Coccidiosis Vaccination A Practitioner s View Robert L Owen V M D Ph D Robert L. Owen, V.M.D., Ph.D. Senior Technical Services Veterinarian
Acknowledgements Dr. John McCarty Merial Animal Health Hatchpak III Dr. Kendre Stringfellow Novus Animal Health Advent
Agenda Why vaccination needs to be part of our programs What happens when we vaccinate ate How to be successful Hatchery Chicken house Coping with problems
Givens We Must Live With Absolute control of coccidiosis is by the bird s immune system Full immunity may take up to 6 weeks to achieve Interventions attempt to reduce clinical effects. Theory with vaccination is to administer a controlled dose early in life before impact on performance is too great Can t control natural challenge
Roxarsone Alpharma, Inc. Impact of Adding 3-Nitro to 3 Anticoccidial Programs in Broilers Receiving Mixed-Species Coccidial Challenge Infections, Feather Data 4, 2006.
Why vaccinate? Suspension of sales of 3Nitro in July, 2011 was a game changer NAU Uand doga organic cpoga programs have no choice Resting gperiod for Sons of Coban is about 6 months Resting period for chemicals is ±2 years or clean-out period
Reasons to Vaccinate Restoration of sensitivity No residue issues Sustainable coccidiosis control Flexible marketing Indirect disease control benefits Focus on nutrition
What Happens When We Vaccinate Oral uptake sporulated oocyst Oocyst crushed in gizzard: sporozoites free Sporozoites enter intestinal epithelial cells Several asexual stages (2-3); trofozoit-schizont- merozoit 1 sexual stage : micro/macro-gametocyt Leading to unsporulated oocyst Released with faeces : oocyst sporulates in litter 4 to 7 DAYS depending on species/strain
Life cycle
Immunity Development E. acervulina o 2 cycles o Lesion peak at 14 24 days o Over by 28 days E. maxima o 2 cycles o Lesions peak at 20 28 days o Rarely found after 28 days E. tenella o 3 cycles o Lesions peak at 20 24 days of age
How to be Successful: Hatchery
Administer Live Vaccine Administering sporulated oocysts Somewhat fragile Transport and store at recommended temperatures 36 46 0 F (2 8 0 F) Don t freeze or overheat Always use fresh lot
Route of Administration Intestinal Health Magazine, Pages 7 8, Volume 3, 2000
Is More Better? Volume 25 mls 30 mls 21 mls (control) +33% +109% Based on OPGF Days 4 8 post spray McCarty, J., Merial Study 08 12
Dry Time Volume 21 mls 25 mls 30 mls Dry Time (Min) 10 15 15 20 20 25 Room temp 80 o F. McCarty, J., Merial Study 02 13 A&B
Sprayer Light Source Sprayer Exposure Post Light % light intensity Time Post Spray intensity comparison of Gavaged 150 FC 10 min 25 FC 27% 300 FC 10 min 25 FC 85% 450 FC 10 min 25 FC 97% 600 FC 10 min 25 FC 69% Control Gavaged 0% McCarty, J., Merial Studies 02, 03, 06 12
At the Sprayer impact on NE Sprayer light intensity Post light intensity NE% Mortality Non Vaccinated 25 FC 3.4% 300 FC 25 FC 4.0% 450 FC 25 FC 06% 0.6% Gavaged Control 1.1% McCarty, J., Merial Study 06/07 12
Timed Chick Room Exposure Time Post Spray Light Intensity % Comparison of E. maxima oocyst shed 5 minutes 80 FC 59% of gavaged control 10 minutes 80 FC 81% of gavaged control 15 minutes 80 FC 85% of gavaged control 20 minutes 80 FC 100% of gavaged control Control Gavaged 100% of control McCarty, J., Merial Study 09 11
Hatchery Vaccine Uptake Exposure time Post Light Intensity % Comparison of E. Spray maxima oocyst shed Continuous 5 minutes 300 FC 48% of gavaged control Continuous 10 minutes 300 FC 92% of gavaged control Intermittent 8 minutes 300 FC 100% of gavaged control Control Gavaged 100% shed rate control group McCarty,J. Merial Study 11 11
Post Sprayer Light Oocyst Shed Pattern Exposure Post D14 D18 D21 D28 D35 time post Light Intensity spray 20 min 0.5 FC 28% 49% 10% 12% 1% 20 min 20 FC 75% 12% 4% 2% 7% 20 min 80 FC 77% 17% 2% 2% 2% McCarty, J., Merial Study 09 11
Post Sprayer Light Stimulation Effect on Necrotic Enteritis Vaccination i Group Light Intensity NE% Mortality Vaccinated 0.5FC 7.8% Vaccinated 20 FC 3.1% Vaccinated 80 FC 1.6% Non Vaccinated Control 0.0% McCarty, J. Merial Study 09 11
How To Be Successful: Chicken House
Brooding Husbandry Lighting Feeding Practices Chicken house represents the biggest opportunity to help ourselves be successful Litter Moisture Ventilation Density
Brooding Husbandry How do you handle 1/3 house, ½ house? What about full house? Do brooders make a difference? Radiant tubes, Radiant pancakes, regular pancakes, LB White stoves Supplemental water? Best brooding temperature?
Lighting Now that we have learned lessons about lighting in the hatchery.what about at shed times? Is early lighting important
Feeding practices Remember oocysts are shed in the litter and then ingested Paper versus feeder lids versus Turbo feeders versus big lids Importance of not running out of feed
Litter Moisture Moisture in top 5-10 mm should be 25-35% (Van Heerden, 2013) Measure with hand held wood moisture meter Too dry - increase density Too wet - decrease density
Ventilation Directly impacts litter moisture Directly impacts litter moisture Especially at times when being turned out
Variation in Cycle Times HPC III Coccivac B Days 4&5 100% infected Day 6 No lesions Day 4 No lesions Days 5 & 6 1 of 3 infected Day 7 100% infected Diagnosis based on histopathology McCarty, J. Merial Study 1009
McCarty, J. 2013
Monitoring Rarely done in broilers Measurement is oocysts per gram PSU does this all the time on diagnostic samples Chickens Day 7, 14, 21, 28 post vaccination Should see increase from first to second count then decline
Coping with Problems Biggest risk factor for NE This summer has proven hatchery husbandry can help Use of Salinomycin in grower has become all the rage Need to dig more deeply into alternatives, prebiotics, probiotics
Take Aways Vaccination should become part of normal rotation program We can be successful u using vaccine Don t need salinomycin Now that we have the hatchery part figured out need research into chicken house part.
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