Micropower Low Noise Boost Converters with Output Disconnect FEATURES Low Quiescent Current μa in Active Mode 1μA in Shutdown Mode Switching Frequency is Non-Audible Over Entire Load Range Integrated Power NPN: ma Current Limit (A) 18mA Current Limit () Integrated Schottky Diode Integrated Output Disconnect Integrated Output Dimming Wide Input Range:.V to 1V Wide Output Range: Up to V Tiny 8-Lead mm mm DFN Package APPLICATIONS OLED Power Low Noise Power MP Players DESCRIPTION The LT 9/A are low noise boost converters with integrated power switch, Schottky diode and output disconnect circuitry. The parts use a novel* control technique resulting in low output voltage ripple as well as high effi ciency over a wide load current range. This technique guarantees that the switching frequency stays above the audio band for the entire load range. The parts feature a high performance NPN power switch with a ma and 18mA current limit for the A and respectively. The quiescent current is a low μa, which is further reduced to less than 1μA in shutdown. The internal disconnect circuitry allows the output voltage to be isolated from the input during shutdown. An auxiliary reference input (CTRL pin) overrides the internal 1.V feedback reference with any lower value allowing full control of the output voltage during operation. The /A are available in a tiny 8-lead mm mm DFN package., LT, LTC and LTM are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. *Patent pending. TYPICAL APPLICATION OLED Power Supply from One Li-Ion Cell V IN V TO.V.μF 1μH CAP V CC SHDN FB CTRL GND.μF 1V 1mA.1M.μF 9 TA1a PEAK-TO-PEAK RIPPLE (mv) 1 1 Output Voltage Ripple vs Load Current FIGURE CIRCUIT 1MHz MEASUREMENT BW EFFICIENCY (%) 9 8 Effi ciency and Power Loss vs Load Current V IN =.V LOAD FROM CAPITOR LOAD FROM 8 1 1 8 POWER LOSS (mw).1 1 1 1 LOAD (ma).1 1 1 1 LOAD (ma) 9 TA1b 9 TA1c 1
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Note 1) V CC Voltage...1V Voltage...V CAP Voltage...V Voltage...V SHDN Voltage...1V CTRL Voltage...1V FB Voltage...V Maximum Junction Temperature... 1 C Operating Temperature Range (Note )... C to 8 C Storage Temperature Range... C to 1 C PKAGE/ORDER INFORMATION GND V CC CTRL TOP VIEW 9 DDB PKAGE 8-LEAD (mm mm) PLASTIC DFN T JMAX = 1 C, θ JA = C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 9) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB ORDER PART NUMBER EDDB AEDDB 1 8 CAP FB SHDN DDB PART MARKING LCCD LCRW Order Options Tape and Reel: Add #TR Lead Free: Add #PBF Lead Free Tape and Reel: Add #TRPBF Lead Free Part Marking: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. ELECTRICAL CHARTERISTICS The denotes the specifi cations which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifi cations are at T A = C. V CC = V, V SHDN = V CC, unless otherwise noted. (Note ) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS Minimum Operating Voltage.. V Maximum Operating Voltage 1 V Feedback Voltage V CTRL = V (Note ) 1. 1. 1. V FB Resistor 19 18 18 kω Quiescent Current Not Switching μa Quiescent Current in Shutdown V S H D N = V, V CC = V 1 μa Minimum Switch Off Time After Start-Up Mode, V FB = 1V, V CTRL = V (Note ) During Start-Up Mode, V FB =.V, V CTRL = V (Note ) Maximum Switch Off Time V FB = 1.V 1 μs Switch Current Limit A (Note ) (Note ) Switch V CESAT A, I = ma, I = 1mA Switch Leakage Current V = V, V S H D N =.1 1 μa Schottky Forward Voltage I DIODE = 1mA 9 11 mv Schottky Reverse Leakage. 1 μa PMOS Disconnect V CAP I OUT = 1mA, V CAP = V mv SHDN Input Voltage High 1. V SHDN Input Voltage Low. V SHDN Pin Bias Current V SHDN = V V SHDN = V 1.1 μa μa 11 1 18 18 11 ns ns ma ma mv mv
ELECTRICAL CHARTERISTICS The denotes the specifi cations which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifi cations are at T A = C. V CC = V, V SHDN = V CC, unless otherwise noted. (Note ) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS CTRL Pin Bias Current V CTRL =.V, Current Flows Out of Pin 1 na CTRL to FB Offset V CTRL =.V 8 1 mv Maximum Shunt Current V FB = 1.V, V CAP = V μa Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note : The /A are guaranteed to meet performance specifications from C to 8 C. Specifi cations over the C to 8 C operating temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. Note : Internal reference voltage is determined by fi nding V FB voltage level which causes quiescent current to increase μa above Not Switching level. Note : If CTRL is overriding the internal reference, Start-Up mode occurs when V FB is less then half the voltage on CTRL. If CTRL is not overriding the internal reference, Start-Up mode occurs when V FB is less then half the voltage of the internal reference. Note : Current limit guaranteed by design and/or correlation to static test. TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARTERISTICS T A = C unless otherwise noted. ITCHING FREQUENCY (khz) 1 1 1 8 Switching Frequency vs Load Currrent Load Regulation vs CTRL Voltage FIGURE CIRCUIT = 1V CHANGE (%). 1. 1... 1. 1. FIGURE CIRCUIT = 1V (V) 1 1 FIGURE CIRCUIT = 1V LOAD = 1mA.1 1 1 1 LOAD (ma). 1 1 LOAD (ma).1....9 1.1 1. 1. CTRL (V) 9 G1 9 G 9 G
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARTERISTICS T A = C unless otherwise noted. OUTPUT CHANGE (%). 1. 1... 1. 1.. Output Voltage vs Temperature Minimum Switching Frequency Quiescent Current Not Switching FIGURE CIRCUIT 8 1 TEMPERATURE ( C) 1 ITCHING FREQUENCY (khz) 1... 9. 9. 8. 8.. NO LOAD. 8 1 1 TEMPERATURE ( C) I VCC (μa) 1 9 9 8 8 8 9 1 V CC (V) 9 G 9 G 9 G SHDN Current vs SHDN Voltage Peak Inductor Current () Peak Inductor Current (A) SHDN PIN (μa) 1 1 PEAK (ma) 1 FIGURE CIRCUIT = 1V PEAK (ma) FIGURE CIRCUIT = 1V 8 1 1 1 1 SHDN PIN (V) 1 8 1 1 TEMPERATURE ( C) 8 1 1 TEMPERATURE ( C) 9 G 9 G8 9 G9 Switching Waveforms at No Load Switching Waveforms at 1mA Load Switching Waveforms at ma Load 1mV/DIV FIGURE CIRCUIT 1mV/DIV FIGURE CIRCUIT 1mV/DIV FIGURE CIRCUIT 1V/DIV ma/div = 1V μs/div 9 G1 1V/DIV 1mA/DIV = 1V μs/div 9 G11 1V/DIV 1mA/DIV = 1V ns/div 9 G1
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARTERISTICS T A = C unless otherwise noted. A Switching Waveforms at No Load A Switching Waveforms at ma Load A Switching Waveforms at ma Load 1mV/DIV FIGURE CIRCUIT 1mV/DIV FIGURE CIRCUIT 1mV/DIV FIGURE CIRCUIT 1V/DIV 1V/DIV 1V/DIV ma/div = 1V ms/div 9 G1 1mA/DIV = 1V ms/div 9 G1 ma/div = 1V ns/div 9 G1 Start-Up Waveforms Transient Response A Transient Response CAP V/DIV VOUT V/DIV 1mA/DIV FIGURE CIRCUIT VOUT mv/div 1mA/DIV FIGURE CIRCUIT 1mA 1mA 1mA LOAD PULSE mv/div ma/div FIGURE CIRCUIT 1mA ma 1mA LOAD PULSE = 1V μs/div 9 G1 = 1V 1μs/DIV 9 G1 = 1V 1μs/DIV 9 G18
PIN FUNCTIONS (Pin 1): Switch Pin. This is the collector of the internal NPN power switch. Minimize the metal trace area connected to this pin to minimize EMI. GND (Pin ): Ground. Tie directly to local ground plane. V CC (Pin ): Input Supply Pin. Must be locally bypassed. CTRL (Pin ): Dimming Pin. If not used, tie CTRL to 1.V or higher. If in use, drive CTRL below 1.V to override the internal reference. See Applications Information for more information. SHDN (Pin ): Shutdown Pin. Tie to 1.V or more to enable device. Ground to shut down. FB (Pin ): Feedback Pin. Reference voltage is 1.V. There is an internal 18k resistor from the FB pin to GND. To achieve the desired output voltage, choose R1 according to the following formula: V R1= 18 1. OUT( MAX) 1 kω (Pin ): Drain of Output Disconnect PMOS. Place a bypass capacitor from this pin to GND. See Applications Information. CAP (Pin 8): This is the cathode of the internal Schottky diode. Place a bypass capacitor from this pin to GND. Exposed Pad (Pin 9): Ground. This pin must be soldered to PCB. BLOCK DIAGRAM
OPERATION The /A use a novel control scheme to provide high efficiency over a wide range of output current. In addition, this technique keeps the switching frequency above the audio band over all load conditions. The operation of the part can be better understood by refering to the Block Diagram. The part senses the output voltage by monitoring the voltage on the FB pin. The user sets the desired output voltage by choosing the value of the external top feedback resistor. The parts incorporate a precision 18k bottom feedback resistor. Assuming that output voltage adjustment is not used (CTRL pin is tied to 1.V or greater), the internal reference (V REF = 1.V) sets the voltage at which FB will servo to during regulation. The Switch Control block senses the output of the amplifier and adjusts the switching frequency as well as other parameters to achieve regulation. During the start-up of the circuit, special precautions are taken to insure that the inductor current remains under control. APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Choosing an Inductor Several recommended inductors that work well with the /A are listed in Table 1, although there are many other manufacturers and devices that can be used. Consult each manufacturer for more detailed information and for their entire selection of related parts. Many different sizes and shapes are available. Use the equations and recommendations in the next few sections to find the correct inductance value for your design. Inductor Selection Boost Regulator The formula below calculates the appropriate inductor value to be used for a boost regulator using the / A (or at least provides a good starting point). Because the switching frequency is never allowed to fall below approximately khz, a minimum load must be present to prevent the output voltage from drifting too high. This minimum load is automatically generated within the part via the Shunt Control block. The level of this current is adaptable, removing itself when not needed to improve effi ciency at higher load levels. The /A also have an integrated Schottky diode and PMOS output disconnect switch. The PMOS switch is turned on when the part is enabled via the SHDN pin. When the parts are in shutdown, the PMOS switch turns off, allowing the node to go to ground. This type of disconnect function is often required in power supplies. The only difference between the A and is the level of the current limit. The A has a typical peak current limit of ma while the has a 18mA limit. This value provides a good trade off in inductor size and system performance. Pick a standard inductor close to this value. A larger value can be used to slightly increase the available output current, but limit it to around twice the value calculated below, as too large of an inductance will decrease the output voltage ripple without providing much additional output current. A smaller value can be used (especially for systems with output voltages greater than 1V) to give a smaller physical size. Inductance can be calculated as: L = ( V IN(MIN) +.V). (μh) where is the desired output voltage and V IN(MIN) is the minimum input voltage. Generally, a 1μH or 1μH inductor is a good choice. Table 1. Recommended Inductors PART LQHCN1K LQHCN1K CDRHD11-1 CDHED1/S-1 FOR USE WITH /A /A VALUE (μh) 1 1 1 1 MAX DCR (Ω)..8.. MAX DC I (ma) 8 SIZE (mm mm mm).. 1... 1... 1... 1. VENDOR Murata www.murata.com Sumida www.sumida.com
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Capacitor Selection The small size and low ESR of ceramic capacitors makes them suitable for most /A applications. XR and XR types are recommended because they retain their capacitance over wider voltage and temperature ranges than other types such as YV or ZU. A.μF input capacitor and a.μf to 1μF output capacitor are sufficient for most /A applications. Always use a capacitor with a sufficient voltage rating. Many capacitors rated at.μf to 1μF, particularly 8 or case sizes, have greatly reduced capacitance when bias voltages are applied. Be sure to check actual capacitance at the desired output voltage. Generally a 1 size capacitor will be adequate. A.μF or.μf capacitor placed on the CAP node is recommended to filter the inductor current while the larger.μf to 1μF placed on the node will give excellent transient response and stability. Table shows a list of several capacitor manufacturers. Consult the manufacturers for more detailed information and for their entire selection of related parts. Table. Recommended Ceramic Capacitor Manufacturers MANUFTURER PHONE URL Taiyo Yuden 8--1 www.t-yuden.com AVX 8-8-911 www.avxcorp.com Murata 81--11 www.murata.com Kemet 8-98- www.kemet.com Setting Output Voltage and the Auxiliary Reference Input The /A are equipped with both an internal 1.V reference and an auxiliary reference input. This allows the user to select between using the built-in reference and supplying an external reference voltage. The voltage at the CTRL pin can be adjusted while the chip is operating to alter the output voltage of the /A for purposes such as display dimming or contrast adjustment. To use the internal 1.V reference, the CTRL pin must be held higher than 1.V. When the CTRL pin is held between V and 1.V, the will regulate the output such that the FB pin voltage is nearly equal to the CTRL pin voltage. At CTRL voltages close to 1.V, a soft transition occurs between the CTRL pin and the internal reference. Figure 1 shows this behavior. 8 FB (V) 1. 1. 1.... Figure 1. CTRL to FB Transfer Curve To set the maximum output voltage, select the values of R1 according to the following equation: V R1= 18 1. OUT( MAX) 1 kω When CTRL is used to override the internal reference, the output voltage can be lowered from the maximum value down to nearly the input voltage level. If the voltage source driving the CTRL pin is located at a distance to the /A, a small.1μf capacitor may be needed to bypass the pin locally. Choosing a Feedback Node The single feedback resistor may be connected to the pin or to the CAP pin (see Figure ). Regulating the pin eliminates the output offset resulting from the voltage drop across the output disconnect PMOS. Regulating the CAP pin does not compensate for the voltage drop across the output disconnect, resulting in an output voltage that is slightly lower than the voltage set by the resistor divider. Under most conditions, it is advised that the feedback resistor be tied to the pin. 1 8 CAP V CC SHDN FB CTRL GND... 1. CTRL (V) R1 C1 1. 1. 9 F1 1 8 V CC CAP C SHDN FB CTRL GND R1 9 F Figure. Feedback Connection Using the CAP Pin or the Pin C1
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Connecting the Load to the CAP Node The efficiency of the converter can be improved by connecting the load to the CAP pin instead of the pin. The power loss in the PMOS disconnect circuit is then made negligible. By connecting the feedback resistor to the pin, no quiescent current will be consumed in the feedback resistor string during shutdown since the PMOS transistor will be open (see Figure ). The disadvantage of this method is that the CAP node cannot go to ground during shutdown, but will be limited to around a diode drop below V CC. Loads connected to the part should only sink current. Never force external power supplies onto the CAP or pins. The larger value output capacitor (.μf to 1μF) should be placed on the node to which the load is connected. Figure. Improved Effi ciency Maximum Output Load Current The maximum output current of a particular / A circuit is a function of several circuit variables. The following method can be helpful in predicting the maximum load current for a given circuit: Step 1: Calculate the peak inductor current: I PK V = I + LIMIT IN 1 9 amps L where I LIMIT is.18a and.a for the and A respectively. L is the inductance value in Henrys and V IN is the input voltage to the boost circuit. Step : Calculate the inductor ripple current: I RIPPLE 1 8 CAP V CC SHDN FB CTRL GND 9 F ( VOUT + 1 VIN) 1 1 9 = amps L where is the desired output voltage. C1 I LOAD If the inductor ripple current is greater than the peak current, then the circuit will only operate in discontinuous conduction mode. The inductor value should be increased so that I RIPPLE < I PK. An application circuit can be designed to operate only in discontinuous mode, but the output current capability will be reduced. Step : Calculate the average input current: I I ( ) = IPK IN AVG RIPPLE amps Step : Calculate the nominal output current: I OUT( NOM) I = ( ) VIN. amps V IN AVG OUT Step : Derate output current: I OUT = I OUT(NOM). amps For low output voltages the output current capability will be increased. When using output disconnect (load current taken from ), these higher currents will cause the drop in the PMOS switch to be higher resulting in reduced output current capability than those predicted by the preceding equations. Inrush Current When V CC is stepped from ground to the operating voltage while the output capacitor is discharged, a higher level of inrush current may fl ow through the inductor and integrated Schottky diode into the output capacitor. Conditions that increase inrush current include a larger more abrupt voltage step at V IN, a larger output capacitor tied to the CAP pin and an inductor with a low saturation current. While the internal diode is designed to handle such events, the inrush current should not be allowed to exceed 1A. For circuits that use output capacitor values within the recommended range and have input voltages of less than V, inrush current remains low, posing no hazard to the device. In cases where there are large steps at V CC (more than V) and/or a large capacitor is used at the CAP pin, inrush current should be measured to ensure safe operation. The A circuits experience higher levels of current during start-up and steady-state operation. An external diode placed from the pin to 9
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION the CAP pin will improve efficiency and lower the stress placed on the internal Schottky diode. Board Layout Considerations As with all switching regulators, careful attention must be paid to the PCB board layout and component placement. To maximize efficiency, switch rise and fall times are made as short as possible. To prevent electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems, proper layout of the high frequency switching path is essential. The voltage signal of the pin has sharp rising and falling edges. Minimize the length and area of all traces connected to the pin and always use a ground plane under the switching regulator to minimize interplane coupling. In addition, the FB connection for the feedback resistor R1 should be tied directly from the Vout pin to the FB pin and be kept as short as possible, ensuring a clean, noise-free connection. Recommended component placement is shown in Figure. CTRL GND V CC CTRL GND GND CAP FB SHDN SHDN VIAS TO GROUND PLANE REQUIRED TO IMPROVE THERMAL PERFORMANCE Figure. Recommended Layout 9 F TYPICAL APPLICATIONS V IN V TO.V Figure. One Li-Ion Cell Input Boost Converter with the 1 C.μF TURN ON/OFF DIMMING L1 1μH 1 8 CAP V CC SHDN FB CTRL GND C1.μF R1 9 F C1, C: XR OR XR WITH SUFFICIENT RATING C: MURATA GRM1MR1EK L1: MURATA LQHCN1K C.μF R1 VALUE REQUIRED (MΩ) MAXIMUM OUTPUT AT V INPUT (ma). 8.. 9.. 1..9 1. 1.9 11..8 1.1 19. 1.9 18.9 1. 1. 1.8 1.1 1. 1. 1. EFFICIENCY (%) 9 8.1 V IN =.V.V to 1V Effi ciency LOAD FROM CAPITOR LOAD FROM 1 1 1 LOAD (ma) 9 TA1c 8 1 1 8 POWER LOSS (mw)
PKAGE DESCRIPTION DDB Package 8-Lead Plastic DFN (mm mm) (Reference LTC DWG # -8-1 Rev B).1 ±. ( SIDES). ±. 1.1 ±.. ±.. ±.. BSC. ±. ( SIDES) PKAGE OUTLINE RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS. ±.1 ( SIDES) R =. TYP R =.11 TYP 8. ±.1 PIN 1 BAR TOP MARK (SEE NOTE ). ±.1 ( SIDES). ±. ( SIDES). REF. ±.. ±.. BSC.1 ±. ( SIDES). BOTTOM VIEW EXPOSED PAD NOTE: 1. DRAWING CONFORMS TO VERSION (WECD-1) IN JEDEC PKAGE OUTLINE M-9. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED.1mm ON ANY SIDE. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PKAGE 1 PIN 1 R =. OR. CHAMFER (DDB8) DFN 9 REV B Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 11
TYPICAL APPLICATION V IN V TO.V Figure. One Li-Ion Cell Input Boost Converter with the A PEAK-TO-PEAK RIPPLE (mv) C.μF L1 1μH D1 1 8 CAP V CC A SHDN FB CTRL GND C1.μF R1 9 F C1, C: XR OR XR WITH SUFFICIENT RATING C: TAIYO YUDEN TMK1BJ1ML D1: CENTRAL SEMICONDUCTOR CMDSH- L1: MURATA LQHCN1K Output Voltage Ripple vs Load Current 1 1.1 1MHz MEASUREMENT BW 1 1 1 LOAD (ma) 9 Fc C 1μF EFFICIENCY (%) Effi ciency and Power Loss vs Load Current 8.1 LOAD FROM CAPITOR LOAD FROM V IN =.V = 1V 1 1 1 LOAD (ma) 9 Fb R1 VALUE REQUIRED (MΩ) MAXIMUM OUTPUT AT V INPUT (ma). 1.. 1.. 1..9 1. 1.9 1..8 19. 19.. 18.9 1. 1.. 1.1. 1.. 1 1 POWER LOSS (mw) RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT11 ma (I ), 1.MHz, High Effi ciency Step-Up DC/DC Converter V IN :.9V to 1V, (MAX) = V, I Q = ma, I SD < 1μA, ThinSOT Package LT11/LT11-1 ma/8ma (I ), High Effi ciency Step-Up DC/DC Converters V IN : 1V to 1V, (MAX) = V, I Q = μa, I SD < 1μA, ThinSOT Package LT19/LT19A 1A (I ), 1.MHz/.MHz, High Effi ciency Step-Up DC/DC Converters V IN :.V to 1V, (MAX) = V, I Q =.A/.mA, I SD < 1μA, ThinSOT Package LT19 (Dual) LT19/LT19A LT/LTA LT/LTA LT1 1 Dual Output, Boost/Inverter, ma (I ), Constant Off-Time, High Efficiency Step-Up DC/DC Converter 1.A (I ), 1.MHz/.MHz, High Effi ciency Step-Up DC/DC Converters 1.1A (I ), 1.MHz/.1MHz, High Effi ciency Step-Up DC/DC Converters with Soft-Start Dual Output, Boost/Inverter, ma (I), Constant Off-Time, High Efficiency Step-Up DC/DC Converters with Integrated Schottkys Dual Output, Boost/Inverter, 1.A (I ), High Efficiency Boost-Inverting DC/DC Converter V IN : 1.V to 1V, (MAX) = ±V, I Q = μa, I SD < 1μA, 1-Lead MS Package V IN :.V to 1V, (MAX) = V, I Q =.ma, I SD < 1μA, 8-Lead MS Package V IN :.V to 1V, (MAX) = V, I Q = 1.mA, I SD < 1μA, ThinSOT Package V IN :.V to 1V, (MAX) = ±V, I Q = μa, I SD < 1μA, DFN Package V IN :.V to 1V, (MAX) = ±V, I Q =.ma, I SD < 1μA, DFN Package LT REV B PRINTED IN USA Linear Technology Corporation 1 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 9-1 (8) -19 FAX: (8) - www.linear.com LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION