ABC & C EP Formula/Conversion Table for Water Treatment, Distribution, & Laboratory Exams Alkalinity, as mg CaCO 3 /L = (Titrant, ml) (Acid Normality)(50,000) Sample, ml Volts Amps = Ohms * of Circle = (.785) (Diameter ) = (π) (Radius ) of Cone (lateral area) = (π) (Radius) Radius + Height of Cone (total surface area) = (π) (Radius) (Radius + Radius + Height ) of Cylinder (total exterior surface area) = [Surface of End #1] + [Surface of End #] + [(π) (Diameter) (Height or Depth)] * of Rectangle = (Length) (Width) (Base) (Height) * of a Right Triangle = Sum of All Terms Average (arithmetic mean) = Number of Terms Average (geometric mean) = [(X 1 ) (X ) (X 3 ) (X 4 ) (X n )] 1/n The nth root of the product of n numbers Chemical Dry Feeder Calibration, lbs/day = (Dry Chemical Collected, grams) (60 min/hr) (4 hr/day) (454 grams/lb) (Time, min) Desired Chemical Feed Pump Setting, % Stroke = 100% Maximum Chemical Feed Pump Setting, ml/min = Circumference of Circle = (π) (Diameter) = (π) (Radius) (, MGD) (Dose, ) (3.785 L/gal) (1,000,000 gal/mg) (Liquid, mg/ml) (4 hr/day) (60 min/hr) Composite Sample Single Portion = (Instantaneous ) (Total Sample ) (Number of Portions) (Average ) CT Calculation = (Disinfectant Residual Concentration, ) (Time, min) Degrees Celsius = (Degrees Fahrenheit - 3) ( 5 /9) ( F 3 ) = 1.8 *Pie Wheel format for this equation Copyright 013 by Water Treatment, Distribution, Laboratory
Degrees Fahrenheit = (Degrees Celsius) ( 9 /5) + 3 = (Degrees Celsius) (1.8) + 3 Detention Time = Units must be compatible *Electromotive Force (EMF), volts = (Current, amps) (Resistance, ohms) or E = IR *Feed Rate, lbs/day = (Dosage,)(Capacity,MGD)( ) Purity,% expressedas a decimal Feed Rate, gal/min (Fluoride Saturator) = Feed Rate, lbs/day (Fluoride) = (Available Fluoride (Plant capacity, gpm) (Dosage, ) 18,000 (Dosage, ) (Capacity, MGD) ( ) Ion, % expressed as a decimal) (Purity, % expressed as a decimal) Filter Backwash Rise Rate, in/min = Filter Drop Test Velocity, ft/min = (Backwash Rate, gpm/ft ) (1 in/ft) 7.48 gal/ft 3 Water Drop, ft Time of Drop, min Filter Rate or Backwash Rate, gpm/ft =, gpm Filter, ft Filter Yield, lbs/hr/ft = (Solids Loading, lbs/day)(recovery,% expressed as a decimal) (Filter Operation, hr/day) (, ft ) * Rate, cfs = (, ft ) (Velocity, ft/sec) or Q = AV Units must be compatible *Force, lbs = (Pressure, psi) (, in ) of Water Produced, gpd Gallons/Capita/Day = Population Hardness, as mg CaCO 3 /L = (Titrant, ml) (1,000) Sample, ml Only when the titration factor is 1.00 of EDTA Horsepower, Brake (bhp) = (, gpm) (Head, ft) (3,960) (Pump Efficiency, % expressed as a decimal) Horsepower, Motor (mhp) = (,gpm)(head,ft) (3,960)(PumpEfficiency, % expressedas a decimal)(motor Efficiency, % expressedas a decimal) *Horsepower, Water (whp) = (, gpm) (Head, ft) 3,960 Hydraulic Loading Rate, gpd/ft = Total Applied,gpd, ft *Pie Wheel format for this equation Copyright 013 by Water Treatment, Distribution, Laboratory
Chlorine Required, lbs Hypochlorite Strength, % = 100% (Hypochlorite Solution Needed, gal) ( ), gallons Leakage, gpd = Time, days *Mass, lbs = (, MG) (Concentration, )( ) *Mass Flux, lbs/day = (, MGD) (Concentration, ) ( ) Milliequivalent = (ml) (Normality) Moles of Solute Molarity = Liters of Solution Normality = Number of Equivalent Weights of Solute Liters of Solution Number of Equivalent Weights = Total Weight Equivalent Weight Number of Moles = Total Weight Molecular Weight Original - Reduced Reduction in, % = 100% Original In Out Removal, % = 100% In Drop or Rise Slope, % = 100% Distance Solids, = (Dry Solids, grams) (1,000,000) Sample, ml Solids Concentration, = Weight, mg, L Specific Gravity = Specific Weight of Substance, Specific Weight of Water, Surface Loading Rate or Surface Overflow Rate, gpd/ft =, gpd, ft Three Normal Equation = (N 1 x V 1 ) + (N x V ) = (N 3 x V 3 ) Where V 1 + V = V 3 Two Normal Equation = N 1 x V 1 = N x V Where N = normality, V = volume or flow Rate, ft Velocity, ft/sec =, ft 3 / sec Distance, ft = Time, sec * of Cone = (1/3) (.785) (Diameter ) (Height) = (1/3) [(π) (Radius ) (Height)] *Pie Wheel format for this equation Copyright 013 by Water Treatment, Distribution, Laboratory
* of Cylinder = (.785) (Diameter ) (Height) = (π) (Radius ) (Height) * of Rectangular Tank = (Length) (Width) (Height) Watts (AC circuit) = (Volts) (Amps) (Power Factor) Watts (DC circuit) = (Volts) (Amps), gpd Weir Overflow Rate, gpd/ft = Weir Length, ft Water Horsepower, hp Wire-to-Water Efficiency, % = 100% Power Input, hp or Motor hp (, gpm) (Total Dynamic Head, ft) (0.746 kw/hp) Wire-to-Water Efficiency, % = 100% (3,960) (Electrical Demand, kilowatts) Abbreviations: cfs cubic feet per second DO dissolved oxygen ft feet g grams gpd gallons per day gpg grains per gallon gpm gallons per minute hp horsepower hr hour in inches kw kilowatt lbs pounds milligrams per liter MGD million gallons per day ml milliliter min minute ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million psi pounds per square inch Q flow SS settleable solids TTHM total trihalomethanes TOC total organic carbon TSS total suspended solids VS volatile solids Conversion Factors: 1 acre = 43,560 square feet 1 acre foot = 36,000 gallons 1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons = 6.4 pounds 1 cubic foot per second = 0.646 MGD 1 foot = 0.305 meters 1 foot of water = 0.433 psi 1 gallon = 3.79 liters = pounds 1 grain per gallon = 17.1 1 horsepower = 0.746 kw = 746 watts = 33,000 ft lbs/min 1 mile = 5,80 feet 1 million gallons per day = 694 gallons per minute = 1.55 cubic feet per second (cfs) 1 pound = 0.454 kilograms 1 pound per square inch =.31 feet of water 1 ton =,000 pounds 1% = 10,000 π or pi = 3.14159 Alkalinity Relationships: All Alkalinity expressed as as CaCO 3 Result of Titration Hydroxide Alkalinity Carbonate Alkalinity Bicarbonate Concentration P = 0 0 0 T P < ½T 0 P T P P = ½T 0 P 0 P > ½T P T (T P) 0 P = T T 0 0 Key: P phenolphthalein alkalinity T total alkalinity *Pie Wheel format for this equation Copyright 013 by Water Treatment, Distribution, Laboratory
*Pie Wheels: To find the quantity above the horizontal line: multiply the pie wedges below the line together. To solve for one of the pie wedges below the horizontal line: cover that pie wedge, then divide the remaining pie wedge(s) into the quantity above the horizontal line. Given units must match the units shown in the pie wheel. of Circle Circle 0.785 D of Rectangle of Right Triangle Electromotive Force (EMF), volts Rectangle Right Triangle Volts EMF Length Width Height 1 Base Amps Current Ohms Resistance Feed Rate, lbs/day lbs/day Chemical Feed 100% Purity MGD Dose Horsepower, Water (whp) Rate, cfs cfs Rate ft Mass, lbs ft/sec Velocity Force, pounds psi Pressure Pounds Force in Mass Flux, lbs/day whp Horsepower lbs Mass lbs/day Mass Flux gpm feet Head 1 3,960 MG Vol. Conc. MGD Conc. of Cone of Cylinder of Rectangular Tank Cone Cylinder Rectangle 1/3 0.785 0.785 Height Length Height D H D Width Copyright 013 by Water Treatment, Distribution, Laboratory Association of Boards of Certification Formula/Conversion Table