The Protestant Reformation 1517 ca.1564 How and why are these two churches different? True or False? Test your knowledge of the Protestant Reformation Protestant, Catholic, or Both? 1. The Pope in Rome is the sole head of the Church and must be obeyed. 2. Baptism (whether of adults or children) is an important symbolic rite. 3. Faith alone is sufficient to earn salvation. 4. Praying to saints and making pilgrimages can assist you in achieving salvation. 5. Women priests/ministers are allowed. 1
Protestant, Catholic, or Both? 6. Clergy cannot marry and must remain celibate. 7. The Mass can only be recited in Latin. 8. Jesus died on the Cross and was resurrected three days later, thus sacrificing himself for the sins of future generations. 9. The Immaculate Conception of Mary allowed her to have a virgin birth. 10. The Eucharist contains Christ s body and blood. The Protestant Reformation (1517-1555) Why is it important, then and now? Why did it happen? Who were some of the leaders? How did people learn about these ideas? Vocabulary Indulgence Transubstantiation Simony Pluralism Nepotism Sola scriptura Sola fide Sola gratia Solus Christus Soli Deo gloria Diet 2
Christianity in the West http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/ christ/west/index.html http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/ 3
Protestant Reformation Significance of Protestant Reformation Loss of Catholic unity & Christendom Literacy Puritans Protestant work ethic (Max Weber) Rise of capitalism, individualism liberation from Catholicism Separation of Church & State (?) 4
Europe Divided Reform in Germany, 1517 1555 The pattern of religious reform in Germany was complex. Although some territorial princes, such as the dukes of Bavaria, rejected reform, most free towns, particularly those in the southwest, adopted it. Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. The sale of indulgences The problem: how can one atone for grievous sin? The solution: Service on behalf of the Church: Crusading Pay for a crusader Payment to the Church Church has a treasury of merits stored up by Christ and the saints Indulgence printed by Wm. Caxton, 1476 5
Sale of Indulgences (and other vices ) Martin Luther b. 1483 1502 Ph.D in theology Sensitive, insecure, emotional, fearful of a harsh Christian God 1512 professor @ U. of Wittenberg; a good monk But he s not confident that he s earned salvation by conventional means, and he hates indulgences. He publishes 95 Theses with his ideas re justification by faith, finding answers in Scripture, & priesthood of all believers. Timeline of the Early Reformation 1517: Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the Wittenburg church 1518: Zwingli gains control of Zurich 1521: Diet of Worms condemns Luther 1534: Henry VIII declared Supreme head of the Church and Clergy of England 1536: Calvin gains control of Geneva 6
Causes of the Protestant Reform. [P.E.R.S.I.A. + G.T.] Economic when a coin in coffer rings. Religious sola scriptura justific. by faith Political cuius regio eius religio Social Peasant rebellions Intellectual ad fontes Renaiss. humanism Technological Printing press, pamphlets Other? Luther, Calvin, et al. Leaders of the Protestant Reform. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) John Calvin (1509-1564) Thomas Munster (1490-1525) Cranach, Luther and the Wittenberg Reformers The massive figure of John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, who protected and supported Luther, dominates this group portrait of Martin Luther and the Wittenberg Reformers by Lucas Cranach the Younger. Luther is on the far left; his associate Philipp Melanchthon is in the front row on the right. Luther's face shows a quiet determination. The Toledo Museum of Art, Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey 7
Woodcuts of the Reformation Why so popular? Inexpensive to buy Easy to produce Appeals to (il)literate audience Radical themes Hybrid of oral, print, & image culture The Complaint of the Godless Against Luther (Hans Behem, 1524) Martinus Luther Siebenkopfe 8
The Seven-Headed Papal Beast (ca. 1543) No Greater Treasure Than An Obedient Wife (Erhard Schon, 1533) 9
The Protestant Reformation 1517- ca.1564 10