S.W. 2d 510 (Tx.Cv. App.--Amll 1955, w f d...). 6. Buy Pls. Dsp shwg h h buy pl hd b pd f m h fu ys wh h sdl ppxmly blck wy fm h ppy qus, h cu jd us f p f h ppy s buy pl. Bhm v. Rms, sup. 7. A. A dd sc bg h c f h f f hus xcp h f h f dg l, s h h culd b s, ws fcbl. Guls v. Nh Wdld Hlls Cmmuy Ass., sup. 8. Thus. A dvlp sugh h mvl f hus fm vc l h subdvs gug h h hus ws f pv sdl pupss ly s qud by h dd scs. Th cu fud h h l ws bg usd f lvg pupss sc h ws vdc f y busss cmmcl us d, csquly, h hus ws pmd m s bg cfmc wh h sdl us scs. W v. Rdgwd Dv. C., 691 S.W.2d 832 (Tx.App.--F Wh 1985, w f d...). 9. Fcs. Wh dd scs pvd h c f fc wh 25- f f h ppy l c ls, plff ws ld juc qug mvl f fc csucd wh h 25-f sbck. Th fc h fc ws cssy cmply wh zg qum f swmmg pl h hd ldy b slld dd swy h cu. Cllum v. Nuhff, 507 S.W.2d 920 (Tx.Cv.App.--Dlls 1974, w). Lkws, h Aus Cu f Appls hld h fc cd vl f dd sc bg c f fcs whch f wh h full d f us f gv mus b mvd. Shpl v. Flk, 398 S.W.2d 151 (Tx.Cv.App.--Aus 1965, w f d...). Fcs ls g Gls v. Cds, 697 S.W.2d 422 (Tx.App.--S A 1985, w f d...). I Gls h ppll cu uphld l cu juc dg h mvl f fc cd vl f cdd dd sc, wh h ws vdc f bdm. 10. Ag Rscs. Ag scs sds wh cdmum ssc p s ucsul, d my b fcd. Cvd Bdg Cdmum G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
Ass., Ic. v. Chmblss, 705 S.W.2d 211 (Tx.App.--Hus [14 h Ds.] 1985, w f d...); Ps Tw Cdmum Ass. v. S.B. Rly, Ic., 685 S.W.2d 98 (Tx.App.-- Dlls 1985, w). Th csuly f pv cv ccg g mus b vwd dm () whh h sc, ud h pcul ccumscs f h cs, s sbl, d () whh s dscmy, by ppssv s pplc. 11. Dg Kls. I Gujd v. Nc, 758 S.W.2d 696 (Tx.App.--F Wh 1988, w), Dfd puchsd udvlpd ppy Tqul Acs f h pups f csucg d pg bdg d bdg dg kl. Plff sud f juc pv fuh csuc f h dg kl, cg h fllwg dd sc: N xus ffsv d cvy shll b cd up y l, shll yhg b d h whch my b bcm yc usc h ghbhd. Th l cu fud h h p f dg kl wuld vl h dd sc. Th l cu uphld h mpy juc gd by h l cu, fdg h h vdc suppd h l cu's cclus h dg kl wuld csu ffsv d sdl cmmuy. Id. 699. 12. Pv Ss. I -dd sc cs vlvg dms pv s whch suld cvc f cml spss, h Dlls Cu f Appls hld h fdm f xpss s pcd pv s. Gbbs v. S, 775 S.W.2d 790, 793 (Tx.App.--Dlls 1989, w). Ths dcs my b usful f dvlpms wh pv ss. 13. N-Cmp Agms. I B Nl Dvlps, Ic. v. Bks, 758 S.W.2d 692 (Tx.App.--F Wh 1988, w dd), Plff puchsd c ppy fm Dfd whch, s cd f such sl, ws dd scd f sdl pupss ly. Th ppy h Cy f Wg, Txs, ws zd f cmmcl us. Th cmmcl us zg dd pm sdl uss. Dfds hd ssd sdl us sc bcus hy dd w h Plff cmp wh h ppy wd by Dfds whch ws bg usd f cmmcl pupss. Plff d g h zg chgd, bu ws usuccssful dg s. Plff h fld su skg f dcly judgm ccl h dd scs, d hby pm us f h ld f cmmcl pupss. Plff gud h h dd scs w, ly, -cmp gm whch ws vd bcus ws sbly lmd s m. Th ppll cu vsd summy judgm fv f h Dfd hldg h fc ssu xsd s whh sbl m hd pssd sc h c f h dd sc. Th ppll cu hld h h l cu mus fm dd scs usd s -cmp gms mps m lm pvdg f h xp. Id. 694. 14. Chuchs. Rsdl ly dd sc phbd us f ppy by lgus d f lgus sud c d ld pupss. Ps Epscpl Chuch Cucl v. McKy, 339 S.W.2d 400 (Tx.Cv.App.--Esld 1960, w f d). 15. Rfs. Sc 5.025 f h Txs Ppy Cd ss: T h x h dd sc pplcbl sucu sdl ppy qus h us f wd shgld f, s vd. Tx. Pp. Cd A. 5.025 (V 1984). I Hy v. Shphd's Gl Ld C., 753 S.W.2d 226 (Tx.App.--Dlls 1988, w dd), h l cu d G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
d qug h dfds mv cmps f bcus bchd scv cv whch d: All fs shll b wd shgld, sl h pm yp. Th dfds gud h h ly pccl cmc lv cmps f ws wd shgl f, d h qu wd shgl fs vls h Txs Ppy Cd 5.025. Th ppll cu uphld h l cu's d qug dfds plc h f. Id. 230. I h cu's p, h pccl dsdvgs wd shgl lvs ds qu sll wd shgls. Id. Th cu d, phclly, h h Hys hd b fmd by h dvlp p csuc h h pls csuc cmps shgl f vld h scv cvs. I sp f hs wg, hy pcdd wh csuc. S ls, Sgs v. Fs Plc Hmws' Ass., Ic., 651 S.W.2d 396 (Tx.App.--Dlls 1983, w f d...). 16. Td Busss. A dd sc sg N xus ffsv d cvy shll b cd up h l dd b smll uphlsy busss 14- f by 16-f shd. Clms v. Tyl, 184 S.W. 2d 485 (Tx.Cv.App.--Esld 1944, w). Th p f dg kl my csu ffsv d cvy bd by dd scs. Gujd v. Nc, sup. 17. Buldg Appvls. Achcul cl d vw cmms sblshd pusu my md dd scs. Ths cmms xcs ppvl fucs gdg ms whch glly shc u. Flu scu h ppvl f such cmm c ld su f jucv lf cmpl cmplc. S Gysbug Hmw's Ass., Ic. v. Ols, 768 S.W.2d 369, 371 (Tx.App.--Hus [14 h Ds. ] 1959, w). Th c f cmm s fcbl, ulss b shw h h cmm's dcs ws by, cpcus, dscmy ud Tx. Pp. Cd A. 202.004 () (V Supp. 1992). (S III.E.3. sup). 18. Fclsu Rghs f Flu Py Assssms. Wh dd scs scu pym f h ssssm wh cug vd's l, fclsu f such l s uhzd d s bd by clm f hmsd. Iwd Nh Hmws' Ass., Ic. v. Hs, 736 S.W.2d 632, 635 (Tx. 1987). 19. L Chgs f Assssms. L chgs ssssms fcbl s ply f flg py ssssm mly m. L chgs d csu s d d vl h csul qul pc gus. L v. Bbu Vlly Ws Cvc Assc, 794 S.W.2d 44, 46 (Tx.App.--Esld 1991, w dd). 20. Ay's Fs. Pvss dd scs llwg cvy f y's fs fm vl f h dd sc fcbl, bu h py skg cvy mus qus fdg h h y's fs sbl. S, Iwd Nh Hmws Ass., Ic. v. M, 625 S.W.2d 742 (Tx.Cv.App.--Hus [1 s Ds.] 1991, w); Fmdw Ppy Ows Ass., Ic. v. Fkl, 817 S.W.2d 104, 106 (Tx.App.-- Hus 1991, w). Ay's fs my b cvd dpdly ud Tx. Pp. Cd A. 5.006 (V Supp. 1992), whch llws cvy f sbl y's fs by pvlg G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
py c bsd h bch f dd sc. Sc 5.006 csds, mg hs, h fllwg fcs dmg h sblss f h y's fs:. h m d lb qud; b. h vly d dffculy f h qus; d c. h xps, pu d bly f h y. Th pplc f 5.006 s mdy. Cy f Hus v. Mus, 788 S.W.2d 419, 424 (Tx.App.--Hus [1 s Ds.] 1990, w). Th Cy f Hus c cv ud 5.006 s pvlg py. Id. G. Efcm Ey Sc dd scs slf-pv, sm mus sk fc hm. Typclly, h ps wll ps f h fllwg ss: 1. h dvlp f h pjc; 2. h psv f cp s up ps h ppy ws; 3. dvdul ppy w; 4. h Cy f Hus (pusu Tx. Lc. Gv. Cd A. 201.001. sq. (V 1987 d Supp. 1992); 5. cus wh ppuls xcdg w mll ppl (pusu Txs Pp. Cd 203.003. Auds wds fcm my b ffcd by h fcg py. Th dvlp's s wll bvusly b ms s dug h dvlpm phs f h pjc d my b hvly flucd by mkg csds. Efcm cs by hmw ypclly w scp (.., ly h ppy whch mmdly ffcs h hmw) d smms chczd by ml csds. Cvsly, cp ppy ws' ssc fcm ffs d b m sucud. Th gl dcl, cmmly h dvlp, s pmd fc dd scs wh hy hv d y ppy bfd by such scs. Th dvlp cmmly s c spcl ghs f fcm d ppvls f mjy, f ll, f h smd buldu pd f h dvlpm. P 1987, qus smms xsd s whh ppy ws' ssc hd uhy fc dd scs bs xpss g f h pw d s h dcums cg h ppy ws ssc h ssc's lgl wshp f h ppy qus. S Guls v. Nh Wdld Hlls Cmmuy Ass., sup. Ps G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM v. Gwy Pks Hmws Ass., 408 S.W.2d 261 (Tx.Cv.App.--Dlls 1966, w f d...). Th ssu ws slvd 1987 by Txs Ppy Cd 202.004(b), whch ss: A ppy ws' s s c h p s v d s g
d b y w f l p p y m y G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM,
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G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM s v p c d g f f c g h f c m
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Typclly, h cpd ppy ws' sscs fud mspld cmmus. Accdg h Ju 1992 d f Ub Ld, publc f h Ub Ld Isu, Txs ks scd h Ud Ss f l ppy sls mspld cmmus. Isgly, c ys, Hus- ms-pld cmmus hd lg umb f sls h y s xcp Clf d Txs Hm Sls Ms- Pld Cmmus, Ju 1992 d f Ub Ld, pg 26. I Hs Cuy, Tx. Pp. Cd, Chp 203 (1992) pms dd scs b fcd by h Cuy Ay. Lkws, Tx. Pp. Cd, Chp 201 (1992) pvdd spcl dd sc fcm pws h Cy f Hus f s cy lms, s xl jusdc, d y ucpd Hs Cuy. F p f hs lgsl s lly cd, s Cmm, 44 Tx. L. Rv. 741 (1966). d b y h d d c y s u m. G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
Ppy ws wh subjc h dd scs ls hv h gh sk fcm f hm sc hy pvy f s wh y vl. S Sc III.C.2. H. Mdfc/Exs 1. Gl Rul. Ms md dd scs spcfclly c pvs f xs f h du f h m f h dd sc f mdfc f spcfc pvss f h dd scs. T b ulzd, hs pvss ypclly qu ffmv v by sup mjy f ppy ws wh h ffcv. Whu spcfc pvs h cy, h cs f ll f h ffcd ppy ws s qud mdfy dd scs. Nls v. Flch, 487 S.W.2d 843, 843 (Tx.Cv.App.--Amll 1973, w f d...). Sus s gl dvlp f h subdvs ds pvd spcl sdg f h pups f mdfc fcm f dd scs, ulss h dvlp s wshp f ppy h subdvs. Dvs v. Huy, 608 S.W.2d 944, 956 (Tx.Cv.App.-- Aus 1980, v d h guds 620 S.W.2d 561 Tx. 1991). Cu cs lw s ucl whh mdfcs mus b css wh h pl f dvlpm f h subdvs whh h mdfc d ly cmply wh pcdul qums, whup h ffcs (v h p f mvg sgfc scs) lv. S Scvll v. Spgpk Hmw s Ass., 784 S.W.2d 498, 504 (Tx.App.--Dlls 1990, w dd); Bldw v. Bb, 773 S.W.2d 681, 685 (Tx.Cv.App.--S A 1989, w dd); Hs v. A Pk Ess Zg Cmm, 533 S.W.2d 108, 111 (Tx.Cv.App.--Dlls 1977, w); Hch v. Es Suy sd Cvc Lgu, 696 S.W.2d 613, 615 (Tx.Cv.App.--Hus [14 h Ds.] 1985, w f d...); Fch v. Dmd Hll-Jvs Cvc Lgu, 724 S.W.2d 921, 924 (Tx.Cv.App.--F Wh 1987, w f d...); d Cuch v. Suh Mhds Uvsy, 10 S.W.2d 973, 974 (Tx.Cmm.App. 1928, judgm dpd). Ths my b h wh Tx. Pp. Cd 202.003 d s md f lbl csuc mgh b cd supp h gum h mdfc f dd sc ds cmpl cmpl bl f s fudml pvss (such s yps f us). Ud h hsc m f dd scs s cumbcs l ppy whch w b scly csud, gum h chcl cmplc wh pcdul pvss f mdfc l suffc, whu gd h subsc f h mdfc, mgh b uphld, bu h my lg b u. S Cdllgh Hlls Cvc Ass., Ic. v. Gdw, 763 S.W.2d 474 (Tx.App.--Hus [14 h Ds.] 1989, w dd) f xmpl cu gvg xpsv dg h f dd scs. Ufuly, h cu Scvll md fcs 202.003. 2. Txs Ppy Cd Chp 201. Th Txs Ppy Cd ws mdd ffcv Spmb 1, 1985 pvd pcdu f xs wl f xsg uxpd dd sc, c w dd sc, dd mdfy xsg dd sc, dpd f h x f h dd sc vlvd. Chp 201 hs lmd pplc s fllws: G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
. I ppls sdl l s subdvs whch, hwv, s bdly dfd clud ld budd by sdl us ly dd scs lmg ffy pc (50%) m f ld, xcludg ss d publc uss; b. I ppls ly cy x-l jusdc hf whch hs ppul f m h 1,600,000 h ucpd f cuy hvg ppul f 2,400,000 m; c. Wh h subdvs hs xsg dd scs whch umclly xd f df umb f spcfd ms, subjc wv f m by spcfd pcg f lss h ffy pc (50%) plus f h ws wh h dd-scs my b ddd mdfd by lss h svy pc (70%) f h ws, h pvss f Chp 201 d pply f h pups f xs f h m f wl f xsg scs h c f ddl scs; d d. I ds pply y subdvs h ws y m subjc Chp 201, whsdg h h subdvs l bcms lgbl. Tx. Pp. Cd A. 201.001 (V Supp. 1992). Chp 201 pvds f p cmm, c ppy ws, p b sgd by qus umb f ppy ws, d h bdg u f h sulg dd scs ll ppy ws wh d ffmvly fl c f jc f h ppsd dd scs. A lhld s bud by h p ulss h lhld sgs, d s l fld. Th gl f Chp 201 s bl h dp, xs mdfc f dd scs by lss h ll f h ppy ws, bu whch wll b ffcv gs ll ppy ws wh d ffmvly bjc. Chp 201 dls wh h pblm h ppy w sscs hv xpcd wh lg umb f ppy ws wll k c, whh ffmvly gvly, up ppsd dd sc ssu. Ud Chp 201, flu ffmvly bjc wll cus ppy w's ppy b cumbd by h dd scs s lg s h qus pcg f h ppy ws hv sgd h p. III. COMPARISON OF ZONING WITH DEED RESTRICTIONS A. Bss 1. Zg. Th bss f zg s h plc pw f mucply pc h hlh, sfy d publc wlf f h cmmuy. Ths s lgslv pw xcsd by gvml y. 2. Dd Rscs. Th bss f dd scs s h gh f pv cc. Ppy ws my cs h cumbc f h l ppy ghs y m s lg s ds vl lw publc plcy. G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
B. Gls 1. Zg. Th gl f zg s h pc f h cmmuy hugh gul f ld us by dvduls. Ths scl gls fcusg h bf h whl cmmuy, dsp h fc h dvduls' ghs lmd d, my css, h ppy vlus ducd. 2. Dd Rscs. Th gl f dd scs s, glly, hc h vlu f ppy bg subdvdd by h dvlp f sl umb f d uss. Ths fcuss h bf h ppy cumbd whu h ffc, gvly psvly, djc ppy y wy. C. Ip 1. Zg. Zg guls mus hv subsl lshp cmmuy's hlh, sfy, mls d gl wlf. v h ys, h subjc m whch my b cvd by zg hs bdd, lhugh s sll sd h h gul f shcs l, whu h subsv pupss, s llwd. 2. Dd Rscs. Dd scs, s m f pv cc, c cv y ms whch llgl gs publc plcy. Th p f dd scs ud cmm lw ws fc clly dfd dd scs v hugh dd scs w fvs f h lw. By lgslv c, h Txs Lgslu w mds h lbl csuc f dd scs d fc h d hs mdd sg psump fv f ppy ws' sscs' cs h fcm d p f dd scs. Alhugh h full scp f hs cs s y cl, s c h h bud f dfg dd sc fcm c hs bcm m dffcul. D. Efcm 1. Zg. Zg scs ypclly fcd by mucpls. Vls usully csu Clss C msdms. My zg vls pckd up hugh h buldg cd d h ccupcy pmg pcss. Th pv cus f c f dvdul ppy w fc zg dc s lmd sus f spcl juy d sdg s ly gd by h cus. 2. Dd Rscs. Dd scs ypclly fcd by cpd ppy ws, sscs (c subdvs s sblshd), d by h dvlps (whl h subdvs s h dvlpm sgs). Bh hv vsd s h fcm f hs dd scs bhlf f h subdvs d m ppy vlus. Pv cuss f c by dvdul ppy ws llwd sc dd scs ccul d h ps pvy f s. Th Cy f Hus d Hs Cuy bh hv suly pvdd ghs fc dd scs. G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM
E. Th Blug Of Zg Lw Ad Dd Rsc Lw Zg lw d dd sc lw, lhugh bh ffcg pv ld us, cm fm dff ds f h lgl spcum. Nhlss, c lgslv fys dd sc lw d h dvlpm f lg scl pld dvlpms hv mpd umb f zg lw pcdus d ccps dd sc lw. Th gvml s f h Cy f Hus d Hs Cuy w fc c dd scs, lhugh hs culd b csdd hsc mly sc Hus hs v hd zg. Th d h mucply shuld fc pv ld us cvs mpls h mucply s dp f h dd scs bg fcd s publc plcy. I lg ms pld cmmus, wh xsv dd scs d dqu fudg hugh ssssms, h ppy ws ssc wll k my f h chcscs f mucpl gvm, pcully wh fcg dd scs. Txs Ppy Cd 202.002() gvs ppy ws ssc's cs psump f vldy sml h ccdd mucply fcg dd scs. Wh dd scs ms pld cmmuy cmphsv d css scp s lg dvlpm, h fcm gls f h ppy ws ssc k my f h gls f zg skg bf h cmmuy s whl, h h pcul pc f ppy. Dsp hs sgfc dvlpms, sll ms ulkly h h zg lw dd sc lw wll lk h h f lgl supp h slu f lgl ssus. Alhugh hy bh mpc ld us, h bss, bsc gls, p d fcm fudmlly dff fm lgl pspcv. G:\Cls\1312\Acls\Zg & Dd Rs-1993.wpd 1/10/03 (F) 9:51AM