International Experience : Vehicle fuel economy and CO2 measurement and labelling

International Experience : Vehicle fuel economy and CO2 measurement and labelling Stuart Rayner: National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa/Ford Motor Company: November 2014

Presentation sections Fuel economy measurement background and European CO2 emission reductions and labelling EU labelling overview South Africa: Department of Energy fuel economy labeling Future measurement trends Summary

Background: Fuels and Vehicle are a System Multiple studies over the past three decades directly link fuel quality to emissions Air quality is not improved solely on restricting emissions standards fuel quality plays a key role in air quality improvements Reductions in NOx, HC, CO, CO2, etc. are achieved through a harmonious relationship between vehicle technologies and fuel quality. Vehicle emission equipment without the appropriate fuel quality can increase emissions. Fuel Quality Vehicle Technology Improvements in Fuel Economy and Emissions 3

Background: European new passenger car fleet CO2 legislation 130 gr/km average by 2015 progressive intro from 2012. 95 gr/km average by 2020 subject to 2013 review. Waver for sub 10,000 units pa and special arrangements for sub 300,000 units manufacturers. Not initially applied to light commercial vehicles. Results in an effective 19% decrease in C02 emissions for all vehicles compared to current fleet. Implications for African markets?

Background: Typical Light Duty Vehicle Test Facility speed vs. time Power Absorption Unit Dilution Air Inertia Wheels Measurements in g/km, mg/km or #/km Regulations ECE-83 or 715/2007/EC Constant Volume Sampling (CVS) System Bag Samples to emissions analyzers

Background : Emission/CO2 Testing Facilities Slide: Ford Motor Company

Background :Emissions Test Cell Small vehicles only ( Fully Laden < 3.5 t). Multi million dollar investments On-going calibration / correlation / maintenance requirements to maintain accuracy, precision and reliability Highly skilled operators required Ford Motor Company

speed (kph) Background: New European Driving cycle (NEDC) New European Emissions / CO2 Cycle applied from year 2000. Excellent for repeatability and assessment against legislative standards. 140 120 100 New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) Speed / time trace 120 kph Recognised by both Industry and Legislators for some time as not representative of real driving. 80 60 40 20 Start of measurement Single Urban Drive Cycle 195 seconds Extre Urban Drive Cycle 400 seconds NEDC not only used in Europe but Mauritius / India / China / Russia / S Africa and many parts of South America. 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 time (s) 8 December 2014 Slide: Ford Motor Company

Background : Test (Reference) Fuels Fuels used for emission and FC/CO2 testing are specially prepared to ensure consistent and repeatable results. Key 24 parameters (petrol) controlled include: Octane (RON/MON) Density Aromatics Benzine Olefins Sulphur Ethanol (E5) In the case or ethanol which is newly added to the EU spec, this reduces fuel consumption by 1-2% - but has minimal impact on CO2 emissions.

Fuel Consumption (FC) Calculation and relationship to CO2 Relevant MEASUREMENTS taken test during rolling road emission test. 1) Carbon monoxide - CO 2) Hydrocarbons HC 3) Carbon Dioxide CO2 The fuel consumption (FC), expressed in litres per 100 km (in the case of petrol, LPG, ethanol (E85) and diesel) is calculated by means of the following formulae: FC = (0.118/D) [(0.848 HC) + (0.429 CO) + (0.273 CO2)] Where D is the fuel density. However quantities of CO and HC emissions are comparatively very small in modern vehicles. Hence for a given fuel type and density, FC is effectively directly proportional to CO2

Vehicle technology trends : Petrol Introduction of EcoBoost Technology Engines Gasoline Direct Injection Turbocharging Downsizing & Boosting Source: Ford Motor Company

New Vehicle Technology Migration 2012 2020 20 Recent/Near Term Begin migration to advanced technology Mid Term Full implementation of known technology Long Term Volume roll-out of hybrid electric technologies and alternative energy sources Near Term Mid Term Long Term Significant number of vehicles with Stratified Injection technology Dual clutch and 6-speed transmissions replace 4- and 5-speeds Increased hybrid applications Increased unibody applications Introduction of smaller cars and CUVs Electric power steering Battery management systems Aero improvement Weight reduction Engine displacement reduction aligned with weight save Stratified injection engines available in nearly all vehicles Increased use of hybrids as a percentage of gas engines Diesel use as market demands up to 10% Additional Aero improvements EPAS approaching 100% on light-duty vehicles Introduction of plug-in hybrids Percentage of internal combustion dependant on renewable fuels Volume introduction of hybrids and plug-in hybrids Introduction of BEV and fuel cell vehicles Clean electric / hydrogen fuels 12 Source: Ford Motor Company

EU Labelling overview 1) Introduction 2) European Directive 1999/94/EC 3) Overview National Regulation National adoption 3a) Outlook 4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country 5) Issues / Risk 6) Summary 7) Backup - Legal Documents 08/12/2014 Page 13

1) Introduction European Directive 1999/94/EC as last amended prescribes how to provide Consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars (M1 only, sale or lease) at point of sale. The Directive acts as a framework and defines the minimum requirements and standards (e.g. design, content) which have to be implemented by the Member states into national law. Baseline is a four pillar construct: (i) Label, (ii) Poster/ Display, (iii) Promotional literature and (iv) a fuel economy and CO2 Guide. EU Member States (MS) can mandate country specific requirements for consumer information. Thus, each market can differ in: Design & Style Content Diverse approch on CO2 rating scheme (e.g. Absolute or Relative) Penalties (e.g. Warning, Money, Imprisonment) According to this national requirements, retailers (e.g. Dealer, Manufacturer, Importeurs) must display Consumer information at the point of sale 08/12/2014 Page 14

2) European Directive 1999/94/EC EU Directive 1999/94/EC (Framework Directive for M1 only) Retailer Requirement MS* Requirement (i) Label (Annex I) (ii) Poster / Display (Annex III) (iii) Promotional Literature (Annex IV) (iv) Guide (Annex II) Mandated: A4 format Model information Fuel type FC, CO2 Standard text for the Consumer Size (Minimum): Poster 70cm x50cm Display: 25cm x32cm (17 ) Mandated: Group and listed according to fuel type Models ranked in order of increasing CO2 FC, CO2 Standard text for the Consumer Update (at least) : Poster every 6 months Display every 3 month All kind of sales marketing consumer information (e.g. printed, electronically, internet) as a minimum, technical manuals, brochures, advertisements in newspapers, magazines and trade press and posters Mandated: FC, CO2 easy to read easy to understand even on superficial contact. Mandated: Listing of all new cars within the MS Grouped in alphabetic order FC, CO2 Prominent list, 10 most fuel efficient cars explanation of the effect of GHG reference to community s CO2 target (i.e. national) reference to Commission s guide Update (at least) Once a year *MS = Member state EU Member States regulation National adoption Page 15

3a) Outlook EVL labellling is expected to be extended to N1 vehicle category at latest by 2014. Reference found in EU Regulation (EU) 510/2011 paragraph (12): 1999/94/EC should therefore be extended to light commercial vehicles, so that advertisements for any light commercial vehicles should be required to provide end-users with the official CO2 emission data and official fuel consumption of the vehicle where energy- or pricerelated information is disclosed, at the latest by 2014. 08/12/2014 Page 16

3) Overview National Regulation National adoption KOVFS 2002_2 Regulation St.prp. no. 69 LOV nr 455 Island Finland WJZ00042055 WJZ 00.066.707 2004 No. 1661 S.I. No. 230/2008 Estonia No Harmonized Approach in Europe Latvia Denmark Lithuania Regulation 938/2000 Regulation No. 935 DZ.U.2005 No.6 Pos 40 F. 2001 2843 French regulation N. 2001 2843 Netherlands regulation Pkw-EnVKV Décret no. 2002-1508. Royal Decree 837/2002 no 119/2001 no. 304/2001 United Kingdom Polen Germany Czech Republic Diverse Label Requirements across Europe France Hungary Switzerland Rumania Slovenia Regulation 425/2005. Regulation 483/2004. PKW-VIV No regulation Bulgaria Decree 237. Spain Italy Turkey RG-19/12/2007-26735 DPR84-2003 VEE-PW_2012 Malta Cyprus ΦΕΚ327-2006 08/12/2014 LU = Luxembourg NL = Netherlands ME = Montenegro MK = Macedonia Member states of the EU28 On the road to EU membership Requested Entry Page 17

4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country Croatia (Absolute label, criteria: CO2. No design specification) Page 18

4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country Switzerland (Non-EU Country) (Relative label, criteria: Calculation of Mass & energy consumption) Annual update to ensure only 7% of the fleet is in class A Sweden (no design specification, criteria: Content) Slovakia (no design specification, criteria: Content) 08/12/2014 Page 19

4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country or Minimum requrement Agreed label format Slovenia (Absolute label, criteria: CO2. No design specification) United Kingdom (Left picture shows minimum requirment according to national regulation. Colour coded label (right side) content and design specification agreed by Ministry (DfT, VCA) and Manufacturer - Absolute label, criteria: CO2) 08/12/2014 Since 2009 used car label in place (voluntary) http://www.dft.gov.uk/vca/fcb/used-car-label-system-no-longeravailable.asp Page 20

4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country Norway (Non-EU Country) (no design specification, criteria: Content) Poland (no design specification, criteria: Content) Romania No Regulation 08/12/2014 Page 21

4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country Italy (no design specification, criteria: Content) Lithuania (no design specification, criteria: Content) Netherland (Relative label, criteria: Calculation of relative energy efficiency) 08/12/2014 Page 22

4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country or Czech Republic (no design specification, criteria: Content) Finland (either own design specification without color-coding or color coding with legislated design based on absolute thresholds) 08/12/2014 Page 23

4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country Austria (Absolute label, criteria: CO2) Belgium (Absolute label, criteria: FC&CO2) Bulgaria (Relative label, criteria: CO2) 08/12/2014 Page 24

4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country France (Absolute label, criteria: CO2) Portugal (Absolute label, criteria: FC per L/100km) Denmark (Absolute label, criteria: FC per km /L) 08/12/2014 Page 25

4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country or Label for special tax incentive Germany (Relative label, criteria: Mass & CO2) Spain (either own design specification without color-coding or color coding with legislated design based on relative thresholds: criteria: Fix statistical values applied to car's surface (length x width)) 08/12/201 Page 26

4) Overview FC / CO2 Label per Country Greece (no design specification, criteria: Content) Hungary (no design specification, criteria: Content) Ireland (Absolute label, criteria: CO2) 08/12/2014 Page 27

5) Vehicle OEM Issues / Risks Tracking of European and National legislation changes: Thresholds Tax scheme Fuel price list Calculation Formula Missing communication by National sales countries/misinterpretation of legal requirements Non-Compliance: Dealer choice to apply either Internal or External label generator (offered by Car Association, Ministry or Agency). Regular compliance check at dealer and OEM performed by authorities and NGO s e.g. Consumer organisation, Autoclubs, and environment association. Non-Compliance linked to national penalties (e.g. Warning, Money, Imprisonment) Legislation is expanded to additional vehicle categories e.g. N1. Non-European Member states to follow European requirements e.g. Norway, Turkey. 08/12/2014 Page 28

6) EU Summary European Directive 1999/94/EC mandates consumer information of new passenger cars (M1 only) at point of sale. The Directive allows Member states to mandate country specific requirements There is no harmonized approach in Europe Diverse national label requirements across Europe exist National requirements may change, in some case like Switzerland is changing, ever year High demanding cost for updating IT label templates,posters/ Display and promotional literature. Non-Compliance / tracking risk due to amended national label requirements. Non-Compliance risk for penalties 08/12/2014 Page 29

South Africa Market & Experience Fuel economy/co2 developing market example Significant producer of new vehicles : BMW, Ford, GM, Mercedes Benz, Nissan and Toyota all have assembly plants supporting local and export markets. EU Trade agreements. Used vehicle imports prohibited : As opposed to the situation in most Sub Saharan countries. Legislated new vehicle requirements and homologation system. As opposed to just a Road Traffic Act aimed at operational issues as is the case in most developing countries. SA follows Europe in terms of vehicle design. SA participates in WP 29 and adopts ECE vehicle regulations albeit at lower stingency.

SA Legislated labelling requirements New passenger cars Vehicle Fuel Economy and Carbon Dioxide Emission Labelling Every petrol and diesel powered vehicle shall have applied to the inside of its windscreen a fuel consumption label. The label shall be self adhesive and removable and of a type suitable for application to the windscreen. The Label shall be placed in the bottom corner of the windscreen. The fuel consumption label shall contain the following statements and information. The words "FUEL CONSUMPTION" or "FUEL ECONOMY" as a heading The vehicle make, model or description. The fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions values as determined by SANS ECE R101 XXX recorded in litres per 100km and grams per km respectively Where a common label is utilised covering different engine, body styles or transmissions the fuel consumption and carbon dioxide figures quoted shall be those as applicable to the worst case combination. As an alternative to sections 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3above, an internally mounted label visible through the windscreen of the vehicle and suitable for removal and inclusion in the owner's manual may be displayed.

South Africa: New passenger car Fuel Economy/CO2 label

NAAMSA FUEL ECONOMY/CO2 DATA BASE www.naamsa.co.za/ecolabels/

Future trends: World Light Duty Cycle and Test Procedure Develop the world wide harmonized light duty test cycle (WLTC) which will represent typical driving conditions around the world. The WLTC are developed based on combination of collected in-use data and suitable weighting factors. Data collection CP s: EU, India, Japan, Korea, USA (and China)

Speed (km/h) speed (kph) NEDC and WLTP cycle 140 120 100 NEDC (Combined Cycle) 120 kph 80 60 Start of measurement Single Urban Drive Cycle 195 seconds 40 Extre Urban Drive Cycle 400 seconds 20 140 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 time (s) 120 100 80 WLTP Version 5.0 low medium high extra high 60 40 20 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Time (s) WLTP has higher maximum speed (above 130 kmph), harder accelerations and clearly looks more like real driving than the NEDC. WLTP is 34% longer.

End Stuart Rayner National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa/Ford Motor Company.