SSD TCO Primer Intel SSD TCO Modeling Kevin Crow Dave Stutznegger
Why do you think SSDs could be beneficial to you? What value do SSDs provide? What limitations do you see with SSDs? What roadblocks exist to implement SSDs in your environment? 2
Hard Disk Drives versus Solid-State Drives (Intel whitepaper: Improving the Mobile Experience with Solid-State Drives January 09) Value Vector Benefit Hard Disk Drives (notebook) Solid-State Drives Reliability Reduced IT costs (HW costs, technician costs, ) Less end-user down time Lower risk of lost data More fragile due to rotating platters and mechanical arms (greater risk of data loss and hard disk failure) More rugged because there are no moving parts Power Consumption Lower battery cost Reduced battery life due to high energy consumption constantly moving Longer battery life and cooler machines due to reduced energy consumption true idle between operations Performance Improved user productivity Decreased performance as file fragmentation increases Performance is 10X higher than HDD Slower responsiveness and performance due to drive spin-up time and mechanical arm movement Faster responsiveness and performance due to no drive spin-up time, no mechanical arm movement, and minimal latency SSD delivers better reliability, power consumption and performance than HDD 3
Hard Disk Drives versus Solid-State Drives (Cont.) Datacenters Value Vector Benefit Hard Disk Drives (Server, NAS, DAS) Solid-State Drives Reliability Reduced IT costs (technician costs, data recovery, ) Lower risk of lost data Rotating disks, mechanical arms, risk during start-up (greater risk of data loss and hard disk failure) More rugged because there are no moving parts Power Consumption Significant cost savings due to lower Watt usage Avoid Power Tiering, and Power Caps 3.5 in 15K HDD: 15 Watts* HDD s also require additional Watts to cool compounding the cost 64GB Intel SSD: 2.4 Watts.06 Watts while idle Intel SSD s run much cooler than 15K HDDs, avoiding costly cooling Performance Improved user productivity, possible replacement ratio opportunities (i.e. 1 SSD for 7 HDDs) High latencies and slower responsiveness and performance due to drive spin-up time and mechanical arm movement Where capacity is not an issue, a few SSDs can replicate the performance of many HDDs Space (Disk Array) Fewer Disk Arrays/Racks HDD storage may require more enclosures = more capital and power cost SSDs can return space back to the Datacenter Intel SSD return more than performance possible IT, Space, and Power savings * IDC, The Real Cost to Power and Cool All the World s External Storage 4
What is TCO Worth? SSD Value Over 3-year Period User Productivity (Performance) Extra time gained from faster performance (dollarized as time saved x burden rate) Battery Savings (Power Consumption) Reduced replacement costs (dollarized as % reduction in usage = % of battery cost) Reduced IT Costs (Reliability) Reduction in labor needed to build and service notebooks (time saved x burden rate) Avoidance of buying new hardware Less User Downtime (Reliability) User downtime avoided from fewer failures (time saved x burden rate) 5
High Performance Server Scenario 20 Hard Disk Drives: 15K rpm, 200 GB Drives short-stroked at 15% to maximize IOPS What value can we provide with Intel SSDs? $12,564 TCO Benefit 225% Performance increase 11,851 IOPS gained Assumptions 10 Intel 64 GB SSDs vs. 20 15K HDDs 4 year lifetime 80% Random Read, 20% Random Write 4K transfer size Raid 5 for HDD and SSD 15K HDD Intel SSD Cost $ 15,000 $ 8,000 Maint/Warranty $ 2,550 $ 1,360 Power $ 3,546 $ 66 Disk Array $ 3,802 $ 3,802 Reliability $ 1,024 $ 64
Why Endurance Matters with SSDs Under demanding enterprise workloads, SSDs based on NAND flash can wear out There can be greater than 10X difference in endurance between SSDs in enterprise workloads To ensure the best SSD value, choose and configure the SSD to match the endurance needs of the application Understanding elements which impact SSD endurance enable ROI optimization 7
What Impacts Endurance? NAND Technology Block erase cycles (SLC vs MLC ) Write Workload Random vs Sequential Managed by: Spare Area Capacity reserve / work space Firmware Algorithms Efficiency of NAND writes (Write amplification) and wearleveling Delivers: Drive Endurance Drive design and arch matters! Lower write amplification Fewer NAND cycles Faster write perf Equates to BETTER Intel SSD Endurance 8
Endurance Summary SSD endurance defined SSD endurance is defined as drive write capability for small data transfers written randomly Extending the life of your SSD Intel SSD endurance is managed by efficient firmware algorithms which minimize write amplification NAND technology, write workload, and spare area impact endurance capability Intel technology allows adjusting user capacity to increase endurance capability to meet application requirements Monitoring endurance Intel SSDs provide SMART attributes for monitoring host activity and SSD wear 9
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Solid State Drive Opportunity Hard Disk Drive Replacement SSD Performance Targeted at notebooks Intel X25-M Mainstream SATA SSD 80-160 GB MLC Over HDDs: 10x to 50x Performance gains, 60-80% less power SATA 3.0 Gb/s Interface and 2.5 Form Factor 1500Gs - Extremely ruggedized; 7x Improvement in MTBF Best Fit Use Models for 09: Roadwarriors users who are on the road a good portion of the time (sales and service) Performance users who use applications with high performance requirements Sales/Executives users with a high cost of downtime Though TCO alone justifies SSD deployment across all profiles 2H+ 2009 11
Performance Benchmark Tests Notebooks with solid-state drives scored higher overall in performance benchmark tests using industry-standard workloads as compared to hard disk drives. Intel internal measurements, November 2008. 12
Notebooks with solid-state drives performed Intel IT workloads significantly faster than hard disk drives Intel internal measurements, November 2008. 13
Battery Improvement with Solid-State Drives Overall Performance Score Performance Improvement Minutes Improvement Intel X25-M Mainstream SATA Solid-State Drive (80 GB) 248 2.5 7200-RPM SATA 3.0 Gb/s 16-MB Cache Drive 189 31% 59 2.5 5400-RPM SATA 1.5 Gb/s 8-MB Cache Drive 178 39% 70 14
Performance Tests in Virtual Environments An Intel X25-M Mainstream SATA Solid-State Drive (80 GB) performed up to 23 percent better than a hard disk drive in a virtual environment. Intel internal measurements, July/August 2008. 15
Intel SSD vs. High Performance HDD X25 E Extreme SATA SSD Standard Metrics Price per GB: ~ $10 Watts per Hour: 1.5 Peak IOPS: 35K AFR: ~.5% Intel SSDs out perform even the best HDDs by more than 10x Performance Metrics $ per I/O: $.24 I/O per Watt: 5,200 15K HDD Standard Metrics Price per GB: ~ $2 $4 Watts per Hour: up to 15 Peak IOPS: ~ 2.5K AFR: > 5% Higher AFR & Watts can lead to higher lifetime costs than SSDs Performance Metrics $ per I/O: $2.86 I/O per Watt: 6 Look beyond Price per GB to get the real story
Intel Enterprise SSD TCO Model Measured Costs: Reliability Average failure rate, IT costs to replace drives Disk Array Network attached storage holding 25 drives Power Cost of drive use and cooling Bill Of Materials Total cost of drives + Maintenance Unmeasured Costs: Data Center Expansion Avoidance, Memory Displacement, Power Capping & Tiering, Data deduplication TCO Variables: I/O Transfer Size, Random R/W Drive size, platform, RPM, Capacity Raid configurations Intel Solution Model Limiters: Capacity At least stated HDD capacity Performance Never lower than HDD configuration Raid configuration
General Results Notebook HDD SSD Delta Improvement with SSD Annual Failure Rate 4.9% 0.5% 4.4% 89.7% Build time (hours) 1 0.5 0.5 50.0% Average number of failures over refresh period 0.153 0.015 0.138 90.1% Average employee PC time lost due to failures 1.83 0.18 1.65 90.1% IT time spent per employee on PC rebuilds due to failures (hrs) 0.15 0.01 0.145 95.1% Annual time spent on suite of tasks (hours) 62 35 27 43.5% Assumptions: Time for initial build with PC 1 Hours Employee time lost per HDD failure incident 12 Hours Intel IT Notebook Annual HDD failure rate 4.85% Refresh period 36 Months (from the soon to be released Intel IT whitepaper: Enterprise-wide Deployment of Notebook PCs with Solid-State Drives) 18