Achieving Universal Primary Education in Pakistan MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK. Ministry of Education, Trainings and Standards in Higher Education 1

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, TRAININGS AND STANDARDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION, GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN ISLAMABAD National Plan of Action 2013-16 Achieving Universal Primary Education in Pakistan MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK August 2013 Ministry of Education, Trainings and Standards in Higher Education 1 Government of Pakistan

National Plan of Action 2013-16 Achieving Universal Primary Education in Pakistan MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK / A R E A S In Consultation and Collaboration with: Education Departments of Provinces and Area Governments Academy of Education Planning and Management (AEPAM), Islamabad UNESCO, Islamabad UNICEF, Islamabad

ACRONYMS AEPAM AJ&K BECS CGA CPD DFID DRR ECE EFA EMIS ESR FATA GB GDP GER GNP GPE GPI ICT IDP KP M&E MAF MDGs Academy of Education Planning and Management Azad Jammu and Kashmir Basic Education Community School Controller General, Accounts Continuing Professional Development Department for International Development Disaster & Risk Reduction Early Childhood Education Education for All Education Management Information System Education Sector Reforms Federally Administered Tribal Areas Gilgit-Baltistan Gross Domestic Product Gross Enrolment Rate Gross National Product Global Partnership for Education Gender Parity Index Islamabad Capital Territory Internally Displaced Person Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Monitoring and Evaluation MDGs Accelerated Framework Millennium Development Goals MET&SHE Ministry of Education, Trainings and Standards in Higher Education NCHD National Commission for Human Development i

NEF NEMIS NEP NER NIPS NPA NTS OOSC PCU PRSP PSLMS PTA PTSMCs SLO SMC TEVTA TVE UNDP UNESCO UNFPA UNICEF UPE USAID National Education Foundation National Education Management Information System National Education Policy Net Enrolment Rate National Institute of Population Studies National Plan of Action National Testing Service Out-of-school Children Provincial Coordinating Unit Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Pakistan Social And Living Standards Measurement Survey Parents Teacher Association Parent Teacher School Monitoring Committees Student Learning Objective School Management Committee Technical Education & Vocational Training Authority Technical and Vocational Education United Nations Development Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Population Fund United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund Universal Primary Education United States Agency for International Development ii

Table of Contents BACKGROUND I. INTRODUCTION Education EFA/Millennium Development Goals/Targets and MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) The MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) The National Plan of Action (2013-16) II. EDUCATION POLICY AND PLANS IN PAKISTAN III. SITUATION ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN IV. MAF PLAN TARGETS V. CHALLENGES TO EDUCATION: Voices from the Provinces/Areas Bottlenecks and Suggested Strategies VI. MAF PLAN STRATEGIES VII. PHYSICAL TARGETS AND COST ESTIMATES FOR MAF Strategies to Accelerate New Enrolment and Enhance Quality in Pakistan VIII. OVERALL PLAN ANALYSIS IX. IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MECHANISM X. PROVINCIAL/AREA MAF PLANS OF ACTION iii

BACKGROUND Pakistan is amongst the nine countries, which have the largest numbers of primary-age group out-of-school children. To initiate in-country dialogues for reviewing the progress against Millennium Development Goals, The World Bank organized the Learning for All Ministerial Meeting on April 18, 2013, in collaboration with the Global Partnership for Education (GPE), UN Secretary-General, and the UN Special Envoy for Global Education. The purpose of the meeting was to explore concrete steps in order to accelerate progress towards ensuring that all children attend school and learn. Pakistan could not participate in the meeting because general elections were being held in Pakistan. However, the Ministry of Education, Trainings & Standards in Higher Education (MET&SHE) undertook an important initiative to prepare status report on education-related MDGs. The Ministry coordinated with Provincial and Area Departments of Educations for developing accelerating framework to achieve the MDG targets by 2015. Under the supervision of the Federal Secretary of the Ministry of Education, Trainings & Standard in Higher Education a core committee was formed to develop accelerated framework and action plan to achieve education related MDGs. The core committee consisted of development economists, statisticians, data analysts, and education planning experts as well as representatives of UNICEF and UNESCO. The MET&SHE designated the Academy of Education Planning and Management (AEPAM) as focal coordinating agency to closely work with Provincial and Area departments of Education and Civil Society Organizations. Departments of Education accordingly nominated focal persons for developing Plans of Action for MDG Accelerated Framework (MAF). Following a multi stakeholder consultative process, the Federal Ministry of Education and Provincial Departments of Education jointly organized eight provincial/area workshops in April/May 2013 to develop Plans of Action. The consultative meetings were attended by Provincial Secretaries of Education, representatives of civil societies, UN agencies, and donors. Provincial Sector Plans were used as guiding documents for developing Plans of Action. Provincial and Areas Plans of Actions are based on inputs given by the provincial/area group of experts. Group work exercise in each provincial/area workshop highlighted major challenges to education as following: - Identified in-school and out-of-school bottlenecks. - Suggested some traditional and innovative strategies to ensure that out-of-school children can be enrolled - Ideas to, retain in-school children and provide them with quality education in public, private, non-government and religious (deeni) schools. - Enhanced technical capacities and substantially increase additional resources to meet the cost of implementing Plans of Action. The way forward to accelerate achieving MDG targets in Pakistan establishing a clear need for increased resource allocation to 4 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), from the present 1.7 per cent. The National Plan of Action on Accelerating MDGs will be the basis for orientation and high-level advocacy for the newly elected parliamentarians; and officials of the Federal and iv

Provincial Governments including departments of Education, Finance, and Planning Commission. This Plan of Action represents an indicative rolling plan which will be regularly reviewed and revised. v

I. INTRODUCTION EFA/Millennium Development Goals/Targets and MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948 laid special emphasis on provision of free and compulsory elementary education for all children. According to Article 26 of the Declaration: (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. At present, at the international level, education development is guided by two comprehensive international initiatives, endorsed by an overwhelming majority of governments around the globe. These are the Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). EFA Goals and Targets At the World Conference on Education for All (Jomtien, Thailand 1990) some 1,500 participants, comprising delegates from 155 governments including Pakistan, policymakers and specialists in education and health, social and economic development met to discuss major aspects of Education for All (EFA). Ten years after Jomtien, the World Education Forum was again convened by UNESCO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and the World Bank. This time 1,500 participants were brought together from 182 countries including Pakistan. Major development agencies from around the world also participated. It concluded with the adoption of the Dakar Framework for Action (April 2000) which outlined the following goals: i. Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable disadvantaged children; ii. Ensuring that by 2015 all children, with special emphasis on girls and children in difficult circumstances, have access to complete, free and compulsory primary education of good quality; iii. Ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to appropriate learning, life skills and citizenship programs; iv. Achieve a 50% improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015, especially for women and equitable access to basic and continuing education for all adults; v. Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and achieving gender equality in education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls full and equal access to and achievement in basic education of good quality; and 1

vi. Improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuring excellence of all so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills. Millennium Development Goals in Education At the 2000 UN Millennium Summit, world leaders from rich and poor countries alike committed themselves - at the highest political level - to a set of eight time-bound goals that, when achieved, will end extreme poverty worldwide by 2015. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that all 192 United Nations member states, including Pakistan, and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieving by the year 2015. They include eradicating extreme poverty, expanding education, reducing child mortality rates, fighting disease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global partnership for development. The second and third Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) specifically address education: improvements in literacy, primary and secondary education and elimination of gender disparities in education: Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 3: Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. Goal 3: Promote Gender equality and Empower Women Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 and at all levels of education, no later than 2015. Given the high degree of similarity between the EFA goals and education MDGs - in fact, EFA goals can be termed as a sub-set of MDGs (as MDGs represent a broader spectrum including poverty, employment, health, environment, etc.), the progress so far achieved in implementing the international commitments to education can be assessed by reviewing the change which may have taken place in a set of common indicators. According to popular literature on the EFA 1 and MDGs 2, the set of common education indicators includes: (a) Net primary enrolment rates - to reflect move towards Universal Primary Education; (b) Completion/survival rates till grade V - as proxy for quality of education; (c) Literacy rates (d) Gender Parity in primary education; (e) Gender parity in secondary education; (f) Youth (15-24 years old) literacy gender parity. 1 EFA Development Index (EDI) is based on UPE; Adult Literacy; Gender specific EDI; and Completion rates as proxy for quality of education 2 MDG Reports typically base their analyses on net primary enrolment rates; completion/survival rates; and gender parity in primary & secondary enrolments and in youth literacy. 2

In this context, recent statistics on Pakistan s education indicators show that only the gender parity indices would hopefully meet the MDG targets by 2015. Achieving other targets would require enhanced commitment and intensive efforts. Universal access to basic education and the completion of primary education are important targets for EFA and MDGs. The primary net enrolment rate in 2001-02 was 57 per cent which has increased to 63 per cent in 2011-12, that is 6 percentage point increase during the last decade- almost an average of 0.5% per year. Given that the MDG targets are to be attained by the 2015/16 i.e. within the next three years, Pakistan has designed a National Plan of Action to accelerate implementation which will ensure maximum progress in achieving the education goals in the next three years. MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) The National Plan of Action (2013-16) MAF Plan Objectives The key objective of the MAF National Plan of Action is to accelerate the progress towards achieving education MDGs in the next three years. More specifically, the Plan aims to achieve: 1. enrolment of maximum number of out-of-school children in primary classes; 2. in-school retention all enrolled children, and completion of their primary education; 3. improvement in quality of primary education; The MAF National Plan of Action is based on eight provincial/area plans. Each provincial/area plan reviews the education situation in its respective province/area, identifies the gap in primary enrolments, quantifies the number of out-of-school children, analyses the reasons for low enrolments and high drop-out rates and suggests enhancement of existing options as well adoption of innovative strategies to attain maximum progress within the stipulated time frame. It is universally known that in Pakistan, attaining UPE will require expansion of primary education through both formal as well as non-formal means; through public as well as private sectors; improving quality of education for better retention levels; involving community participation and other possible strategies. 3

II. EDUCATION POLICY AND PLANS IN PAKISTAN Education & Constitution of Pakistan The Constitution of Pakistan (1973) promised to its citizens in Article 37 (b) & (c) that "the State shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within the minimum possible period; make technical and professional education generally available and higher education equally accessible by all on the basis of merit". One key policy reform with positive implications for education was the (The Eighteenth Amendment) in the Constitution of Pakistan by the National Assembly of Pakistan in April 2010 and the related Article 25A. Following the 18 th Amendment, education as a fundamental right of all children was guaranteed by the inclusion of Article 25A in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan which states: State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such manner as may be determined by law. The Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) and Sindh enacted legislation for implementation of Article 25A; other provincial/area governments are currently in the process of finalizing their respective legislations. Ordinance to this effect has been promulgated by the Government of Balochistan. Besides the constitutional provisions, the Government of Pakistan, since 2000, undertook several policy reforms in education, formulated two education policies and implemented innumerable pro-poor initiatives, including non-formal education, with active support from non-government organizations, private sector and international development partners. Three provinces i.e. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Sindh also developed their five-year Education Sector Plans while Punjab has a well-defined education Roadmap. National Education Policies (1998-2010 & 2009) During the past decade, there were two major education policy interventions- the National Education Policy 1998-2010; and the National Education Policy 2009. These policies were developed with the consensus of a wide group of stakeholders i.e. education officials from federal and provincial governments, education experts, academia, private organizations, nongovernment organizations and international development partners. The National Education Policy (1998-2010) The National Education Policy (1998-2010) emphasized increased enrolments in public sector schools and higher budgetary allocations to education. It advocated the removal of urban-rural and gender imbalances, improving the quality of education at all levels particularly through curriculum reform, strengthening education facilities, encouraging private sector participation and effective community involvement. It was specifically envisaged to address the issue of out-of-school children and expansion of non-formal education to complement the formal system; and the implementation of literacy and functional literacy programmes for adults. 4

In light of the National Education Policy 1998-2010, the Education Sector Reforms (ESR: 2001-06), focusing on literacy, universal primary education of good quality, enhanced budgetary allocations (to 3% of GNP), improved technical and higher education, and greater public-private partnership, was developed with all the principal actors of EFA and other stakeholders. The consultation process lasted for more than six months. The organizations which participated included the education departments of all provincial and federating units, non-governments organizations, private sector, UN agencies and bilateral and multilateral donor agencies. In this context, a National Conference on Education for All was held with the objective to launch EFA movement, share EFA goals and strategies with stakeholders and prepare a framework for the national and provincial plans of action. This was followed by a series of discussions and workshops to develop action plans, each based on active participation by all stakeholders i.e., government officials, education experts, NGOs, private sector, and international development partners. The EFA National Plan of Action (2001-15) was prepared and endorsed by the first Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP I 2003-06) but could not be implemented due to lack of financial support, both domestic and external. Similarly 15-year provincial and district EFA plan were prepared. The National Education Policy (2009) The current National Education Policy (NEP 2009), developed after several rounds of deliberations with relevant stakeholders, addresses all the dimensions of Pakistan s education sector. The NEP (2009) recognizes that there are close links between equity in educational opportunities and equitable income distribution and income growth. If the education system is structured on a divisive basis, the divisions it creates can endanger long run economic growth as well as stability of society. Affirmation of commitment to Pakistan s egalitarian education vision in the service of all citizens and as a driver of economic and social development can help produce a virtuous circle of high level of human and social capital leading to equitable economic growth and social advancement. The NEP 2009 document identifies policy actions in pursuit of two overarching objectives: (i) widening access to education; and (ii) improving quality. Key policy actions identified are as follows: 1. Provinces and Area Governments shall affirm the goal of achieving universal and free primary education by 2015 and up to class 10 by 2025. 2. Provincial and Area Governments shall develop plans for achieving these targets, including intermediate enrolment targets and estimates of the required financial, technical, human and organizational resources. 3. The plans shall also promote equity in education with the aim of eliminating social exclusion and promoting national cohesion. Greater opportunities shall be provided to marginalized groups of society, particularly girls. 4. To achieve the commitments of Government of Pakistan towards Education for All (EFA) and the MDGs, inclusive and child-friendly education shall be promoted. 5. Special measures shall be adopted to ensure inclusion of special persons in mainstream education as well as in literacy and Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) programmes. 6. Governments shall improve quality of educational provision at all levels of education. 5

7. National Standards for educational inputs, processes and outputs shall be determined. A National Authority for Standards of Education shall be established. The standards shall not debar a provincial and area government/organization from having its own standards higher than the prescribed minimum. 8. Provincial and district governments shall establish monitoring and inspection systems to ensure quality education service delivery in all institutions. 9. Steps shall be taken to make educational provision relevant for the employment market and for promoting innovation in the economy. 10. Universities and research institutes shall place greater emphasis on mobilizing research for promoting innovation in the economy. 11. Educational inputs need to be designed with comprehension of the challenges and opportunities related to globalization. Strategies shall be developed to optimize opportunities and minimize the potentially negative impacts. Provincial Education Sector Plans The provinces of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have recently prepared Education Sector Plans. The KP Education Sector Plan (2010-15) aims to achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE) by 2015 ensuring that all boys and girls: complete full course of primary education; promote gender equality, achieve quality basic education for all (EFA goal); achieve 50% improvement in the levels of adult literacy, especially for women (EFA goal); introduce government-financed private school subsidizing for areas with low female enrolments; and reduce rural and urban disparities in education. The Balochistan Education Sector Plan (2013-14 to 2017-18) focuses on: (i) improving quality of education; (ii) early childhood education; (iii) access & equity; (iv) governance & management; and (v) adult literacy & non-formal education. Incentives to Enhance Enrolments and Retention To increase enrolment and retain students, several incentives have been extended for over a decade which include (i) free textbook being provided by the government to the students studying in public sector schools (both formal and non-formal). Students of non-formal schools are given notebooks and writing material in addition to the textbooks; (ii) no tuition fee is charged from the primary education students studying in government schools. (iii) female students of middle and high school in rural areas of few selected districts are being given monthly scholarships/stipends. Also, free edible oil for high attendance level is being given to both girl students and their teachers; and (iv) provision of free lunch under Tawana Pakistan was also initiated in selected schools but had to be discontinued due to (mis) management issues. Education Sector Reforms Programmes During the decade of 2000, serious efforts were made in three provinces i.e., Punjab, Sindh and KP to implement their respective Education Sector Reforms Programmes. The key features of these programmes was to provide missing facilities (such as shelter, boundary wall, toilets, etc) in primary schools; provision of free textbooks, stipends, textbook reforms, merit-based teacher recruitment, etc. Besides, a number of development programs and projects were launched by the government in collaboration with international development partners to expand the access and improve the quality of education. Under these 6

development projects number of new primary schools have been opened or upgraded to middle (elementary) level. III. SITUATION ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN The most striking feature of Pakistan s education system is its inherent inequalities: it represents a distinct division as there are parallel streams of primary and secondary schooling, further divided across public and private arrangements, catering to different socioeconomic classes in the country. For instance, the majority of the children, residing mainly in rural and semi-urban areas and belonging to the lower to middle classes, attend public schools which offer free education and display poor quality due to shortage or absence of teachers, weak infrastructure and lack of learning materials. On the other hand, children of upper-middle and upper classes, residing in affluent urban localities, mostly attend high cost private schools which offer both local as well as foreign examination systems (such as O and A levels) and are staffed with qualified and trained teachers, well-equipped classrooms, all essential facilities and good quality, imported teaching and learning materials. It is essential that improvements in access and quality of education should be brought about in all sub-sectors i.e., pre-primary education, primary education, middle and higher levels, adult literacy, and technical and vocational education. However, priority should be assigned to under-served and disadvantaged groups (e.g. poor communities in rural and remote areas, especially girls and women). Literacy Youth literacy rate (for aged 15-24 years old) is one of the indicators of MDG2 and its gender parity index of MDG3. Over the past five years, there has been no noticeable change in youth literacy rates in Pakistan, though with some increase in female rates, the gender parity index has risen well (Table 1a). It is hoped that with substantial increase in primary enrolment rates, youth literacy too will display good progress in the next 5-10 years. Table 1a Youth Literacy Rates and GPI 2006/07 2009/10 2011/12 Male 78.2 79.1 79 Female 56.5 61.5 62 Both 67.7 70.7 70 Gender Parity Index 0.72 0.78 0.78 Source: NEMIS, AEPAM 2011/12 Primary Education In Pakistan, there are a total number of 177,724 primary education institutions in the country (Table 1b). Of these, 75% are public sector schools; 10% private sector schools and the remaining almost equally divided between non-formal basic education schools and deeni madrassahs (religious schools). 7

Table 1b: Total Number of Primary Level Educational Institutions (2011-12) Sector and Gender Province/Region Balochistan KP Punjab Sindh GB ICT FATA AJK PAKISTAN Public Private Male 7,781 14,819 23,175 33,920 668 98 2,693 2,027 Female 2,773 7,941 20,889 11,839 246 90 2,129 2,259 Male 65 149 468 75 13 1 32 5 Female 28 135 629 170 15 1 2 12 Mixed 343 2,137 10,391 2,572 151 166 9 639 NEF/BECS 683 1,616 6,040 1,738 1,466 277 1,069 205 Deeni Madaris Male 223 1,260 2,129 523 45 20 138 163 Female 28 496 1,130 148 6 9 71 164 Mixed 461 1,012 2,475 1,293 42 17 310 912 85,181 48,166 808 992 16,408 13,094 TOTAL 12,385 29,565 67,326 52,278 2,652 679 6,453 6,386 177,724 Note: Public sector enrolments include students in NCHD- supported feeder schools. Source: Pakistan Education Statistics, 2011-12, AEPAM Total primary stage enrolments are about 19.5 million (Table 1c). Of these 57% are enrolled in public schools; 31% in private schools; and the remaining in non-formal basic education schools and deeni madrassahs (religious schools). 4,501 2,052 6,522 Table 1c: Total Number of Primary Level Enrolments (2011-12) Sector and Gender Province/Region Balochistan KP Punjab Sindh GB ICT FATA AJK PAKISTAN Public Private Male 335,600 1,234,037 2,708,339 1,564,033 40,059 40,323 170,829 122,513 6,215,733 Female 240,083 931,586 2,387,998 1,090,682 25,142 41,853 108,745 129,183 4,955,272 Male 60,333 421,111 2,137,915 636,723 19,751 18,663 67,286 80,843 3,442,625 Female 30,522 199,276 1,806,640 522,004 14,956 15,131 6,759 63,763 2,659,051 NEF/BECS 22,662 61,497 224,726 58,802 51,739 8,923 45,689 8,990 483,028 Deeni Madaris Male 49,560 271,357 465,017 214,861 11,901 5,026 29,757 47,924 1,095,403 Female 25,670 118,153 301,637 132,444 3,298 7,021 21,654 53,861 663,738 TOTAL 764,430 3,237,017 10,032,272 4,219,549 166,846 136,940 450,719 507,077 19,514,850 Source: Pakistan Education Statistics, 2011-12, AEPAM In Pakistan, of all the primary-aged (5-9 years) children, 68% are enrolled in primary school (Table 2a). However, wide variance is displayed across province, gender and location. 8

The highest net primary enrolment rate is in KP (81%) followed by Punjab and ICT (70%); Sindh and GB (63%); FATA (60%); AJK (58%); and Balochistan (51%). The overall Gender Parity Index (GPI) for primary education is 0.86, ranging between 1.06 in ICT to 0.47 in FATA. Table 2a: Net Primary Enrolment Rate of age 5-9 year (2011-12) Balochistan KP Punjab Sindh GB ICT FATA AJ&K PAKISTAN Boys 56% 91% 73% 69% 66% 68% 81% 58% 73% Girls 44% 69% 67% 57% 60% 72% 38% 59% 63% Both 51% 81% 70% 63% 63% 70% 60% 58% 68% GPI 0.79 0.76 0.92 0.83 0.91 1.06 0.47 1.02 0.86 Source: 1.Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12, AEPAM, MET, Islamabad 2. Population Projection 2005-2025, NIPS, 2013 3. Population Projections for KP, GB and AJ&K is provided by their respective Departments of Education Survival to Grade 5 School enrolment does not guarantee completion of primary schooling. Therefore, one needs to assess the survival rates and/or completion rates of primary school children. For Pakistan, estimated information reveals that of all the children entering primary school, 70% reach Grade 5 (Table 2b). For boys this rate (71%) is slightly above than that for girls (68%). Among the provinces and areas, the highest rate of survival is for ICT (91%) while GB (32%) is lowest. In Sindh, FATA and KP, almost two-thirds of the children reach grade 5 while in Balochistan only one-half survive up to the final primary class. Table 2b: Primary School Survival Rates (2011-12) (%) Balochistan KP Punjab Sindh GB FATA ICT AJ&K PAKISTAN Boys 52 68 80 60 32 80 86 86 71 Girls 54 65 72 67 31 44 97 89 68 Both 53 67 76 63 32 66 91 87 70 Source: 1. Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12, AEPAM, MET, Islamabad 2. Calculated through UNESCO Reconstructed Cohort Model 9

Box 1: Reasons for Slow Progress as per EFA/MDG Indicators in Pakistan In Pakistan, one of the main factor of this slow progress in education indicators was a series of natural disasters, along with political events which affected the country during the past 7-8 years. At the turn of this century, as countries began to understand and prepare for the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Pakistan too initiated a process of rapid educational reforms. It launched the Education Sector Reforms (ESR) package and in some provinces, by 2002/03, the education sector reforms programmes had been fully designed and even started to be implemented. Unfortunately, soon after, a strong earthquake in the northern part of the country left over 70,000 dead, millions homeless and a widespread destruction of schools, hospitals, roads and other infrastructure. As massive rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts took place, the progress towards MDG targets stalled. The years 2007 and 2008 witnessed political instability and the transition from a military-led regime to a democratically-elected government also caused disruptions in economic and social development. This was coupled with the on-going militancy and extremism crisis in the north-west where military operations against the Taliban intensified. In July and August 2010, heavy monsoon rainfall caused flooding in the north and northwest, parts of Khyber Pakhtunakhwa (KP), Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). As this large body of water made its way to south through the Indus River System, large areas of lands in Punjab and Sindh were inundated. These floods affected 78 districts and 20% of the country s area. A large number of schools were totally or partially damaged; remaining schools served as temporary shelters for the affected families. In July 2011, the 18 th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan became effective. This Amendment called for a transformation of government through devolution of power to the provinces. Education, too, was almost completely devolved. The federal Ministry of Education was dissolved and all decision-making powers given to the provinces. Education had always been a provincial subject in Pakistan but this formalized the withdrawal of federal coordination functions. As the bureaucratic systems began to adjust to the requirements of the new amendment, procedural delays in financial and technical issues adversary affected the education sector. While reconstruction and rehabilitation of the 2010 flood affected areas was still underway, floods again hit some parts of country, particularly in Sindh and Balochistan, in August 2011. Though the destruction was marginally lower than that in the previous year, over 9 million people were affected with huge loss of their assets. Once again schools and educational activities were adversely affected and progress in educational indicators slowed. Cantonment and Garrison Institutions In Pakistan 355 schools are run by Armed Forces. These institutions are called Cantonment and Garrison Institutions. Total enrolment of these institutions is about 178,000. Non-Formal Basic Education Establishment of Non-formal Basic Education Schools for out-of-school children is an innovative initiative taken by Pakistan. Federal Government launched non-formal basic education school project throughout the country in 1986. Subsequently, it was renamed as Basic Education Community (BEC) School Project supervised/coordinated by National Education Foundation (NEF). Besides, the provinces particularly Punjab province also established some non-formal basic education schools out of their own budget. Presently, more than 15,000 Basic Education Community Schools are functioning throughout Pakistan, having a total enrolment of around 0.4 million. Boys enrolment is 0.22 million against 0.17 million girls. Education in non-formal schools is free from the very beginning. Text books, instructional material and writing material is provided by the Government free of cost. In more than 80% schools local female teachers teach. At the end of grade five, formal 10

sector conducts the examination and allows admission in grade six in formal sector to those who qualify/pass the examination. In other words the graduates of non-formal schools are mainstreamed after grade five. Besides, National Commission for Human Development (NCHD) also opened around 1,000 feeder schools for grade 1-3 students in rural areas to improve the access and support enrolment drive for primary education. In view of acute shortage of formal Middle/Lower Secondary schools especially for girls Allama Iqbal Open University and Ministry of Education (defunct) established non-formal middle schools in few selected districts/areas of the country which was a very successful experience. Overall non-formal education is a very cost effective approach especially for outof-school children of remote areas and difficult regions of the country where formal school is not available. Non-formal education can be made more effective by improving the monitoring and supervision, providing better quality of education and making the school timings more flexible. Private Sector Contribution in Primary Education Private Schools Private Sector is playing an important role in the promotion of education in Pakistan. NEMIS data indicates that presently, (in 2011-12) there are 18,208 private primary schools; 25,788 middle/lower secondary schools; and 17,388 high schools. In percentage terms, 12% primary; 61% middle/lower secondary and 61% high schools are in the private sector, respectively. At primary level overall 4.8 million (34%) children of 5-9 + age group, against around 14.4 million total net enrolments, are enrolled in private sector schools. Of the total boys, 34% are studying in private schools, whereas 33% of girls are enrolled in private schools. Private sector enrolment is increasing because of overall better quality of education as compared to public sector. Province wise the highest number of children i.e. 42% of the total are studying in private sector in Punjab province followed by 36% in AJK, 26% in Sindh and 22% each in KP and Gilgit-Baltistan. The lowest private sector contribution in terms of primary education net enrolment is in Baluchistan which stands at 13%, for FATA this contribution remains at 18%, while for ICT it stands at 19%. Religious Education (Deeni Madaris) Deeni Madaris are playing effective role for promotion of education and literacy, especially religious education and knowledge in the country. The main beneficiaries of Madrassah education are poor, needy and deserving children of rural and remote areas of the country. In most of the cases Madaris provide food, clothes and shelter to deserving students. The curriculum and courses of disciplines taught in most of the Deeni Madaris are very comprehensive. Some of them also teach formal education subjects such as Urdu and English languages as well as Mathematics and General Science in addition to the religious subjects. According to NEMIS data, total number of Deeni Madaris in Pakistan was 13,075 in 2011-12. Out of these 4,501 were for male and 2,052 for female. Majority of them i.e. 6,522 have 11

mixed enrolment particularly for children of early age group. These Madaris are run by five different WAFAQs (governing bodies). There are 1.759 million students enrolled in Deeni Madaris at all levels, of which 1.1 million are boys and 0.66 million are girls. Around 60,000 teachers are employed in these institutions, of which 13,000 are female teachers. Impact of Household Incomes on School Enrolment Income distribution, urban-rural residence, as well as male-female differences determine the varying access to education (Table 2c). The average percentage of population that ever attended school is higher for urban (73%) than rural (50%) areas. There are also wide variations across gender within urban as well as rural areas with males enjoying a higher access to education than females. A review of access to education by income quintiles reveals, for all areas and both genders, a positive correlation between income and percentage of population ever attended school. Table 2c: %Population Ever Attended School by Income Class, Urban-Rural Residence and Sex URBAN RURAL Income Bracket Male Female Both Male Female Both PAKISTAN 81 65 73 65 36 50 1st Quintile 56 40 48 48 20 34 2nd Quintile 67 50 59 60 26 43 3rd Quintile 75 58 67 67 38 52 4th Quintile 84 67 75 74 46 60 5th Quintile 93 81 87 83 58 71 Source: PSLMS 2007-08 *The 1st quintile represents lowest income levels while 5 th quintile reflects the highest income levels Public schools play an important role in the low-income rural sections of the society where 85%-90% of children attend public schools while among the upper classes in both urban and rural areas only 21% to 35% attend public schools (Table 2d). This suggests that investment in the improvement (in school environment, facilities, teaching quality, provision of missing facilities and teaching-learning materials, etc) of public schools can considerably enhance school enrolments, retentions and education quality indicators. Table 2d: Economic Status of Parents by GER (5-9 years) in Public or Private URBAN RURAL Public Private Public Private PAKISTAN 43 55 74 26 1 st Quintile 74 24 90 8 2 nd Quintile 60 39 85 14 3 rd Quintile 51 48 71 27 4 th Quintile 35 63 64 35 5 th Quintile 21 77 35 64 Source PSLMS 2007/08 12

Out-of-School Children Out-of-school children can be broadly classified into two groups: (i) children who have never attended school; and (ii) children who dropped out-of-school before completing primary school. Reasons for never attending School: Among children who never attended school, the most predominant reason for girls is parents did not allow (40%), followed by too expensive (16%), child not willing (10%) and too far (9%). For boys, the reasons seem a bit different, with child not willing (37%), followed by too expensive (21%); and has to help at work (10%). Table 3a. Reasons for Never Attending School (10-18 years) - Boys Girls Urban Rural Overall Urban Rural Overall Parents didn t allow 4 6 6 36 41 40 Too expensive 26 19 21 29 13 16 Too far 2 7 6 3 10 9 Education not useful 2 1 1 1 1 1 Had to help at work 9 11 10 2 4 4 Had to help at home 3 3 3 8 7 7 Child not willing 37 36 37 11 10 10 Other 17 16 17 11 14 13 Source: PSLMS 2007-08 Reasons for dropping out-of-school before completing primary: For girls, the predominant reason for dropping out of primary school is child not willing (14%), followed by parents did not allow (10%) and too expensive (7%). With boys, too, the predominant reason is also child not willing (26%) but this is followed by had to help at work (7%). Table 3b. Reasons for Leaving School before completing primary 10-18 years Boys Girls Urban Rural Overall Urban Rural Overall OVERALL 15 37 53 12 35 47 Parents didn t allow 0 2 2 3 8 10 Too expensive 2 2 4 3 4 7 Too far 0 0 0 1 2 3 Education not useful 0 0 0 0 0 0 Had to help at work 2 7 8 0 1 1 Had to help at home 0 1 1 1 2 4 Completed desired education 0 1 1 0 0 0 Child not willing 8 19 26 3 11 14 Other 3 6 9 2 7 9 Children aged 10-18 years that cited the reason indicated for leaving school expressed as a percentage of all children aged 10-18 years that left school before completing primary level. Reasons for leaving school before completing primary level: Other includes Poor teaching/behaviour, No female staff, No male staff, Child sick/handicapped, Child too young, Lack of documents, Marriage', Service, and Other. Source: PSLMS 2007-08 13

In Pakistan, currently there are an estimated 6.7 million primary-aged (of 5-9 years) children who are out-of-school, of which 44% are boys and 56% are girls (Table 3c). Table 3c: Population (5-9 years), Net Enrolment Rate and Out-of-school Children 2011/12 Population (5-9 Out-of-school Children NER yrs) (OOSC) Total 21,148,934 68% 6,703,421 Boys 10,990,209 73% 2,926,850 Girls 10,158,725 63% 3,776,571 Education Finance Pakistan s education expenditure as percentage of GDP has varied between 1.7% and 2.5% (Table 4a). Even with these small amounts, the utilization rates have remained at an average of 90% (Table 4b). Table 4a: Education Expenditure as % of GDP 2003/04 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2.2 2.4 2.42 2.49 2.1 2.05 1.8 2.0* *Estimated Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan (various issues) Total Education Budgetary Allocations and Expenditures In 2011/12, over Rs 390 billion were allocated to education and over Rs 350 billion were spent in the sector, yielding a utilization rate of about 90%. Reviewing the past three years, statistics show that Pakistan s total budgetary allocations to education, in nominal terms, have been rising and so have the actual total education expenditures (Table 4b). However, with education s devolution to the provinces under the 18 th Amendment of the Constitution in April 2010, federal allocations gradually declined in 2010/2011 and 2011/12 though expenditures increased in 2010/11 before slipping back to the 2009/10 levels. Most provincial allocations and expenditures have been increasing substantially. Table 4b: Education Total Budgetary Allocations and Expenditures (Rs m) 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Budget Actual* %Utiliz. Budget Actual %Utiliz. Budget Actual %Utiliz. Punjab 127804.5 106033.1 83.00% 164462.3 140161.6 85.20% 183042.8 166829.9 91.10% Sindh** 71949.0 52870.3 73.50% 78704.1 72394.7 92.00% 73886.9 47213.0 63.90% KP 39495.0 39138.3 99.10% 47720.4 51030.4 106.90% 58248.2 67381.2 115.70% Balochistan 4055.8 7380.1 182.00% 18986.6 19408.5 102.20% 21745.9 23981.1 110.30% Federal 62536.4 48481.5 77.50% 55665.7 60487.8 108.70% 53512.5 48150.7 90.00% NATIONAL 305840.8 253903.5 83.00% 365539.1 343483.0 94.00% 390436.3 353555.9 90.60% *Actual: Total actual education expenditures at provincial and district levels. ** Estimated Source: Office of the Controller General, Accounts (CGA), 2012, Govt. of Pakistan 14

Overall utilization rates i.e. total education expenditure as % of budgetary allocations at the national level varied between 83% and 94% (Table 4b). Utilization rates above 100% may be due to high increases in staff salaries or additional/supplementary grants from other sources (e.g. Federal Government, donors etc.). Share of Education in Total Expenditures As percentage of total expenditures at the national level, actual education expenditures have remained more or less constant for the past three years, remaining within a narrow band of 7.7% to 8.1% (Table 4c). For the provinces, this percentage i.e. education expenditures as percentage of total provincial expenditures, is much higher i.e. roughly around 15%-20%. Given huge defence, energy and interest expenditures, the total federal expenditures are very high and though federal education expenditures are substantial but as a percentage of total expenditures these appear small i.e., ranging between 1.7% - 2.3%. Table 4c Actual Education Expenditures against Total Expenditures (Rs. m) 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Total %Edu/ Total %Edu/ Total %Edu/ Edu Edu Edu Prov Total Prov Total Prov Total Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Punjab 106033 581373 18.2% 140168 668871 21.0% 166830 784650 21.3% Sindh 52870 350672 15.1% 72395 428816 16.9% 47213 305138 15.5% KP 39138 201141 19.5% 51030 254872 20.0% 67381 313965 21.5% Balochist an 7380 37617 19.6% 19409 128855 15.1% 23981 144474 16.6% Federal 48482 2107885 2.3% 60488 2745271 2.2% 48151 2916263 1.7% National 253903 3278688 7.7% 343483 4226685 8.1% 353556 4464490 7.9% Source: Office of the Controller General, Accounts (CGA), 2012, Govt. of Pakistan Distribution of Education Expenditures by Sub-Sectors In 2011/12, national statistics show that pre and primary education expenditure was Rs 137,504 million i.e. the highest share (39%) in education expenditure, followed by Rs 119,642 million by secondary (34%) and Rs 74,935 million by tertiary (21%) sectors (Table 4d and Chart 4). Table 4d: National Education Expenditures by Sub-Sectors (Rs. m) Education Level / Type 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 % (2011/12) Actual Actual Actual Pre and Primary Education 94652 129339 137504 39% Secondary education 70219 103912 119642 34% Tertiary Education 67715 85886 74935 21% Education (undefined level) 1493 1734 2234 Subsidiary Services 968 926 890 Administration 10276 15049 7360 Education (Others) 8581 6637 10992 Total Education 253903 343483 353556 100% Source: Office of the Controller General, Accounts (CGA), 2012, Govt. of Pakistan 6% 15

Chart 1: Distribution of National Education Expenditures by Sub-Sectors Others 6% Tertiary 21% Pre & Primary 39% Secondary 34% Source: Office of the Controller General, Accounts (CGA), 2012, Govt. of Pakistan On average at the national level, 95% of education expenditures comprise current expenses such as teachers salaries (Table 4e). Only 5% comprises development expenditures, which is not sufficient to raise quality of education. Across provinces, too, an overwhelming proportion of total actual education expenditures are spent on current heads, mainly teachers salaries, leaving a small proportion for development expenditures (Table 6e). For 2011/12, except in Sindh where development expenditures are 16% of the total actual expenditures, these range between 1% (in Punjab) and 7% (in KP). Table 4e: Distribution of Pre & Primary Education Expenditures (actual) by Current and Development Heads (2011/12) Actual Expenditures (Rs m) Distribution of Actual Education Expenditures Current Development Total Expend. %Current %Development Punjab 74,588 783 75,371 99% 1% Sindh 21,209 3,996 25,205 84% 16% KP 22,889 1,685 24,574 93% 7% Balochistan 7,194 489 7,683 94% 6% Federal 4,559 111 4,671 98% 2% National 130,439 7,065 137,504 95% 5% Source: Office of the Controller General, Accounts (CGA), 2012, Govt. of Pakistan At the national level, primary education expenditure per primary student is estimated at Rs 13,358, almost over twice of education expenditure per child, aged 5-9 years, which is calculated as Rs 6,502 (Table 4f). However, average national primary education expenditure per student is lower than the average in Punjab and Balochistan. 16

Table 4f: Education Expenditure Per Primary Student & Per Child Actual Education Expenditure (Pre & Primary)* in Rs m Total Public Primary Enrolment (#) Education Expenditure Per Student (in Rs) Total Population (5-9 years) Education Expenditure Per Child (aged 5-9 years) (in Rs) Punjab 75,371 4,207,122 17,915 10,770,965 6,998 Sindh** 25,205 2,197,866 11,468 5,021,604 5,019 KP 24,574 2847507 8,630 2,844,799 8,638 Balochistan 7,683 466,523 16,469 1,099,870 6,985 Federal*** 4,671 574,390 8,132 1,411,697 3,299 NATIONAL 137,504 10,293,408 13,358 21,148,934 6,502 * Education Expenditures are reported for Pre & Primary Education. As there are no specific expenses made on katchi it is assumed that most of this expenditure is made on primary education. ** not confirmed. *** includes ICT, FATA, GB and AJ&K Source: Office of the Controller General, Accounts (CGA), 2012, Govt. of Pakistan; National Education Management Information System(NEMIS) Database 2011-12, AEPAM, MET, Islamabad; Population Projection 2005-2025, NIPS, 2013 IV. MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK (MAF) PLAN TARGETS In 2011/12, Pakistan s total population of the age group 5-9 years was 21.1 million, with 11 million boys and 10 million girls (Table NPA 1a). The overall net enrolment rate was 68%, over 6.7 million children were out-of-school. The MAF National Plan of Action aims at enrolling 5.1 million out-of-school children during 2013-16, which is 76% of the total stock of out-of-school children. Table NPA 1a: Population (5-9 years), Net Enrolment Rate and Out-of-school Children 2011/12 Out-of-school Children to be Enrolled Children Population NER Children During 2013-16 Enrolled as % of (5-9 yrs) (OOSC) OOSC Total 21,148,934 68% 6,703,421 5,064,588 76% Boys 10,990,209 73% 2,926,850 2,367,630 81% Girls 10,158,725 63% 3,776,571 2,696,958 71% Source: Plan estimations The provincial/area distribution of population (age group 5-9 years) and out-of-school children (OOSC) and the net enrolment rate appear in Table NPA 1b. KP (81%) has the highest net enrolment rate, followed by Punjab and ICT (70%) while Balochistan has the lowest enrolment rate (51%). 17

Table NPA 1b: Population (5-9 years), Net Enrolment Rate and Out-of-school Children 2011/12 by Provinces/Areas Population (5-9 yrs) 2011-12 NER 2011-12 Out-of-school Children (OOSC) 2011-12 PAKISTAN Balochistan FATA Gilgit Balthistan ICT Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh AJ&K 21,148,934 68% 6,703,421 1,099,870 51% 542,533 517,078 60% 205,997 193,217 63% 70,984 143,962 70% 43,237 2,844,799 81% 530,862 10,770,965 70% 3,228,419 5,021,603 63% 1,849,712 557,440 58% 231,677 Annual estimated increase in population (of 5-9 years), net enrolment rates, out-of-school children and those to be enrolled additionally under the Plan are presented in Table NPA 2a. Primary net enrolment rates are estimated to increase by 6%-7% annually during the implementation period of the MAF Plan. With over 5 million children to be additionally enrolled in three years, the stock of out-of-school children is estimated to decline from 6.7 million in 2011/12 to 2.1 million by 2015/16. Table NPA 2a: Estimated Population (5-9 years), Net Enrolments and Planned Additional Enrolments 2011/12 Benchmark 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 Total Population (5-9 years) Net Enrolment Rate (%) 21,148,934 21,395,580 21,641,085 21,882,696 22,119,071 68% 70% 77% 84% 91% Total Net Enrolments 14,445,513 14,977,005 16,642,214 18,345,234 20,041,593 Out-of-school Children 6,703,421 6,418,575 4,998,871 3,537,462 2,077,478 Out-of-school Children to be Enrolled 1,665,209 1,703,020 1,696,359 18

The annual provincial/area wise targets for net enrolment appear in Table NPA 2b. Punjab expects to achieve universal primary enrolment by 2015/16 while ICT has set a target of 97% and KP of 95% while Balochistan and FATA may not exceed 66%. Table NPA 2b: Estimated Population (5-9 years), Net Enrolments and Planned Additional Enrolments Benchmark Province/ Region 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 Pakistan 68% 70% 77% 84% 91% Balochistan 51% 51% 54% 57% 60% FATA GB ICT KP Punjab Sindh AJ&K 60% 62% 63% 64% 65% 63% 65% 70% 74% 79% 70% 72% 80% 89% 97% 81% 82% 86% 91% 95% 70% 72% 81% 91% 100% 63% 65% 70% 75% 80% 58% 60% 65% 69% 75% V. CHALLENGES TO EDUCATION: Voices from the Provinces/Areas Bottlenecks and Suggested Strategies In Pakistan, there are two key challenges in education: 1. Lack of access to education/high drop-out rate; and 2. Poor quality of education For each of these, a set of in-school and out-of-school factors were identified, along with some solutions for overcoming these challenges. Following is a matrix of these issues, along with a set of factors and corresponding strategies: 19

ACCESS In School Factors -Shortage of Teachers - Teacher absenteeism - Missing basic facilities -Lack of friendly environment -Teachers harsh attitude Out-of-school Factors - Shortage of Schools - Distance especially for females - Insecurity - Poverty - Cultural norms - Parents are reluctant - Parents lack awareness Strategies/Interventions Hiring of more teachers Strict monitoring of teachers Provision of basic facilities No corporal punishment Incentives to retain students e.g. free books, uniforms, food Strategies/Interventions More schools to be established New schools established nearer to communities NFE/Community/Feeder schools be established Enforcement of security and law and order Free education Awareness campaigns on importance of education Community involvement in education QUALITY In School Factors -Ill Trained Teachers -Outdated Teaching methods -Missing facilities -Lack of Monitoring/Supervision Out-of-school Factors -Poor Governance - Political pressures Strategies/Interventions Training of Teachers/refresher courses Teaching methods to be revised Provision of basic facilities Involve community members to monitor schools Strategies/Interventions Effective monitoring and supervision Rewards and punishments Involve community members to monitor schools End undue political interference and ensure meritbased appointments VI. MAF PLAN STRATEGIES In light of the above issues, factors and suggested strategies, the MAF Education Plan (2013-16) was developed, focusing on : (i) bringing in maximum number of primary-age out-ofschool children to be enrolled in formal and non-formal schools through provision/expansion of schools, awareness campaigns, etc (ii) increase retention in primary grades through provision of proper teaching-learning environment, textbooks, other incentives, etc., (iii) improve quality of education through teachers training, community participation, etc. and (iv) specific provision of other incentives (e.g. stipends, food for education, uniforms, etc) to retain children from most disadvantaged/rural/remote areas, especially girls. The four specific strategies identified (and budgeted) under MAF Plan include: a. Enrolment of new students in existing schools: This strategy focuses on enrolling out-of-school children in existing primary schools which under or 20

unutilized. Also, there are several closed schools which can be made functional. As admission policy does not allow children aged 7+ years in formal primary classes, over-age children will be enrolled in non-formal basic education or religious (deeni madrassah) schools. b. Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room: In existing public formal schools, where extra space is available, construction of an additional classroom and provision of a teacher will help in accommodating a number of new students. c. Enrolment of new students in new schools: In disadvantaged/remote areas where enrolment is low due to non-availability of formal public schools, construction of two-room new formal and opening of one room non formal schools will help in improving access to education. d. Targeted Incentives: This strategy is aimed at retaining students, especially those from disadvantaged groups, especially girls, who (mainly due to financial reasons) drop out before completing primary school. These incentives (e.g. stipends, food-for-education, uniforms, etc.) will be given to poor and deserving students. VII. PHYSICAL TARGETS AND COST ESTIMATES FOR MAF Strategies to Accelerate New Enrolment and Enhance Quality in Pakistan Within the MDG Acceleration Framework Plan, a total number of 5,055,389 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in Pakistan, under four possible mutually exclusive strategies: Strategy (a) Enrolment of new students in existing schools (under-utilized/closed schools) A major strategy to be implemented under the MAF Plan suggests enrolment of out-of-school children in primary classes of existing formal and non-formal schools. A careful assessment of schools with under-utilized capacity as well as nonfunctional/closed schools will have to be undertaken before allocating new students to these institutions. Under the strategy of enrolling new students in existing schools, a total number of 3,226,449 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in Pakistan during 2013-16. Of these, 56% will be enrolled in public formal and 13% in public non formal schools and 15% in deeni madaris and other schools. Private schools are estimated to absorb another 16% students (Table NPASa1). 21

Table NPASa1: Number of children to be enrolled in Existing Schools by Type of School Total children 1,062,807 1,085,004 1,078,637 3,226,449 I Public sector formal schools 597,332 609,402 605,230 1,811,964 II Public sector Non- formal and feeder schools 138,294 140,855 139,854 419,003 III Private Sector Schools * 166,126 170,074 169,562 505,762 III Deeni Madaris & Others 161,055 164,674 163,990 489,719 * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools Human resources (mainly teachers and administrators/supervisors) will have to be recruited for the new students enrolled. This recruitment will be based on 30:1 students-teacher ratio and 40:1 teachers-supervisor ratio. Corresponding to the new enrolments, the human resource requirement (teachers and administrators/supervisors) under this strategy will be the recruitment of a total of 16,750 new formal and 14,775 new non formal school teachers and 19 supervisors (Table NPASa2). Table NPASa2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Enrolments in Existing Schools Formal school teachers 5,222 5,567 5,961 16,750 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Schools, Madrassah) 3,975 5,413 5,387 14,775 Administrators/Supervisors 6 7 6 19 The total cost of implementing strategy a i.e. increasing access along with quality enhancement as well innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) for three years i.e. 2013-16 is estimated to be Rs. 69,574 million, with 66% for increasing access to education (Table NPASa3). 22

Table NPASa3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Existing Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 0 0 0 0 Recurrent Costs* Subtotal of Strategy (a) 5,351 16,036 24,459 45,846 5,351 16,036 24,459 45,846 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 1,063 3,191 4,868 9,122 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 967 2,896 4,418 8,281 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 7,382 22,123 33,744 63,249 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) TOTAL COST of STRATEGY a (Rs m) *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments 738 2,212 3,374 6,325 8,120 24,335 37,119 69,574 Strategy (b) Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room This strategy is based on the additional construction of one additional classroom (estimated at a cost of Rs 1 million) and hiring of one teacher in an existing public school. Of the total number of new students to be enrolled in primary classes in Pakistan during 2013-16, 10% i.e., 511,095 students will be accommodated in formal public schools which will be provided with an additional classroom and one additional teacher. Assuming 30 students per classroom, a total of 20,915 additional rooms (and 20,915 teachers) will be provided in 20,915 formal schools (Table NPASb1). Table NPASb1: Number of children to be enrolled in Schools with additional room provided Total children 168,008 171,735 171,352 511,095 Number of formal schools to be provided with additional room and teacher and other missing facilities 6,893 7,017 7,005 20,915 Assuming a teacher-supervisor ratio of 40:1, around 427 new supervisors will be recruited to monitor new teaching activities (Table NPASb2). 23

Table NPASb2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for Schools with additional room provided Formal school teachers 5,609 5,733 5,721 17,063 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) - - - - Administrators/Supervisors 140 143 143 427 The total cost of implementing strategy b i.e., provision of public sector formal schools with one additional room and teacher is estimated to be Rs. 37,252 million over a period of three years (Table NPASb3). Of this, about 80% is the cost for the additional room and human resources while the remaining are costs for quality enhancement, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and for miscellaneous/unforeseen events. Table NPASb3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Schools with additional room provided (Rs million) Development Costs 5,866 6,589 6,576 19,030 Recurrent Costs* 1,686 3,583 5,475 10,745 Subtotal of Strategy (b) 7,552 10,172 12,051 29,775 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 337 717 1,095 2,149 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 305 647 989 1,941 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 8,194 11,536 14,135 33,865 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 819 1,154 1,414 3,387 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY b (Rs m) 9,013 12,690 15,549 37,252 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments 24

Strategy (c) Enrolment of Children in new schools Of the children to be enrolled in new schools, 24% will be enrolled in formal public sector new schools and 76% will be enrolled equally in new non formal primary and feeder schools (Table NPASc1). Table NPASc1: Number of children to be enrolled in New Schools by Type of School Total Children 434,394 446,281 446,369 1,327,044 Children to be enrolled in new Formal schools 101,378 105,550 107,419 314,347 Number of new -formal primary schools to be opened 1,844 1,914 1,946 5,703 Children to be enrolled in new Non-Formal schools 166,508 170,366 169,475 506,348 Number of new Non-formal primary schools to be opened 5,550 5,679 5,649 16,878 Number of children to be enrolled in new feeder schools 166,508 170,366 169,475 506,348 Number of new feeder schools grade(i-iii) to be opened 5,550 5,679 5,649 16,878 The human resource requirement under this strategy will entail recruitment of 6,917 formal school teachers, 33,757 non formal teachers, 857 supervisors and 835 other support staff (Table NPASc2). Table NPASc2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Schools Formal school teachers 2,197 2,334 2,386 6,917 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) 11,101 11,358 11,298 33,757 Administrators/Supervisors Support Staff 282 288 287 857 270 275 290 835 The total cost of implementing this strategy is estimated at Rs 50,900 million, almost 80% of which is the development and recurrent cost of implementation (Table NPASc3). The remaining 20% accounts for costs due to quality enhancement measures, innovative strategies 25

(e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and miscellaneous/unforeseen events. Table NPASc3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in New Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 6861 7816 7928 22604 Recurrent Costs* 2,679 5,715 8,760 17,154 Subtotal of Strategy (c) 9,540 13,531 16,688 39,759 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 534 1,140 1,747 3,421 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 483 1,030 1,579 3,092 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 10,558 15,700 20,014 46,272 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 1,056 1,570 2,001 4,627 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY c (Rs m) 11,613 17,270 22,016 50,900 Strategy (d) *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Targeted Incentives for access and retention for disadvantaged groups and girls (15% of all enrolments) Under this strategy, of all primary enrolments (old and new), 15% of the students will be provided incentives for access and retention in primary schools. In Pakistan, 10.3 million children will be targeted and provided incentives (equivalent to Rs. 3,000 per child) at a cost of Rs. 30.9 billion (Tables NPASd1 and NPASd2). Table NPASd1: Number of disadvantaged children/girls to be given targeted incentives Children to be given incentives for access and retention 3,120,415 3,439,731 3,757,799 10,317,945 26

Table NPASd2: Cost of Targeted Incentives for Disadvantaged/Girls (Rs million) @Rs 3,000 per child Subtotal of Strategy (d) 9,361 10,319 11,273 30,954 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY d (Rs m) 9,361 10,319 11,273 30,954 VIII. OVERALL PLAN ANALYSIS Total Plan Outlay Under the MAF National Plan of Action, a total of 5.06 million additional children will be enrolled during 2013/14 2015/16. The province/area wise distribution of this enrolment appears in Table NPA 1. PAKISTAN Balochistan Table NPA1: Province/Area wise Enrolment of Additional Children under MAF NPA Children to be enrolled under 3 Strategies Targeted Incentives to children A B c d Total Existing Addition of New Schools MAF Incentives Schools Room& Teacher 3,226,449 511,095 1,327,044 5,064,588 10,317,945 41,229 27,486 68,716 137,431 368,871 FATA 42,387 0 3,701 46,088 200,917 Gilgit-Baltistan 27,951 3,993 7,986 39,930 89,366 ICT 26,991 0 17,994 44,985 76,647 Khyber 224,572 44,914 179,658 449,144 1,495,543 Pakhtunkhwa Punjab 2,336,375 333,768 667,536 3,337,678 5,652,759 Sindh 448,970 89,794 359,176 897,941 2,201,746 AJ&K 77,973 11,139 22,278 111,390 232,097 Of all the additional children to be enrolled under the MAF Plan, 80% will be enrolled in public sector formal and non-formal/feeder schools (Table NPA2). Another 10% will be enrolled in deeni madaris while it is estimated that the private sector also will absorb an equal proportion 27

Table NPA2: Enrolment of Additional Children under MAF NPA by Type of School Under Strategy : Total children to be enrolled Public sector formal schools a b c Addition of Room& Teacher Existing Schools New Schools Total % 3,226,449 511,095 1,327,044 5,064,588 100% 1,811,964 511,095 314,347 2,637,406 52% Public sector Non- formal and feeder schools Private Sector Schools 419,003-1,012,696 1,431,699 28% 505,762 - - 505,762 10% Deeni Madaris & Others 489,719 - - 489,719 10% The three-year National Plan of Action (MAF) outlay for Pakistan is around Rs 188.7 billion (Table NPA3). Given the projections for actual primary education expenditures, the new plan expenditures i.e. additional cost is almost 32% of the total existing expenditures. Table NPA3: Total MAF Plan Costs and Actual (Projected) Education Expenditures (in Rs. Million) PROJECTED Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) Strategy a Strategy b Strategy c 8,120 24,335 37,119 69,574 9,013 12,690 15,549 37,252 11,613 17,270 22,016 50,900 Strategy d 9,361 10,319 11,273 30,954 TOTAL MAF PLAN 38,108 64,614 85,957 188,680 Primary Education Expenditure (Actual) 148,551 163,406 179,746 197,721 217,493 594,961 GRAND TOTAL 148,551 163,406 217,855 262,335 303,450 783,640 28

Plan Strategies and Resource Allocation Of the four strategies outlined in the National Plan of Action (MAF), strategy a involves the highest percentage (37%) of plan resources, followed by strategy c (27%) and strategy b (20%) and d (16%). Chart 2: Distribution of Resources across NPA (MAF) Plan Strategies Strategy D 16% Strategy C 27% Strategy A 37% Strategy B 20% Efficiency of the MAF Plan Besides Strategy d, which is costed at merely Rs 3,000 per annum per targeted child, strategy a appears to be the most efficient i.e. least annual cost/student in enrolment of new students in existing schools (Chart 3). Strategy b is the least efficient, perhaps as it involves construction of an additional room in existing government schools 3. Chart 3: Cost Per Student across MAF Plan Strategies 3 It may be noted that strategy c appears more efficient than strategy b because c involves lower cost component e.g. non-formal & religious schools which are cost effective as compared to formal schools; besides the recurrent cost per non-formal/deeni student is only Rs. 5000/-as compared to formal primary student whose recurrent cost is Rs. 10,000/- 29

Rupees per Child per Year 30.000 25.000 24.296 20.000 15.000 12.785 10.000 8.524 5.000 0 3.000 Strategy A Strategy B Strategy C Strategy D MAF Plan Resources and Total Projected Actual Education Expenditure On the whole, resources required for the implementation of the MAF Plan range between 17% to 28% of the total primary education expenditure projected for 2013/14-2015/16 (Chart 4). Chart 4: Financial Importance of MAF Plan in Primary Education 120% 100% 80% Primary Educ Expenditure 60% 83% 75% 72% MAF Plan 40% 20% 0% 17% 25% 28% 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 IX. IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MECHANISM The implementation of the Plan will be the responsibility of the Provincial/Area governments. The Federal Government will however facilitate by providing a platform for inter provincial coordination, and to liaise with the donors and other stakeholders. Besides Federal Govt. may also provide technical and professional 30

support to provinces and areas in planning, implementation and monitoring/evaluation, if required. In each province/area, the implementation and monitoring mechanism for the MAF National Plan of Action will function at two levels: (i) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination: This will ensure close coordination between the key macro players i.e., the Provincial Coordinating Unit (PCU), the Federal Government, the Provincial Coordinating Units in other provinces/areas; private sector/ civil society and the international development partners. For every year of the Plan, to review the progress and revision, if needed, the following steps are proposed. Focal Persons meeting after the first quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Secretaries of Education meeting after the second quarter of the Plan; Focal Persons meeting after the third quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Education Ministers Conference at the end of every year of the Plan. AEPAM will function as the Secretariat of the Federal Coordination Unit. (Updated Progress Reports will be prepared by the Provincial/Area Coordination Units and discussed in the above fora / meetings) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination 31

32

and (ii) Intra-provincial Coordination and Implementation Network The PCU and its various cells will not only provide the associated service at the macro level, i.e. with Federal Government, other provincial governments and international development partners, but will also undertake coordination and planning, data and research etc. at the provincial level as well as serve as an on-demand resource for district/local governments. Each cell as well as the Unit will be staffed with personnel and technical support as and when identified by the provincial/area authorities. Coordination & Implementation M&E PCU (Management) Finance, Procurement & Financial Management Evidence Based Planning Data & Research Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism The provinces/areas will establish and strength monitoring an evaluation mechanism to assess the implementation progress. For the purpose monitoring and evaluation indicators will be developed and progress assessed. The monitoring indicators will cover financial allocation and expenditure against the plan requirement; number of children enrolled, retained and 33

completed primary education; out-of-school monitoring and evaluation indicators will also include quality of education indicators as well. Annual implementation progress reports against the MAF Plan targets will be prepared by each province/area and shared with all concerned. The yearly (annual) progress reports will also highlight the issues, challenges and bottlenecks in achieving the targets so that the said issues may be addressed. At the end (in June 2016) a comprehensive completion report will be prepared and shared. 34

PROVINCIAL PLANS 1. BALOCHISTAN MAF ACTION PLAN (2013 2016) 2. FATA MAF ACTION PLAN (2013-16) 3. GILGIT-BALTISTAN MAF ACTION PLAN (2013-16) 4. ICT MAF ACTION PLAN (2013-2016) 5. KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA MAF ACTION PLAN (2013-2016) 6. PUNJAB MAF ACTION PLAN (2013 2016) 7. SINDH MAF ACTION PLAN (2013 2016) 8. AJK MAF ACTION PLAN (2013 2016)

BALOCHISTAN PLAN OF ACTION 2013-16 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK

BALOCHISTAN PLAN OF ACTION (MAF) Situation Analysis 2011/12 The present education profile of Balochistan reflects a primary-age group (5-9 years) population of 1.1 million children, of which 589,248 children are boys and 510,622 are girls (Table 1a). Gross primary enrolment rate is 63%, with 70% for boys and 55% for girls while the net enrolment rate of 51% is much lower, with 56% for boys and 44% for girls. Due to poverty, poor teaching-learning conditions in school, and the child being required to help at home or work, drop out rates are high with almost one-half of children leaving school before completing primary education. Table 1a: Balochistan: Population, Primary Enrolment & Completion Rates 2011/12 (%) Urban Rural Total Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Population (5-9yrs) 296120 803750 7,260,391 589248 510622 1099870 Gross Enrolment Rate 70 55 63 Net Primary Enrolment Rate 63 46 56 44 51 Primary Completion or 52 54 53 Survival Rate Source: Calculated on the basis of Balochistan EMIS (2011/12) and NIPS (2013) The current stock of primary-age group out-of-school children (OOSC) is 542,533, with 285,332 girls and 257201 boys (Table 1b). Table 1b Balochistan: Primary-age group Out-of-school Children (in numbers) Urban Rural Total Boys 257,201 Girls 285,332 Both 542,533 Almost 70% primary children attend public sector schools. The actual public expenditure on primary education is stated to be Rs 7.6 billion for the province of Balochistan. The said amount is spent on educating 605,815 children at a cost Rs 12,682 per student. (Table 1c). Table 1c: Balochistan: Education Expenditure Per Primary Student & Per Child : 2011/12 Actual Education Expenditure (Pre & Primary)* in Rs m Total Public Gross Primary Enrolment (#) Education Expenditure Per Student (in Rs) Total Population (5-9 years) Education Expenditure Per Child (aged 5-9 years) (in Rs) Province/Area 7,683 605,815 12,682 1,099,870 6,985 Source: Ministry of Finance; 2013 37

Balochistan: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Strategies In Balochistan, two key issues were identified 4 : 1. Lack of access to education; and 2. Poor quality of education For each of these, a set of in-school and out-of-school factors were identified, along with some solutions for overcoming these challenges. Following is a matrix of these issues, along with a set of factors and corresponding strategies: Balochistan: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Solution In School Factors Teachers: absenteeism; strikes; non professionalism; corporal punishment; child abuse ACCESS Strategies/Interventions Transparent induction/hiring of Teachers, accountability in terms of reward and punishment. A provincial body.i.e. National Testing Service (NTS) must be in place for this purpose. School Environment; missing facilities; no opportunity for recreational activities; Refresher courses/quality Education Lack of Security Frequent Parent Teachers Meetings) services of Scouting and Girls Guide should be used to bring out-ofschool children into School. Like young champion initiative. Provision of missing facilities Proper utilization of resources preferably through Parent Teacher School Monitoring Committee (PTSMCs) after due re-vamping of PTSMCs Child friendly School/Physical Education etc. Out-of-school Factors Lack of awareness in parents Poverty Cultural & Religious barriers Tribal conflicts Law & Order Situation Scattered population Distance from schools - Promulgation of corporal punishment Act to ban the corporal punishment. Strategies/Interventions Awareness campaign to improve enrolment & reduce drop out. Incentives for students, Teachers & Parents Awareness in masses/trainings/workshops for community elder s politicians. Media campaigns Community support for education interventions Alternate Learning Centers/Feeder Schools/Mobile & 2nd shift Schools. 4 In an MDG Acceleration Framework (Balochistan) workshop held in Quetta on April 24, 2013 which was attended by Federal and Provincial education officials, representatives of the civil society and private sector, international development partners and education experts. 38

QUALITY In School Factors Strategies/Interventions Stereotypic methodologies with teacher centered classes. Introducing child friendly environment and early childhood education in schools. Lack of continuous professional development Text book & curriculum reforms Capacity building of Text Book Writers & Curriculum Lack of awareness apropos curriculum Development Specialists Teacher Centered classroom situation Student/child centered Teaching Learning Process Text Book is not Student Learning Text Book & Exams system should be SLO Based. Objective (SLO) Based Provision of missing facilities Examination is not based on SLO System Effective monitoring mechanism PTSMCs to be made active for increased participation High student teacher ratio Missing facilities Corporal punishment Non functional PTSMCs and community s lack of interest. Out-of-school Factors Lack of awareness among parents Lack of Parent Teacher Coordination Coordination gap between school and community Strategies/Interventions Awareness campaigns Ensure effective and efficient role of PTSMCs In light of the above issues, factors and suggested strategies, the Balochistan MAF education Plan (2013-16) was developed, focusing on : (i) bringing in maximum number of primaryaged out-of-school children to be enrolled in formal and non-formal schools through provision/expansion of schools, awareness campaigns, etc (ii) increase retention in primary grades through provision of proper teaching-learning environment, textbooks, other incentives, etc., (iii) improve quality of education through teachers training, community participation, etc. and (iv) specific provision of other incentives (e.g. stipends, food for education, uniforms, etc) to retain children from most disadvantaged/rural/remote areas, especially girls. The four specific strategies identified (and budgeted) under MAF Plan include: a. Enrolment of new students in existing schools: This strategy focuses on enrolling outof-school children in existing primary schools with underutilized capacity. Also, there are several closed schools which can be made functional. As admission policy does not allow children aged 7+ years in formal primary classes, over-age children will be enrolled in non-formal basic education, community feeder or religious (deeni madrassah) schools. b. Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room: In existing public formal schools, where extra space is available, construction of an additional classroom and provision of a teacher will help in accommodating a number of new students. c. Enrolment of new students in new schools: In disadvantaged/remote areas where enrolment is low due to non-availability of formal public schools, construction of two-room new formal and opening of one room non formal schools will help in improving access to education. 39

d. Targeted Incentives: This strategy is aimed at retaining students, especially those from disadvantaged groups, especially girls, who (mainly due to financial reasons) drop out before completing primary school. These incentives (e.g. stipends, food-foreducation, uniforms, etc.) will be targeted towards students from poor families. The key assumptions of the Balochistan MAF Education Plan are: 1. Using actual estimates of population for the year 2012 and net primary enrolment rates for 2011/12, projections for these variables were made for the base year 2012/13 and target set for the Plan period 2013-16; 2. The Plan is based on annual physical targets and corresponding estimated costs for a three year period i.e. 2013/14-15/16; 3. For each strategy, a certain proportion of out-of-school children to be enrolled is specified; 4. There are basically four types of schools assigned to absorb additional enrolment i.e., public sector formal schools; non-formal basic and feeder schools; religious or deeni madaris institutions; and private sector schools; 5. Costs of additional enrolments are estimated for each type of school except private sector schools which are not financed by the public treasury; 6. Under each strategy, besides specifying development costs (i.e. Rs 1 million per additional room and Rs 3 million for a 2-room school in the public sector; and Rs 100,000 per new non formal school), recurrent costs are estimated at the rate of Rs 10,000 per student in formal public schools and Rs 5,000 per student in non formal/feeder /deeni madrassah; 7. Plan estimates are based on annual inflation rate of 10%; 8. A student teacher ratio of 30:1; and a teacher-administrator/supervisor ratio of 40:1 is assumed. 9. For quality enhancement (e.g., teacher training, curriculum reform, provision of missing facilities, etc.), 20% of recurrent costs are added to the total cost. 10. For innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.), an amount equivalent to 15% of recurrent costs plus quality enhancement costs is added to total costs. 11. To improve access and retention, incentives such as stipends, food-for-education, uniforms, etc. will be given to children from disadvantaged (rural/backward/remote) areas and belonging to disadvantaged groups (especially girls) in selected poor districts. This would be costed at Rs 3,000 per student per year. 12. A contingency amount equivalent to 10% of all development, recurrent, quality and innovative strategies costs is added to cover miscellaneous and unforeseen heads. BALOCHISTAN MAF PLAN (2013-16) According to most recent projections, the population of primary-age group children (5-9 years) in Balochistan is likely to gradually rise to 1.187 million by 2015/16, of which 633,594 will be boys and 553,492 will be girls (Table B1a). 40

Table B1a. Balochistan Total Population (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) Projected Population Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 1,099,870 1,121,232 1,142,356 1,164,170 1,187,085 Male 589,248 600,084 610,791 621,900 633,594 Female 510,622 521,148 531,565 542,270 553,492 Source: NIPS projections 2013 Given an overall primary net enrolment rate of 51% in 2011/12, this could increase to 60% by 2015/16, provided the MAF Plan strategies are implemented effectively. Table B1b. Balochistan. Net Enrolment Rates (2011/12) & Targets (2013-16) Projected Net Enrolment Rates Targets Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 51% 51% 54% 57% 60% Male 56% 56% 58% 60% 62% Female 44% 44% 48% 52% 56% Based on the population projections and the estimated net enrolment rates, there will be a gradual annual decline in the total number of out-of-school primary-age children, both boys and girls, in Balochistan (Table B2a). Table B2a. Balochistan. Out-of-school Children Targets for enrolment of OOSC (2013-16) Projected Estimates 2011-12 Benchmark 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 (Projected) Total 545,217 555,880 532,946 509,049 484,302 Male 259,269 264,037 256,532 248,760 240,766 Female 285,948 291,843 276,414 260,290 243,536 Given limited capacity in schools, it is not possible to enroll all out-of-school children in primary school, especially in a brief period of three years. Also, admission policy in formal schools does not allow enrolment of child above 7+ years in primary school, who have to be placed in non-formal systems, which too have their own limitations regarding class size and quality. (Table B2b). 41

Table B2b. Balochistan. Out-of-school Children (Projected) Estimates (2013-16) to be Enrolled Total 44,058 45,710 47,663 137,431 Male 18,212 18,881 19,688 56,781 Female 25,846 26,829 27,975 80,650 Percentage of Total OOSC* Total 8% 9% 9% Male 7% 7% 8% Female 9% 10% 11% *% of previous year s out-of-school children enrolled in the current year Physical Targets and Cost Estimates for MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) Strategies to Accelerate New Enrolment and Enhance Quality in Balochistan Within the MDG Acceleration Framework plan, a total number of 137,431 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in Balochistan, under four possible mutually exclusive strategies: Strategy (a) Enrolment of new students in existing schools (under-utilized/closed schools) (30% of all new enrolment) A major strategy to be implemented under the MAF Plan suggests enrolment of out-of-school children in primary classes of existing formal and non-formal schools. A careful assessment of schools with underutilized capacity as well as nonfunctional/closed schools will have to be undertaken before allocating new students to these institutions. Under the strategy of enrolling new students in existing schools, a total number of 41,229 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in Balochistan during 2013-16. Out of these, 20% will be enrolled in public community formal schools and 2% in public non formal schools and 5% in deeni madaris and other schools. Private schools are estimated to absorb another 3% students (Table BS1a). Table BSa1: Number of children to be enrolled in Existing Schools by Type of School Total children (30%) 13,217 13,713 14,299 41,229 I Public sector (Community Model Formal schools) @ 20% 8,812 9,142 9,533 27,486 II Public sector Non- formal and feeder schools @2% 881 914 953 2,749 II Private Sector Schools @3%* 1,322 1,371 1,430 4,123 IV Deeni Madaris & Others @ 5% 2,203 2,286 2,383 6,872 * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools Human resources (mainly teachers and administrators/supervisors) will have to be recruited for the new students enrolled. This recruitment will be based on 30:1 students-teacher ratio and 40:1 teachers-supervisor ratio. 42

Corresponding to the new enrolments, there will be no human resource requirement (teachers and administrators/supervisors) under this strategy (Table BSa2). Table BSa2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Enrolments in Existing Schools Formal school teachers - - - - Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE,Feeder Schools, Madrassah) - - - - Administrators/Supervisors - - - - The total cost of implementing strategy a i.e. increasing access along with quality enhancement as well innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) for three years i.e. 2013-16 is estimated to be Rs. 994 million, with 66% for increasing access to education (Table BSa3). Table BSa3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Existing Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 0 0 0 0 Recurrent Costs* 104 217 335 655 Subtotal of Strategy (a) 104 217 335 655 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 21 43 67 131 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 19 39 60 118 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 143 299 462 904 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 14 30 46 90 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY a (Rs m) 157 329 508 994 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (b) Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room (In 20% of existing schools) This strategy is based on the construction of one additional classroom (estimated at a cost of Rs 1 million) and hiring of one teacher in an existing public school. An assessment of schools with extra land and possibility of enrolling out-of-school students will have to be carefully undertaken. Of the total number of new students to be enrolled in primary classes in Balochistan during 2013-16, 20% i.e., 27,486 students will be accommodated in formal public schools which will be provided with an additional classroom and one additional teacher. Assuming 30 43

students per classroom, a total of 916 additional rooms (and 916 teachers) will be provided in 916 formal schools (Table BSb1). Table BSb1: Number of children to be enrolled in Schools with additional room provided Total children 8,812 9,142 9,533 27,486 Number of formal schools to be provided with additional room and teacher and other missing 294 305 318 916 facilities * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools Assuming a teacher-supervisor ratio of 40:1, 23 new supervisors will be recruited to monitor new teaching activities (Table BSb2). Table BSb2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for Schools with additional room provided Formal school teachers 294 305 318 916 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) - - - - Administrators/Supervisors 7 8 8 23 The total cost of implementing strategy b i.e., provision of public sector formal schools with one additional room and teacher is estimated to cost Rs. 1,942 million over a period of three years (Table BSb3). Of this, 80% is the cost for the additional room and human resources while the remaining are costs for quality enhancement, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and for miscellaneous/unforeseen events. 44

Table BSb3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Schools with additional room provided (Rs million) Development Costs 294 335 350 978 Recurrent Costs* 88 189 294 570 Subtotal of Strategy (b) 382 524 643 1,549 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 18 38 59 114 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of 16 34 53 103 recurring cost ) Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and 415 596 755 1,766 Innovative Strategies Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 42 60 75 177 TOTAL COST of 457 655 830 1,942 STRATEGY b (Rs m) *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (c) Enrolment of Children in new schools (50% of all new enrolments) Of the children to be enrolled in new schools, almost two-thirds will be enrolled in new formal schools, and 40% equally in new non-formal and feeder schools (Table BSc1). Table BSc1: Number of children to be enrolled in New Schools by Type of School Total children 22,029 22,855 23,832 68,716 Children to be enrolled in new formal schools @ 30% Number of new -formal primary schools to be opened Children to be enrolled in new Non- Formal schools @ 10% Number of new Non-formal primary schools to be opened Number of children to be enrolled in new feeder schools @ 10 % Number of new feeder schools grade(i-iii) to be opened 13,217 13,713 14,299 41,229 220 229 238 687 4,406 4,571 4,766 13,743 147 152 159 458 4,406 4,571 4,766 13,743 147 152 159 458 The human resource requirement under this strategy will entail recruitment of 1,374 formal school and 916 non-formal and feeder school teachers and 23 supervisors (Table BSc2). 45

Table BSc2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Schools Formal school teachers 441 457 477 1,374 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) Administrators/Supervisors 294 305 318 916 7 8 8 23 The total cost of implementing this strategy is estimated at Rs 5,068 million, almost 82% of which is the development and recurrent cost of implementation (Table BSc3). The remaining 18% accounts for costs due to quality enhancement measures, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and miscellaneous/unforeseen events. Table BSc3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in New Schools (Rs million) 911 1039 1084 3033 Development Costs 176 377 587 1141 Recurrent Costs* 1087 1417 1671 4174 Subtotal of Strategy (c) Cost of Quality improvement 35 75 117 228 ( 20 % of recurring cost ) Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of 32 68 106 205 recurring cost ) Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and 1154 1560 1894 4607 Innovative Strategies Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % 115 156 189 461 of total cost ) TOTAL COST of 1269 1716 2083 5068 STRATEGY c (Rs m) *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (d) Targeted Incentives for access and retention for disadvantaged groups and girls (15% of all enrolments) Of all primary enrolments (old and new), 15% of the students will be provided incentives for access and retention in primary schools. In Balochistan, 368,871 children will be targeted and provided incentives (equivalent to Rs. 3,000 per child per year) at a cost of Rs. 1.1 billion (Tables BSd1 and BSd2). 46

Table BSd1: Number of disadvantaged children/girls to be given targeted incentives Children to be given incentives for access and retention 114,264 122,835 131,772 368,871 Table BSd2: Cost of Targeted Incentives for Disadvantaged/Girls (Rs million) @Rs 3,000 per child per year Subtotal of Strategy (d) 343 369 395 1,107 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY d (Rs m) 343 369 395 1,107 OVERALL PLAN ANALYSIS Total Plan Outlay The three-year MAF Education Plan outlay for Balochistan is Rs 9,111 million (Table B3). Given the projections for actual primary education expenditures, the new plan expenditures are almost 30% of the total existing expenditures. Table B3: Total MAF Plan Costs and Actual (Projected) Education Expenditures (in Rs. Million) PROJECTED 2011-12 Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) Strategy a 157 329 508 994 Strategy b Strategy c 457 655 830 1,942 1,269 1,716 2,083 5,068 Strategy d 343 369 395 1,107 TOTAL MAF PLAN 2,226 3,068 3,816 9,111 Primary Education Expenditure (Actual) 7,683 8,451 9,296 10,226 11,249 30,771 GRAND TOTAL 7,683 8,451 11,522 13,295 15,065 39,882 Plan Strategies and Resource Allocation Of the four strategies outlined in the MAF Plan, strategy c involves the highest percentage (56%) of plan resources, followed by strategy b (21%), d (12%) and a (11%). 47

Chart 1: Distribution of Resources across MAF Plan Strategies Efficiency of the MAF Plan Besides Strategy d, which is costed at merely Rs 3,000 per annum per targeted child, strategy a appears to be the most efficient i.e. least cost/student in enrolment of new students in existing schools (Chart 2). Strategy c is the least efficient. Chart 2: Cost Efficiency across MAF Plan Strategies MAF Plan Resources and Total Projected Actual Education Expenditure 48

On the whole, resources required for the implementation of the MAF Plan range between 19% to 25% of the total primary education expenditure projected for 2013/14-2015/16 (Chart 3). Chart 3: Financial Importance of MAF Plan in Primary Education IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MECHANISM The implementation of the Plan will be the responsibility of the Provincial/Area governments. The Federal Government will however facilitate by providing a platform for inter provincial coordination, and to liaise with the donors and other stakeholders. Besides Federal Govt. may also provide technical and professional support to provinces and areas in planning, implementation and monitoring/evaluation, if required. In each province/area, the implementation and monitoring mechanism for the MAF National Plan of Action will function at two levels: (i) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination: This will ensure close coordination between the key macro players i.e., the Provincial Coordinating Unit (PCU), the Federal Government, the Provincial Coordinating Units in other provinces/areas; private sector/ civil society and the international development partners. For every year of the Plan, to review the progress and revision, if needed, the following steps are proposed. Focal Persons meeting after the first quarter of the Plan; 49

Inter-Provincial Secretaries of Education meeting after the second quarter of the Plan; Focal Persons meeting after the third quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Education Ministers Conference at the end of every year of the Plan. AEPAM will function as the Secretariat of the Federal Coordination Unit. (Updated Progress Reports will be prepared by the Provincial/Area Coordination Units and discussed in the above fora / meetings) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination and (ii) Intra-provincial Coordination and Implementation Network The PCU and its various cells will not only provide the associated service at the macro level, i.e. with Federal Government, other provincial governments and international development partners, but will also undertake coordination and 50

planning, data and research etc. at the provincial level as well as serve as an ondemand resource for district/local governments. Each cell as well as the Unit will be staffed with personnel and technical support as and when identified by the provincial/area authorities. Coordination & Implementation M&E PCU (Management) Finance, Procurement & Financial Management Evidence Based Planning Data & Research Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism The provinces and areas will establish and strengthen monitoring an evaluation mechanism to assess the implementation progress. For the purpose, monitoring and evaluation indicators will be developed and progress assessed. The monitoring indicators will cover financial allocation and expenditure against the plan requirement; number of children enrolled, retained and completed primary education; out-of-school monitoring and evaluation indicators will also include quality of education measurement. Annual implementation progress reports against the MAF Plan targets will be prepared by each province/area and shared with all concerned. The yearly (annual) progress reports will also highlight the issues, challenges and bottlenecks in achieving the targets so that the said issues may be addressed. At the end (in June 2016) a comprehensive completion report will be prepared and shared. 51

FATA PLAN OF ACTION 2013-16 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK 52

FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS (FATA) PLAN OF ACTION Situation Analysis 2011/12 The present education profile of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) 5 reflects a primary-age group (5-9 years) population of 517,440 children, of which 266,491 are boys and 250,587 are girls (Table 1a). The net enrolment rate of 60% is very low, with 81% for boys and only 38% for girls. Due to poverty, poor teaching-learning conditions in school, and the child being required to help at home or work, drop-out rates are high with almost one-third children leaving school before completing primary education. Table 1a: FATA: Population, Primary Enrolment & Completion Rates 2011/12 (%) Urban Rural Total Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Population (5-9yrs) 266,491 250,587 517,078 266,491 250,587 517,440 Gross Enrolment Rate Net Primary Enrolment 81 38 60 Rate Primary Completion or Survival 80 44 66 Rate Source: Calculated on the basis of FATA EMIS (2011/12) and NIPS (2013) The current stock of primary-age out-of-school children (OOSC) is 205,997, with 155,364 girls and 50,663 boys (Table 1b). Table 1b FATA: Primary-aged Out-of-school Children (in numbers) Urban Rural Total Boys 50,663 Girls 155,364 Both 205,997 Majority of the primary education children attend public sector schools. The actual public expenditure on primary education is stated to be Rs 9.3 billion for the province of FATA, on which spent on educating 325,836 children stands at a cost Rs 28,628 per student. (Table 1c). Table 1c: FATA: Education Expenditure Per Primary Student & Per Child : 2011/12 Actual Education Expenditure (Pre & Primary)* in Rs m Total Public Gross Primary Enrolment (#) Education Expenditure Per Student (in Rs) Total Population (5-9 years) Education Expenditure Per Child (aged 5-9 years) (in Rs) Province/Area 9,328 325,836 28,628 517,440 18,027 Source: Ministry of Finance; 2013 5 FATA has no urban area 53

FATA: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Strategies In FATA, for the education sector, two key issues were identified 6 : 1. Lack of access to education; and 2. Poor quality of education (mainly due to governance issues) For each of these, a set of in-school and out-of-school factors were identified, along with some solutions for overcoming these challenges. Following is a matrix of these issues, along with a set of factors and corresponding strategies: FATA: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Solution In School Factors Shortage of Teachers Teacher absenteeism Lack of basic facilities Long distance to school Out-of-school Factors Closed schools/shortage of schools Poverty Cultural constraints Political interference in education Lack of awareness of importance of education Poor law and order In School Factors Shortage of teachers/non rationalization of teaching staff Ill trained teachers/old teachers Non merit-based teachers appointments Non provision of textbooks Poor school environment Corporal punishment LACK OF ACCESS TO EDUCATION QUALITY Strategies/ Interventions More teachers should be assigned to school where there is teacher shortage Strict supervision teacher absenteeism & Provision of transport to teachers Provision of basic facilities such as white/black boards, class rooms, water and toilets etc. New schools be located nearer to communities Strategies/ Interventions Closed schools should be made functional with provision of adequate staff Stipends be given to working children Awareness campaigns to create awareness about the importance of education among parents and community Improve security especially for school girls and female teachers Strategies/ Interventions Teacher rationalization across schools to correct the problem of teacher shortage Regular refresher courses for teachers All teachers appointments be made on merit Timely provision of textbooks Improvement of school environment with provision of basic facilities Ban on corporal punishment Out-of-school Factors No participation of community in school monitoring/supervision Strategies/Interventions Community should be encouraged to participate in school monitoring and supervision 6 In an MDG Acceleration Framework (FATA) workshop held in Peshawar on April 19, 2013 which was attended by Federal and Provincial education officials, representatives of the civil society and private sector, international development partners and education experts. 54

In light of the above issues, factors and suggested strategies, the FATA (MAF) education Plan (2013-16) has been developed, focusing on : (i) bringing in maximum number of primary-aged out-of-school children to be enrolled in formal and non-formal schools through provision/expansion of schools, awareness campaigns, etc (ii) increase retention in primary grades through provision of proper teaching-learning environment, textbooks, other incentives, etc., (iii) improve quality of education through teachers training, community participation, etc. and (iv) specific provision of other incentives (e.g. stipends, food for education, uniforms, etc) to retain children from most disadvantaged/rural/remote areas, especially girls. The four specific strategies identified (and budgeted) under MAF Plan include: a. Enrolment of new students in existing schools: This strategy focuses on enrolling outof-school children in existing primary schools with underutilized capacity. Also, there are several closed schools which can be made functional. As admission policy does not allow children aged 7+ years in formal primary classes, over-age children will be enrolled in non-formal basic education, community feeder or religious (deeni madrassah) schools. b. Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room: In existing public formal schools, where extra space is available, construction of an additional classroom and provision of a teacher will help in accommodating a number of new students. c. Enrolment of new students in new schools: In disadvantaged/remote areas where enrolment is low due to non-availability of formal public schools, construction of two-room new formal and opening of one room non-formal schools will help in improving access to education. d. Targeted Incentives: This strategy is aimed at retaining students, especially those from disadvantaged groups, especially girls, who (mainly due to financial reasons) drop-out before completing primary school. These incentives (e.g. stipends, food-foreducation, uniforms, etc.) will be given to students from poor families The key assumptions of the FATA (MAF) Education Plan are: 1. Using actual estimates of population for the year 2012 and net primary enrolment rates for 2011/12, projections for these variables were made for the base year 2012/13 and targets set for the Plan period 2013-16; 2. The Plan is based on annual physical targets and corresponding estimated costs for a three year period i.e. 2013/14-15/16; 3. Through each strategy, a certain proportion of out-of-school children to be enrolled has been specified; 4. There are basically four types of schools assigned to absorb additional enrolment i.e., public sector formal schools; non-formal basic education and feeder schools; religious or deeni madaris institutions; and private sector schools; 5. Costs of additional enrolments are estimated for each type of school except private sector schools which are not financed by the public treasury; 6. Under each strategy, besides specified development costs (i.e., Rs 0.2 million per school for missing facility and Rs 3 million for a 2-room school in the public sector; and Rs 100,000 per new non-formal school), recurrent costs are estimated at the rate 55

of Rs 8,000 per student in formal public schools and Rs 5,000 per student in nonformal/feeder /deeni madrassah; 7. Plan estimates are based on annual inflation rate of 10%; 8. A student teacher ratio of 30:1; and a teacher-administrator/supervisor ratio of 40:1 is assumed. 9. For quality enhancement (e.g., teacher training, curriculum reform, provision of missing facilities, etc.), 20% of recurrent costs are added to the total cost. 10. For innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.), an amount equivalent to 15% of recurrent costs plus quality enhancement costs is added to total costs. 11. To improve access and retention, incentives such as stipends, food-for-education, uniforms, etc. will be given to children from families (rural/backward/remote) areas and those belonging to disadvantaged groups (especially girls) in selected poor districts. This would be costed at Rs 3,000 per student. 12. A contingency amount equivalent to 10% of all development, recurrent, quality and innovative strategies costs is added to cover miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditure. FATA (MAF) PLAN (2013-16) According to most recent projections, the population of primary-age group children (5-9 years) in FATA is likely to gradually rise to 573,433 by 2015/16, of which 296,384 will be boys and 277,049 will be girls (Table F1a). Table F1a. FATA Total Population (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) Projected Population Estimates Benchmark 2011-12 2012-13 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 517,078 Male 266,492 Female 250,586 Source: NIPS projections 2013 531,355 545,193 559,161 573,433 274,029 281,360 288,787 296,384 257,326 263,832 270,373 277,049 Given an overall primary net enrolment rate of 60% in 2011/12, projections suggest that this could increase to 65% by 2015/16, provided the MAF Plan strategies are implemented effectively. Table F1b. FATA. Net Enrolment Rates (2011/12) & Targets (2013-16) Projected Net Enrolment Rates Estimates Benchmark 2011-12 2012-13 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 60% 62% 63% 64% 65% Male 81% 83% 84% 86% 87% Female 38% 39% 40% 41% 41% 56

Based on the population projections and the estimated net enrolment rates, there will be a gradual annual decline in the total number of out-of-school primary-age children, both boys and girls, in FATA (Table F2a). Table F2a. FATA. Out-of-school Children (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) 2011-12 Projected Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 205,997 204,431 203,607 202,201 200,421 Male 50,633 47,462 44,596 41,383 37,848 Female 155,364 156,969 159,012 160,818 162,572 Given limited capacity in schools, it is not possible to enroll all out-of-school children in primary school, especially in a short period of three years. Also, admission policy in formal schools does not allow enrolment of child above 7+ years in primary school, who have to be placed in non-formal systems, which too have their own limitations regarding class size and quality. (Table F2b). Table F2b. FATA. Out-of-school Children (Projected) Estimates (2013-16) to be Enrolled Total 14,661 15,374 16,053 46,088 Male 10,198 10,639 11,131 31,968 Female 4,463 4,735 4,921 14,119 Percentage of Total OOSC* Total 7% 8% 8% Male 21% 24% 27% Female 3% 3% 3% *% of previous year s out-of-school children enrolled in the current year Physical Targets and Cost Estimates for MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) Strategies to Increase New Enrolment and Enhance Quality in FATA Within the MDG Acceleration Framework plan, a total number of 46,088 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in FATA, under four possible mutually exclusive strategies: Strategy (a) Enrolment of new students in existing schools (under-utilized/closed schools) (93% in 2013-14, 92% in 2014-15 and 91% in 2015-16 of new enrolment) A major strategy to be implemented under the MAF Plan suggests enrolment of out-of-school children in primary classes of existing formal and non-formal schools. A careful assessment of schools with underutilized capacity as well as nonfunctional/closed schools will have to be undertaken before allocating new students to these institutions. 57

Under the strategy of enrolling new students in existing schools, a total number of 42,387 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in FATA during 2013-16. Out of these, 67%, 64% and 62% will be enrolled in public formal schools in 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16, respectively. Another 24%, 25% and 26% will be enrolled in private schools. Another 2%, 3% and 3% will be enrolled each year respectively in deeni madrassahs (Table FS1a). Table FSa1: Number of children to be enrolled in Existing Schools by Type of School Total children 13,635 14,144 14,608 42,387 I Public sector Formal schools) @ 67%, 64% and 62% each yr respectively 9,823 9,839 9,953 29,615 II Public sector Non- formal and feeder schools III Private Sector Schools @24%, 25% and 26% each yr respectively 3,519 3,844 4,174 11,536 IV Deeni Madaris & Others @ 2%, 3% and 3% respectively 293 461 482 1,236 * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools Human resources (mainly teachers and administrators/supervisors) will have to be recruited for the new students enrolled. This recruitment will be based on 30:1 students-teacher ratio and 40:1 teachers-supervisor ratio. There will be 41 madrassah teachers hired under this strategy (Table FSa2). Table FSa2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Enrolments in Existing Schools Formal school teachers - - - - Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE,Feeder Schools, Madrassah) 10 15 16 41 Administrators/Supervisors - - - - The total cost of implementing strategy a i.e. increasing access along with quality enhancement as well innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) for three years i.e. 2013-16 is estimated to be Rs. 772 million, with 66% for increasing access to education (Table FSa3). Table FSa3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Existing Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 0 0 0 0 Recurrent Costs* 80 169 259 509 Subtotal of Strategy (a) 80 169 259 509 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 16 34 52 102 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 14 30 47 92 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 110 233 358 702 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 11 23 36 70 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY a (Rs m) 122 257 394 772 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments 58

Strategy (b) Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of missing facilities (In 10% of existing schools) This strategy is based on provision of missing facilities in existing schools (estimated at a cost of Rs 0.2 million). In FATA, 3,852 formal public schools will be provided with missing facilities (Table FSb1). Table FSb1: Number of children to be enrolled in Schools with additional room provided Total children Number of formal schools to be provided with missing facilities 1,284 1,284 1,284 3,852 Under this strategy, no new staff will be hired in FATA (Table FSb2). Table FSb2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for Schools Formal school teachers - - - - Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) - - - - Administrators/Supervisors - - - - The total cost of implementing strategy b i.e., provision of public sector formal schools with missing facilities is estimated to cost Rs. 904 million over a period of three years (Table FSb3). Of this, 91% is the cost for the missing facilities while the remaining are costs for miscellaneous/unforeseen expenditures. Table FSb3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Schools with missing facilities (Rs million) Development Costs Recurrent Costs* 257 282 282 822 Subtotal of Strategy (b) 257 282 282 822 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) - - - - Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 0 0 0 0 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 257 282 282 822 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 26 28 28 82 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY b (Rs m) 282 311 311 904 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments 59

Strategy (c) Enrolment of Children in new schools (7%, 8% and 9% of new enrolments each year, respectively) Of the children to be enrolled in new schools, all will be enrolled in new formal schools (Table FSc1). Table FSc1: Number of children to be enrolled in New Schools by Type of School Children to be enrolled in new formal schools @ 20% 1,026 1,230 1,445 3,701 Number of new -formal primary schools to be opened 171 175 180 526 Children to be enrolled in new Non-Formal schools @ 10% Number of new Non-formal primary schools Number of children to be enrolled in new feeder schools @ 10 % Number of new feeder schools grade(i-iii) The human resource requirement under this strategy will entail recruitment of 1,052 formal school teachers, 13 supervisors and 835 support staff (Table FSc2). Table FSc2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Schools Formal school teachers 342 350 360 1,052 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) - - - - Administrators/Supervisors 4 4 5 13 Support Staff 270 275 290 835 The total cost of implementing this strategy is estimated at Rs 1,942 million, almost 80% of which is the development and recurrent cost of implementation (Table BSc3). The remaining 20% accounts for costs due to quality enhancement measures, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and miscellaneous/unforeseen events. 60

Table FSc3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in New Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 513 578 594 1685 Recurrent Costs* 8 19 32 59 Subtotal of Strategy (c) 521 597 626 1743 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 2 4 6 12 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 1 3 6 11 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 524 604 638 1766 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 52 60 64 177 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY c (Rs m) 577 664 702 1942 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (d) Targeted Incentives for access and retention for disadvantaged groups and girls (15% of all enrolments) Of all primary enrolments (old and new), 15% of the students will be provided incentives for access and retention in primary schools. In FATA, 200,917 children will be targeted and provided incentives (equivalent to Rs. 3,000 per child per year) at a cost of Rs. 603 million (Tables FSd1 and FSd2). Table FSd1: Number of disadvantaged children/girls to be given targeted incentives Children to be given incentives for access and retention 64,047 66,930 69,940 200,917 Table FSd2: Cost of Targeted Incentives for Disadvantaged/Girls (Rs million) @Rs 3,000 per child Subtotal of Strategy (d) 192 201 210 603 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY d (Rs m) 192 201 210 603 OVERALL PLAN ANALYSIS Total Plan Outlay The three-year MAF Education Plan outlay for FATA is Rs 41,581 million (Table F3). Given the projections for actual primary education expenditures, the new plan expenditures are almost 10% of the total existing expenditures. 61

Table F3: Total MAF Plan Costs and Actual (Projected) Education Expenditures (in Rs. Million) Strategy a Strategy b Strategy c 2011-12 PROJECTED Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 122 257 394 772 282 311 311 904 577 664 702 1,942 Strategy d 192 201 210 603 TOTAL MAF PLAN 1,173 1,432 1,616 4,221 Primary Education Expenditure (Actual) 9328 10,261 11,287 12,416 13,657 37,360 GRAND TOTAL 9328 10,261 12,460 13,848 15,273 41,581 Plan Strategies and Resource Allocation Of the four strategies outlined in the MAF Plan, strategy c involves the highest percentage (47%) of plan resources, followed by strategy b (21%), a (18%) and d (14%). Chart 1: Distribution of Resources across MAF Plan Strategies Strategy D 14% Strategy A 18% Strategy B 21% Strategy C 47% 62

Efficiency of the MAF Plan Besides Strategy d, which is costed at merely Rs 3,000 per annum per targeted child, strategy a appears to be the more efficient i.e. lower cost/student due to enrolment of new students in existing schools (Chart 2). Strategy c is the less efficient, perhaps as it involves construction of an additional room in existing government schools. (As there are no students to be enrolled under strategy b in FATA, the costs per student could not be determined). Chart 2: Cost Efficiency across MAF Plan Strategies MAF Plan Resources and Total Projected Actual Education Expenditure On the whole, resources required for the implementation of the MAF Plan range between 9% to 11% of the total primary education expenditure projected for 2013/14-2015/16 (Chart 3). Chart 3: Financial Importance of MAF Plan in Primary Education 120% 100% 80% 60% Primary Educ Expenditure MAF Plan 40% 20% 0% 9% 10% 11% 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 63

IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MECHANISM The implementation of the Plan will be the responsibility of the Provincial/Area governments. The Federal Government will however facilitate by providing a platform for inter provincial coordination, and to liaise with the donors and other stakeholders. Besides Federal Govt. may also provide technical and professional support to provinces and areas in planning, implementation and monitoring/evaluation, if required. In each province/area, the implementation and monitoring mechanism for the MAF National Plan of Action will function at two levels: (i) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination: This will ensure close coordination between the key macro players i.e., the Provincial Coordinating Unit (PCU), the Federal Government, the Provincial Coordinating Units in other provinces/areas; private sector/ civil society and the international development partners. For every year of the Plan, to review the progress and revision, if needed, the following steps are proposed. Focal Persons meeting after the first quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Secretaries of Education meeting after the second quarter of the Plan; Focal Persons meeting after the third quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Education Ministers Conference at the end of every year of the Plan. AEPAM will function as the Secretariat of the Federal Coordination Unit. (Updated Progress Reports will be prepared by the Provincial/Area Coordination Units and discussed in the above fora / meetings) 64

Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination and (ii) Intra-provincial Coordination and Implementation Network The PCU and its various cells will not only provide the associated service at the macro level, i.e. with Federal Government, other provincial governments and international development partners, but will also undertake coordination and planning, data and research etc. at the provincial level as well as serve as an ondemand resource for district/local governments. Each cell as well as the Unit will be staffed with personnel and technical support as and when identified by the provincial/area authorities. 65

Coordination & Implementation M&E PCU (Management) Finance, Procurement & Financial Management Evidence Based Planning Data & Research Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism The provinces and areas will establish and strengthen monitoring an evaluation mechanism to assess the implementation progress. For the purpose monitoring and evaluation indicators will be developed and progress assessed. The monitoring indicators will cover financial allocation and expenditure against the plan requirement; number of children enrolled, retained and completed primary education; out-of-school monitoring and evaluation indicators will also include quality of education indicators as well. Annual implementation progress reports against the MAF Plan targets will be prepared by each province/area and shared with all concerned. The yearly (annual) progress reports will also highlight the issues, challenges and bottlenecks in achieving the targets so that the said issues may be addressed. At the end (in June 2016) a comprehensive completion report will be prepared and shared. 66

GILGIT-BALTISTAN PLAN OF ACTION 2013-16 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK

GILGIT-BALTISTAN (GB) PLAN OF ACTION Situation Analysis 2011/12 The present education profile of Gilgit-Baltistan reflects a primary-age group (5-9 years) population of 193,217 children, of which 100,058 are boys and 93,159 are girls (Table 1a). The net enrolment rate of 63% is low, with 66% for boys and 60% for girls. Due to poverty, poor teaching-learning conditions in school, and domestic as well as child labor, students drop out of school, with 15% of children leaving school before completing primary education. Table 1a: GB: Population, Primary Enrolment & Completion Rates 2011/12 (%) Urban Rural Total Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Population (5-9yrs) 100058 93159 193217 Gross Enrolment Rate Net Primary Enrolment Rate 66 60 63 Primary Completion or Survival Rate 89 81 85 Source: Calculated on the basis of NEMIS (2011/12) and NIPS (2013) The current stock of primary-age out-of-school children (OOSC) is 70,984 children, with 37,444 girls and 33,540 boys (Table 1b). Table 1b GB: Primary-aged Out-of-school Children (in numbers) Urban Rural Total Boys 33540 Girls 37444 Both 70984 Almost 70% primary education children attend public sector schools. The actual public expenditure on primary education is stated to be Rs 740 million for GB, spent on educating 152,783 children at a cost Rs 11347 per student. (Table 1c). Table 1c: GB: Education Expenditure Per Primary Student & Per Child : 2011/12 Actual Education Expenditure (Pre & Primary)* in Rs m Total Public Gross Primary Enrolment (#) Education Expenditure Per Student (in Rs) Total Population (5-9 years) Education Expenditure Per Child (aged 5-9 years) (in Rs) Province/Area 740 152783 11347 197220 3829 Source: Ministry of Finance; 2013 68

Gigit-Baltistan: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Strategies In GB, for the education sector, two key issues were identified: 1. Lack of access to education; and 2. Poor quality of education For each of these, a set of in-school and out-of-school factors were identified, along with some solutions for overcoming these challenges. Following is a matrix of these issues, along with a set of factors and corresponding strategies: GB: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Solution ACCESS In School Factors -Shortage of teaching staff -Lack of capacity (understaffed and poorly equipped) educational institutions -Schools discourage students from attending Out-of-school Factors -Unfavourable geography/scattered settlements; -Long distances from home to school, especially for girls -Poor transport system; -Transport is costly; -Poverty; -Culture/gender bias Low demand for education. QUALITY In School Factors -Teachers are not trained/motivated; -Teachers are not supervised properly; -Learning materials/textbooks not available in time; -Many shelter less schools; -Schools lack facilities such as water, toilets, electricity. Out-of-school Factors -Children have to help at work/home and as such cannot devote time for studies; -Parents are illiterate and cannot help with school work. Source: Draws mainly on UNICEF Situation Analysis 2012 Strategies/Interventions Schools should be properly staffed and equipped with teaching and learning materials Strategies/Interventions Schools should be established near communities; Reliable and inexpensive transport facilities should be arranged for students; Awareness campaigns on the importance of education, especially for girls Strategies/Interventions Teachers should be hired on merit and should be provided regular training; Regular supervision of teachers; Improve physical infrastructure of school and provide facilities to schools Strategies/Interventions Stipends for working children; Provision of free textbooks, uniforms, etc. In light of the above issues, factors and suggested strategies, the GB MAF Education Plan (2013-16) was developed, focusing on : (i) bringing in maximum number of primary-aged out-of-school children to be enrolled in formal and non-formal schools through provision/expansion of schools, awareness campaigns, etc (ii) increase retention in primary grades through provision of proper teaching-learning environment, textbooks, other incentives, etc., (iii) improve quality of education through teachers training, community participation, etc. and (iv) specific provision of other incentives (e.g. stipends, food for 69

education, uniforms, etc) to retain children from most disadvantaged/rural/remote areas, especially girls. The four specific strategies identified (and budgeted) under MAF Plan include: a. Enrolment of new students in existing schools: This strategy focuses on enrolling outof-school children in existing primary schools with underutilized capacity. Also, there are several closed schools which can be made functional. As admission policy does not allow children aged 7+ years in formal primary classes, over-age children will be enrolled in non-formal basic education, community feeder or religious (deeni madrassah) schools. b. Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room: In existing public formal schools, where extra space is available, construction of an additional classroom and provision of a teacher will help in accommodating a number of new students. c. Enrolment of new students in new schools: In disadvantaged/remote areas where enrolment is low due to non-availability of formal public schools, construction of two-room new formal and opening of one room non-formal schools will help in improving access to education. d. Targeted Incentives: This strategy is aimed at retaining students, those from disadvantaged groups, especially girls, who (mainly due to financial reasons) drop out before completing primary school. These incentives (e.g. stipends, food-foreducation, uniforms, etc.) will be given to students from poor families The key assumptions of the GB MAF Education Plan are: 1. Using actual estimates of population for the year 2012 and net primary enrolment rates for 2011/12, projections for these variables were made for the base year 2012/13 and target set for the Plan period 2013-16; 2. The Plan is based on annual physical targets and corresponding estimated costs for a three year period i.e. 2013-16; 3. For each strategy, a certain proportion of out-of-school children to be enrolled is specified; 4. There are basically four types of schools assigned to absorb additional enrolment i.e., public sector formal schools; non-formal basic and feeder schools; religious or deeni madaris institutions; and private sector schools; 5. Costs of additional enrolments are estimated for each type of school except private sector schools which are not financed by the public treasury; 6. Under each strategy, besides specified development costs (i.e., Rs 1 million per additional room and Rs 3 million for a 2-room school in the public sector; and Rs 100,000 per new non formal school), recurrent costs are estimated at the rate of Rs 15,000 per student in formal public schools and Rs 6,000 per student in nonformal/feeder /deeni madrassah; 7. Plan estimates are based on annual inflation rate of 10%; 8. A student teacher ratio of 30:1; and a teacher-administrator/supervisor ratio of 40:1 is assumed. 9. For quality enhancement (e.g., teacher training, curriculum reform, provision of missing facilities, etc.), 20% of recurrent costs are added to the total cost. 70

10. For innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.), an amount equivalent to 20% of recurrent costs plus quality enhancement costs is added to total costs. 11. To improve access and retention, incentives such as stipends, food-for-education, uniforms, etc. will be given to children in disadvantaged (rural/backward/remote) areas and belonging to disadvantaged groups (especially girls) in selected poor districts. This would be costed at Rs 3,000 per student per annum. 12. A contingency amount equivalent to 10% of all development, recurrent, quality and innovative strategies costs is added to cover miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditures. GILGIT-BALTISTAN MAF PLAN (2013-16) According to most recent projections, the population of primary-aged children (5-9 years) in GB is likely to gradually rise to 219,247 by 2015/16, of which 113,538 will be boys and 105,709 will be girls (Table G1a). Table G1a. GB Total Population (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) Projected Population Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 193,217 203,236 208,439 213,775 219,247 Male 100,058 105,246 107,941 110,704 113,538 Female 93,159 97,990 100,498 103,071 105,709 Source: NIPS projections 2013 Given an overall primary net enrolment rate of 63% in 2011/12, projections suggest that this could increase to 79% by 2015/16, provided the MAF Plan strategies are implemented effectively. Table G1b. GB. Net Enrolment Rates (2011/12) & Enrolment Targets (2013-16) Projected Net Enrolment Rates Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 63% 65% 70% 74% 79% Male 66% 68% 72% 76% 80% Female 60% 62% 67% 72% 77% Based on the population projections and the estimated net enrolment rates, there will be a gradual annual decline in the total number of out-of-school primary-age children, both boys and girls, in GB (Table G2a). Due to MAF Plan efforts, the stock of out-of-school is expected to decrease from 70,984 children in 2011/12 to around 46,681 children in 2015/16. 71

Table G2a. GB. Out-of-school Children (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) 2011-12 Projected Estimates of OOSC Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 70,984 70,600 63,065 55,098 46,681 Male 33,540 33,175 29,706 26,039 22,164 Female 37,444 37,425 33,359 29,059 24,517 Given limited capacity in schools, it is not possible to enroll all out-of-school children in primary schools, especially in a short period of three years. Also, admission policy in formal schools does not allow enrolment of child above 7+ years in primary school, who have to be placed in non-formal systems, which too have their own limitations regarding class size and quality. (Table G2b). Table G2b. GB. Out-of-school Children (Projected) Estimates (2013-16) to be Enrolled Total 12,738 13,303 13,889 39,930 Male 6,163 6,431 6,709 19,303 Female 6,575 6,872 7,180 20,628 Percentage of Total OOSC* Total 18% 21% 25% Male 19% 22% 26% Female 18% 21% 25% *% of previous year s out-of-school children enrolled in the current year Physical Targets and Cost Estimates for MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) Strategies to Increase New Enrolment and Enhance Quality in Gilgit-Baltistan Within the MDG Acceleration Framework plan, a total number of 39,930 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in GB, under four possible mutually exclusive strategies: Strategy (a) Enrolment of new students in existing schools (under-utilized/closed schools) (70% of all new enrolment) A major strategy to be implemented under the MAF Plan suggests enrolment of out-of-school children in primary classes of existing formal and non-formal schools. A careful assessment of schools with underutilized capacity as well as nonfunctional/closed schools will have to be undertaken before allocating new students to these institutions. Under the strategy of enrolling new students in existing schools, a total number of 27,951 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in GB during 2013-16. Of these, 40% will be enrolled in public formal and 10% in public non formal schools and 5% in deeni madaris and other schools. Private schools are estimated to absorb another 15% students (Table GS1a). 72

Table GSa1: Number of children to be enrolled in Existing Schools by Type of School Total children (70%) 8,917 9,312 9,722 27,951 I Public sector formal schools @ 40% 5,095 5,321 5,556 15,972 II Public sector Non- formal and feeder schools @10% 1,274 1,330 1,389 3,993 III Private Sector Schools @15%* 1,911 1,995 2,083 5,990 IV Deeni Madaris & Others @ 5% 637 665 694 1,997 * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools Implementation of this strategy in GB will not require any new formal teacher or supervisor. However, a total of 67 new non formal teachers will be hired during the three years (GSa2). Table GSa2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Enrolments in Existing Schools Formal school teachers Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Schools, Madrassah) 21 22 23 67 Administrators/Supervisors The total cost of implementing strategy a i.e. increasing access along with quality enhancement as well as innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) for three years i.e. 2013-16 is estimated to be Rs. 947 million, with 63% for increasing access to education (Table GSa3). Table GSa3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Existing Schools (Rs million) Development Costs Recurrent Costs* 88 198 312 598 Subtotal of Strategy (a) 88 198 312 598 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 18 40 62 120 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (20% of recurring cost ) 21 47 75 143 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 127 285 450 861 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 13 28 45 86 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY a (Rs m) 139 313 495 947 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments 73

Strategy (b) Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room (In 10% of existing schools) This strategy is based on the construction of one additional classroom (estimated at a cost of Rs 1 million) and hiring of one teacher in an existing public school. An assessment of schools with extra land and possibility of enrolling out-of-school students will have to be carefully undertaken. Of the total number of 39,330 new students to be enrolled in primary classes in GB during 2013-16, 10% i.e., 3,993 students will be accommodated in formal public schools which will be provided with an additional classroom and one additional teacher. Assuming 30 students per classroom, a total of 160 additional rooms (and 160 teachers) will be provided in 160 formal schools (Table GSb1). Table GSb1: Number of children to be enrolled in Schools with additional room provided Total children to be enrolled 1,274 1,330 1,389 3,993 Number of formal schools to be provided with additional room and teacher and other missing facilities 51 53 56 160 * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools Assuming a teacher-supervisor ratio of 40:1, 4 new supervisors will be recruited to monitor new teaching activities (Table GSb2). Table GSb2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for Schools with additional room provided Formal school teachers 51 53 56 160 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) - - - - Administrators/Supervisors 1 1 1 4 The total cost of implementing strategy b i.e., provision of public sector formal schools with one additional room and teacher is estimated to cost Rs. 384 million over a period of three years (Table GSb3). Of this, 76% is the cost for the additional room and human resources while the remaining are costs for quality enhancement, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and for miscellaneous/unforeseen events. 74

Table GSb3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Schools with additional room provided (Rs million) Development Costs 51 59 61 171 Recurrent Costs* 19 41 64 124 Subtotal of Strategy (b) 70 100 125 295 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 4 8 13 25 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (20% of recurring cost ) 5 10 15 30 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 78 118 153 349 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 8 12 15 35 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY b (Rs m) 86 129 169 384 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (c) Enrolment of Children in new schools (20% of all new enrolments) Of the 7,986 children to be enrolled in new schools, one-half will be enrolled in non-formal new schools and the other half will be enrolled in new feeder schools (Table GSc1). Table GSc1: Number of children to be enrolled in New Schools by Type of School Children to be enrolled in new Formal schools Number of new -formal primary schools to be opened Children to be enrolled in new Non-Formal schools @ 10% 1,274 1,330 1,389 3,993 Number of new Non-formal primary schools to be opened 42 44 46 133 Number of children to be enrolled in new feeder schools @ 10 % 1,274 1,330 1,389 3,993 Number of new feeder schools grade(i-iii) to be opened 42 44 46 133 The human resource requirement under this strategy will entail recruitment of 266 non-formal and feeder school teachers and 7 supervisors (Table GSc2). 75

Table GSc2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Schools Formal school teachers - - - - Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE,Feeder Sch, Madrassah) 85 89 93 266 Administrators/Supervisors 2 2 2 7 The total cost of implementing this strategy is estimated at Rs 189 million, 68% of which is the development and recurrent cost of implementation (Table GSc3). The remaining 32% accounts for costs due to quality enhancement measures, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and miscellaneous/unforeseen expenditures. Table GSc3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in New Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 8 10 10 28 Recurrent Costs* 15 33 51 99 Subtotal of Strategy (c) 24 43 61 128 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 3 7 10 20 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (20% of recurring cost ) 4 8 12 24 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 31 57 84 171 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 3 6 8 17 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY c (Rs m) 34 63 92 189 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (d) Targeted Incentives for access and retention for disadvantaged groups and girls (15% of all enrolments) Of all primary enrolments (old and new), 15% of the students will be provided incentives for access and retention in primary schools. In GB, 89,366 children will be targeted and provided incentives (equivalent to Rs. 3,000 per child per year) at a cost of Rs. 16.9 billion (Tables GSd1 and GSd2). Table GSd1: Number of disadvantaged children/girls to be given targeted incentives Children to be given incentives for access and retention 27,258 29,752 32,356 89,366 76

Table GSd2: Cost of Targeted Incentives for Disadvantaged/Girls (Rs million) @Rs 3,000 per child Subtotal of Strategy (d) 82 89 97 268 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY d (Rs m) 82 89 97 268 OVERALL PLAN ANALYSIS Total Plan Outlay The three-year MAF Education Plan outlay for GB is Rs 1,788 million (Table G3). Given the projections for actual primary education expenditures, the new plan expenditures are almost 38% of the total expenditures. Strategy a Strategy b Strategy c Table G3: Total MAF Plan Costs and Actual (Projected) Education Expenditures (in Rs. Million) 2011-12 PROJECTED Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 139 313 495 947 86 129 169 384 34 63 92 189 Strategy d 82 89 97 268 TOTAL MAF PLAN Cost 341 595 852 1,788 Primary Education 740* 814 895 985 1,083 2,963 Expenditure (Actual) GRAND TOTAL 740 814 1,236 1,579 1,936 4,751 * Generated as Primary Education Expenditure per student multiplied by GB Primary enrolment Plan Strategies and Resource Allocation Of the four strategies outlined in the MAF Plan, strategy a involves the highest percentage (53%) of plan resources, followed by strategy b (21%), d (15%) and c (11%). 77

Chart 1: Distribution of Resources across MAF Plan Strategies Strategy D 15% Strategy C 11% Strategy A 53% Strategy B 21% Efficiency of the MAF Plan Besides Strategy d, which is costed at merely Rs 3,000 per annum per targeted child, strategy c appears to be the most efficient i.e. lowest cost/student in enrolment of new students in existing schools (Chart 2). Strategy b is the least efficient, perhaps as it involves construction of an additional room in existing government schools 7. Chart 2: Cost Efficiency across MAF Plan Strategies 7 It may be noted that strategy c appears more efficient than strategy b because c involves lower cost component e.g. non-formal & religious schools which are cost effective as compare to formal schools; besides the recurrent cost per non-formal/deeni student is only Rs. 5000/-as compared to formal primary student whose recurrent cost is Rs. 10,000/- 78

Information on the following will be furnished by the GB MAF Plan Resources and Total Projected Actual Education Expenditure On the whole, resources required for the implementation of the MAF Plan range between 28% to 44% of the total primary education expenditure projected for 2013-16 (Chart 3). Chart 3: Financial Importance of MAF Plan in Primary Education IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MECHANISM The implementation of the Plan will be the responsibility of the Provincial/Area governments. The Federal Government will however facilitate by providing a platform for inter provincial coordination, and to liaise with the donors and other stakeholders. Besides Federal Govt. may also provide technical and professional support to provinces and areas in planning, implementation and monitoring/evaluation, if required. In each province/area, the implementation and monitoring mechanism for the MAF National Plan of Action will function at two levels: (i) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination: This will ensure close coordination between the key macro players i.e., the Provincial Coordinating Unit (PCU), the Federal Government, the Provincial Coordinating Units in other provinces/areas; private sector/ civil society and the international development partners. For every year of the Plan, to review the progress and revision, if needed, the following steps are proposed. 79

Focal Persons meeting after the first quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Secretaries of Education meeting after the second quarter of the Plan; Focal Persons meeting after the third quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Education Ministers Conference at the end of every year of the Plan. AEPAM will function as the Secretariat of the Federal Coordination Unit. (Updated Progress Reports will be prepared by the Provincial/Area Coordination Units and discussed in the above fora / meetings) 80

Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination and (ii) Intra-provincial Coordination and Implementation Network The PCU and its various cells will not only provide the associated service at the macro level, i.e. with Federal Government, other provincial governments and international development partners, but will also undertake coordination and planning, data and research etc. at the provincial level as well as serve as an ondemand resource for district/local governments. Each cell as well as the Unit will be staffed with personnel and technical support as and when identified by the provincial/area authorities. 81

Coordination & Implementation M&E PCU (Management) Finance, Procurement & Financial Management Evidence Based Planning Data & Research Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism The provinces and areas will establish and strengthen monitoring an evaluation mechanism to assess the implementation progress. For the purpose monitoring and evaluation indicators will be developed and progress assessed. The monitoring indicators will cover financial allocation and expenditure against the plan requirement; number of children enrolled, retained and completed primary education; out-of-school monitoring and evaluation indicators will also include quality of education indicators as well. Annual implementation progress reports against the MAF Plan targets will be prepared by each province/area and shared with all concerned. The yearly (annual) progress reports will also highlight the issues, challenges and bottlenecks in achieving the targets so that the said issues may be addressed. At the end (in June 2016) a comprehensive completion report will be prepared and shared. 82

ICT PLAN OF ACTION 2013-16 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK

ISLAMABAD CAPITAL TERRITORY (ICT) MAF PLAN (2013/14-15/16) Situation Analysis 2011/12 The present education profile of ICT reflects a primary-age group (5-9 years) population of 143,962 children, of which 75,416 are boys and 68,546 are girls (Table 1a). Gross primary enrolment rate is 87%, with 85% for boys and 90% for girls while the net enrolment rate of 70% is much lower, with 68% for boys and 72% for girls. It may be noted that among all provinces /areas in the country, ICT has higher enrolment rates for girls than boys. Completion of primary education is high, with only 10% students dropping out before passing primary level. Table 1a: ICT: Population, Primary Enrolment & Completion Rates 2011/12 (%) Urban Rural Total Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Population (5-9yrs) 25936 23080 49016 49481 45464 94945 75416 68546 143962 Gross Enrolment Rate 116 121 119 68 75 71 85 90 87 Net Primary Enrolment Rate 93 97 95 55 60 57 68 72 70 Primary Completion or Survival Rate 86 97 91 Source: Calculated on the basis of EMIS (2011/12) and NIPS (2013) The current stock of primary-age group out-of-school children (OOSC) is 43,236, of which 24,217 are boys and 19,019 are girls (Table 1b). Table 1b ICT: Primary-aged Out-of-school Children (in numbers) Urban Rural Total Boys 24,217 Girls 19,019 Both 43,236 Almost 70% primary children attend public sector schools. The actual expenditure on primary education is stated to be Rs 1,067 million for ICT, being spent on educating 92,110 children at a cost of Rs 11,583 per student per year (Table 1c). 84

Table 1c: ICT: Education Expenditure Per Primary Student & Per Child : 2011/12 Actual Education Expenditure (Pre & Primary)* in Rs m Total Public Gross Primary Enrolment (#) Education Expenditure Per Student (in Rs) Total Population (5-9 years) Education Expenditure Per Child (aged 5-9 years) (in Rs) Province/Area 1067 92,110 11,583 143,962 7,411 *Public gross primary enrolment is students enrolled in formal and non-formal (primary) public schools Source: Ministry of Finance; 2013 ICT: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Strategies In ICT, for the education sector, two key issues were identified 8 : 1. Lack of access to education; and 2. Poor quality of education (mainly due to governance issues) For each of these, a set of in-school and out-of-school factors were identified, along with some solutions for overcoming these challenges. Following is a matrix of these issues, along with a set of factors and corresponding strategies: ICT: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Solution ACCESS In School Factors Result oriented teaching methodology multi-grade thematic Pre-primary most ignored, least attention to lowest class Over age children Children learning difficulties Admission school policy (focusing on only middle class children) Bullying in the School and class room Medium of Instruction at school Cultural Differences Parent desire for children to be admitted to excellent school Interference of teacher/non-teacher union limited hours for class instruction time to implement existed curriculum (quality) Strategies/Interventions Formulation of rules for allotment of Land in rural areas Student centered teaching methodology Single competent teacher for pre-primary(ece) classes Over age students are to be accommodated in separate classes Extra coaching classes Admission be given to all students Child friendly environment (guidance and counseling Officers) As per need of Area/ locality factor Teacher should play a positive role Standardization of the school facilities and services Code of ethics to be implemented Evidence/research based curriculum Out-of-school Factors Social Factor Large families/ financial Factor/poverty(Child labour) Parent Ignorance Existing facility cannot take new influx/idps in ICT (Existing ICT School will not be able to take Strategies/Interventions Identification of Under/over utilized schools Students stipend Orientation of parents about importance of education Starting of evening shift/ construction of new academic blocks Policy regarding Student enrolment in the nearest 8 In an MDG Acceleration Framework (ICT) workshop held in Islamabad on April 26, 2013 which was attended by Federal education officials, representatives of the civil society and private sector, international development partners and education experts. 85

additional students) Child has no access to school (long distance) QUALITY In School Factors Teachers : Rationalization of Teachers ( student teachers ratio needs to be rationalized ) Inadequate training of teachers on new text books. Lack of qualified teachers (math teacher is teaching English) Corporal punishment Lack of inclusive approach Lack of child-involvement in co-curriculum activities Curriculum and text book: Delay in provision of text books Assessment system is not aligned with new curriculum. Inconsistency in medium of instruction at different levels (primary/ middle/ high ) Lack of student-centered and inquiry-based teaching Infrastructure : Improper infrastructure/physical facilities (limited number of class rooms to accommodate more enrolment) school Strategies/Interventions Appointment of teachers as per numbers of students enrolled and subject offered Teachers training should be conducted during summer vacation. Performance of teachers should be supervised. Training of teachers on inclusive approach Appointment of qualified teachers. Teachers should be trained on new text books and teaching in English. Starting 2nd shift schools. Improve infrastructure Engage children in co-curriculum activities Out-of-school Factors Social factor such as broken families Illiterate parents Economic factor ( part time child worker ) Strategies/Interventions Counseling of father (by PTA, community elder ) Awareness of community and teachers In light of the above issues, factors and suggested strategies, the ICT (MAF) Education Plan (2013-16) has been developed, focusing on: (i) bringing in maximum number of primary-age out-of-school children to be enrolled in formal and non-formal schools through expansion of schools, awareness campaigns, etc (ii) increase retention in primary grades through provision of proper teaching-learning environment, textbooks, other incentives, etc., (iii) improve quality of education through teachers training, community participation, etc. and (iv) specific provision of other incentives (e.g. stipends, food for education, uniforms, etc) to retain children from most disadvantaged/rural/remote areas, especially girls. The four specific strategies identified (and budgeted) under MAF Plan include: a. Enrolment of new students in existing schools: This strategy focuses on enrolling outof-school children in existing primary schools with underutilized capacity. As admission policy does not allow children aged 7+ years in formal primary classes, over-age children will be enrolled in non-formal basic education, feeder schools or religious (deeni madrassah) schools. b. Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room: In existing public formal schools, where extra space is available, construction of an 86

additional classroom or academic block and provision of a teacher will help in accommodating a number of new students. c. Enrolment of new students in new schools: ICT does not plan to construct any new formal public school. d. Targeted Incentives: This strategy is aimed at retaining students, especially those from disadvantaged groups, especially girls, who (mainly due to financial reasons) drop out before completing primary school. These incentives (e.g. stipends, food-foreducation, uniforms, etc.) will be given to students from poor families The key assumptions of the ICT MAF Education Plan are: 1. Using actual estimates of population for the year 2012 and net primary enrolment rates for 2011/12, projections for these variables were made for the base year 2012/13 and targets set for the Plan period 2013-16; 2. The Plan is based on annual physical targets and corresponding estimated costs for a three year period i.e. 2013/14-15/16; 3. For each strategy, a certain proportion of out-of-school children to be enrolled is specified; 4. There are basically four types of schools assigned to absorb additional enrolment i.e., public sector formal schools; non-formal basic and feeder schools; religious or deeni madaris institutions; and private sector schools; 5. Costs of additional enrolments are estimated for each type of school except private sector schools which are not financed by the public treasury; 6. Under each strategy, recurrent costs are estimated at the rate of Rs 20,000 per student in formal public schools and Rs 5,000 per student in non-formal/feeder /deeni madrassah; 7. Plan estimates are based on annual inflation rate of 10%; 8. A student teacher ratio of 30:1; and a teacher-administrator/supervisor ratio of 40:1 is assumed. 9. For quality enhancement (e.g., teacher training, curriculum reform, provision of missing facilities, etc.), 15% of recurrent costs are added to the total cost. 10. For innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.), an amount equivalent to 15% of recurrent costs plus quality enhancement costs is added to total costs. 11. To improve access and retention, incentives such as stipends, food-for-education, uniforms, etc. will be given to children form disadvantaged (rural/backward/remote) areas and belonging to disadvantaged groups (especially girls) in selected area of the districts. These are budgeted at a rate of Rs 3,000 per student per year. 12. A contingency amount equivalent to 10% of all development, recurrent, quality and innovative strategies costs is added to cover miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditures. ICT (MAF) PLAN (2013-16) According to most recent projections, the population of primary-age group children (5-9 years) in ICT is likely to gradually rise to 156,977 by 2015/16, of which 82,273 will be boys and 74,704 will be girls (Table I1a). 87

Table I1a. ICT. Total Population (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) Projected Population Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 143,962 147,628 151,028 154,094 156,977 Male 75,416 77,332 79,119 80,741 82,273 Female 68,546 70,296 71,909 73,353 74,704 Source: NIPS projections 2013 Given an overall primary net enrolment rate of 70% in 2011/12, projections suggest that this could increase to 97% (almost achieve UPE) by 2015/16, provided the MAF Plan strategies are implemented effectively in ICT. Table I1b. ICT. Net Enrolment Rates (2011/12) & Enrolment Targets (2013-16) Projected Net Enrolment Rates Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 70% 72% 80% 89% 97% Male 68% 70% 78% 87% 96% Female 72% 74% 82% 91% 97% Based on the population projections and the estimated net enrolment rates, there will be a gradual annual decline in the total number of out-of-school primary-age children, both boys and girls, in ICT (Table I2a). Due to MAF Plan efforts, the stock of out-of-school children is expected to decrease from 43,237 children in 2011/12 to around 5,749 children in 2015/16. Table I2a. ICT. Out-of-school Children (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) OOSC (Projected Estimates) 2011-12 Benchmark 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 (Projected) Total 43,237 41,385 30,256 17,311 5,749 Male 24,217 23,286 17,494 10,748 3,547 Female 19,020 18,100 12,762 6,563 2,202 Given limited capacity in schools, it is not possible to enroll all out-of-school children in public sector primary schools, especially in a short period of three years. Also, admission policy in formal schools does not allow enrolment of child above 7+ years in primary school, who have to be placed in non-formal systems, which too have their own limitations regarding class size and quality. (Table I2b). 88

Table I2b. ICT. Out-of-school Children Enrolment Targets (2013-16) Total 14,529 16,011 14,445 44,985 Male 7,578 8,369 8,733 24,680 Female 6,950 7,643 5,712 20,306 Percentage of Total OOSC* Total 35% 53% 83% Male 33% 48% 81% Female 38% 60% 87% *% of previous year s out-of-school children enrolled in the current year Physical Targets and Cost Estimates for MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) Strategies to Increase New Enrolment and Enhance Quality in ICT Within the MDG Acceleration Framework plan, a total number of 44,985 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in ICT, under four possible mutually exclusive strategies: Strategy (a) Enrolment of new students in existing schools (under-utilized) (60% of all new enrolment) A major strategy to be implemented under the MAF Plan suggests enrolment of out-of-school children in primary classes of existing formal schools. A careful assessment of schools with underutilized capacity as well as nonfunctional schools will have to be undertaken before allocating new students to these institutions. Under the strategy of enrolling new students in existing schools, a total number of 26,991 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in ICT during 2013-16. Of these, 50% will be enrolled in public formal schools and another 10% is expected to be absorbed by the private sector schools. (Table IS1a). ICT does not plan to expand enrolment in non-formal schools. Table ISa1: Number of children to be enrolled in Existing Schools by Type of School Total children (60%) 8,717 9,607 8,667 26,991 I Public sector formal schools @ 50% 7,264 8,006 7,222 22,493 II Public sector Non- formal and feeder schools ** III Private Sector Schools @10%* 1,453 1,601 1,444 4,499 IV Deeni Madaris & Others * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools ** No new children will be enrolled in existing Non-Formal Schools, due to space constraints Human resources (mainly teachers and administrators/supervisors) will have to be recruited for the new students enrolled. This recruitment will be based on 30:1 students-teacher ratio and 40:1 teachers-supervisor ratio. 89

Corresponding to the new enrolments, the human resource requirement (teachers and administrators/supervisors) under this strategy will be the recruitment of a total of 750 new formal school teachers and around 20 supervisors (Table ISa2). Table ISa2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Enrolments in Existing Schools Formal school teachers 242 267 241 750 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Schools, Madrassah) * Administrators/Supervisors 6 7 6 19 * No new Teachers will be hired in existing Non-Formal Schools The total cost of implementing strategy a i.e. increasing access along with quality enhancement as well innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) for three years i.e. 2013-16 is estimated to be Rs. 1,378 million, with 69% for increasing access to education (Table ISa3). Table ISa3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Existing Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 0 0 0 0 Recurrent Costs* 145 321 480 947 Subtotal of Strategy (a) 145 321 480 947 Cost of Quality improvement ( 15 % of recurring cost ) 22 48 72 142 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 25 55 83 163 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 192 425 635 1,252 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 19 43 64 125 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY a (Rs m) 211 468 699 1,378 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (b) Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room ICT does not plan to expand enrolment of out-of-school children through the provision of an additional room & teacher in formal public schools. 90

Strategy (c) Enrolment of Children in new non formal schools (40% of all new enrolments) Of the 17,994 children to be enrolled in new non formal schools, one-half will be enrolled in non-formal new schools and the other half will be enrolled in new feeder schools (Table ISc1). Table ISc1: Number of children to be enrolled in New Schools by Type of School Children to be enrolled in new Formal schools 0 0 0 0 Number of new -formal primary schools to be opened Children to be enrolled in new Non-Formal schools @ 20% 2,906 3,202 2,889 8,997 Number of new Non-formal primary schools to be opened 97 107 96 300 Number of children to be enrolled in new feeder schools @ 20 % 2,906 3,202 2,889 8,997 Number of new feeder schools grade(i-iii) to be opened 97 107 96 300 The human resource requirement under this strategy will entail recruitment of 600 non-formal and feeder school teachers and 15 supervisors (Table ISc2). Table ISc2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Schools Formal school teachers - - - - Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE,Feeder Sch, Madrassah) 194 213 193 600 Administrators/Supervisors 5 5 5 15 The total cost of implementing this strategy is estimated at Rs 346 million, 73% of which is the development and recurrent cost of implementation (Table ISc3). The remaining 27% accounts for costs due to quality enhancement measures, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and miscellaneous/unforeseen expenditures. 91

Table ISc3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in New Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 19 23 21 64 Recurrent Costs* 29 64 96 189 Subtotal of Strategy (c) 48 88 117 253 Cost of Quality improvement ( 15 % of recurring cost ) 4 10 14 28 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 5 11 17 33 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 58 108 148 315 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 6 11 15 31 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY c (Rs m) 64 119 163 346 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (d) Targeted Incentives for access and retention for disadvantaged groups and girls (15% of all enrolments) Of all primary enrolments (old and new), 15% of the students will be provided incentives for access and retention in primary schools. In ICT, 76,647 children will be targeted and provided incentives (equivalent to Rs. 3,000 per child per year) at a cost of Rs. 16.9 billion (Tables ISd1 and ISd2). Table ISd1: Number of disadvantaged children/girls to be given targeted incentives Children to be given incentives for access and retention 22,645 25,647 28,355 76,647 Table ISd2: Cost of Targeted Incentives for Disadvantaged/Girls (Rs million) @Rs 3,000 per child Subtotal of Strategy (d) 68 77 85 230 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY d (Rs m) 68 77 85 230 OVERALL PLAN ANALYSIS Total Plan Outlay The three-year MAF Education Plan outlay for ICT is Rs 1.954 billion (Table I3). Given the projections for actual primary education expenditures, the new plan expenditures are almost 30% of the total existing expenditures. 92

Strategy a Strategy b Strategy c Table I3: Total MAF Plan Costs and Actual (Projected) Education Expenditures (in Rs. Million) 2011-12 PROJECTED Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 211 468 699 1,378 - - - - 64 119 163 346 Strategy d 68 77 85 230 TOTAL MAF PLAN Cost 343 664 947 1,954 Primary Education Expenditure (Actual) 1,067 1,174 1,291 1,420 1,562 4,273 GRAND TOTAL 1,067 1,174 1,634 2,084 2,509 6,227 Note: (Strategy b) ICT does not plan to expand enrolment of out-of-school children through the provision of an additional room & teacher in formal public schools. Plan Strategies and Resource Allocation Of the three strategies outlined in the ICT MAF Plan, strategy a involves the highest percentage (70%) of plan resources, followed by strategy c (18%) and d (12%). Chart 1: Distribution of Resources across MAF Plan Strategies Strategy D 12% Strategy C 18% Strategy B 0% Strategy A 70% 93

Efficiency of the MAF Plan Besides Strategy d, which is costed at merely Rs 3,000 per annum per targeted child, strategy c appears to be more efficient as compared to strategy a (Chart 2). Chart 2: Cost Efficiency across MAF Plan Strategies MAF Plan Resources and Total Projected Actual Education Expenditure On the whole, resources required for the implementation of the MAF Plan range between 21% to 38% of the total primary education expenditure projected for 2013-16 (Chart 3). 120% Chart 3: Financial Importance of MAF Plan in Primary Education 100% 80% 60% Primary Educ Expenditure MAF Plan 40% 20% 0% 32% 38% 21% 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 94

IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MECHANISM The implementation of the Plan will be the responsibility of the Provincial/Area governments. The Federal Government will however facilitate by providing a platform for inter provincial coordination, and to liaise with the donors and other stakeholders. Besides Federal Govt. may also provide technical and professional support to provinces and areas in planning, implementation and monitoring/evaluation, if required. In each province/area, the implementation and monitoring mechanism for the MAF National Plan of Action will function at two levels: (i) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination: This will ensure close coordination between the key macro players i.e., the Provincial Coordinating Unit (PCU), the Federal Government, the Provincial Coordinating Units in other provinces/areas; private sector/ civil society and the international development partners. For every year of the Plan, to review the progress and revision, if needed, the following steps are proposed. Focal Persons meeting after the first quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Secretaries of Education meeting after the second quarter of the Plan; Focal Persons meeting after the third quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Education Ministers Conference at the end of every year of the Plan. AEPAM will function as the Secretariat of the Federal Coordination Unit. (Updated Progress Reports will be prepared by the Provincial/Area Coordination Units and discussed in the above fora / meetings) 95

Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination and (ii) Intra-provincial Coordination and Implementation Network The PCU and its various cells will not only provide the associated service at the macro level, i.e. with Federal Government, other provincial governments and international development partners, but will also undertake coordination and planning, data and research etc. at the provincial level as well as serve as an ondemand resource for district/local governments. Each cell as well as the Unit will be staffed with personnel and technical support as and when identified by the provincial/area authorities. 96

Coordination & Implementation M&E PCU (Management) Finance, Procurement & Financial Management Evidence Based Planning Data & Research Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism The provinces and areas will establish and strengthen monitoring an evaluation mechanism to assess the implementation progress. For the purpose monitoring and evaluation indicators will be developed and progress assessed. The monitoring indicators will cover financial allocation and expenditure against the plan requirement; number of children enrolled, retained and completed primary education; out-of-school monitoring and evaluation indicators will also include quality of education indicators as well. Annual implementation progress reports against the MAF Plan targets will be prepared by each province/area and shared with all concerned. The yearly (annual) progress reports will also highlight the issues, challenges and bottlenecks in achieving the targets so that the said issues may be addressed. At the end (in June 2016) a comprehensive completion report will be prepared and shared. 97

KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PLAN OF ACTION 2013-16 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK

KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PLAN OF ACTION Situation Analysis 2011/12 The present education profile of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa reflects a primary-age group (5-9 years) population of 2.8 million children, of which 1.47 million are boys and 1.37 million are girls (Table 1a). The net enrolment rate of 81% is very low, with 93% for boys and 69% for girls. Due to poverty, poor teaching-learning conditions in school, and the child being required to help at home or work, drop-out rates are high with one-third of children leaving school before completing primary education. Table 1a: KP: Population, Primary Enrolment & Completion Rates 2011/12 (%) Urban Rural Total Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Population (5-9yrs) 1,473,074 1,371,725 2,844,799 Gross Enrolment Rate Net Primary Enrolment Rate 93% 69% 81% Primary Completion or Survival Rate 68 65 67 Source: Calculated on the basis of KP EMIS (2011/12) and NIPS (2013) The current stock of primary-aged out-of-school children (OOSC) is 0.53 million, with 0.4 million girls and 0.1 million boys (Table 1b). Table 1b KP: Primary-aged Out-of-school Children (in numbers) Urban Rural Total Both 530,862 Boys 105,627 Girls 425,235 Source: Calculated on the basis of KP EMIS (2011/12) and NIPS (2013) Almost 70% primary educating children attend public sector schools. The actual public expenditure on primary education is stated to be Rs 24,574 million for the province of KP, being spent on educating 2.8 million children at a cost Rs 8,630 per student per year. (Table 1c). 99

Table 1c: KP: Education Expenditure Per Primary Student & Per Child : 2011/12 Actual Education Expenditure (Pre & Primary)* in Rs m Total Public Gross Primary Enrolment (#) Education Expenditure Per Student (in Rs) Total Population (5-9 years) Education Expenditure Per Child (aged 5-9 years) (in Rs) Province/Area 24,574 2,847,507 8,630 2,844,799 8,638 Source: Ministry of Finance; 2013 KP: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Strategies In KP, for the education sector, two key issues were identified 9 : 1. Lack of access to education; and 2. Poor quality of education For each of these, a set of in-school and out-of-school factors were identified, along with some solutions for overcoming these challenges. Following is a matrix of these issues, along with a set of factors and corresponding strategies: KP: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Solution ACCESS In School Factors -Teacher absenteeism - Missing basic facilities -Lack of friendly environment -Teachers harsh attitude Out-of-school Factors - Distance especially for females - Insecurity - Poverty - Culture/Nomadic factors - Parents are reluctant - Parents lack awareness Strategies/Interventions Strict supervision teacher absenteeism & Provision of transport to teachers Provision of basic facilities No corporal punishment Strategies/Interventions New schools to be established nearer to communities NFE/Community/Feeder schools be established Social mobilization in favour of education/awareness campaigns Target setting for teachers and PTC members 9 In an MDG Acceleration Framework (KP) workshop held in Peshawar on April 18, 2013 which was attended by Federal and Provincial education officials, representatives of the civil society and private sector, international development partners and education experts. 100

QUALITY In School Factors -Ill Trained Teachers -Outdated Teaching Methods -Missing facilities -Lack of Monitoring/Supervision Out-of-school Factors -Poor Governance - Political pressures Strategies/Interventions Training of Teachers/refresher courses Teaching methods to be revised Provision of basic facilities Involve community members to monitor schools Strategies/Interventions Effective monitoring and supervision Rewards and punishments Involve community members to monitor schools End political interference In light of the above issues, factors and suggested strategies, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (MAF) education Plan (2013-16) was developed, focusing on: (i) bringing in maximum number of primary-age out-of-school children to be enrolled in formal and non-formal schools through provision/expansion of schools, awareness campaigns, etc (ii) increase retention in primary grades through provision of proper teaching-learning environment, textbooks, other incentives, etc., (iii) improve quality of education through teachers training, community participation, etc. and (iv) specific provision of other incentives (e.g. stipends, food for education, uniforms, etc) to retain children from most disadvantaged/rural/remote areas, especially girls. The four specific strategies identified (and budgeted) under MAF Plan include: a. Enrolment of new students in existing schools: This strategy focuses on enrolling out-of-school children in existing primary schools with underutilized capacity. Also, there are several closed schools which can be made functional. As admission policy does not allow children aged 7+ years in formal primary classes, over-age children will be enrolled in non-formal basic education, community feeder or religious (deeni madrassah) schools. b. Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room: In existing public formal schools, where extra space is available, construction of an additional classroom and provision of a teacher will help in accommodating a number of new students. c. Enrolment of new students in new schools: In disadvantaged/remote areas where enrolment is low due to non-availability of formal public schools, construction of two-room new formal and opening of one room non formal schools will help in improving access to education. d. Targeted Incentives: This strategy is aimed at retaining students, particularly those from disadvantaged groups, especially girls, who (mainly due to financial reasons) drop out before completing primary school. These incentives (e.g. stipends, foodfor-education, uniforms, etc.) will be given to students from poor families. 101

The key assumptions of the KP MAF Education Plan are: 1. Using actual estimates of population for the year 2012 and net primary enrolment rates for 2011/12, projections for these variables were made for the base year 2012/13 and targets set for the Plan period 2013-16; 2. The Plan is based on annual physical targets and corresponding estimated costs for a three year period i.e. 2013-16; 3. For each strategy, a certain proportion of out-of-school children to be enrolled is specified; 4. There are basically four types of schools assigned to absorb additional enrolment i.e., public sector formal schools; non-formal basic and feeder schools; religious or deeni madaris institutions; and private sector schools; 5. Costs of additional enrolments are estimated for each type of school except private sector schools which are not financed by the public treasury; 6. Under each strategy, besides specified development costs (i.e., Rs 1 million per additional room and Rs 3 million for a 2-room school in the public sector; and Rs 100,000 per new non formal school), recurrent costs are estimated at the rate of Rs 10,000 per student in formal public schools and Rs 5,000 per student in nonformal/feeder /deeni madrassah; 7. Plan estimates are based on annual inflation rate of 10%; 8. A student teacher ratio of 30:1; and a teacher-administrator/supervisor ratio of 40:1 is assumed. 9. For quality enhancement (e.g., teacher training, curriculum reform, provision of missing facilities, etc.), 20% of recurrent costs are added to the total cost. 10. For innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.), an amount equivalent to 15% of recurrent costs plus quality enhancement costs is added to total costs. 11. To improve access and retention, incentives such as stipends, food-for-education, uniforms, etc. will be targeted towards children in disadvantaged (rural/backward/remote) areas and belonging to disadvantaged groups (especially girls) in selected poor districts. This would be costed at Rs 3,000 per student per year. 12. A contingency amount equivalent to 10% of all development, recurrent, quality and innovative strategies costs is added to cover miscellaneous and unforeseen heads. KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA (MAF) PLAN (2013-16) According to most recent projections, the population of primary-age children (5-9 years) in KP is likely to gradually rise to 2.96 million by 2015/16, of which 1.5 million will be boys and 1.4 million will be girls (Table K1a). 102

Table K1a. KP Total Population (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) Projected Population Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 2,844,799 2,873,247 2,901,979 2,930,999 2,960,309 Male 1,473,074 1,487,805 1,502,683 1,517,710 1,532,887 Female 1,371,725 1,385,442 1,399,297 1,413,290 1,427,423 Source: NIPS projections 2013 Given an overall primary net enrolment rate of 81% in 2011/12, projections suggest that this could increase to 95% (100% for boys and 90% for girls) by 2015/16, provided the MAF Plan strategies are implemented effectively. Table K1b. KP. Net Enrolment Rates (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) Projected Net Enrolment Rates Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 81% 82% 86% 91% 95% Male 93% 94% 96% 98% 100% Female 69% 70% 76% 83% 90% Based on the population projections and the estimated net enrolment rates, there will be a gradual annual decline in the total number of out-of-school primary-age children, both boys and girls, in KP (Table K2a). Due to MAF Plan efforts, the stock of out-of-school is expected to decrease from 0.5 million in 2011/12 to around 1.45 million children in 2015/16. Table K2a. KP. Out-of-school Children (2011/12) & Enrolment Targets (2013-16) 2011-12 Projected Estimates of OOSC Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 530,862 507,438 398,501 273,202 145,356 Male 105,627 91,805 62,670 32,942 2,614 Female 425,235 415,633 335,831 240,259 142,743 Given limited capacity in schools, it is not possible to enroll all out-of-school children in primary school, especially in a short period of three years. Also, admission policy in formal 103

schools does not allow enrolment of child above 7+ years in primary school, who have to be placed in non-formal systems, which too have their own limitations regarding class size and quality. (Table K2b). Table K2b. KP. Out-of-school Children (Projected) Estimates (2013-16) to be Enrolled Total 137,670 154,319 157,155 449,144 Male 44,014 44,754 45,505 134,273 Female 93,656 109,565 111,650 314,871 Percentage of Total OOSC Total 27% 39% 58% Male 48% 71% 138% Female 23% 33% 46% *% of previous year s out-of-school children enrolled in the current year Physical Targets and Cost Estimates for MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) Strategies to Increase New Enrolment and Enhance Quality in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Within the MDG Acceleration Framework plan, a total number of 449,144 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in KP, under four possible mutually exclusive strategies: Strategy (a) Enrolment of new students in existing schools (under-utilized/closed schools) (50% of all new enrolment) A major strategy to be implemented under the MAF Plan suggests enrolment of out-of-school children in primary classes of existing formal and non-formal schools. A careful assessment of schools with underutilized capacity as well as nonfunctional/closed schools will have to be undertaken before allocating new students to these institutions. Under the strategy of enrolling new students in existing schools, a total number of 224,572 (50% of the total) new students will be enrolled in primary classes in KP during 2013-16. Of these, 25% will be enrolled in public formal and 5% in public non formal schools and 10% in deeni madaris and other schools. Private schools are estimated to absorb another 10% students (Table KSa1). 104

Table KSa1: Number of children to be enrolled in Existing Schools by Type of School Total children (50%) I Public sector formal schools @ 25% 68,835 77,160 78,578 224,572 34,417 38,580 39,289 112,286 II III Public sector Non- formal and feeder schools @5% Private Sector Schools @10%* 6,883 7,716 7,858 22,457 13,767 15,432 15,716 44,914 IV Deeni Madaris & Others @ 10% * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools 13,767 15,432 15,716 44,914 Human resources (mainly teachers and administrators/supervisors) will have to be recruited for the new students enrolled. This recruitment will be based on 30:1 students-teacher ratio and 40:1 teachers-supervisor ratio. Corresponding to the new enrolments, the human resource requirement (teachers and administrators/supervisors) under this strategy will be the recruitment of a total of 1,497 new non formal school teachers (Table KSa2). Table KSa2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Enrolments in Existing Schools Formal school teachers Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Schools, Madrassah) 459 514 524 1,497 Administrators/Supervisors The total cost of implementing strategy a i.e. increasing access along with quality enhancement as well innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) for three years i.e. 2013-16 is estimated to be Rs. 4,565 million, with 66% for increasing access to education (Table KSa3). 105

Table KSa3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Existing Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 0 0 0 0 Recurrent Costs* 447 999 1,561 3,007 Subtotal of Strategy (a) 447 999 1,561 3,007 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 89 200 312 601 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 81 180 281 541 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 617 1,379 2,154 4,150 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 62 138 215 415 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY a (Rs m) 679 1,517 2,370 4,565 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (b) Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room (In 10% of existing schools) This strategy is based on the construction of one additional classroom (estimated at a cost of Rs 1 million) and hiring of one teacher in an existing public school. An assessment of schools with extra land and possibility of enrolling out-of-school students will have to be carefully undertaken. Of the total new students to be enrolled in primary classes in KP during 2013-16, 10% i.e., 44,914 students will be accommodated in formal public schools which will be provided with an additional classroom and one additional teacher. Assuming 30 students per classroom, a total of 1,497 additional rooms (and 1,497 teachers) will be provided in 1,497 formal schools (Table KSb1). Table KSb1: Number of children to be enrolled in Schools with additional room provided Total children Number of formal schools to be provided with additional room and teacher and other missing facilities * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools 13,767 15,432 15,716 44,914 459 514 524 1,497 Assuming a teacher-supervisor ratio of 40:1, 37 new supervisors will be recruited to monitor new teaching activities (Table KSb2). 106

Table KSb2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for Schools with additional room provided Formal school teachers 459 514 524 1,497 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE,Feeder Sch, Madrassah) - - - - Administrators/Supervisors 11 13 13 37 The total cost of implementing strategy b i.e., provision of public sector formal schools with one additional room and teacher is estimated to cost Rs. 3,166 million over a period of three years (Table KSb3). Of this, 70% is the cost for the additional room and human resources while the remaining are costs for quality enhancement, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and for miscellaneous/unforeseen events. Table KSb3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Schools with additional room provided (Rs million) Development Costs 459 566 576 1,601 Recurrent Costs* 138 307 480 925 Subtotal of Strategy (b) 597 873 1,057 2,526 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 28 61 96 185 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 25 55 86 167 649 990 1,239 2,878 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 65 99 124 288 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY b (Rs m) 714 1,089 1,363 3,166 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments 107

Strategy (c) Enrolment of Children in new schools (40% of all new enrolments) Of the 179,658 children to be enrolled in new schools, one-half will be enrolled in new formal schools and the other half will be enrolled equally in new non-formal and feeder schools (Table KSc1). Table KSc1: Number of children to be enrolled in New Schools by Type of School Total Children Children to be enrolled in new Formal schools @ 20% Number of new -formal primary schools to be opened Children to be enrolled in new Non-Formal schools @ 10% Number of new Non-formal primary schools Number of children to be enrolled in new feeder schools @ 10 % Number of new feeder schools grade(i-iii) to be opened 55,068 61,728 62,862 179,658 27,534 30,864 31,431 89,829 459 514 524 1,497 13,767 15,432 15,716 44,914 459 514 524 1,497 13,767 15,432 15,716 44,914 459 514 524 1,497 The human resource requirement under this strategy will entail recruitment of 2,994 formal school and 2,994 non-formal and feeder school teachers and 75 supervisors (Table KSc2). Table KSc2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Schools Formal school teachers 918 1,029 1,048 2,994 Non formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) 918 1,029 1,048 2,994 Administrators/Supervisors 23 26 26 75 The total cost of implementing this strategy is estimated at Rs 9,850 million, 80% of which is the development and recurrent cost of implementation (Table KSc3). The remaining 20% 108

accounts for costs due to quality enhancement measures, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and miscellaneous/unforeseen events. Table KSc3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in New Schools (Rs million) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 TOTAL 1468 1811 1844 5123 Development Costs 413 922 1441 2776 Recurrent Costs* 1881 2733 3285 7899 Subtotal of Strategy (c) Cost of Quality improvement 83 184 288 555 ( 20 % of recurring cost ) Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of 74 166 259 500 recurring cost ) Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and 2038 3083 3832 8954 Innovative Strategies Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % 204 308 383 895 of total cost ) TOTAL COST of 2242 3392 4216 9850 STRATEGY c (Rs m) *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (d) Targeted Incentives for access and retention for disadvantaged groups and girls (15% of all enrolments) Of all primary enrolments (old and new), 15% of the students will be provided incentives for access and retention in primary schools. In KP, almost 1.5 million children will be targeted and provided incentives (equivalent to Rs. 3,000 per child per year) at a cost of about Rs. 4.5 billion (Tables KSd1 and KSd2). Table KSd1: Number of disadvantaged children/girls to be given targeted incentives Children to be given incentives for access and retention 469,402 498,337 527,804 1,495,543 Table KSd2: Cost of Targeted Incentives for Disadvantaged/Girls (Rs million) @Rs 3,000 per child Subtotal of Strategy (d) TOTAL COST of STRATEGY d (Rs m) 1,408 1,495 1,583 4,487 1,408 1,495 1,583 4,487 109

OVERALL PLAN ANALYSIS Total Plan Outlay The three-year MAF Education Plan outlay for KP is Rs 22,067 million (Table K3). Given the projections for actual primary education expenditures, the new plan expenditures are almost 18% of the total existing expenditures. Strategy a Strategy b Strategy c Table K3: Total MAF Plan Costs and Actual (Projected) Education Expenditures (in Rs. Million) 2011-12 Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) PROJECTED 679 1,517 2,370 4,565 714 1,089 1,363 3,166 2,242 3,392 4,216 9,850 Strategy d 1,408 1,495 1,583 4,487 TOTAL MAF PLAN COST 5,043 7,492 9,531 22,067 Primary Education Expenditure (Actual) 24574 27,031 29,735 32,708 35,979 98,421 GRAND TOTAL Plan Strategies and Resource Allocation 24574 27,031 34,778 40,200 45,510 120,489 Of the four strategies outlined in the MAF Plan, strategy c involves the highest percentage (45%) of plan resources, followed by strategy a (21%), d (20%) and b (14%) Chart 1: Distribution of Resources across MAF Plan Strategies Strategy D 20% Strategy A 21% Strategy B 14% Strategy C 45% 110

Rupees per Child per Year Efficiency of the MAF Plan Besides Strategy d, which is costed at merely Rs. 3,000 per annum per targeted child, strategy a appears to be the most efficient (Chart 2). Strategy b is the least efficient, perhaps as it involves construction of an additional room in existing government schools 10. Chart 2: Cost Efficiency across MAF Plan Strategies 25.000 23.495 20.000 18.275 15.000 10.000 8.471 5.000 3.000 0 Strategy A Strategy B Strategy C Strategy D MAF Plan Resources and Total Projected Actual Education Expenditure On the whole, resources required for the implementation of the MAF Plan range between 15% to 21% of the total primary education expenditure projected for 2013-16 (Chart 3). 120% Chart 3: Financial Importance of MAF Plan in Primary Education 100% 80% 60% 85% 81% 79% Primary Educ Expenditure 40% 20% 0% 15% 19% 21% 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 10 It may be noted that strategy c appears more efficient than strategy b because c involves lower cost component e.g. non-formal & religious schools which are cost effective as compare to formal schools; besides the recurrent cost per non-formal/deeni student is only Rs. 5000/-as compared to formal primary student whose recurrent cost is Rs. 10,000/- 111

IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MECHANISM The implementation of the Plan will be the responsibility of the Provincial/Area governments. The Federal Government will however facilitate by providing a platform for inter provincial coordination, and to liaise with the donors and other stakeholders. Besides Federal Govt. may also provide technical and professional support to provinces and areas in planning, implementation and monitoring/evaluation, if required. In each province/area, the implementation and monitoring mechanism for the MAF National Plan of Action will function at two levels: (i) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination: This will ensure close coordination between the key macro players i.e., the Provincial Coordinating Unit (PCU), the Federal Government, the Provincial Coordinating Units in other provinces/areas; private sector/ civil society and the international development partners. For every year of the Plan, to review the progress and revision, if needed, the following steps are proposed. Focal Persons meeting after the first quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Secretaries of Education meeting after the second quarter of the Plan; Focal Persons meeting after the third quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Education Ministers Conference at the end of every year of the Plan. AEPAM will function as the Secretariat of the Federal Coordination Unit. (Updated Progress Reports will be prepared by the Provincial/Area Coordination Units and discussed in the above fora / meetings) 112

Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination and (ii) Intra-provincial Coordination and Implementation Network The PCU and its various cells will not only provide the associated service at the macro level, i.e. with Federal Government, other provincial governments and international development partners, but will also undertake coordination and planning, data and research etc. at the provincial level as well as serve as an ondemand resource for district/local governments. Each cell as well as the Unit will be staffed with personnel and technical support as and when identified by the provincial/area authorities. 113

Coordination & Implementation M&E PCU (Management) Finance, Procurement & Financial Management Evidence Based Planning Data & Research Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism The provinces and areas will establish and strengthen monitoring an evaluation mechanism to assess the implementation progress. For the purpose monitoring and evaluation indicators will be developed and progress assessed. The monitoring indicators will cover financial allocation and expenditure against the plan requirement; number of children enrolled, retained and completed primary education; out-of-school monitoring and evaluation indicators will also include quality of education indicators as well. Annual implementation progress reports against the MAF Plan targets will be prepared by each province/area and shared with all concerned. The yearly (annual) progress reports will also highlight the issues, challenges and bottlenecks in achieving the targets so that the said issues may be addressed. At the end (in June 2016) a comprehensive completion report will be prepared and shared. 114

PUNJAB PLAN OF ACTION 2013-16 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK

PUNJAB PLAN OF ACTION Situation Analysis 2011/12 The present education profile of Punjab reflects primary-age group (5-9 years) population of 10.8 million children, of which 5.6 million are boys and 5.2 million are girls (Table 1a). Gross primary enrolment rate is 88%, with 91% for boys and 84% for girls while the net enrolment rate of 70% is much lower, with 73% for boys and 67% for girls. Due to poverty, poor teaching-learning conditions in school, and the child being required to help at home or work, drop out rates are high with one-quarter of children leave school before completing primary education. Table 1a: Punjab: Population, Primary Enrolment & Completion Rates 2011/12 (%) Urban Rural Total Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Population (5-9yrs) 3,510,574 7,260,391 5557051 5213914 10,770,965 Gross Enrolment Rate 88 87 87 92 83 88 91 84 88 Net Primary Enrolment Rate 70 69 70 74 66 70 73 67 70 Primary Completion or Survival Rate 80 72 76 Source: Calculated on the basis of Punjab EMIS (2011/12) and NIPS (2013) The current stock of primary-age out-of-school children (OOSC) is 3.2 million, with 1.7 million girls and 1.5 million boys (Table 1b). Table 1b Punjab: Primary-aged Out-of-school Children (in numbers) Urban Rural Total Boys 1,517,667 Girls 1,710,752 Both 3,228,419 Almost 70% primary education children attend public sector schools. The actual public expenditure on primary education is stated to be Rs 75.4 billion for the province of Punjab, being spent on educating 5.5 million children at a cost of Rs 13,744 per student per year. (Table 1c). 116

Table 1c: Punjab: Education Expenditure Per Primary Student & Per Child : 2011/12 Actual Education Expenditure (Pre & Primary)* in Rs m Total Public Gross Primary Enrolment (#) Education Expenditure Per Student (in Rs) Total Population (5-9 years) Education Expenditure Per Child (aged 5-9 years) (in Rs) Province/Area 75371 5,483,628 13,744 10,770,965 6997.6 Source: Ministry of Finance; 2013 Punjab: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Strategies In Punjab, for the education sector, two key issues were identified 11 : 1. Lack of access to education; and 2. Poor quality of education For each of these, a set of in-school and out-of-school factors were identified, along with some solutions for overcoming these challenges. Following is a matrix of these issues, along with a set of factors and corresponding strategies: Punjab ACCESS In School Factors ; Issues/Challenges and Suggested Solution Lack of adequate facilities and services in schools. Non rationalization for the existing facilities. i.e. over utilized and underutilized schools need to be rationalized (2.3 million out-of-school children can be adjusted with existing facilities, currently 1:18 teacher learner ratio does exist) Non consideration of Building codes for educational building construction (including Disaster Risk Reduction measures) Lack of teachers availability and commitment. Non conducive school environment and missing facilities Corporal punishment Allocation of Budget (non-salary) on per student cost Bad governance/ Lack of professionalism of teachers Reduced redtapism from the top to improve education Lack of parent teachers interaction Lack of administrative capacity of the school Strategies/Interventions Provision of standardized physical facilities and services in schools Merger, consolidation and rationalization of schools. Modification/renovation of school designs for DRR measures. Training and capacity building of the teachers. Child friendly education at schools Retention of students through allocating a unique number to every enrolled child. Ensure Birth registration of every child. No relaxation on corporal punishment Boarding facilities at tehsil levels to students with zero liability on the parents. Introduction of stipend for the poor and girl children to address child labor. Inclusiveness of special children (disabled and mentally challenged etc.) Implementation of effective and regular parents teachers meeting 11 In an MDG Acceleration Framework (Punjab) workshop held in Lahore on April 29, 2013 which was attended by Federal and Provincial education officials, representatives of the civil society and private sector, international development partners and education experts. 117

management, monitoring & evaluation. Lack of strength of school management committees Out-of-school Factors Poverty and illiteracy of parents. Long distance from schools. High opportunity cost and child labor (especially in southern areas of Punjab) Socio-cultural behavior of parents and community (always need double efforts) Geographical unavailability of schools Migration of families Nomad communities Ineffective monitoring mechanism QUALITY In School Factors Medium of instruction is in foreign language Public Private Curriculum not uniform Textbooks not properly aligned with the curriculum Teachers mostly without professional degree and lack of on-job subject training Assessment / Examination/Evaluation issues Poor learning environment Teachers attitude/behavior/conduct Out-of-school Factors Poverty, child labor Parents illiteracy Lack of community participation and ownership Deteriorated social fabrics School distances and security especially for girls Strategies/Interventions Mass campaign and programs for literacy and awareness of the parents and communities Implementation of legislation on the compulsory education provision Rationalization of funds for construction of schools Provision of new schools Economic models for nomad families to make them permanent residents Provision of non-formal means of education for the far-off communities, reducing burden on nearby schools etc. Regularization of the effective monitoring mechanism Strategies/Interventions Policy decision to make medium of instruction in Urdu Policy to ensure uniformity International best practices to be employed for procurement of quality textbooks Competitiveness to be introduced for hiring competent teachers with focus on softer skills Introduction of student portfolio to record performance/growth Minimum physical and social standards for schools Implementation of teacher standards through training and accountability mechanism Strategies/Interventions Scholarships/stipend Parental education adult literacy programmes Social mobilization and involvement of community in decision making Community sensitization and functional literacy Need based Identification of sites for schools/ transport facility through public private partnership In light of the above issues, factors and suggested strategies, the Punjab MAF education Plan (2013-16) was developed, focusing on : (i) bringing in maximum number of primary-aged out-of-school children to be enrolled in formal and non-formal schools through provision/expansion of schools, awareness campaigns, etc (ii) increase retention in primary grades through provision of proper teaching-learning environment, textbooks, other incentives, etc., (iii) improve quality of education through teachers training, community participation, etc. and (iv) specific provision of other incentives (e.g. stipends, food for education, uniforms, etc) to retain children from most disadvantaged/rural/remote areas, especially girls. 118

The four specific strategies identified (and budgeted) under MAF Plan include: a. Enrolment of new students in existing schools: This strategy focuses on enrolling outof-school children in existing primary schools with underutilized capacity. Also, there are several closed schools which can be made functional. As admission policy does not allow children aged 7+ years in formal primary classes, over-age children will be enrolled in non-formal basic education, community feeder or religious (deeni madrassah) schools. b. Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room: In existing public formal schools, where extra space is available, construction of an additional classroom and provision of a teacher will help in accommodating a number of new students. c. Enrolment of new students in new schools: In disadvantaged/remote areas where enrolment is low due to non-availability of formal public schools, construction of two-room new formal and opening of one room non-formal schools will help in improving access to education. d. Targeted Incentives: This strategy is aimed at retaining students, particularly those from disadvantaged groups, especially girls, who (mainly due to financial reasons) drop out before completing primary school. These incentives (e.g. stipends, food-foreducation, uniforms, etc.) will be given to students from poor families. The key assumptions of the Punjab MAF Education Plan are: 1. Using actual estimates of population for the year 2012 and net primary enrolment rates for 2011/12, projections for these variables were made for the base year 2012/13 and targets set for the Plan period 2013-16; 2. The Plan is based on annual physical targets and corresponding estimated costs for a three year period i.e. 201316; 3. For each strategy, a certain proportion of out-of-school children to be enrolled is specified; 4. There are basically four types of schools assigned to absorb additional enrolment i.e., public sector formal schools; non-formal basic and feeder schools; religious or deeni madaris institutions; and private sector schools; 5. Costs of additional enrolments are estimated for each type of school except private sector schools which are not financed by the public treasury; 6. Under each strategy, besides specified development costs (i.e., Rs 1 million per additional room and Rs 3 million for a 2-room school in the public sector; and Rs 100,000 per new non-formal school), recurrent costs are estimated at the rate of Rs 10,000 per student in formal public schools and Rs 5,000 per student in nonformal/feeder /deeni madrassah; 7. Plan estimates are based on annual inflation rate of 10%; 8. A student teacher ratio of 30:1; and a teacher-administrator/supervisor ratio of 40:1 is assumed. 9. For quality enhancement (e.g., teacher training, curriculum reform, provision of missing facilities, etc.), 20% of recurrent costs are added to the total cost. 10. For innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of 119

media; etc.), an amount equivalent to 15% of recurrent costs plus quality enhancement costs is added to total costs. 11. To improve access and retention, incentives such as stipends, food-for-education, uniforms, etc. will be targeted towards children in disadvantaged (rural/backward/remote) areas and belonging to disadvantaged groups (especially girls) in selected poor districts. This would be costed at Rs 3,000 per student per year. 12. A contingency amount equivalent to 10% of all development, recurrent, quality and innovative strategies costs is added to cover miscellaneous and unforeseen heads. PUNJAB (MAF) PLAN (2013-16) According to most recent projections, the population of primary-age children (5-9 years) in Punjab is likely to gradually rise to 11.2 million by 2015/16, of which 5.76 million will be boys and 5.4 million will be girls (Table P1a). Table P1a. Punjab Total Population (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) Projected Population Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 10,770,965 10,860,249 10,959,701 11,061,490 11,159,907 Male 5,557,051 5,602,287 5,652,883 5,704,918 5,755,386 Female 5,213,915 5,257,963 5,306,817 5,356,572 5,404,521 Source: NIPS projections 2013 Given an overall primary net enrolment rate of 70% in 2011/12, projections suggest that this could increase to 100% by 2015/16, provided the MAF Plan strategies are implemented effectively. (Without any extra effort, the trend suggests that net primary enrolment rate in Punjab will rise to 94% by 2016 and 100% by 2022 12 ). Table P1b. Punjab. Net Enrolment Rates (2011/12) & Enrolment Targets (2013-16) Projected Net Enrolment Rates Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 70% 72% 81% 91% 100% Male 73% 75% 83% 91% 100% Female 67% 69% 80% 91% 100% Based on the population projections and the estimated net enrolment rates, there will be a gradual annual decline in the total number of out-of-school primary-age children, both boys and girls, in Punjab (Table P2a). Due to MAF Plan efforts, the entire stock of out-of-school children is likely to be absorbed in schools by 2015/16. 12 Policy Analysis of Education in Punjab; UNESCO Report (unpublished); December 2011 120

Table P2a. Punjab. Out-of-school Children (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) 2011-12 OOSC (Projected Estimates) Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 TOTAL Total 3,228,419 3,038,021 2,029,900 1,003,148-9,299,488 Male 1,517,667 1,417,975 978,551 531,165 4,445,357 Female 1,710,753 1,620,046 1,051,349 471,983 4,854,130 Given limited capacity in schools, it is not possible to enroll all out-of-school children in primary school, especially in a short period of three years. Also, admission policy in formal schools does not allow enrolment of child above 7+ years in primary school, who have to be placed in non-formal systems, which too have their own limitations regarding class size and quality. (Table P2b). Table P2b. Punjab. Out-of-school Children Targeted to be Enrolled (2013-16) Total 1,107,573 1,128,541 1,101,565 3,337,678 Male 490,021 499,420 581,633 1,571,074 Female 617,552 629,120 519,932 1,766,604 Percentage of Total OOSC* Total 36% 56% 110% Male 35% 51% 110% Female 38% 60% 110% *% of previous year s out-of-school children enrolled in the current year Physical Targets and Cost Estimates for MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) Strategies to Increase New Enrolment and Enhance Quality in Punjab Within the MDG Acceleration Framework plan, a total number of 3,337,678 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in Punjab, under four possible mutually exclusive strategies: Strategy (a) Enrolment of new students in existing schools (under-utilized/closed schools) (70% of all new enrolment) A major strategy to be implemented under the MAF Plan suggests enrolment of out-of-school children in primary classes of existing formal and non-formal schools. A careful assessment of schools with underutilized capacity as well as nonfunctional/closed schools will have to be undertaken before allocating new students to these institutions. Under the strategy of enrolling new students in existing schools, a total number of 2,336,375 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in Punjab during 2013-16. Of these, 40% will be enrolled in public formal and 10% in public non formal schools and 10% in deeni 121

madaris and other schools. Private schools are estimated to absorb another 10% students (Table PS1a). Table PSa1: Number of children to be enrolled in Existing Schools by Type of School Total children (70%) to be enrolled 775,301 789,978 771,095 2,336,375 I Public sector formal schools @ 40% 443,029 451,416 440,626 1,335,071 II Public sector Non- formal and feeder schools @10% 110,757 112,854 110,156 333,768 III Private Sector Schools @10%* IV Deeni Madaris & Others @ 10% * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools 110,757 112,854 110,156 333,768 110,757 112,854 110,156 333,768 Human resources (mainly teachers and administrators/supervisors) will have to be recruited for the new students enrolled. This recruitment will be based on 30:1 students-teacher ratio and 40:1 teachers-supervisor ratio. Corresponding to the new enrolments, the human resource requirement (teachers and administrators/supervisors) under this strategy will be the recruitment of a total of 16,000 new formal school and 9,806 new non formal school teachers (Table PSa2). Table PSa2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Enrolments in Existing Schools Formal school teachers 4,980 5,300 5,720 16,000 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Schools, Madrassah) 2,372 3,762 3,672 9,806 Administrators/Supervisors The total cost of implementing strategy a i.e. increasing access along with quality enhancement as well innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) for three years i.e. 2013-16 is estimated to be Rs. 49,859 million, with 66% for increasing access to education (Table PSa3). 122

Table PSa3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Existing Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 0 0 0 0 Recurrent Costs* 3,339 11,745 17,803 32,887 Subtotal of Strategy (a) 3,339 11,745 17,803 32,887 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 668 2,349 3,561 6,577 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 601 2,114 3,205 5,920 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 4,608 16,208 24,569 45,384 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 461 1,621 2,457 4,538 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY a (Rs m) 5,068 17,829 27,026 49,923 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (b) Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room (In 10% of existing schools) This strategy is based on the construction of one additional classroom (estimated at a cost of Rs 1 million) and hiring of one teacher in an existing public school. An assessment of schools with extra land and possibility of enrolling out-of-school students will have to be carefully undertaken. Of the total number of 3,337,678 new students to be enrolled in primary classes in Punjab during 2013-16, 10% i.e., 333,768 students will be accommodated in formal public schools which will be provided with an additional classroom and one additional teacher. Assuming 30 students per classroom, a total of 11,126 additional rooms (and 11,126 teachers) will be provided in 11,126 formal schools (Table PSb1). Table PSb1: Number of children to be enrolled in Schools with additional room provided Total children 110,757 112,854 110,156 333,768 Number of formal schools to be provided with additional room and teacher and other missing facilities 3,692 3,762 3,672 11,126 * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools 123

Assuming a teacher-supervisor ratio of 40:1, around 278 new supervisors will be recruited to monitor new teaching activities (Table PSb2). Table PSb2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for Schools with additional room provided Formal school teachers 3,692 3,762 3,672 11,126 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE,Feeder Sch, Madrassah) - - - - Administrators/Supervisors 92 94 92 278 The total cost of implementing strategy b i.e., provision of public sector formal schools with one additional room and teacher is estimated to cost Rs. 23,708 million over a period of three years (Table PSb3). Of this, 80% is the cost for the additional room and human resources while the remaining are costs for quality enhancement, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and for miscellaneous/unforeseen events. Table PSb3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Schools with additional room provided (Rs million) Development Costs 3,692 4,138 4,039 11,869 Recurrent Costs* 1,108 2,349 3,561 7,017 Subtotal of Strategy (b) 4,799 6,487 7,600 18,886 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 222 470 712 1,403 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 199 423 641 1263 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 5,220 7,380 8,953 21,553 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 522 738 895 2,155 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY b (Rs m) 5,742 8,118 9,848 23,708 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (c) Enrolment of Children in new schools (20% of all new enrolments) Of the 667,536 children to be enrolled in new schools, one-half will be enrolled in nonformal new schools and the other half will be enrolled in new feeder schools (Table PSc1). 124

Table PSc1: Number of children to be enrolled in New Schools by Type of School Children to be enrolled in new Formal schools @ 20% 0 0 0 0 Number of new -formal primary schools to be opened Children to be enrolled in new Non-Formal schools @ 10% 110,757 112,854 110,156 333,768 Number of new Non-formal primary schools 3,692 3,762 3,672 11,126 Number of children to be enrolled in new feeder schools @ 10 % 110,757 112,854 110,156 333,768 Number of new feeder schools grade(i-iii) to be opened 3,692 3,762 3,672 11,126 The human resource requirement under this strategy will entail recruitment of 22,251 nonformal and feeder school teachers and 556 supervisors (Table PSc2). Table PSc2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Schools Formal school teachers - - - - Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE,Feeder Sch, Madrassah) 7,384 7,524 7,344 22,251 Administrators/Supervisors 185 188 184 556 The total cost of implementing this strategy is estimated at Rs 13,263 million, 70% of which is the development and recurrent cost of implementation (Table PSc3). The remaining 30% accounts for costs due to quality enhancement measures, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and miscellaneous/unforeseen events. Table PSc3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in New Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 738 828 808 2374 Recurrent Costs* 1108 2349 3561 7017 Subtotal of Strategy (c) 1846 3177 4369 9391 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 222 470 712 1403 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 199 423 641 1263 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 2267 4069 5722 12058 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 227 407 572 1206 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY c (Rs m) 2494 4476 6294 13263 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments 125

Strategy (d) Targeted Incentives for access and retention for disadvantaged groups and girls (15% of Gross Enrolments) Of all primary enrolments (old and new), 15% of the students will be provided incentives for access and retention in primary schools. In Punjab, 5.6 million children will be targeted in 3 years and provided incentives (equivalent to Rs. 3,000 per child) at a cost of Rs. 16.9 billion (Tables PSd1 and PSd2). Table PSd1: Number of disadvantaged children/girls to be given targeted incentives Children to be given incentives for access and retention 1,674,338 1,885,939 2,091,042 5,651,319 Table PSd2: Cost of Targeted Incentives for Disadvantaged/Girls (Rs million) @Rs 3,000 per child Subtotal of Strategy (d) 1,674,338 1,885,939 2,092,483 5,652,759 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY d (Rs m) 5,023 5,658 6,277 16,958 OVERALL PLAN ANALYSIS Total Plan Outlay The three-year MAF Education Plan outlay for Punjab is Rs 103.85 billion (Table P3). Given the projections for actual primary education expenditures, the new plan expenditures are almost 30% of the total existing expenditures. Table P3: Total MAF Plan Costs and Actual (Projected) Education Expenditures (in Rs. Million) Strategy a Strategy b Strategy c 2011-12 Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) PROJECTED 5,068 17,829 27,026 49,923 5,742 8,118 9,848 23,708 2,494 4,476 6,294 13,263 Strategy d 5,023 5,658 6,277 16,958 TOTAL MAF PLAN Cost 18,327 36,080 49,445 103,852 Primary Education Expenditure (Actual) 75,371 82,908 91,199 100,319 110,351 301,868 GRAND TOTAL 75,371 82,908 109,526 136,399 159,796 405,721 126

Plan Strategies and Resource Allocation Of the four strategies outlined in the MAF Plan, strategy a involves the highest percentage (48%) of plan resources, followed by strategy b (23%), d (16%) and c (13%). Chart 1: Distribution of Resources across MAF Plan Strategies Efficiency of the MAF Plan Besides Strategy d, which is costed at merely Rs 3,000 per annum per targeted child, strategy c appears to be the most efficient i.e. lowest cost/student in enrolment of new students in existing schools (Chart 2). Strategy b is the least efficient, perhaps as it involves construction of an additional room in existing government schools 13. Chart 2: Cost Efficiency across MAF Plan Strategies 13 It may be noted that strategy c appears more efficient than strategy b because c involves lower cost component e.g. non-formal & religious schools which are cost effective as compare to formal schools; besides the recurrent cost per non-formal/deeni student is only Rs. 5000/-as compared to formal primary student whose recurrent cost is Rs. 10,000/- 127

MAF Plan Resources and Total Projected Actual Education Expenditure On the whole, resources required for the implementation of the MAF Plan range between 17% to 31% of the total primary education expenditure projected for 2013/14-2015/16 (Chart 3). Chart 3: Financial Importance of MAF Plan in Primary Education 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% Primary Educ Expenditure MAF Plan 20% 0% 17% 26% 31% 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MECHANISM The implementation of the Plan will be the responsibility of the Provincial/Area governments. The Federal Government will however facilitate by providing a platform for inter provincial coordination, and to liaise with the donors and other stakeholders. Besides Federal Govt. may also provide technical and professional support to provinces and areas in planning, implementation and monitoring/evaluation, if required. In each province/area, the implementation and monitoring mechanism for the MAF National Plan of Action will function at two levels: (i) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination: This will ensure close coordination between the key macro players i.e., the Provincial Coordinating Unit (PCU), the Federal Government, the Provincial Coordinating Units in other provinces/areas; private sector/ civil society and the international development partners. For every year of the Plan, to review the progress and revision, if needed, the following steps are proposed. Focal Persons meeting after the first quarter of the Plan; 128

Inter-Provincial Secretaries of Education meeting after the second quarter of the Plan; Focal Persons meeting after the third quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Education Ministers Conference at the end of every year of the Plan. AEPAM will function as the Secretariat of the Federal Coordination Unit. (Updated Progress Reports will be prepared by the Provincial/Area Coordination Units and discussed in the above fora / meetings) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination and 129

(ii) Intra-provincial Coordination and Implementation Network The PCU and its various cells will not only provide the associated service at the macro level, i.e. with Federal Government, other provincial governments and international development partners, but will also undertake coordination and planning, data and research etc. at the provincial level as well as serve as an ondemand resource for district/local governments. Each cell as well as the Unit will be staffed with personnel and technical support as and when identified by the provincial/area authorities. Coordination & Implementation M&E PCU (Management) Finance, Procurement & Financial Management Evidence Based Planning Data & Research Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism The provinces and areas will establish and strengthen monitoring an evaluation mechanism to assess the implementation progress. For the purpose monitoring and evaluation indicators will be developed and progress assessed. The monitoring indicators will cover financial allocation and expenditure against the plan requirement; number of children enrolled, retained and completed primary education; out-of-school monitoring and evaluation indicators will also include quality of education indicators as well. 130

Annual implementation progress reports against the MAF Plan targets will be prepared by each province/area and shared with all concerned. The yearly (annual) progress reports will also highlight the issues, challenges and bottlenecks in achieving the targets so that the said issues may be addressed. At the end (in June 2016) a comprehensive completion report will be prepared and shared. 131

SINDH PLAN OF ACTION 2013-16 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK

SINDH ACTION PLAN Situation Analysis 2011/12 The present education profile in Sindh reflects primary-age group (5-9 years) population of 5 million children, of which 2.64 million are boys and 2.38 million are girls (Table 1a). Gross primary enrolment rate is 79%, with 86% for boys and 71% for girls while the net enrolment rate of 63% is much lower, with 67% for boys and 57% for girls. Due to poverty, poor teaching-learning conditions in school, and the child being required to help at home or work, drop out rates are high with one-third of children leaving school before completing primary education. Table 1a: Sindh: Population, Primary Enrolment & Completion Rates 2011/12 (%) Urban Rural Total Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Population (5-9yrs) 2,367248 2,654,354 2,642,660 2,378,944 5,021,603 Gross 79 74 77 93 67 81 86 71 79 Enrolment Rate Net 63 60 61 74 54 65 69 57 63 Primary Enrolment Rate Primary 60 67 63 Completion or Survival Rate Source: Calculated on the basis of Sindh EMIS (2011/12) and NIPS (2013) The current stock of primary-age out-of-school children (OOSC) is 1.85 million, with 1 million girls and 0.8 million boys (Table 1b). Table 1b Sindh: Primary-aged Out-of-school Children (in numbers) Urban Rural Total Boys 818,790 Girls 1,030,922 Both 916,125 933,586 1,849,712 Almost 70% primary children attend public sector schools. The actual public expenditure on primary education is stated to be Rs 25 billion for the province of Sindh, being spent on educating 2.8 million children at a cost Rs 8,982 per child. (Table 1c). 133

Table 1c: Sindh: Education Expenditure Per Primary Student & Per Child : 2011/12 Actual Education Expenditure (Pre & Primary)* in Rs m Total Public Gross Primary Enrolment (#)* Education Expenditure Per Student (in Rs) Total Population (5-9 years) Education Expenditure Per Child (aged 5-9 years) (in Rs) Province/Area 25,205 2806135 Rs. 8,982 5021603 Rs. 5,019.3 *Public gross primary enrolment is students enrolled in formal and non-formal (primary) public schools Source: Ministry of Finance; 2013 Sindh: Issues/Challenges and Suggested Strategies In Sindh, for the education sector, two key issues were identified 14 : 1. Lack of access to education; and 2. Poor quality of education For each of these, a set of in-school and out-of-school factors were identified, along with some solutions for overcoming these challenges. Following is a matrix of these issues, along with a set of factors and corresponding strategies: In School Factors School fees and cost of books, stationery, uniforms and other costs, inhibit the enrolment of children from poor families Schools lack basic infrastructure such as water, toilets, electricity Children leaving schools dropping out/ without completion due to poor learning conditions in schools School buildings need repair Out-of-school Factors Social attitudes and lack of social mobility neither encourage nor see the need for education, especially for girls Conservatism and illiteracy of parents Distance from school- the further a child lives from school, the less likely he/she is to attend, especially for girls Security concerns, especially with girls as also there are fewer schools for girls Devastating earthquake, floods and terrorism has reduced the number of functional schools LACK OF ACCESS TO EDUCATION Strategies/Interventions Provision of complete free education Provision of incentives e.g. stipend, food for education, uniform etc. Provision of basic infrastructure and facilities Strategies/Interventions Awareness Campaigns on the importance of education, especially for girls; Literacy programmes for parents/adults Establishment of schools at safe and close proximity Rehabilitation of devastated schools In School Factors POOR QUALITY OF EDUCATION Strategies/Interventions 14 In an MDG Acceleration Framework (Sindh) workshop held in Karachi on April 22, 2013 which was attended by Federal and Provincial education officials, representatives of the civil society and private sector, international development partners and education experts. 134

Teacher-student ratio is 1:30- too high for suitable learning environment Multi grade teaching causes discipline and quality of teaching to suffer No regular supervision/monitoring Non-functional schools Out-of-school Factors Family poverty & children need to contribute to household income so have no time for homework Recruitment of more teachers; Better training of teachers in handling multi-grade teachings Better supervision of schools and involvement of community in monitoring and supervising schools Strategies/Interventions Provision of stipends to students who drop out due to work In light of the above issues, factors and suggested strategies, the Sindh MAF education Plan (2013-16) was developed, focusing on: (i) bringing in maximum number of primary-aged out-of-school children to be enrolled in formal and non-formal schools through provision/expansion of schools, awareness campaigns, etc (ii) increase retention in primary grades through provision of proper teaching-learning environment, textbooks, other incentives, etc., (iii) improve quality of education through teachers training, community participation, etc. and (iv) specific provision of other incentives (e.g. stipends, food for education, uniforms, etc) to retain children from most disadvantaged/rural/remote areas, especially girls. The four specific strategies identified (and budgeted) under MAF Plan include: a. Enrolment of new students in existing schools: This strategy focuses on enrolling outof-school children in existing primary schools with underutilized capacity. Also, there are several closed schools which can be made functional. As admission policy does not allow children aged 7+ years in formal primary classes, over-age children will be enrolled in non-formal basic education, community feeder or religious (deeni madrassah) schools. b. Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room: In existing public formal schools, where extra space is available, construction of an additional classroom and provision of a teacher will help in accommodating a number of new students. c. Enrolment of new students in new schools: In disadvantaged/remote areas where enrolment is low due to non-availability of formal public schools, construction of two-room new formal and opening of one room non formal schools will help in improving access to education. d. Targeted Incentives: This strategy is aimed at retaining students, especially those from disadvantaged groups, especially girls, who (mainly due to financial reasons) drop out before completing primary school. These incentives (e.g. stipends, food-foreducation, uniforms, etc.) will be given to students from poor families. The key assumptions of the Sindh MAF Education Plan are: 1. Using actual estimates of population for the year 2012 and net primary enrolment rates for 2011/12, projections for these variables were made for the base year 2012/13 and for the Plan period 2013-16; 2. The Plan is based on annual physical targets and corresponding estimated costs for a three year period i.e. 2013/14-15/16; 135

3. For each strategy, a certain proportion of out-of-school children to be enrolled is specified; 4. There are basically four types of schools assigned to absorb additional enrolment i.e., public sector formal schools; non-formal basic and feeder schools; religious or deeni madaris institutions; and private sector schools; 5. Costs of additional enrolments are estimated for each type of school except private sector schools which are not financed by the public treasury; 6. Under each strategy, besides specified development costs (i.e., Rs 1 million per additional room and Rs 3 million for a 2-room school in the public sector; and Rs 100,000 per new non formal school), recurrent costs are estimated at the rate of Rs 10,000 per student in formal public schools and Rs 5,000 per student in nonformal/feeder /deeni madrassah; 7. Plan estimates are based on annual inflation rate of 10%; 8. A student teacher ratio of 30:1; and a teacher-administrator/supervisor ratio of 40:1 is assumed. 9. For quality enhancement (e.g., teacher training, curriculum reform, provision of missing facilities, etc.), 20% of recurrent costs are added to the total cost. 10. For innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.), an amount equivalent to 15% of recurrent costs plus quality enhancement costs is added to total costs. 11. To improve access and retention, incentives such as stipends, food-for-education, uniforms, etc. will be targeted towards children in disadvantaged (rural/backward/remote) areas and belonging to disadvantaged groups (especially girls) in selected poor districts. These incentives are costed for an equivalent of 15% of newly enrolled children at Rs 3,000 per student per year. 12. A contingency amount equivalent to 10% of all development, recurrent, quality and innovative strategies costs is added to cover miscellaneous and unforeseen heads. SINDH (MAF) PLAN (2013-16) According to most recent projections, the population of primary-age children (5-9 years) in Sindh is likely to gradually rise to 5.2 million by 2015/16, of which 2.76 million will be boys and 2.5 million will be girls (Table S1a). Table S1a. Sindh Total Population (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) Projected Population Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 5,021,603 5,090,044 5,152,429 5,207,449 5,258,722 Male 2,642,661 2,676,551 2,707,188 2,734,024 2,758,949 Female 2,378,942 2,413,493 2,445,241 2,473,425 2,499,773 Source: NIPS projections 2013 Given an overall primary net enrolment rate of 63% in 2011/12, projections suggest that this could increase to 80% by 2015/16, provided the MAF Plan strategies are implemented 136

effectively. (Without any extra effort, trend for 2004/5-2010/11 suggests that net enrolment rate in Sindh will barely rise by 1% per annum 15 ). Table S1b. Sindh. Net Enrolment Rates (2011/12) & Enrolment Targets (2013-16) Projected Net Enrolment Rates Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 63% 65% 70% 75% 80% Male 69% 71% 76% 81% 86% Female 57% 59% 64% 69% 74% Based on the population projections and the estimated net enrolment rates, there will be a gradual annual decline in the total number of out-of-school primary-age children, both boys and girls, in Sindh (Table S2a). Due to MAF Plan efforts, the stock of out-of-school children is expected to decrease from 1.85 million children in 2011/12 to 1 million children in 2015/16. Table S2a. Sindh. Out-of-school Children (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) 2011-12 OOSC (Projected Estimates) Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 TOTAL Total 1,849,712 1,773,384 1,537,766 1,294,070 1,044,122 3,875,957 Male 818,790 775,759 649,279 519,014 385,798 1,554,092 Female 1,030,922 997,625 888,486 775,056 658,323 2,321,865 Given limited capacity in schools, it is not possible to enroll all out-of-school children in primary school, especially in a brief period of three years. Also, admission policy in formal schools does not allow enrolment of child above 7+ years in primary school, who have to be placed in non-formal systems, which too have their own limitations regarding class size and quality. As such, a maximum of 25%-30% of all out-of-school children can be accommodated in primary classes during the MAF Plan period (Table S2b). Table S2b. Sindh Out-of-school Children Targeted to be Enrolled (2013-16) Total 298,004 298,715 301,221 897,941 Male 157,117 157,101 158,141 472,359 Female 140,887 141,614 143,080 425,582 Percentage of Total OOSC Total 17% 19% 23% Male 20% 24% 30% Female 14% 16% 18% 15 Policy Analysis of Education in Sindh; UNESCO Report (unpublished); December 2011 137

Physical Targets and Cost Estimates for MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) Strategies to Increase New Enrolment and Enhance Quality in Sindh Within the MDG Acceleration Framework plan, a total number of 897,941 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in Sindh, under four possible mutually exclusive strategies: Strategy (a) Enrolment of new students in existing schools (under-utilized/closed schools) (50% of all new enrolment) A major strategy to be implemented under the MAF Plan suggests enrolment of out-of-school children in primary classes of existing formal and non-formal schools. A careful assessment of schools with underutilized capacity as well as nonfunctional/closed schools will have to be undertaken before allocating new students to these institutions. Under the strategy of enrolling new students in existing schools, a total number of 448,970 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in Sindh during 2013-16. Of these, 25% will be enrolled in public formal and 5% in public non-formal schools and 10% in deeni madaris and other schools. Private schools are estimated to absorb another 10% students (Table SS1a). Table SSa1: Number of children to be enrolled in Existing Schools by Type of School Total children (50%) 149,002 149,358 150,611 448,970 I Public sector formal schools @25% 74,501 74,679 75,305 224,485 II Public sector Non- formal and feeder schools @5% 14,900 14,936 15,061 44,897 III Private Sector Schools @10%* 29,800 29,872 30,122 89,794 IV Deeni Madaris & Others @ 10% 29,800 29,872 30,122 89,794 * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools Human resources (mainly teachers and administrators/supervisors) will have to be recruited for the new students enrolled. This recruitment will be based on 30:1 students-teacher ratio and 40:1 teachers-supervisor ratio. Corresponding to the new enrolments, the human resource requirement (teachers and administrators/supervisors) under this strategy will be the recruitment of a total of 2,993 new non-formal school teachers (Table SSa2). Table SSa2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Enrolments in Existing Schools Formal school teachers - - - - Non-formal school teachers (NFBE, Feeder Schools, Madrassah) 993 996 1,004 2,993 Administrators/Supervisors 138

The total cost of implementing strategy a i.e. increasing access along with quality enhancement as well innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) for three years i.e. 2013-16 is estimated to be Rs. 9,287 million, with 66% for increasing access to education (Table SSa3). Table SSa3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Existing Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 0 0 0 0 Recurrent Costs* 969 2,036 3,113 6,118 Subtotal of Strategy (a) 969 2,036 3,113 6,118 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 194 407 623 1,224 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 174 367 560 1,101 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 1,337 2,810 4,296 8,443 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 134 281 430 844 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY a (Rs m) 1,470 3,091 4,726 9,287 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (b) Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room (In 10% of existing schools) This strategy is based on the construction of one additional classroom (estimated at a cost of Rs 1 million) and hiring of one teacher in an existing public school. An assessment of schools with extra land and possibility of enrolling out-of-school students Of the total number of 897,941 new students to be enrolled in primary classes in Sindh during 2013-16, 10% i.e., 89,794 students will be accommodated in formal public schools which will be provided with an additional classroom and one additional teacher. Assuming 30 students per classroom, a total of 2,993 additional rooms (and 2,993 teachers) will be provided in 2,993 formal schools (Table SSb1). Table SSb1: Number of children to be enrolled in Schools with additional room provided Total children 29,800 29,872 30,122 89,794 Number of formal schools to be provided with additional room and teacher and other missing facilities 993 996 1,004 2,993 * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools 139

Assuming a teacher-supervisor ratio of 40:1, 75 new supervisors will be recruited to monitor new teaching activities (Table SSb2). Table SSb2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for Schools with additional room provided Formal school teachers 993 996 1,004 2,993 Non-formal school teachers (NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) - - - - Administrators/Supervisors 25 25 25 75 The total cost of implementing strategy b i.e., provision of public sector formal schools with one additional room and teacher is estimated to cost Rs. 6,370 million over a period of three years (Table SSb3). Of this, 80% is the cost for the additional room and human resources while the remaining are costs for quality enhancement, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and for miscellaneous/unforeseen expenditures. Table SSb3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Schools with additional room provided(rs million) Development Costs 993 1,095 1,104 3,193 Recurrent Costs* 298 627 958 1,883 Subtotal of Strategy (b) 1,291 1,722 2,062 5,076 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 60 125 192 377 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 54 113 172 339 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 1,405 1,960 2,426 5,791 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 140 196 243 579 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY b (Rs m) 1,545 2,156 2,669 6,370 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (c) Enrolment of Children in new schools (40% of all new enrolments) Of the 359,176 children to be enrolled in new schools, one-half will be enrolled in formal public sector new schools and the other half will be enrolled in new non formal primary and feeder schools (Table SSc1). 140

Table SSc1: Number of children to be enrolled in New Schools by Type of School Children to be enrolled in new Formal schools @ 20% 59,601 59,743 60,244 179,588 Number of new -formal primary schools to be opened 993 996 1,004 2,993 Children to be enrolled in new Non-Formal schools @ 10% 29,800 29,872 30,122 89,794 Number of new Non-formal primary schools to be opened 993 996 1,004 2,993 Number of children to be enrolled in new feeder schools @ 10 % 29,800 29,872 30,122 89,794 Number of new feeder schools grade(i-iii) to be opened 993 996 1,004 2,993 The human resource requirement under this strategy will entail recruitment of 1,497 formal school teachers and 150 supervisors while 5,986 non formal teachers will be hired (Table SSc2). Table SSc2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Schools Formal school teachers 497 498 502 1,497 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) 1,987 1,991 2,008 5,986 Administrators/Supervisors 50 50 50 150 The total cost of implementing this strategy is estimated at Rs 19,813 million, 80% of which is the development and recurrent cost of implementation (Table SSc3). The remaining 20% accounts for costs due to quality enhancement measures, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and miscellaneous/unforeseen expenditures. 141

Table SSc3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in New Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 3179 3505 3534 10218 Recurrent Costs* 894 1880 2874 5648 Subtotal of Strategy (c) 4073 5385 6408 15866 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 179 376 575 1130 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 161 338 517 1017 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 4412 6099 7500 18012 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 441 610 750 1801 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY c (Rs m) 4854 6709 8250 19813 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (d) Targeted Incentives for access and retention for disadvantaged groups and girls (15% of gross enrolments) Under this strategy, of all primary enrolments (old and new), 15% of the students will be provided incentives for access and retention in primary schools. In Sindh, 2.2 million children will be targeted in 3 years and provided incentives (equivalent to Rs. 3,000 per child per year) at a cost of Rs. 6.6 billion (Tables SSd1 and SSd2). Table SSd1: Number of disadvantaged children/girls to be given targeted incentives Children to be given incentives for access and retention 677,749 733,759 790,238 2,201,746 Table SSd2: Cost of Targeted Incentives for Disadvantaged/Girls (Rs million) @Rs 3,000 per child Subtotal of Strategy (d) 2,033 2,201 2,371 6,605 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY d (Rs m) 2,033 2,201 2,371 6,605 OVERALL PLAN ANALYSIS Total Plan Outlay The three-year MAF Education Plan outlay for Sindh is around Rs 42 billion (Table S3). Given the projections for actual primary education expenditures, the new plan expenditures are almost 25% of the total existing expenditures. 142

Table S3: Total MAF Plan Costs and Actual (Projected) Education Expenditures (in Rs. Million) Strategy a Strategy b Strategy c 2011-12 PROJECTED Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 1,470 3,091 4,726 9,287 1,545 2,156 2,669 6,370 4,854 6,709 8,250 19,813 Strategy d 2,033 2,201 2,371 6,605 TOTAL MAF PLAN COST 9,902 14,157 18,016 42,076 Primary Education Expenditure (Actual) 25,205 27,726 30,498 33,548 36,903 100,949 GRAND TOTAL 25,205 27,726 40,400 47,705 54,919 143,024 Plan Strategies and Resource Allocation Of the four strategies outlined in the MAF Plan, strategy c involves the highest percentage (47%) of plan resources, followed by strategy a (22%) and strategy d (16%) and b (15%). Chart 1: Distribution of Resources across MAF Plan Strategies Strategy D 16% Strategy A 22% Strategy B 15% Strategy C 47% 143

Efficiency of the MAF Plan Besides Strategy d, which is costed at merely Rs 3,000 per annum per targeted child, strategy a appears to be the most efficient i.e. least annual cost/student in enrolment of new students in existing schools (Chart 2). Strategy b is the least efficient, perhaps as it involves construction of an additional room in existing government schools 16. Chart 2: Cost Efficiency across MAF Plan Strategies MAF Plan Resources and Total Projected Actual Education Expenditure On the whole, resources required for the implementation of the MAF Plan range between 25% to 33% of the total primary education expenditure projected for 2013-16 (Chart 3). Chart 3: Financial Importance of MAF Plan in Primary Education 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 75% 70% 67% Primary Educ Expenditure MAF Plan 20% 25% 30% 33% 0% 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 16 It may be noted that strategy c appears more efficient than strategy b because c involves lower cost component e.g. non-formal & religious schools which are cost effective as compare to formal schools; besides the recurrent cost per non-formal/deeni student is only Rs. 5000/-as compared to formal primary student whose recurrent cost is Rs. 10,000/- 144

IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MECHANISM The implementation of the Plan will be the responsibility of the Provincial/Area governments. The Federal Government will however facilitate by providing a platform for inter provincial coordination, and to liaise with the donors and other stakeholders. Besides Federal Govt. may also provide technical and professional support to provinces and areas in planning, implementation and monitoring/evaluation, if required. In each province/area, the implementation and monitoring mechanism for the MAF National Plan of Action will function at two levels: (i) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination: This will ensure close coordination between the key macro players i.e., the Provincial Coordinating Unit (PCU), the Federal Government, the Provincial Coordinating Units in other provinces/areas; private sector/ civil society and the international development partners. For every year of the Plan, to review the progress and revision, if needed, the following steps are proposed. Focal Persons meeting after the first quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Secretaries of Education meeting after the second quarter of the Plan; Focal Persons meeting after the third quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Education Ministers Conference at the end of every year of the Plan. AEPAM will function as the Secretariat of the Federal Coordination Unit. (Updated Progress Reports will be prepared by the Provincial/Area Coordination Units and discussed in the above fora / meetings) 145

Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination and (ii) Intra-provincial Coordination and Implementation Network The PCU and its various cells will not only provide the associated service at the macro level, i.e. with Federal Government, other provincial governments and international development partners, but will also undertake coordination and planning, data and research etc. at the provincial level as well as serve as an ondemand resource for district/local governments. Each cell as well as the Unit will be staffed with personnel and technical support as and when identified by the provincial/area authorities. 146

Coordination & Implementation M&E PCU (Management) Finance, Procurement & Financial Management Evidence Based Planning Data & Research Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism The provinces and areas will establish and strengthen monitoring an evaluation mechanism to assess the implementation progress. For the purpose monitoring and evaluation indicators will be developed and progress assessed. The monitoring indicators will cover financial allocation and expenditure against the plan requirement; number of children enrolled, retained and completed primary education; out-of-school monitoring and evaluation indicators will also include quality of education indicators as well. Annual implementation progress reports against the MAF Plan targets will be prepared by each province/area and shared with all concerned. The yearly (annual) progress reports will also highlight the issues, challenges and bottlenecks in achieving the targets so that the said issues may be addressed. At the end (in June 2016) a comprehensive completion report will be prepared and shared. 147

AJK PLAN OF ACTION 2013-16 ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN MDG ACCELERATION FRAMEWORK

AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR (AJ&K) PLAN OF ACTION Situation Analysis 2011/12 The present education profile of AJ&K reflects a primary-age group (5-9 years) population of 557,440 children, of which 286,210 are boys and 271,230 are girls (Table 1a). Gross primary enrolment rate is 73% for both boys and girls while the net enrolment rate of 59% is much lower, with 58% for boys and 59% for girls. Due to poverty, poor teaching-learning conditions in school, and the child being required to help at home or work, drop-out rates show that 13% of children leaving school before completing primary education. Table 1a: AJ&K: Population, Primary Enrolment & Completion Rates 2011/12 (%) Urban Rural Total Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Boys Girls Both Population (5-9yrs) 34345 32548 66893 251865 238682 490547 286210 271230 557440 Gross Enrolment Rate 96 94 95 70 70 70 73 73 73 Net Primary Enrolment Rate 77 75 76 56 56 56 58 59 59 Primary Completion or Survival Rate 86 89 87 Source: Calculated on the basis of EMIS (2011/12) and NIPS (2013) The current stock of primary-aged out-of-school children (OOSC) is 231,677, with 112,502 girls and 119,175 boys (Table 1b). Table 1b AJ&K: Primary-aged Out-of-school Children (in numbers) Urban Rural Total Boys 231,677 Girls 119,175 Both 112,502 Source: Almost 70% primary age group children attend public sector schools. The actual public expenditure on primary education is stated to be Rs 4,583 million for AJ&K, the said amount is spent on educating 262,597 children at a cost of Rs 17,452 per student. (Table 1c). 149

Table 1c: AJ&K: Education Expenditure Per Primary Student & Per Child : 2011/12 Actual Education Expenditure (Pre & Primary)* in Rs m Total Public Gross Primary Enrolment (#) Education Expenditure Per Student (in Rs) Total Population (5-9 years) Education Expenditure Per Child (aged 5-9 years) (in Rs) Province/Area 4583 262,597 17,452 557,440 8,221 Source: Ministry of Finance; 2013 Issues/Challenges and Suggested Strategies In AJ&K, for the education sector, two key issues were identified 17 : 1. Lack of access to education; and 2. Poor quality of education For each of these, a set of in-school and out-of-school factors were identified, along with some solutions for overcoming these challenges. Following is a matrix of these issues, along with a set of factors and corresponding strategies: AJ&K ACCESS In School Factors ; Issues/Challenges and Suggested Solution Teacher : Teacher Absenteeism Strategies/Interventions Teacher : Check teacher absenteeism Rationalization of teachers School building : Majority of schools are shelter less Lack of space in existing schools Lack of school furniture Schools lack water sanitation facilities Absence of playing ground and boundary wall in female schools School design are not adopting DRR concept Schools supplies Lack of Teaching kits No free text book School building : Convert shelter less schools in to proper sheltered schools Allocation of sufficient funds/budget for repair and maintenance of schools and playgrounds Repair and provision of water sanitation, hygiene facilities and electricity DRR measures to be introduced to the degree possible in existing structures Schools supplies Ensue provision of free text books Other Lack of DRR concept in curriculum Lack of incentives and motivation of students. Other Inclusions of DRR in curriculum Introducing incentives for children 17 In an MDG Acceleration Framework (AJ&K) workshop held in Muzaffarabad on May 3, 2013 which was attended by Federal and AJ&K education officials, representatives of the civil society and private sector, international development partners and education experts. 150

Out-of-school Factors Policy : Community Parent Geographic location QUALITY In School Factors Teachers : - No legislation on free and compulsory education - Lack of community involvement - Myth of education being not profitable - Lack of Awareness of parents - Illiteracy - Poverty - Hard and harsh weather conditions such as snow fall land sliding, flooded streams No merit in teacher recruitment Irrational student teachers ratio Inadequate training of teachers on curriculum. Lack of qualified/trained teachers (Maths/Science/English teachers) Corporal punishment Lack of inclusive approach Curriculum and Textbooks: Teachers not trained in new curriculum Delay in provision of textbooks Assessment system is not aligned with new curriculum. Inconsistency in medium of instruction at different levels (primary/ middle/ high ) Infrastructure : Improper infrastructure/physical facilities ( limited number of class rooms to accommodate more enrolment) Missing facilities Improper monitoring and supervision Lack of monitoring and supervision system Inefficient Head teacher Lack of accountability Strategies/Interventions Policy : Introduce legislation of free and compulsory education Community Increase community involvement by strengthening SMC Launching of massive adult literacy program Establish teachers and parent feedback mechanism Feeder schools in far flung areas Parent Increase awareness of parents Geographic location Establishment of feeder schools in hard areas Strategies/Interventions Teachers Merit-based appointment of teachers and ratio rationalization Appointment of teachers as per numbers of students enrolled and subject offered Regular Teachers training. Performance of teachers should be supervised. Training of teachers on inclusive approach Appointment of Trained teachers. Curriculum & Textbooks Training of Teachers on new curriculum/ textbooks. Timely provision of textbooks Harmonize exams with new curriculum Harmonize of medium of instruction Infrastructure Improve infrastructure Provide missing facilities Monitoring and Supervision Arrange and strengthen PTAs/SMCs School improvement plan should be developed and executed CPDs should be ensured Free and fair accountability 151

Out-of-school Factors Social factor such as broken families Geographical factor Environmental factor Illiterate parents. Economic factor (part time child worker ) Poverty/child labour. Strategies/Interventions Counseling of father/guardian (by PTA, community elders ) Awareness of community and teachers Incentives such as stipends to stop child labour In light of the above issues, factors and suggested strategies, the AJ&K MAF Education Plan (2013-16) was developed, focusing on : (i) bringing in maximum number of primary-age group out-of-school children to be enrolled in formal and non-formal schools through provision/expansion of schools, awareness campaigns, etc (ii) increase retention in primary grades through provision of proper teaching-learning environment, textbooks, other incentives, etc., (iii) improve quality of education through teachers training, community participation, etc. and (iv) specific provision of other incentives (e.g. stipends, food for education, uniforms, etc) to retain children from most disadvantaged/rural/remote areas, especially girls. The four specific strategies identified (and budgeted) under MAF Plan include: a. Enrolment of new students in existing schools: This strategy focuses on enrolling outof-school children in existing primary schools with underutilized capacity. Also, there are several closed schools which can be made functional. As admission policy does not allow children aged 7+ years in formal primary classes, over-age children will be enrolled in non-formal basic education, community feeder or religious (deeni madrassah) schools. b. Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room: In existing public formal schools, where extra space is available, construction of an additional classroom and provision of a teacher will help in accommodating a number of new students. c. Enrolment of new students in new schools: In disadvantaged/remote areas where enrolment is low due to non-availability of formal public schools, construction of two-room new formal and opening of one room non formal schools will help in improving access to education. d. Targeted Incentives: This strategy is aimed at retaining students, especially those from disadvantaged groups, especially girls, who (mainly due to financial reasons) drop out before completing primary school. These incentives (e.g. stipends, food-foreducation, uniforms, etc.) will be given to students from poor families. The key assumptions of the AJ&K MAF Education Plan are: 1. Using actual estimates of population for the year 2012 and net primary enrolment rates for 2011/12, projections for these variables were made for the base year 2012/13 and for the Plan period 2013-16; 2. The Plan is based on annual physical targets and corresponding estimated costs for a three year period i.e. 2013/14-15/16; 152

3. Under each strategy, a certain number of out-of-school children to be enrolled is specified; 4. There are basically four types of schools assigned to absorb additional enrolment i.e., public sector formal schools; non-formal basic and feeder schools; religious or deeni madaris institutions; and private sector schools; 5. Costs of additional enrolments are estimated for each type of school except private sector schools which are not financed by the public treasury; 6. Under each strategy, besides specified development costs (i.e., Rs 1 million per additional room and Rs 3 million for a 2-room school in the public sector; and Rs 100,000 per new non formal school), recurrent costs are estimated at the rate of Rs 10,000 per student in formal public schools and Rs 5,000 per student in nonformal/feeder /deeni madrassah; 7. Plan estimates are based on annual inflation rate of 10%; 8. A student teacher ratio of 30:1; and a teacher-administrator/supervisor ratio of 40:1 is assumed. 9. For quality enhancement (e.g., teacher training, curriculum reform, provision of missing facilities, etc.), 20% of recurrent costs are added to the total cost. 10. For innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.), an amount equivalent to 15% of recurrent costs plus quality enhancement costs is added to total costs. 11. To improve access and retention, incentives such as stipends, food-for-education, uniforms, etc. will be targeted towards children in disadvantaged (rural/backward/remote) areas and belonging to disadvantaged groups (especially girls) in selected poor districts. These incentives are costed at Rs 3,000 per student for an equivalent of 15% of newly enrolled students. 12. A contingency amount equivalent to 10% of all development, recurrent, quality and innovative strategies costs is added to cover miscellaneous and unforeseen costs. AJ&K MAF PLAN (2013-16) According to most recent projections, the population of primary-age group children (5-9 years) in AJ&K is likely to gradually rise to 603,391 by 2015/16, of which 309,803 will be boys and 293,588 will be girls (Table A1a). Table A1a. AJ&K Total Population (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) Projected Population Estimates Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 557,440 568,589 579,961 591,560 603,391 Male 286,210 291,934 297,773 303,728 309,803 Female 271,230 276,655 282,188 287,831 293,588 Source: NIPS projections 2013 Given an overall primary net enrolment rate of 58% in 2011/12, projections suggest that this could increase to 75% by 2015/16, provided the MAF Plan strategies are implemented effectively. 153

Table A1b. AJ&K. Net Enrolment Rates (2011/12) & Targets (2013-16) Projected Net Enrolment Rates Targets Benchmark 2012-13 2011-12 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 58% 60% 65% 69% 75% Male 58% 60% 66% 69% 75% Female 59% 60% 64% 69% 75% Based on the population projections and the estimated net enrolment rates, there will be a gradual annual decline in the total number of out-of-school primary-age children, both boys and girls, in AJ&K (Table A2a). Due to MAF Plan efforts, the stock of out-of-school children is expected to decrease from 213,677 children in 2011/12 to 150,848 children in 2015/16. Table A2a. AJ&K. Out-of-school Children (2011/12) & Projected Estimates (2013-16) 2011-12 OOSC (Projected Estimates) Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 TOTAL Total 231,677 227,436 202,830 183,384 150,848 996,174 Male 119,175 116,774 101,243 94,156 77,451 508,798 Female 112,502 110,662 101,588 89,228 73,397 487,376 Given limited capacity in schools, it is not possible to enroll all out-of-school children in primary school, especially in a brief period of three years. Also, admission policy in formal schools does not allow enrolment of child above 7+ years in primary school, who have to be placed in non-formal systems, which too have their own limitations regarding class size and quality. (Table A2b). Table A2b. AJ&K. Out-of-school Children (Projected) Estimates (2013-16) to be Enrolled Total 35,977 31,046 44,367 111,390 Male 21,370 13,042 22,780 57,192 Female 14,607 18,004 21,587 54,198 Percentage of Total OOSC* Total 16% 15% 24% Male 18% 13% 24% Female 13% 18% 24% *% of previous year s out-of-school children enrolled in the current year Physical Targets and Cost Estimates for MDG Acceleration Framework (MAF) Strategies to Accelerate New Enrolment and Enhance Quality in AJ&K Within the MDG Acceleration Framework plan, a total number of 111,390 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in AJ&K, under four possible mutually exclusive strategies: 154

Strategy (a) Enrolment of new students in existing schools (under-utilized/closed schools) (70% of all new enrolment) A major strategy to be implemented under the MAF Plan suggests enrolment of out-of-school children in primary classes of existing formal and non-formal schools. A careful assessment of schools with underutilized capacity as well as nonfunctional/closed schools will have to be undertaken before allocating new students to these institutions. Under the strategy of enrolling new students in existing schools, a total number of 77,973 new students will be enrolled in primary classes in AJ&K during 2013-16. Of these, 40% will be enrolled in public formal and 10% in public non formal schools and 10% in deeni madaris and other schools. Private schools are estimated to absorb another 10% students (Table AS1a). Table ASa1: Number of children to be enrolled in Existing Schools by Type of School Total children (70%) 25,184 21,732 31,057 77,973 I Public sector formal schools @ 40% 14,391 12,418 17,747 44,556 II Public sector Non- formal and feeder schools @10% 3,598 3,105 4,437 11,139 III Private Sector Schools @10%* IV Deeni Madaris & Others @ 10% * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools 3,598 3,105 4,437 11,139 3,598 3,105 4,437 11,139 Human resources (mainly teachers and administrators/supervisors) will have to be recruited for the new students enrolled. This recruitment will be based on 30:1 students-teacher ratio and 40:1 teachers-supervisor ratio. Corresponding to the new enrolments, the human resource requirement (teachers and administrators/supervisors) under this strategy will be the recruitment of a total of 371 new non formal school teachers (Table ASa2). Table ASa2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Enrolments in Existing Schools Formal school teachers Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE,Feeder Schools, Madrassah) Administrators/Supervisors 120 103 148 371 The total cost of implementing strategy a i.e. increasing access along with quality enhancement as well innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) for three years i.e. 2013-16 is estimated to be Rs. 1,708 million, with 66% for increasing access to education (Table ASa3). 155

Table ASa3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Existing Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 0 0 0 0 Recurrent Costs* 180 351 595 1,125 Subtotal of Strategy (a) 180 351 595 1,125 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 36 70 119 225 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 32 63 107 203 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 248 484 821 1,553 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 25 48 82 155 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY a (Rs m) 273 532 903 1,708 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (b) Enrolment of new students in formal schools through provision of an additional room (In 10% of existing schools) This strategy is based on the construction of one additional classroom (estimated at a cost of Rs 1 million) and hiring of one teacher in an existing public school. An assessment of schools with extra land and possibility of enrolling out-of-school students will have to be carefully undertaken. Of the total number of 111,390 new students to be enrolled in primary classes in AJ&K during 2013-16, 10% i.e., 11,139 students will be accommodated in formal public schools which will be provided with an additional classroom and one additional teacher. Assuming 30 students per classroom, a total of 371 additional rooms (and 371 teachers) will be provided in 371 formal schools (Table ASb1). Table ASb1: Number of children to be enrolled in Schools with additional room provided Total children 3,598 3,105 4,437 11,139 Number of formal schools to be provided with additional room and teacher and other missing facilities 120 103 148 371 * Not costed as these are estimates for private sector schools 156

Assuming a teacher-supervisor ratio of 40:1, 9 new supervisors will be recruited to monitor new teaching activities (Table ASb2). Table ASb2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for Schools with additional room provided Formal school teachers 120 103 148 371 Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) - - - - Administrators/Supervisors 3 3 4 9 The total cost of implementing strategy b i.e., provision of public sector formal schools with one additional room and teacher is estimated to cost Rs. 778 million over a period of three years (Table ASb3). Of this, 80% is the cost for the additional room and human resources while the remaining are costs for quality enhancement, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and for miscellaneous/unforeseen events. Table ASb3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in Schools with additional room provided (Rs million) Development Costs 120 114 163 396 Recurrent Costs* 36 70 119 225 Subtotal of Strategy (b) 156 184 282 621 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 7 14 24 45.01 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 6 13 21 41 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 170 211 327 707 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 17 21 33 71 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY b (Rs m) 187 232 359 778 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments Strategy (c) Enrolment of Children in new schools (20% of all new enrolments) Of the 22,278 children to be enrolled in new schools, one-half will be enrolled in non-formal new schools and the other half will be enrolled in new feeder schools (Table ASc1). 157

Table ASc1: Number of children to be enrolled in New Schools by Type of School Children to be enrolled in new Formal schools @ 20% 0 0 0 0 Number of new -formal primary schools to be opened Children to be enrolled in new Non- Formal schools @ 10% 3,598 3,105 4,437 11,139 Number of new Non-formal primary schools to be opened 120 103 148 371 Number of children to be enrolled in new feeder schools @ 10 % 3,598 3,105 4,437 11,139 Number of new feeder schools grade(i-iii) to be opened 120 103 148 371 The human resource requirement under this strategy will entail recruitment of non-formal and feeder school teachers and supervisors (Table ASc2). Table ASc2: Human Resource Requirement (Teachers) for New Schools Formal school teachers - - - - Non-formal school teachers ( NFBE, Feeder Sch, Madrassah) 240 207 296 743 Administrators/Supervisors 6 5 7 19 The total cost of implementing this strategy is estimated at Rs, 429 million, almost 70% of which is the development and recurrent cost of implementation (Table ASc3). The remaining 30% accounts for costs due to quality enhancement measures, innovative strategies (e.g., awareness campaigns to promote the importance of education, community involvement in supervision of local education; and use of media; etc.) and miscellaneous/unforeseen events. Table ASc3: Cost of Enrolling New Students in New Schools (Rs million) Development Costs 24 23 33 79 Recurrent Costs* 36 70 119 225 Subtotal of Strategy (c) 60 93 151 304 Cost of Quality improvement ( 20 % of recurring cost ) 7 14 24 45 Cost of Innovative Strategies for access & quality (15% of recurring cost ) 6 13 21 41 Total Cost i.e., Development, Recurrent, Quality and Innovative Strategies 74 120 197 390 Misc/Unforeseen Cost (10 % of total cost ) 7 12 20 39 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY c (Rs m) 81 131 216 429 *Includes cost of previous years new enrolments 158

Strategy (d) Targeted Incentives for access and retention for disadvantaged groups and girls (15% of all enrolments) Of all primary enrolments (old and new), 15% of the students will be provided incentives for access and retention in primary schools. In AJ&K, 232,097 children will be targeted and provided incentives (equivalent to Rs. 3,000 per child) at a cost of Rs. 696 million (Tables ASd1 and ASd2). Table ASd1: Number of disadvantaged children/girls to be given targeted incentives Children to be given incentives for access and retention 70,712 76,533 84,852 232,097 Table ASd2: Cost of Targeted Incentives for Disadvantaged/Girls (Rs million) @Rs 3,000 per child Subtotal of Strategy (d) 212 230 255 696 TOTAL COST of STRATEGY d (Rs m) 212 230 255 696 OVERALL PLAN ANALYSIS Total Plan Outlay The three-year MAF Education Plan outlay for AJ&K is Rs 3,611 million (Table A3). Given the projections for actual primary education expenditures, the new plan expenditures are almost 16% of the total existing expenditures. Strategy a Strategy b Strategy c Table A3: Total MAF Plan Costs and Actual (Projected) Education Expenditures (in Rs. Million) 2011-12 PROJECTED Benchmark 2012-13 (Projected) 273 532 903 1,708 187 232 359 778 81 131 216 429 Strategy d 212 230 255 696 TOTAL MAF PLAN 753 1,125 1,733 3,611 Primary Education Expenditure (Actual) 4,583 5,041 5,545 6,100 6,710 18,355 GRAND TOTAL 4,583 5,041 6,298 7,225 8,443 21,966 159

Plan Strategies and Resource Allocation Of the four strategies outlined in the MAF Plan, strategy a involves the highest percentage (47%) of plan resources, followed by strategy b (22%), d (19%) and c (12%). Chart 1: Distribution of Resources across MAF Plan Strategies Strategy D 19% Strategy C 12% Strategy A 47% Strategy B 22% Efficiency of the MAF Plan Besides Strategy d, which is costed at merely Rs 3,000 per annum per targeted child, strategy c appears to be the most efficient i.e. lowest cost/student in enrolment of new students in new schools (Chart 2). Strategy b is the least efficient, perhaps as it involves construction of an additional room in existing government schools 18. Chart 2: Cost Efficiency across MAF Plan Strategies 18 It may be noted that strategy c appears more efficient than strategy b because c involves lower cost component e.g. non-formal & religious schools which are cost effective as compare to formal schools; besides the recurrent cost per non-formal/deeni student is only Rs. 5000/-as compared to formal primary student whose recurrent cost is Rs. 10,000/- 160

MAF Plan Resources and Total Projected Actual Education Expenditure On the whole, resources required for the implementation of the MAF Plan range between 12% to 21% of the total primary education expenditure projected for 2013/14-2015/16 (Chart 3). Chart 3: Financial Importance of MAF Plan in Primary Education 120% 100% 80% 60% 88% 84% 79% Primary Educ Expenditure MAF Plan 40% 20% 0% 12% 16% 21% 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 IMPLEMENTATION & MONITORING MECHANISM The implementation of the Plan will be the responsibility of the Provincial/Area governments. The Federal Government will however facilitate by providing a platform for inter provincial coordination, and to liaise with the donors and other stakeholders. Besides Federal Govt. may also provide technical and professional support to provinces and areas in planning, implementation and monitoring/evaluation, if required. In each province/area, the implementation and monitoring mechanism for the MAF National Plan of Action will function at two levels: (i) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination: This will ensure close coordination between the key macro players i.e., the Provincial Coordinating Unit (PCU), the Federal Government, the Provincial Coordinating Units in other provinces/areas; private sector/ civil society and the international development partners. For every year of the Plan, to review the progress and revision, if needed, the following steps are proposed. Focal Persons meeting after the first quarter of the Plan; Inter-Provincial Secretaries of Education meeting after the second quarter of the Plan; Focal Persons meeting after the third quarter of the Plan; 161

Inter-Provincial Education Ministers Conference at the end of every year of the Plan. AEPAM will function as the Secretariat of the Federal Coordination Unit. (Updated Progress Reports will be prepared by the Provincial/Area Coordination Units and discussed in the above fora / meetings) Overall Macro Level Inter-Governmental Coordination and (ii) Intra-provincial Coordination and Implementation Network The PCU and its various cells will not only provide the associated service at the macro level, i.e. with Federal Government, other provincial governments and international development partners, but will also undertake coordination and planning, data and research etc. at the provincial level as well as serve as an ondemand resource for district/local governments. Each cell as well as the Unit will be staffed with personnel and technical support as and when identified by the provincial/area authorities. 162