Palm Beach County Criminal Justice Commission Research and Planning Unit Annual Planning Meeting March 25, 2013 CRIMINAL JUSTICE TRENDS G:\DATA\Research & Planning\APM\APM 2013 Data assembled and maintained by the Research and Planning Unit Staff: Shahzia Hashmi, Criminal Justice Analyst Katherine Hatos, Senior Criminal Justice Analyst Candee Villapando, Criminal Justice Analyst 1
Common Terms Index Crime (Part I) Offenses Arrests Referrals Rates Direct File Incarceration Rates Average Daily Populations 2
Authorities (i) To request members of all agencies within the auspices of the board of county commissioners to provide the criminal justice commission in a timely manner with all data and information requested by the criminal justice commission, to appear at any meeting or hearing requested by the criminal justice commission, and to otherwise work in cooperation and good faith with the criminal justice commission in pursuing the criminal justice commission s objectives; 3
True Crime? 4
Index Crime Offenses in Palm Beach County, 1995-2011 100,000 Violent Crime Non-Violent Crime Total Index Crime 90,000 80,000 Total Offenses Reported 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 - For Part I crimes only, categorized as violent crimes (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault) and non-violent/property crimes (burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 1995-2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. 5
Index Offense Rate in Palm Beach County, 1995-2011 Violent Crime Rate Non-Violent Crime Rate Total Crime Rate 10,000.0 9,000.0 8,000.0 Rate per 100,000 Population 7,000.0 6,000.0 5,000.0 4,000.0 3,000.0 2,000.0 1,000.0 0.0 For Part I crimes only, categorized as violent crimes (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault) and non-violent/property crimes (burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 1995-2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL: FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. 6
Violent Crime Rate per 100,000 Comparison, 2009-2011 2,500.0 2,000.0 2,145.0 1,997.2 1,500.0 1,285.8 1,212.1 1,207.0 1,165.3 1,164.6 1,113.7 1,000.0 500.0 823.6 707.3 677.0 569.0 Rate 0.0 United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (March 2013). Crime in the United States, 2009-2011. Retrieved (March 8, 2013), from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr-publications#crime. Average of 3 years of data was used to determine rate per 100,000. Data for Baton Rouge was partial. The Baton Rouge Police Department only reported the first six months of the year and thus was not included in the FBI reports for 2010. 7
Population for Palm Beach County & Comparable Counties, 2011 Duval 864,601 Pinellas 918,496 Orange Hillsborough Palm Beach Broward 1,157,342 1,238,951 1,325,758 1,753,162 Miami-Dade Broward Palm Beach Hillsborough Orange Pinellas Duval Miami-Dade 2,516,515-500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. Florida population 18,905,048 8
Index Offense Rate in Palm Beach County & Comparable Counties, 2011 Hillsborough 2,998.3 Palm Beach 3,950.1 Florida 4,070.2 Pinellas 4,448.9 Broward 4,546.0 Duval 5,149.4 Orange 5,154.8 Miami-Dade 5,488.1 0.0 1,000.0 2,000.0 3,000.0 4,000.0 5,000.0 6,000.0 Rate per 100,000 Population For Part I crimes only, categorized as violent crimes (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault) and non-violent/property crimes (burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. 9
9.0 Murder Index (Part I) Offense Rate in Palm Beach County, 1995-2011 8.5 Rate Per 100, 000 Population 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 6.5 7.6 7.2 5.6 5.9 4.4 5.0 7.2 5.5 7.1 7.4 7.4 6.7 6.5 5.1 4.0 3.0 3.0 Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 1995-2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. 10
Firearm Use in Murder and Violent Crime Offenses in Palm Beach County, 1996-2011 90% Percent of Firearm Involved Crimes 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 63% 66% 64% 60% 55% 22% 23% 22% 20% 20% 73% 74% 69% 70% 18% 19% 19% 19% 75% 21% 84% 76% 70% 66% 67% 28% 28% 29% 27% 24% 78% 28% Violent Crimes Murders 0% Notes: Violent Crimes Total includes Murder, Forcible Sex Offenses, Robbery, Aggravated Assault, and Manslaughter. Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 1996-2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. 11
Arrests in Palm Beach County, 1998-2011 100,000 90,000 80,000 Number of Arrests 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Total Arrests Part I Crimes Part II Crimes Arrests: For Part I crimes (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft) and Part II crimes (manslaughter, kidnapping/abduction, arson, simple assault, drug arrest, bribery, embezzlement, fraud, counterfeit/forgery, extortion/blackmail, intimidation, prostitution, nonforcible sex, stolen property, dui, destruction/vandalism, gambling, weapons violations, liquor law violations, miscellaneous). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 1998-2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. Includes corrections for FHP and PBSO data 12
7,000.0 Arrest Rate in Palm Beach County, 1998-2011 6,000.0 Rate per 100,000 Population 5,000.0 4,000.0 3,000.0 2,000.0 Total Arrest Rate Part I Crimes Part II Crimes 1,000.0 0.0 Arrests: For Part I crimes (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft) and Part II crimes (manslaughter, kidnapping/abduction, arson, simple assault, drug arrest, bribery, embezzlement, fraud, counterfeit/forgery, extortion/blackmail, intimidation, prostitution, non-forcible sex, stolen property, dui, destruction/vandalism, gambling, weapons violations, liquor law violations, miscellaneous). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 1998-2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. Includes corrections for FHP and PBSO data 13
Arrests in Palm Beach & Comparable Counties, 2011 Duval 37,847 Pinellas 45,856 Orange Palm Beach Hillsborough Broward 53,919 62,530 74,733 75,364 Miami-Dade Broward Hillsborough Palm Beach Orange Pinellas Duval Miami-Dade 130,328 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 Number of Arrests Arrests: For Part I crimes (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft) and Part II crimes (manslaughter, kidnapping/abduction, arson, simple assault, drug arrest, bribery, embezzlement, fraud, counterfeit/forgery, extortion/blackmail, intimidation, prostitution, non-forcible sex, stolen property, dui, destruction/vandalism, gambling, weapons violations, liquor law violations, miscellaneous). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. 14
Arrest Rate in Palm Beach, Comparable Counties & State of Florida, 2011 Broward Duval 4,298.7 4,377.4 Orange 4,658.9 Hillsborough Palm Beach Pinellas 4,716.5 4,992.5 Miami-Dade Florida Pinellas Florida 5,039.3 Palm Beach Orange Miami-Dade Hillsborough 5,178.9 6,032.0 Duval Broward Rate Per 100,000 Population Arrests: For Part I crimes (murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft) and Part II crimes (manslaughter, kidnapping/abduction, arson, simple assault, drug arrest, bribery, embezzlement, fraud, counterfeit/forgery, extortion/blackmail, intimidation, prostitution, nonforcible sex, stolen property, dui, destruction/vandalism, gambling, weapons violations, liquor law violations, miscellaneous). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. 15
Comparison of Domestic Violence Offense Rates in Palm Beach County and Florida, 1996-2011 1,000.0 900.0 800.0 700.0 Florida Palm Beach 600.0 500.0 400.0 Rate per 100,000 Population for Domestic Violence Offenses (murder, manslaughter, forcible rape, forcible manslaughter, forcible fondling, aggravated assault, aggravated stalking, simple assault, threat/intimidation, stalking) Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 1996-2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. 16
Palm Beach County Juvenile Arrest (Part I & II) Trends, 1998-2011 9,000 8,500 8,435 8,259 8,702 8,744 8,000 7,500 7,000 8,085 7,344 7,514 7,066 6,963 7,271 7,696 7,092 6,500 6,000 5,500 6,215 5,786 NOTE: 1998-2002 Recalculated with Revised PBSO Misc. data. and 2006 FHP data that was double reported Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Crime in Florida, Florida Uniform Crime Report, 1998-2011 [Computer program]. Tallahassee, FL : FDLE. Florida Statistical Analysis Center. 17
Palm Beach County Referrals to Department of Juvenile Justice, 2005-2012 5,500 5,000 5,280 5,194 5,030 4,597 4,500 4,000 3,876 3,500 3,000 3,301 3,245 3,192 3,032 3,452 3,285 Total Youth Minority Youth 2,500 2,510 2,278 2,228 2,000 Data Sources: Delinquency Profiles, Department of Juvenile Justice. Minority Youth- youth in DJJ who are categorized by race as being Black, Hispanic or Other 18
Number of Youth Direct Filed (Palm Beach County Compared with other Counties), 2005-2012 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 Palm Beach Broward Pinellas Miami-Dade Duval Hillsborough Orange 50 0 Data Source: Delinquency Profiles, Department of Juvenile Justice Note: Data for Hillsborough and Orange County for 2005-2007 is currently not available in Delinquency Profiles, DJJ. 19
Ratio of Youth Direct Filed (Palm Beach County Compared with other Counties), 2005-2012 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 Palm Beach Broward Pinellas Miami-Dade Duval Hillsborough Orange 1.0 0.0 Data Source: Delinquency Profiles, Department of Juvenile Justice Note: Data for Hillsborough and Orange County for 2005-2007 not available in Delinquency Profiles, DJJ. 20
Palm Beach County Juvenile Detention Center Average Daily Population, 2005-2012 110 100 102 99 90 90 80 80 70 62 60 52 50 40 41 30 Data Source: Comprehensive Accountability Reports, Department of Juvenile Justice. 21
Incarceration Rate, Palm Beach & Comparable County Jails, 2012 Palm Beach 1.7 Miami Dade 2.0 Hillsborough Broward Orange Florida Pinellas 2.3 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.3 Duval Pinellas Florida Orange Broward Hillsborough Miami Dade Palm Beach Duval 4.2 Source: Florida Department of Corrections, Florida County Detention Facilities Average Inmate Population 2012 Annual Population Report, Bureau of Research and Data Analysis, Tallahassee, FL. 22
Admissions to Florida State Prisons from Palm Beach County, 2001-2012 1,500 1,400 1,424 1,421 1,461 1,484 1,372 Number of Inmates 1,300 1,200 1,100 1,000 900 880 933 1,006 1,063 1,167 1,093 800 Source: Agency Statistics. Florida Department of Corrections, Bureau of Research and Data Analysis. Tallahassee, FL. 23
Incarceration Rate, Florida State Prisons, 2002-2012 Rate per 1,000 Population 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.3 4.2 4.0 Source: Agency Statistics. Florida Department of Corrections, Bureau of Research and Data Analysis. Tallahassee, FL. Note: Inmate population as of June 30 th of each year 24
Palm Beach County In-House Arrest Monthly Population, May 2011 to January 2013 250 200 150 pre-trial 100 50 county sentenced total 0 Data Source: Palm Beach County Sheriff s Office, monthly report to Corrections Task Force Missing Data: Jun-11, Jul-11, Jul-12, Oct-12 25
Palm Beach County Pre-Trial Services Program (End of Year Populations, 2008-2012) 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 # incustody pending release 800 # out of custody 600 400 Total # of Clients 200 0 Data Source: PBC Justice Services, monthly report to Corrections Task Force 26
Palm Beach County Book and Release (Monthly Population, January 2011 to January 2013) 450 400 Number of Offenders 350 300 250 200 Data Source: Palm Beach County Sheriff s Office, monthly report to Corrections Task Force 27
Defendants Filed in Palm Beach County Courts, 1995-2011 35,000 30,000 Number of Defendants Filed 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 Felony Misdemeanor 5,000 0 Source: Trial Court Statistics, Florida Office of the State Courts Administrator. Tallahassee, FL. 28
Average Daily Population, Palm Beach County Jails, 1995-2012 3,500 3,250 ADP Projected Average Daily Population 3,000 2,750 2,500 2,250 2,000 Source: Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office, Palm Beach County Correctional Facilities Monthly Population Report, 1995-2012 (ADP). PBC Jail Expansion Program 2: Track Report Final Report. Pulitzer/Bogard & Associates, LLC and Spillis Candela DMJM, December 16, 2005 (Projected ADP). 29
Average Daily Population 7,500 7,000 6,500 6,000 5,500 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 Average Daily Jail Population, Palm Beach and Comparable Counties, 2001-2012 Broward Duval Hillsborough Miami Dade Orange Palm Beach Pinellas 2,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Data Sources: Florida County Detention Facilities Average Inmate Population Annual Reports, 2001-2012, Florida Department of Corrections, Bureau of Research and Data Analysis; and Palm Beach County Correctional Facilities Monthly Population Report, 2001-2012. Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office. 30
Incarceration Rate, Palm Beach County Jails, 1995-2012 2.5 2.5 2.4 Rate per 1,000 population 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 Source: Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office, Palm Beach County Correctional Facilities Monthly Population Report, 1995-2012. 31
Incarceration Rate, Palm Beach County Jails and Comparable Counties, 1995-2012 5.0 4.5 Rate per 1,000 population 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 Broward Duval Hillsborough Miami Dade Orange Palm Beach Pinellas Florida 2.0 1.5 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Data Sources: Florida County Detention Facilities Average Inmate Population Annual Reports, 2001-2012, Florida Department of Corrections, Bureau of Research and Data Analysis; and Palm Beach County Correctional Facilities Monthly Population Report, 2001-2012. Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office. 32
Released Offenders from Department of Corrections to Palm Beach County, 2005-2012 1,400 1,350 1,300 1,301 1,332 1,288 Number of Released Offenders 1,250 1,200 1,150 1,100 1,050 1,000 1,065 985 1,119 1,226 950 947 900 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Florida Department of Corrections, Bureau of Research and Data Analysis, County Release Reports, 2005-2012. 33
Misdemeanor Probation Population, Palm Beach County, 2002-2012 4,000 3,843 3,750 Average Yearly Population 3,500 3,250 3,000 3,594 3,051 3,461 2,916 2,850 2,971 2,823 2,929 2,814 2,833 2,750 2,500 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Data Source: Pride Integrated Services, Inc., Quarterly Reports, 2002-2012. 34
Law Enforcement Officers in Palm Beach County, 1997-2011 3,700 Number of Law Enforcement Officers* 3,500 3,300 3,100 2,900 2,700 2,692 2,688 2,770 2,837 2,894 3,045 3,119 3,209 3,281 3,206 3,328 3,450 3,475 3,375 3,272 2,500 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 *Total count based on full-time officers as of 6/30 of the specified year (include Sworn, Concurrent, Schools and Ports, State Attorney-15th Circuit law enforcement officers). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Criminal Agency Profile Report, 1997-2011, Tallahassee, FL. 35
Ratio of Law Enforcement Officers in Palm Beach County, 1997-2011 2.8 Ratio per 1,000 population 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.68 2.63 2.66 2.51 2.51 2.57 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.57 2.66 2.70 2.62 2.49 2.47 2.4 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 *Total count based on full-time officers as of 6/30 of the specified year (include Sworn, Concurrent, Schools and Ports, State Attorney-15th Circuit law enforcement officers). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Criminal Agency Profile Report, 1997-2011, Tallahassee, FL. 36
Law Enforcement Officers in Palm Beach County by Agency, 2010-2011 3,500 3,375 3,272 3,000 Number of Law Enforcement Officers 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 1,715 1,642 1,464 1,439 2010 2011 0 Sheriff's Office Police Departments Law Enforcement *Total count based on full-time officers as of 6/30 of the specified year (Sheriff s Office includes law enforcement and concurrent officers; Total Law Enforcement includes Concurrent, Sheriff s Offices, Police Departments, State Law Enforcement, Schools and Ports). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Criminal Agency Profile Report, 2010-2011, Tallahassee, FL. 37
Ratio of Law Enforcement Officers in Palm Beach County, Comparable Counties & the State of Florida, 2010-2011 2.70 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.54 2.56 Ratio per 1,000 population 2.50 2.40 2.30 2.20 2.29 2.26 2.31 2.45 2.37 2.23 2.49 2.47 2.50 2.45 2.10 2.06 2.01 2.00 Hillsborough Pinellas Duval Orange Broward Miami-Dade Palm Beach Florida 2010 2.06 2.29 2.31 2.37 2.54 2.64 2.62 2.50 2011 2.01 2.26 2.45 2.23 2.49 2.56 2.47 2.45 *Total count based on full-time officers as of 6/30 of the specified year (includes Concurrent, Sheriff s Offices, Police Departments, State Law Enforcement, Schools and Ports). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Criminal Agency Profile Report, 2010-2011, Tallahassee, FL. 38
Ratio of Police Department Officers in Palm Beach County, Comparable Counties & the State of Florida, 2010-2011 2.50 2.40 2.35 2.00 Ratio per 1,000 population 1.50 1.00 0.890.86 1.03 0.97 1.34 1.27 1.26 1.30 1.46 1.45 1.14 1.09 0.50 0.12 0.12 0.00 Duval Hillsborough Orange Pinellas Miami-Dade Broward Palm Beach Florida 2010 0.12 0.89 1.03 1.27 1.34 1.46 1.14 2.40 2011 0.12 0.86 0.97 1.26 1.30 1.45 1.09 2.35 *Total count based on full-time officers as of 6/30 of the specified year (Schools and Port officers are not included). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Criminal Agency Profile Report, 2010-2011, Tallahassee, FL. 39
Ratio of Sheriff Officers in Palm Beach County, Comparable Counties & the State of Florida, 2010-2011 3.50 3.41 3.00 3.06 Ratio per 1,000 per population 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 1.62 1.56 1.99 1.86 2.27 2.292.28 2.17 2.56 2.45 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.09 0.50 0.00 Hillsborough Orange Duval Pinellas Miami-Dade Broward Palm Beach Florida 2010 1.62 1.99 2.17 2.29 2.56 3.41 2.35 2.13 2011 1.56 1.86 2.27 2.28 2.45 3.06 2.22 2.09 *Total count based on full-time officers as of 6/30 of the specified year (includes law enforcement and concurrent officers). Source: Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Criminal Agency Profile Report, 2011-2012, Tallahassee, FL. 40
Criminal Justice Commission s Mandate? A fundamental component of any prevention program should have a system that researchers and policymakers can use to: assess the magnitude and impact of the problem; determine the type and quality of resources needed to respond to the problem; and, develop baseline information for evaluating the effectiveness of public policies and programs implemented to combat the problem. 41
Glossary of Terms Offenses: Crimes (attempted or committed) reported to law enforcement agencies. Collected for Part I crimes only. Index Crime: Seven major crime classifications of the most serious offenses selected to serve as a gauge in measuring fluctuations in the overall volume and rate of crime. Further categorized as Index Violent Crimes and Index Non- Violent Crimes. Index Violent Crimes: Crimes against persons including murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Index Non-Violent/Property Crimes: Crimes against property including burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. Index Rate: Total index crimes per 100,000 population. Arrests: Arrests of persons made by law enforcement agencies, including notice to appear. Collected for Part I and Part II crimes. Arrest Rate: Total number of arrests per 100,000 population. Part I Crimes: Major crime classifications including murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. Part II Crimes: Crime classifications not already designated in Part I crimes including manslaughter, kidnapping/ abduction, arson, simple assault, drug arrest, bribery, embezzlement, fraud, counterfeit/forgery, extortion/ blackmail, intimidation, prostitution, non-forcible sex, stolen property, dui, destruction/vandalism, gambling, weapons violations, liquor law violations, and miscellaneous (combined category for prostitution & commercial vice, offenses against family & child, vagrancy, suspicion, curfew & loitering, and runaway). Defendants Filed: Number of defendants against whom a sworn complaint, notice to appear, information, or indictment is filed before the circuit and county courts. Defendants Disposed: Number defendants for whom a final judicial decision is rendered terminating a criminal proceeding by an acquittal, a dismissal, or a judgment stating the specific sentence (in the case of a conviction). Average Daily Population: Annual ADP is obtained by calculating the average monthly ADP for the current year. Monthly ADP is calculated by dividing the total number of jail inmates per month by the total number of days for the current month. Incarceration Rate: Average Daily Population per 1,000 population. 42
For more information, please contact: Criminal Justice Commission 301 North Olive Avenue, Suite 1001 West Palm Beach, FL 33401 Phone: 561-355-4943 Fax: 561-355-4941 or visit: http://www.co.palm-beach.fl.us/criminaljustice/ 43