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Aquaculture = 3,339,000 mt 52% of the global production of shrimp Global Shrimp Production - Capture & Culture 7,000,000 6,000,000 Tonnes 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 Culture 2,000,000 1,000,000 Capture 0 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 2 Year
Species name Fenneropenaeus chinensis Fenneropenaeus merguiensis Litopenaeus stylirostris Litopenaeus vannamei Marsupenaeus japonicus Penaeus monodon Common name Chinese white shrimp Banana prawn Western blue shrimp Western whitelegged shrimp Japanese kuruma prawn Giant tiger shrimp Former species name P. chinensis or orientalis P. merguiensis P. stylirostris P. vannamei P. japonicus No name change 3
Marine Shrimp Aquaculture Production Yr Global (mt) P. monodon % P. vannamei % % Other 80 70,000 20,000 30 8,000 10 60 88 580,000 200,000 35 80,000 15 50 94 880,000 560,000 65 140,000 15 20 96 920,000 540,000 60 145,000 16 25 98 1,010,000 510,000 50 200,000 20 30 00 1,140,000 620,000 54 280,000 25 21 02 1,290,000 520,000 40 431,000 33 27 04 2,476,000 722,000 29 1,386,000 56 15 06 3,118,000 637,000 20 2,100,000 67 13 08 3,399,000 722,000 21 2,259,000 66 13 Total Marine Shrimp Aquaculture = ~ 3,399,000 mt 4
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Giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon Named for large size and banded tail Captive breeding is very difficult and hatchery survivals are low (20 to 30%) Only produced in Asia Maximum length of 363 mm (> 14 inches). Black tigers tolerates a wide range of salinities but shortages of wild broodstock often exist 6
Penaeus (Litopenaeus( Litopenaeus) vannamei, western white-legged shrimp Stocked at small sizes and has a uniform growth rate Maximum size 230 mm (~ 9 inches); ~ 26 grams. Breeds in captivity better than P. monodon. Hatchery survivals are high, ranging from 50 to 60%. Throughout Latin America, there are captive stocks of P. vannamei broodstock, some of them pathogen-free and some of them resistant to known pathogens. Recently introduced to Asia 7
Whiteleg Shrimp Giant Tiger Prawn Country Tonnes % Country Tonnes % China 1,063,000 47 Viet Nam 325,000 45 Thailand 499,000 22 Indonesia 135,000 19 Indonesia 209,000 9 India 76,000 11 Ecuador 150,000 6 China 61,000 8 Mexico 130,000 6 Myanmar 48,000 7 Brazil 65,000 3 Philippines 45,000 6 Viet Nam 39,000 2 Malaysia 13,000 2 Others 113,000 5 Others 13,000 2 Total 2,259,000 Total 722,000 8
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Reproduction Reproductive types Closed thelyca P. monodon and P. japonicus Open thelycum P. vannamei Reproductive strategies Collection of gravid females Ovarian maturation and spawning typically done with unilateral eyestalk ablation Reduced viability of larvae with time Ideally, management of a breeding population in ponds or large tanks (P. vannamei) 10
Seed collecting Shrimp Sourcing 11
Unilateral eyestalk ablation 12
Shrimp maturation Maturing gonads 13
Reminder: mating and egg fertilization in crustaceans do not necessarily occur at the same time 14
Shrimp can also be artificially mated after electo-ejaculation of the male 15
Hatchery management Community tank method Green water Small hatcheries specialized mom and pop operations; 20 30% survival Galveston method Specific feeds for each larval stage 70 90% survival PL cost $ 4 20/thousand 16
11-day hatchery cycle N = nauplius; survives on yolk Z = zoea; feeds on algal cells M = mysis; feeds on zooplankton (typically brine shrimp nauplii) PL = post larvae; feeds on brine shrimp and prepared feeds 17
Zoea production = algae Mysis production = brine shrimp nauplii Artemia 18
Artemia = magic sea monkeys 19
Great Salt Lake U.S. brine shrimp fishery ~ 10 mm. in length 20
Artemia cyst harvesting 32 companies 2006 07 season 17 million pounds of cysts Total Harvest (lbs) 30,000,000 25,000,000 Pounds 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 00 7 20 06 2 00 4 20 03 2 00 1 20 00 2 99 8 19 97 1 99 5 19 94 1 99 2 19 91 1 98 9 19 88 1 19 85 1 98 6 0 21
Artemia cyst harvesting (~ 4 months starting around December) until cyst levels fall 21/liter ~ 25% of harvested biomass is suitable for commercial cysts 22
Artemia cyst processing Eggs are washed, dried and, ultimately vacuum-packed. A grade (> 90% hatch) = 20 % of harvest; $ ~ 25.00/lb B grade (70 85% hatch) = $ 3.00/lb C grade (< 70% hatch) returned to the lake 23
Commercial Artemia cysts 70 million dollar industry in Utah 24
Brine shrimp hatching Artemia nauplii ~ 450 microns in length 25
Brine Shrimp Hatching Methods Sea water or a salt solution; maximum hatching efficiency occurs as 25 ppt (28 ppt for decapsulated cysts) buffered with 2 g NaHCO3 per liter of hatching medium (ph optimum 8.0 9.0) Temperature 25-30 oc Oxygen > 2mg/l (7 liters of air/min for 20 liter hatching container) Strong illumination - 1000 lux (20 cm from a 60W fluorescent light tubes) Air stopped; floatation of cysts shells; concentration of nauplii with light at the bottom 26
Hatchery management Community tank method Small hatcheries specialized mom and pop operations, Thailand; 20 30% survival Galveston method large hatcheries; 70 90% survival Nauplius no feed required; sell for $0.50 $2.00/thousand Zoea feeds on algae Mysis feeds on Artemia (zooplankton) Postlarva P.L.s, feeds on Artemia (zooplankton) formulated feeds; sell for $ 4.00/thousand P.L.s - $ 20/thousand; production costs $ 2.00 7.00/thousand, when their gills become branched they can be moved to the farm, from hatching to P.L. it takes 11 days. 27
11-day hatchery cycle N = nauplius; survives on yolk Z = zoea; feeds on algal cells M = mysis; feeds on zooplankton (typically brine shrimp nauplii) PL = post larvae; feeds on brine shrimp and prepared feeds 28