The National Plant Biosecurity. Status Report

The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report 2014

Plant Health Australia 2015 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior permission from Plant Health Australia. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: Communications Manager Plant Health Australia 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 ISSN 1838-8116 An electronic version of this report is available for download from the Plant Health Australia website. Print copies can be ordered by contacting Plant Health Australia. Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside Plant Health Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health Australia does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the information, or its usefulness in achieving any purpose. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control measures and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. Therefore, all information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014, and should be validated and confirmed with the relevant organisations/authorities before being used. A list of contact details (including websites) is provided in the Appendices. To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided. In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: National Plant Biosecurity Status Report (2014). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT.

Contents OVERVIEW 7 CHAPTER 1 THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN AUSTRALIA 11 1.1 Plant biosecurity policy and legislation 12 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity 13 National Plant Biosecurity Strategy 14 Biosecurity legislation 14 1.2 National committees 16 National Biosecurity Committee 16 Plant Health Committee 16 1.3 Australian Government plant health services 18 Department of Agriculture 18 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 20 Department of Environment 20 Department of Immigration and Border Protection 20 Other government organisations 20 1.4 State and territory plant biosecurity services 21 Australian Capital Territory 22 New South Wales 22 Northern Territory 22 Queensland 23 South Australia 23 Tasmania 23 Victoria 24 Western Australia 24 1.5 Private sector plant biosecurity services 26 Private consultants and commercial agronomists 26 Professional associations 26 Australian aerial agriculture operators 26 1.6 Plant Health Australia 27 1.7 Australia s plant production industries 30 Industry representative bodies and growers 30 Crop production summary 30 CHAPTER 2 THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION 87 2.1 Australia s High Priority Pests 89 2.2 Australia s regionalised pests 98 2.3 Responses to Emergency Plant Pests 102 2.4 Managing weed threats in Australia 105 Image courtesy of Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia

CHAPTER 3 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 109 3.1 Biosecurity and international trade 110 International agreements 111 Imports 114 Exports 116 3.2 Pre-border activities 120 Risk assessments 120 Verifications, inspections and audits 120 International plant health 121 Building capacity in the Asia-Pacific region 121 Intelligence 121 3.3 Activities at the border 122 Screening and inspection 122 Post-entry plant quarantine 122 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy 123 3.4 Post-border activities 125 Domestic quarantine 126 Pre-emptive biosecurity planning 127 National management of fruit flies 127 Pest management 128 Pre-emptive breeding 130 Surveillance 130 Diagnostics 140 Forest health 151 On-farm biosecurity 152 Plant biosecurity communication 153 CHAPTER 4 RESPONDING TO PLANT PEST INCURSIONS 155 4.1 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 156 National Management Group 157 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests 157 Categorisation group 157.2 PLANTPLAN 159 Contingency planning 159 Training 164 CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 167 5.1 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy 169 5.2 Australian Government RD&E 170 Australian Government agencies and statutory authorities 170 Cooperative Research Centres 170 Research and Development Corporations 172 5.3 State and territory government RD&E 175 5.4 University and private research institution RD&E 175 5.5 Plant biosecurity RD&E in 2014 176 APPENDICES 197 INDEX 207 Image courtesy of Elaine Tou

Tables and figures TABLES Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation 14 Table 2. Plant Health Australia s members 28 Tables 3-34. Industry specific High Priority Pest lists 32-85 Table 35. High Priority Pests designated during biosecurity planning 90 Table 36. Australia s regionalised pests 99 Table 37. Emergency responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements 103 Table 38. Pest detections notified under EPPRD arrangements that did not result in a formal Cost-Shared emergency response 104 Table 39. Department of Agriculture finalised and draft import policy advice 114 Table 40. Market access achievements for plant products since 2000 117 Table 41. Australian post-entry plant quarantine facilities 122 Table 42. Current industry biosecurity plans covering Australia s plant industries 127 Table 43. Australia s plant biosecurity surveillance programs 131 Table 44. Samples examined for pests of bees, by state and territory, 2014 139 Table 45. Samples examined for pests of bees and pest bees, by agent, 2014 139 Table 46. Australia s diagnostic services, their capabilities and accreditations 141 Table 47. National Diagnostic Protocols 148 Table 48. Biosecurity manuals for producers of various industries 152 Table 49. Description of the EPP categories and the associated Affected Party Cost Sharing splits 157 Table 50. Contingency plans 160 Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects 178 Case Studies Chapter 1 Unmanned helicopters used to combat weeds 21 New tool makes biosecurity second nature 25 WA mobile app to identify and report grain pests 51 Chapter 2 Banana freckle sparks huge eradication response 97 Chapter 3 Blowing in the wind long distance natural dispersal of pests 120 Reducing plant quarantine times 124 International workshop on spray drift assessment 129 Harnessing the power of honey bees for crop pollination 137 Award winner withstands disease threat to bananas 153 Chapter 4. Ginger industry signs the EPPRD, bringing the total number of industry Parties to 30 158 Emergency response changes in 2014 159 Chapter 5. Diagnosing a serious plant pest 171 FIGURES Figure 1. Value of plant and animal production industries in Australia 9 Figure 2. National biosecurity committees and working groups with plant focus 17 Figure 3. Department of Agriculture regional boundaries for biosecurity operations 19 Figure 4. Comparative value of Australia s plant production industries 30 Figures 5-72. Industry production data 84 Figure 73. Key components of Australia s plant biosecurity continuum 110 Figure 74. NAQS surveillance area 123 Figure 75. Quarantine zones in the Torres Strait 123 Figure 76. Surveillance programs by target host 137 Figure 77. Surveillance programs by target pest type 137 Figure 78. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process 146 Figures 79-82. RD&E project summaries 176-177 Image courtesy of PBCRC

Image courtesy of PBCRC

Foreword This 7th edition of the National Plant Biosecurity Status Report provides a synopsis of the plant biosecurity system in Australia in 2014. Chapter 1 presents the architecture of the system, introducing all the major players and showing how industry and government stakeholders work together to protect our plant industries and unique natural environment. Pests of significance are detailed in Chapter 2, including exotic pests that have been identified as posing the largest risk to Australia, the pests that are currently being contained to regions of the country and those that prompted some response activity under the terms of the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed. Chapter 3 charts the myriad activities that are carried out all over Australia, as well as at the border and pre-border, to combat plant pests. Activities range from complying with international phytosanitary agreements, carrying out import risk analyses on proposed imports, the efforts of the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy to keep pests of the tropics from entering to pest surveillance activities and on-farm biosecurity. No one knows where Australia s next plant biosecurity challenge will come from, but it is reassuring to know that whatever it is, there is an extensive system set to minimise any impacts. In a constantly changing environment this is exactly what is required to protect the economy, livelihoods, communities and the environment. PHA thanks all of the contributors to this volume. It wouldn t be possible to compile without your cooperation. Dr Tony Gregson AM, FTSE Australia s emergency plant pest response system is described in Chapter 4, along with a list of contingency plans that set out how particular pests would be dealt with in the event of an incursion. The report concludes with Chapter 5, which provides updated data on all the plant biosecurity research projects that were underway during the year. Altogether the report reveals an impressive system that results from the efforts of multiple stakeholders. It covers biosecurity legislation and national governance committees, communication networks, national fruit fly management and Australia s diagnostic expertise. Throughout the volume, case studies reveal the human side of plant biosecurity and give examples of changes on the ground.

6 Image courtesy of PBCRC

Overview

The importance of plant biosecurity OVERVIEW Australia s plant production industries are in the enviable position of being free from many of the serious pests that impact industries oversees. This is due in most part to Australia s geographic isolation and a history of focused, effective quarantine measures. To maintain this favourable situation, Australia places a high priority on plant biosecurity, and has developed an internationally recognised system to protect our environment and our crops. The strength of the Australian approach is cooperation between industry and government partners. The definition of a pest 1 used in this report (except in Chapter 4) covers all insects, mites, snails, nematodes, pathogens (diseases) and weeds that are injurious to plants, plant products or bees. Exotic pests are those not currently present in Australia. Established or endemic pests are those currently present within Australia. Plant pests are a significant problem worldwide. It is estimated that every year between 20 and 40 per cent of crops are lost to plant pests and weeds globally 1. Fortunately, Australia is free from many of the pests that contribute to losses overseas, due to our geographic isolation and a world class border protection system. This freedom from many of the worst plant pests provides many benefits to producers, plant industries and our economy, including high yields, lower production costs and access to premium markets for our produce. International trade, people movements and natural means of entry such as wind and water currents means that Australia s pest status advantage cannot be taken for granted. Australian producers grow a wide variety of crops including sugarcane and ginger in the tropical north, walnuts and potatoes in the southern temperate zones and broadacre production of pulses, cotton, forestry, pasture and grains throughout the country. Each of these crops need protection from a specific set of pests which pose a threat to production. Together the plant production industries make a significant contribution to the Australian economy, with a gross value of $31.8 billion in 2013 14 2, up six per cent from 2012 13 in a general trend of increasing value for decades (see Figure 1). Plant production is worth significantly more than livestock production for Australia, and the gap has widened quickly in recent years. In addition to the fiscal contribution it makes, plant production also supports Australian families and rural communities and supports global food security. 8 1 Savary, S, Ficke, A, Aubertot, J-N and Hollier, C (2012). Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security. Food Security, 4(4): 519-537 2 ABARES (2014) Agricultural Commodity Statistics 2013

Figure 1. Value of plant and animal production industries in Australia, 1972 2014* 35 VALUE (GVP $ BILLION) 30 25 20 15 10 OVERVIEW 5 0 1972 73 1973 74 1974 75 1975 76 1976 77 1977 78 1978 79 1979 80 1980 81 1981 82 1982 83 1983 84 1984 85 1985 86 1986 87 1987 88 1988 89 1989 90 1990 91 1991 92 1992 93 1993 94 1994 95 1995 96 1996 97 1997 98 1998 99 1999 00 2000 01 2001 02 2002 03 2003 04 2004 05 2005 06 2006 07 2007 08 2008 09 2009 10 2010 11 2011 12 2012 13 2013 14 Total crops Total livestock YEAR * Includes forestry from 1995-96 Source: ABS 7503 data series, ABARES Agricultural Commodities Vol 5, no. 1 March quarter 2015 Our unique ecosystems also need protection from invasive exotic plant pests, some of which could change the face of the landscape and threaten a number of native species. Australia has a high level of species richness with a large number of endemic plants and animals that occur nowhere else on Earth. Parklands and other public amenities could also be greatly reduced by the introduction of exotic plant pests. With a total coastline stretching almost 60,000 km, no single organisation could effectively guard against all plant pest threats to Australia s borders. Instead, the plant biosecurity system works through collaboration between the Australian Government, state and territory governments, plant industries and their growers, researchers, Plant Health Australia (PHA) and the wider community. Only by working together, and by coordinating activities along a continuum from pre-border, border and within Australia, can plant biosecurity be effective. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the different roles and responsibilities of the organisations and individuals within Australia s plant biosecurity system and how the partnerships have evolved to keep pace with the new challenges and demands of Australia in an increasingly globalised marketplace. Image courtesy of RIRDC 9

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Chapter 1 The plant biosecurity system in Australia

1.1 Plant biosecurity policy and legislation CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Australia s plant biosecurity system involves efforts along the whole biosecurity continuum pre-border, at the border and post-border not simply restrictions at international entry points. Risk mitigation activities pre-border prevent pests reaching Australia, border restrictions aim to intercept pests and post-border initiatives focus on preparedness and emergency responses within Australia. These activities across the continuum are carried out by a range of stakeholders including a cooperative government-industry partnership. The framework for managing the cooperative partnership that underpin Australia s effective plant biosecurity system consists of a suite of strategies, policies and legislation. These not only provide the current structure, but provide a vision of how the plant biosecurity system should operate into the future. Australia s biosecurity system has been subject to review several times. Recommendations from the reviews have seen the Australian Government Department of Agriculture recognise that a future focused approach is vital to maintain a strong and resilient biosecurity system that will protect Australia from new biosecurity challenges, whatever they may be. Key themes underpinning continuous improvement to Australia s biosecurity system include: Targeting what matters most, including risk-based decision making and managing biosecurity risk across the continuum (pre-border, at the border and post-border). Good regulation, including effective legislation and reduced regulatory burden. Better processes, including service delivery modernisation and streamlined systems. Sharing the responsibility, including maintaining productive relationships with all levels of government, primary industries and the wider Australian public. Maintaining a capable workforce. The benefits of the modern biosecurity system are realised by industry, government and the community, with positive flow-through effects to the economy more generally. Benefits include streamlined business processes, productivity improvements and reduced regulatory burden in a seamless and lower cost business environment. The system is characterised by risk-based decision making, the use of intelligence, a single point of regulatory contact and robust partnerships. 12

INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON BIOSECURITY Within government, Australia s partnership approach to biosecurity is underpinned by the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB) 3, signed in January 2012. The IGAB strengthens the working partnership between the Australian Government and state and territory governments by defining the roles and responsibilities of governments, and outlining priority areas for collaboration and improving the national biosecurity system. Under the IGAB, key aspects of Australia s biosecurity system are becoming better coordinated. Areas addressed include mechanisms to allow emergency response information to be shared between governments, an improved model for managing nationally significant established pests, measures to improve the transparency and rigour of national decision making and investment and a national research, development and extension strategy. A public information and stakeholder engagement framework with standardised tools for all jurisdictions has also been developed 4. As responsibility for biosecurity management is shared, the agreement also provides opportunities for industries, natural resource managers and the community to work together to achieve some of the reforms outlined in the IGAB. PHA has been an active contributor to this process, and has aligned the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (see next section) with the goals and objectives of the agreement. The National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement (NEBRA) 5 is the first deliverable of IGAB and sets out emergency response arrangements, including costsharing, for biosecurity incidents that primarily impact the environment and social amenity. In 2014 NEBRA was used for red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) incidents in Yarwun (Queensland) and Port Botany (NSW) including agreed cost-shared Response Plans. It has since been amended to include additional schedule attachments, including a national framework for the conduct of biosecurity related benefit-cost analyses. CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 3 IGAB is available at www.coag.gov.au/node/47. 4 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2012) Reform of Australia s biosecurity system: An update since the publication of One Biosecurity: a working partnership, Canberra. 5 NEBRA is available at www.coag.gov.au/node/74. 13

CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA NATIONAL PLANT BIOSECURITY STRATEGY The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (NPBS) 6 outlines a set of aims and activities to strengthen Australia s plant biosecurity system by 2020. PHA developed the strategy by drawing together the views of stakeholders across Australia. The NPBS was finalised in December 2010 with endorsement from PHA members and the process of implementing the recommendations began in 2011. With the benefits of many of the recommendations cutting across both industry and governments, responsibility for guiding the implementation process has been divided among organisations and committees, based on their expertise. The government aspects of implementation are overseen by the Plant Health Committee (PHC), with specific input from the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (SPHD) and the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance (SNPHS) on implementing the diagnostic and surveillance aspects, respectively. Plant industries are contributing to NPBS implementation through biosecurity preparedness activities such as developing contingency plans and prioritising threats through the industry biosecurity planning process. The NPBS continues to provide the focus and strategic direction for national plant biosecurity activities and, through its implementation, is strengthening the plant biosecurity system. BIOSECURITY LEGISLATION Australia s biosecurity system operates under Commonwealth, state and territory legislation administered and managed by the respective government agricultural and environmental agencies. Legislation current at 31 December 2014 is listed in Table 1. Legislation covers a range of activities involving the international movement of people and goods into Australia, movement of goods within the country and exporting agricultural commodities. There are also laws covering related aspects such as the collection of primary industry levies to cover the costs of biosecurity activities, reporting of suspicious pests and biosecurity incident responses. The Biosecurity Bill 2014 and supporting legislation was introduced by the government into Parliament on 27 November 2014, and is expected to be legislated in 2015, updating current federal laws. Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation Jurisdiction Administering authority Legislation Commonwealth Department of Agriculture Quarantine Act 1908 Quarantine Regulations 2000 Quarantine Proclamation 1998 Export Control Act 1982 Export Control (orders) Regulations 1982 Commonwealth Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 Commonwealth Office of Gene Technology Gene Technology Act 2000 Regulator ACT Environment ACT Plant Disease Act 2002 Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 NSW Department of Primary Industries Plant Diseases Act 1924 Plant Diseases Regulation 2008 Noxious Weeds Act 1993 Noxious Weeds Regulation 2008 NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries Plant Health Act 2008 Plant Health Regulations 2011 Qld Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Plant Protection Act 1989 Plant Protection Regulation 2002 SA Primary Industries and Regions Plant Health Act 2009 Plant Health Regulations 2010 Tas Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Plant Quarantine Act 1997 Weed Management Act 1999 Vic Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources Plant Biosecurity Act 2010 Plant Biosecurity Regulations 2012 WA Department of Agriculture and Food Plant Diseases Act 1914 Plant Diseases Regulations 1989 Biosecurity and Agricultural Management Act 2007 14 6 NPBS is available at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/npbs.

CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 15

1.2 National committees CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA The Australian Government has primary responsibility for pre-border and border biosecurity activities, including international phytosanitary obligations, export certification, trade negotiation and quarantine; while the states and territories are responsible for biosecurity matters affecting their rural industries, environment and community, including surveillance, incursion and response (described further in Chapter 3). This division of powers, coupled with a desire on the part of the Australian and state and territory governments to work collaboratively in developing national approaches to primary industries issues and plant biosecurity, was the catalyst for establishing the national committee framework (Figure 2). National committees provide a mechanism for considering and deciding key plant biosecurity policy and procedures across jurisdictions. PHA provides additional links to other organisations, particularly industry bodies. The Agriculture Senior Officials Committee (AGSOC) is responsible for primary industries policy issues. AGSOC comprises the heads of primary industry government departments from the Australian Government, Australian states and territories and the New Zealand government. AGSOC is in turn supported by the National Biosecurity Committee (NBC). NATIONAL BIOSECURITY COMMITTEE The National Biosecurity Committee is responsible for managing a national, strategic approach to biosecurity issues relating to plant and animal pests and diseases, marine pests and aquatics, and the impact of these on agriculture production, the environment, community well-being and social amenity. A core objective of the committee is to promote cooperation, coordination, consistency, and synergies across and between Australian Governments. The NBC s authority is derived from the IGAB which was developed under the Council of Australian Governments and signed by first ministers. The NBC has reporting responsibilities to ministers responsible for biosecurity through relevant Chief Executive Officers. PLANT HEALTH COMMITTEE PHC is the peak government plant biosecurity policy forum. Its role is to maintain or improve plant health in Australia in support of the economy, environment and community. PHC provides strategic policy, technical and regulatory advice, and national leadership on plant biosecurity matters and has responsibility for overseeing the implementation of the government aspects of the NPBS. Through its subcommittees, currently SPHD, SNPHS and Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access (SDQMA), PHC also facilitates a consistent national approach to legislative outcomes and standards within the plant biosecurity sector. PHC s membership comprises representatives from the Australian Government and state and territory governments. PHA and subcommittee chairs have observer status. In 2014 PHC initiated the development of a national pest prioritisation framework and provided advice on the implications for the plant sector of national reform activities arising from the IGAB. PHC has advanced the harmonisation of domestic export requirements, a trade framework to streamline regulations for producers, and adopted nationally consistent requirements for determining and recognising pest area freedom claims that meet international standards. The Secretary of the Department of Agriculture chairs the NBC as a member of the AGSOC. The Australian Government is also represented by the Department of Agriculture's Deputy Secretary, Biosecurity, and a Deputy Secretary from the Department of the Environment (or his/her delegate). Remaining members are senior representatives from primary industry or environment departments for each state or territory. Jurisdictions may have up to two representatives. The Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics met in Sydney in October 2014 16

Figure 2. National biosecurity committees and working groups with plant focus KEY Environment, primary industries and plant biosecurity focus Emergency response NBC Working Groups NMG (EPPRD) Non-EPPRD management groups AHC CCEPP (EPPRD) Non-EPPRD consultative committees AWC Federal and state/territory Ministers SAP (EPPRD) NBC MPSC SDQMA PHC BINCN IABIT BWG BEPWG SNPHS IPAC SPHD CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Abbreviations AHC Animal Health Committee AWC Australian Weeds Committee BEPWG Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Working Group BINCN Biosecurity Incident National Communication Network BWG Benchmarks Working Group CCEPP EPPRD Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed Abbreviations IABTT Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity Implementation Taskforce IGAB WGs Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity Implementation Working Groups IPAC Invasive Plants and Animals Committee MPSC NBC NMG NSECG Marine Pest Sectoral Committee National Biosecurity Committee National Management Group National Stakeholder Engagement Consultative Group Abbreviations PHC Plant Health Committee SAP Scientific Advisory Panel SDQMA Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics VPC Vertebrate Pest Committee 17

1.3 Australian Government plant health services CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA The plant biosecurity responsibilities of the Australian Government are delivered principally through the Agriculture portfolio, in collaboration with other relevant agencies. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Australia s approach to managing the risk of incursions of exotic pests is multi-layered, involving complementary measures applied along the biosecurity continuum: pre-border, at the border and post-border. The Department of Agriculture s core priorities in managing biosecurity are to: Effectively identify risks and target resources to the areas of greatest return from a risk management perspective. Partner with other governments, industry, clients and stakeholders to manage Australia s biosecurity. Deliver biosecurity services to support access to overseas markets and protect the economy and the environment from the impacts of unwanted pests. Support Australia s reputation as a competitive exporter of agricultural goods and products. Pre-border activities seek to prevent biosecurity risks reaching Australia by understanding global risks, working with international trading partners and the private sector, and engaging with travellers about Australia s biosecurity requirements. Specific activities include cooperation in multilateral forums, import risk analyses, collaborative plant health surveys in partnership with Australia s nearest neighbours, and capacity development audit activities, all aimed at managing plant health risks prior to reaching Australia. The Department of Agriculture also pursues international market access for Australia s industries and access to the Australian market for our trading partners through bilateral, regional and multilateral engagement. Priority is given to: Working to remove impediments to international trade. Progressing and resolving market access issues for portfolio industries. Facilitating targeted technical assistance and agricultural cooperation in support of portfolio interests. Assisting the development of international standards for portfolio products and industries. The Department of Agriculture s work is supported and enhanced by a network of agricultural counsellors located in China, Europe, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Middle East, Thailand and the United States. At each stage of the continuum, success is dependent on partnerships between governments, industry and the community. Border activities seek to intercept biosecurity risks at airports, seaports, mail centres and along Australia s coastline. Border activities include import permit requirements, inspection of passengers, goods, vessels and mail, audit activities, monitoring and surveillance activities for exotic animal and plant pests, and post-entry quarantine. Rather than being based on state and territory boundaries, five consolidated regions have been established to provide the most effective biosecurity services possible for clients and stakeholders (Figure 3). Post-border, the Department of Agriculture works cooperatively with other Australian Government agencies, state and territory governments and industry partners to detect and respond to plant pest emergencies that may adversely impact on Australia s agriculture, fisheries and forestry industries and the environment. Examples of post-border activities include national policy development, enhancing surveillance and diagnostic capability, and the facilitation of emergency preparedness and response plans. Formal national arrangements exist for managing responses to Emergency Plant Pests (see Chapters 2 and 4). 18

Figure 3. Department of Agriculture regional boundaries for biosecurity operations (effective 1 July 2009) CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Northern Includes Torres Strait and south to Cardwell, Northern Territory, west to Broome and the Indian Ocean territories South West From south of Broome, includes South Australia (including Broken Hill excluding Riverland) South East Includes Tasmania, Riverland and extends north to Riverina and east coast NSW to Eden Central East Includes NSW with the exception of Eden and areas south, Riverina and far north coast North East Extends from Cardwell to far north coast NSW, south to Grafton 19

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND TRADE The purpose of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) is to help make Australia stronger, safer and more prosperous by promoting and protecting our interests internationally and contributing to global stability and economic growth. CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA The department provides foreign, trade and development policy advice to the government and works with other government agencies to coordinate Australia s global, regional and bilateral interests. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT The Department of the Environment is responsible for contributing to the development of national policies on pests and invasive plants that cause harm to the environment. The Department of the Environment is also responsible under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 for assessing the environmental impact associated with proposals to import live species (except plants, the approvals of which are done in accordance with the Quarantine Act 1908) and ensuring that Australia complies with its obligations under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It also provides advice to the Department of Agriculture on environmental issues in relation to risk assessments. DEPARTMENT OF IMMIGRATION AND BORDER PROTECTION The Department of Immigration and Border Protection manages the security and integrity of Australia s borders. It works closely with other government and international agencies, in particular the Australian Federal Police, the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Defence, to regulate and control the movement of goods and people across the Australian border. In 2011, the then Department of Agriculture and Australian Customs and Border Protection Service entered into a Memorandum of Understanding to underpin the strategic working relationship between the two agencies. It seeks to ensure that both agencies continue to look for opportunities to improve effectiveness and efficiency in managing common border protection and biosecurity functions. OTHER GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS The Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), within the Department of Agriculture, supports the plant biosecurity system through collaboration with other government agencies, to ensure that decision makers receive current scientific and economic advice. Other Australian Government agencies that contribute to maintaining Australia s plant biosecurity system include the Department of Health, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR), the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) and DFAT. The Australian Trade Commission, Austrade, is the Australian Government s trade, investment and education promotion agency. Austrade s role is to advance Australia's international trade, investment and education interests by providing information, advice and services. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) is a statutory authority that operates as part of the Australian Government's development cooperation programs. ACIAR encourages Australia's agricultural scientists to use their skills for the benefit of developing countries and Australia. 20 Image courtesy of PHA

1.4 State and territory plant biosecurity services State and territory governments are responsible for the delivery of plant biosecurity operations and the supporting legislation within their respective borders, under the Australian Constitution. Each state and territory utilises a different approach in fulfilling this role, primarily due to the varied climatic conditions and legislative frameworks across the country. Nonetheless, the national management of the plant biosecurity system ensures that a number of core services are provided: Management of state and territory imports and exports: State quarantine services for the clearance of passengers, cargo, mail, plants and plant products moving interstate. Export and market access support, including plant health certification services, the accreditation and auditing of export compliance arrangements, and surveys and inspections to support area freedom. Science based risk analysis to identify pest threats and inform plant biosecurity policy and operations. Emergency response services, involving activities to prepare for, and respond to, a plant pest incursion. Delivery of responsibilities under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) (Chapter 4). Core services to support biosecurity: Surveillance and monitoring for early detection of pests, maintaining area freedom and delimiting the extent of pests, in partnership with industry surveillance. Diagnostic services to identify plant pests (both endemic and exotic) found on a broad range of crops. The development and maintenance of information systems to support routine and emergency plant biosecurity management. Communication programs to raise awareness of biosecurity. Unmanned helicopters used to combat weeds Aerial pesticide application has been a feature of Australian agriculture for 60 years with a fleet of planes and helicopters assisting farmers by spraying, seeding and fertilising crops and pastures, particularly in broadacre production. In recent years producers and land managers have access to a new technology unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that are proving very useful for biosecurity activities in particular situations. UAVs are an ideal solution for surveillance and spraying in hard to reach places or where precision application is required. The RMAX helicopter has been used in biosecurity work by the ACT Department of Territory and Municipal Services to tackle weeds in the Brindabella Range, to the west of Canberra. At just over 3 metres long and powered by a two-stroke engine, the RMAX is manoeuvrable and cost-effective to operate. It carries two eight litre tanks for herbicide spraying. An ACT RMAX franchisee was contracted by the government to spray blackberry with herbicide in hard to reach situations such as on steep hillsides, along gullies and creeks and where brambles might be obscured by rocky outcrops or power lines. Work facilitated by PHA on behalf of Yamaha Sky Division Australia, evaluated the effectiveness of pesticide spraying from an RMAX remote controlled helicopter, paving the way for weed spraying by this UAV in Australia. CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Research, development and extension (RD&E) to support the continued improvement of pest management and protection capabilities. Development and administration of plant biosecurity legislation and policies. The remote controlled RMAX helicopter has been used to tackle blackberry brambles in the Brindabella Range to the west of Canberra. Image courtesy of PHA 21

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY NORTHERN TERRITORY CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Lead agency: Territory and Municipal Services (TAMS) Directorate www.tams.act.gov.au The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government manages plant biosecurity through the TAMS Directorate, together with the Environment and Planning Directorate (EPD). TAMS is responsible for the operational implementation of biosecurity initiatives and EPD is responsible for policy development. Although the ACT does not have many plant production industries, the government is represented on national committees during plant pest emergency responses and participates in the development of associated national frameworks and strategies when it has the expertise to contribute. Plant biosecurity activities in the ACT are underpinned by the Plant Diseases Act 2002, the Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005, the Magistrates Court (Plant Diseases Infringement Notices) Regulation 2005 and the Nature Conservation Act 2014. NEW SOUTH WALES Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) www.dpi.nsw.gov.au NSW DPI is the principal agency responsible for plant biosecurity in New South Wales, ensuring policies, management and procedures are in place to minimise the impact of existing, invasive and emergency pests. NSW DPI maintains rapid response mechanisms for pest incursions in order to protect trade and market access, agricultural resources, regional economies and the environment. The NSW Biosecurity Strategy defines how NSW DPI, in partnership with other government agencies, industry and the public, manages biosecurity risks to NSW. Within NSW DPI, the Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity Branch develops plant pest policy directions and has oversight of operational responses to Emergency Plant Pests (Section 4.1, page 146) in NSW. The group provides advice to, and participates actively in, national decision making forums for plant pests of national significance. Within NSW, investigations, diagnosis, surveillance and operational activities are implemented by the Plant Health Diagnostic Service at Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, the Australian Scientific Collections Unit at Orange Agricultural Institute, the state wide network of compliance officers and the emergency management First Response Team. Close collaboration is established with entomology and plant pathology researchers and with the state-wide Local Land Services network. Lead agency: NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries (NT DPIF) www.nt.gov.au/d Plant biosecurity in the NT is managed by the Plant Biosecurity Branch, within NT DPIF s Biosecurity and Animal Welfare Division. The Plant Biosecurity Branch is responsible for the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at maintaining NT s freedom from plant pests that could adversely impact on trade, market access, public health and the environment. The objectives of the Plant Biosecurity Branch include: Maintaining and improving the plant health status of the plant and plant product industries of NT. Ensuring that plant and plant products that enter NT comply with the Plant Health Act 2008 and Plant Health Regulations 2011. Minimise the risk of exotic pests entering NT through compliance and surveillance. Ensuring preparedness for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event of an Emergency Plant Pest (EPP) incursion. Facilitating interstate trade of plant and plant products through certification, inspection and the Interstate Certification Assurance program. Conducting active and passive pest surveillance to support market access nationally and within NT. Conducting active surveillance for the early detection for a range of EPPs. Preparing for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event of an EPP incursion. Developing, implementing and reviewing NT s plant health policy and legislation. The Plant Biosecurity Program is underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2008 and the Plant Health Regulations 2011. The Act and Regulations aim to minimise the risk of plant pests entering and establishing in the NT through movement and importation controls on plants and plant products. They also provide the powers to ensure appropriate action can be taken for the control of pests if an incursion were to occur. Current legislation underpinning the NSW Government s plant biosecurity activities are the Plant Diseases Act 1924 No. 38, the Plant Diseases Regulation 2008, the Noxious Weeds Act 1993 No.11 and the Noxious Weeds Regulation 2008, all of which are administered by NSW DPI. There is a state wide review of biosecurity legislation in NSW in progress. 22

QUEENSLAND TASMANIA Lead agency: Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF) www.daf.qld.gov.au Within QDAF, Biosecurity Queensland is responsible for: developing policies, standards, delivery systems and services to reduce the risk of introduction of exotic plant pests; minimising the impacts of new plant pest incursions on Queensland s plant industries, environment and communities; and preserving and expanding market access for Queensland s plant based industries. The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program, within Biosecurity Queensland, has responsibility for plant biosecurity, diagnostics and the implementation of programs for the detection, control and prevention of certain plant pests. Agri-Science Queensland, a division of QDAF, undertakes research, development and extension on a wide range of plant pests in the cropping, horticultural and forestry industries. The group provides additional diagnostic capability, undertakes surveillance and develops integrated management packages to limit the impacts of pests within farming systems. Currently, plant biosecurity management in Queensland is underpinned by the Plant Protection Act 1989 and Plant Protection Regulation 2002, which are focused on preventing, controlling and removing pest infestations of plants and related purposes. This legislation is also complemented by a number of other acts, including the Agricultural Standards Act 1994 and the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Queensland) Act 1994. SOUTH AUSTRALIA Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries and Regions SA (PIRSA) www.pir.sa.gov.au Biosecurity SA, a division within PIRSA, is responsible for the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at maintaining SA s freedom from pests that could adversely impact trade, market access, public health, food safety, the rural economy and the environment. Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE) www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au The DPIPWE Biosecurity Tasmania Division manages biosecurity policy and programs for plant pests. Branches within this division are responsible for the development and implementation of policies on barrier control, surveillance and monitoring, risk analysis, EPP response and incursion management and plant biosecurity communications. Central to biosecurity emergency preparedness in Tasmania is the Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Program. This program features an all-hazard approach and all Biosecurity Emergency Response Team (BERT) members receive the same training regardless of whether they are from animal, plant, fisheries or other natural resources areas. At present BERT consists of over 100 registered volunteers. The Tasmanian Government s Biosecurity Policy and the Tasmanian Biosecurity Strategy provide the state framework for all government biosecurity actions and decision making processes, including EPP responses. Plant biosecurity in Tasmania is underpinned by the Plant Quarantine Act 1997. When needed, this is complemented by the Emergency Service Act 1976. This legislation has been shown to provide an appropriate range of specific and general legislative functions and powers to deal with prevention, monitoring, control and eradication of plant pests. In addition, the various Tasmanian Government agency responsibilities are detailed in the Tasmanian Emergency Management Plan, which includes details of biosecurity emergency response arrangements. CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Given SA s freedom from fruit flies of economic significance, PIRSA has a strong focus on operations aimed at preventing their entry and establishment. These activities include a dedicated state wide fruit fly trapping grid, static quarantine stations and random roadblocks, targeted awareness and education campaigns, and specific measures to effectively respond to and eradicate any fruit flies detected. Plant biosecurity programs in SA are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2009 and Plant Health Regulations 2009. In addition, the Plant Quarantine Standard SA has been established under the Act to identify the relevant conditions of entry for fruit, vegetables, plants, plant products, machinery or equipment of biosecurity concern. 23

VICTORIA WESTERN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Lead agency: Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR Vic) www.ecodev.vic.gov.au The Biosecurity branch of DEDJTR Vic delivers biosecurity and product integrity programs across the agriculture, forest and amenity plant sectors. Activities are guided by the state s Biosecurity Strategy. The aim is to minimise the impact of EPP incidents on the environment and production systems and maintain access to local and overseas markets. The Chief Plant Health Officer Unit of the biosecurity branch is responsible for the development, review and monitoring of policies, protocols and procedures in accordance with national and international obligations. The Agriculture Service Biosecurity Operations branch delivers operational functions from a number of regional centres according to technical standards and protocols which are underpinned by the Plant Biosecurity Act 2010. Opportunities are provided under the legislation for producers and marketers to adopt quality assurance arrangements which are subject to regular audit and improvement. Scientific and diagnostic support is provided by the Biosciences Research Division. It provides expert technical advice to assist incursion response, market access programs and other biosecurity initiatives (e.g. industry biosecurity plans) as well as technical expert representation on national committees and working groups. This Division and its associated Crop Health Services diagnostic business supports biosecurity by providing diagnoses in the areas of entomology, mycology, nematology, virology and bacteriology. Specialist diagnostic services and expertise has also been provided to interstate jurisdictions to support national incursion responses. Victoria has led and managed response programs for Queensland fruit fly, chestnut blight, giant pine scale and blueberry rust. Targeted surveillance was undertaken to maintain area freedom status for red imported fire ant, Asian gypsy moth, Asian longicorn beetle and Japanese sawyer beetle. Surveillance was also conducted for green snail to support ongoing market access and regulatory reform. DEDJTR Vic has worked with other state and national jurisdictions to investigate trace forward leads to Victoria for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and little cherry virus 2 as well as undertaking targeted field surveillance for these two diseases. DEDJTR Vic officers were deployed to the Darwin banana freckle response to assist with operational delivery. Officers also investigated a significant number of suspected emergency plant pests reported by industry and the community. Lead agency: Department of Agriculture and Food WA (DAFWA) www.agric.wa.gov.au Maintaining market access and productive capacity for the agriculture and food sector are the key drivers for DAFWA investment in biosecurity services. This contributes to market competitiveness, profitability and sustainability in WA. Biosecurity services are delivered through a network of dedicated and skilled staff throughout the state. Plant biosecurity in WA is governed mainly by the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007. This Act establishes a modern biosecurity regulatory system to prevent serious animal and plant pests from entering the state and becoming established, and to minimise the spread and impact of any pests that are already present. 24

New tool makes biosecurity second nature The Farm Biosecurity Action Planner, which was launched in 2014, encourages producers to build a biosecurity plan around their daily, seasonal or yearly farm routines, so that biosecurity simply becomes a habit. The planner has been well received by plant and animal producers because it makes it easy to identify biosecurity risks based on the six biosecurity essentials of the Farm Biosecurity Program. By looking at a property with the essentials in mind, farmers can use the planner to identify any risks and the simple and practical measures they can take to mitigate them. It can be used in conjunction with the essentials videos featured on the Farm Biosecurity website. Actions like quarantining new livestock or plants, placing appropriate signs, pest surveillance, using chemicals appropriately, limiting access to production areas, and cleaning vehicles or equipment are all covered in the planner. The Farm Biosecurity Action Planner is available from www.farmbiosecurity.com. au/planner. Farm Biosecurity is a joint initiative of Animal Health Australia and Plant Health Australia managed on behalf of members. CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 25

1.5 Private sector plant biosecurity services CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Outside the activities performed by the Australian and state and territory governments, and industry bodies, plant biosecurity receives a large contribution from the private sector. PRIVATE CONSULTANTS AND COMMERCIAL AGRONOMISTS Private consultants and advisers in Australia provide a wide range of professional services to plant production industries and their growers. Across a range of crop types, and in most key production areas, consultants provide extensive plant biosecurity extension advice. Working closely with growers at farm level is an effective mechanism for ensuring growers are maximising their efficiency when it comes to maintaining biosecurity. In addition to private consultants, commercial agronomists work across a wide range of Australian plant production industries, providing local services through the major distribution chains. They are backed by national technical networks which provide a comprehensive suite of services to agricultural industries. This group of professional agriculturalists supply a variety of free and consultative services across the spectrum of crops grown in Australia, including specialty services for plant biosecurity issues. Many consultants and agronomists are members of professional organisations. The entry criteria for these organisations ensures that consultants and advisers are professionals who provide a high standard of advice and abide by a code of ethics. PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS A number of Australian societies and associations whose membership includes scientific professionals are linked with plant biosecurity. These organisations contribute to the development and international recognition of Australia s plant biosecurity system through a range of activities including: peer reviews and publication of research findings provision of pest, disease and weed notes scientific reviews convening forums to share plant biosecurity research independent comment and input into the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policy and the development of international phytosanitary standards encouraging professionalism amongst plant scientists and technicians. Key associations include the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, the Australian Society for Microbiology, the Australian Entomological Society and the Council of Australian Weed Societies. AUSTRALIAN AERIAL AGRICULTURE OPERATORS Aerial agriculture has played an important role in Australian agriculture for over half a decade. Some 300 agricultural aircraft are used to efficiently apply fertilisers, seed and, importantly for biosecurity, pesticides to a range of crops. Aerial application allows registered farm chemicals to be used particularly when the height of the crop limits access from the ground, a pest has to be managed within a short window of opportunity or when weather or soil conditions prevent wheeled access to a crop. Agricultural aircraft pilots are highly trained and enable growers to have access to a range of professional specialised application services. 26

1.6 Plant Health Australia PHA is the national coordinator of the government-industry partnership for plant biosecurity in Australia. As a not-for-profit company, PHA services the needs of its members and independently advocates on behalf of the national plant biosecurity system. PHA achieves this by: enhancing the commitment of governments and industries to work together enhancing the operation and integrity of Australia s plant pest emergency response arrangements assisting national management of biosecurity risks monitoring performance and promoting continual improvement of Australia s plant biosecurity system determining future needs of Australia s plant biosecurity system facilitating improved national investment in plant biosecurity. PHA s efforts help to: minimise plant pest impacts enhance Australia s plant health status assist trade both domestically and internationally safeguard the livelihood of producers support the sustainability and profitability of plant industries and the communities that rely upon them preserve environmental health and amenity. All Australian Governments and most major plant-based agricultural industries are members of PHA. The total number of PHA members now stands at 51, including the Australian Government, all state and territory government agencies, associate members (such as Rural Development Corporations) and industry members (Table 2). CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Being a member enables parties to work together on biosecurity issues. It also gives members the option of being a signatory to the Emergency Plant Pest Responce Deed (EPPRD), providing significant benefits for all parties in the event of an EPP incursion. 27

Table 2. Plant Health Australia s members CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Industry members Almond Board of Australia Inc. Apple and Pear Australia Ltd Australian Banana Growers' Council Inc. Australian Forest Products Association Limited Australian Ginger Industry Association Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc. Australian Lychee Growers' Association Australian Macadamia Society Ltd Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd Australian Olive Association Ltd Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc. Australian Table Grape Association Inc. Australian Walnut Industry Association AUSVEG Limited Avocados Australia Ltd CANEGROWERS Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia Cherry Growers of Australia Inc. Chestnuts Australia Incorporated Citrus Australia Ltd Cotton Australia Ltd Dried Fruits Australia Inc. Grain Producers Australia Limited GROWCOM Hazelnut Growers of Australia Incorporated Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Ltd Onions Australia Passionfruit Australia Incorporated Pistachio Growers Association Incorporated Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc. Ricegrowers' Association of Australia Inc. Strawberries Australia Inc. Summerfruit Australia Limited Wine Grape Growers Australia Government members Commonwealth of Australia Australian Capital Territory Government New South Wales Government Northern Territory Government Queensland Government South Australian Government Tasmanian Government Victorian Government Western Australian Government Associate members Sugar Research Australia Plant Biosecurity CRC Cotton Research and Development Corporation CSIRO Grains Research and Development Corporation Australian Grape and Wine Authority Horticulture Innovation Australia Victorian Farmers Federation 28 Image courtesy of RIRDC

PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA AND AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM Partnerships Plant biosecurity in Australia operates as a partnership between governments and industries with shared responsibility for maintaining the integrity and performance of the plant biosecurity system. Shared responsibility for biosecurity was established in recognition that, in addition to plant producers, the wider Australian community benefits from good biosecurity. Benefits include improved productivity, product quality, market access, trade, profitability, sustainability and environmental preservation. Fostering, strengthening and expanding the government-industry partnership is a primary role for PHA. Through PHA, current and future needs of the plant biosecurity system can be mutually agreed upon, issues identified and solutions to problems found. PHA s independence fosters an impartial approach to servicing member needs, allowing the company to put the interests of the plant biosecurity system first as well as supporting a long term view. Strategic perspective PHA s independence and standing enable the company to take a lead in monitoring the performance of the national biosecurity system and determining its future needs. In close consultation with stakeholders, PHA formulates the strategies, plans and reports that contribute to government and industry policy development, facilitates improved national coordination and collaboration, and targets member efforts and investment to best effect. The NPBS (Section 1.2) and this status report are examples of this work. Emergency responses Another central role for PHA is the establishment of funding and management arrangements for effective responses to EPP incursions. PHA undertakes this role through its custodianship and administration of the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN, the agreed operational response plan (Chapter 4). Pest risk mitigation Beyond its contribution to response arrangements, PHA supports the national plant biosecurity system by coordinating and assisting efforts to reduce the risks posed by EPPs. This is achieved in large part by supporting industries and governments to develop strategies and plans that improve biosecurity standards as well as providing assistance with implementation of agreed risk mitigation measures. Industry biosecurity plans (IBPs), biosecurity manuals for producers and awareness raising extension services are examples of activities that PHA undertakes with and on behalf of members. Funding PHA s main activities are funded from annual subscriptions paid by members, as detailed in PHA s Annual Operational Plan. A range of separately funded projects are also undertaken for individual members or groups of members. CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA PHA convenes regular meetings of signatories to the EPPRD and facilitates modifications to take account of new information and procedural improvements gleaned through post-epp incident reviews. To assist members to meet their obligations as signatories to the EPPRD and improve their emergency response preparedness, PHA provides a range of services including contingency planning, surveillance and diagnostic systems support, response training and simulation exercises. 29

1.7 Australia s plant production industries CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVE BODIES AND GROWERS A large number of Australia s plant production industries have peak representative bodies that act on behalf of the members of the industry, usually growers, on a range of activities including biosecurity. Industry groups may provide funding at regional, state or national levels for specific plant biosecurity activities, such as research and development, management initiatives and emergency responses. Industries can also set biosecurity priorities that deliver outcomes specific to their needs. They provide a voice for growers at forums and on committees that determine the direction of plant biosecurity in Australia. Furthermore, industry groups negotiate and work with government departments on biosecurity issues ranging from international market access negotiations through to pest surveillance activities. Industry personnel also represent their industries in any EPP response activities. Industry representative bodies play an important part in Australia s biosecurity system by raising awareness amongst their growers of the importance of biosecurity, the key pests they need to protect against and how to implement biosecurity on-farm and along the supply chain. Growers have an important role to play in supporting Australia s biosecurity. Each producer needs to implement good biosecurity practices to protect their crops, their livelihood, the region and, in turn, the industry from both endemic and exotic pests. CROP PRODUCTION SUMMARY Australian agriculture, of which plant production industries make up over half in value, is an integral part the nation s economy. Plant production industries contributed over $31.8 billion 2, in 2013 14 to annual agricultural production. Figure 4 shows the contribution of each of the main plant production industries to total plant production value in 2012 13 (the latest year for which this breakdown is available). Cotton Forestry Fruit and nuts Grains Grapes Nursery Pasture and hay Sugarcane This section provides an overview of plant production industries in Australia (for those industries that are PHA members) showing trends in production value, a list of High Priority Pests (HPPs) that have been identified as posing the main threats to each industry and the distribution of production between the states and territories. Figure 4. Comparative value of Australia s plant production industries, based on gross value of production, 2012 13 6% 5% 11% 52% 4% Cotton Forestry Fruit and nuts Grains Grapes Vege 4% Nursery 3% Pasture and hay 3% Sugarcane 12% Vegetables 30

Industry profiles Production values for industries shown in this section are for the latest available year. Data are from the Australian Bureau of Statistics or appropriate peak industry bodies and are given only for PHA members. CROP PAGE Broadacre crops Cotton 46 Grains 50 Rice 72 Sugarcane 76 Horticulture Almonds 32 Apple and pears 33 Avocados 34 Bananas 36 Berries (raspberries and blackberries) 37 Canned fruits 39 Cherries 40 Chestnuts 43 Citrus 44 Ginger 48 Hazelnuts 54 Lychees 56 Macadamias 57 Mangoes 58 Olives 62 Onions 63 Passionfruit 64 Pineapples 66 Pistachio 67 Processing tomatoes 70 Stone fruit 74 Strawberries 75 Vegetables (including potatoes) 80 Walnuts 82 Honey bees 55 Nursery and garden 60 Plantation forestry 68 Viticulture Dried fruit 47 Table grapes 78 Wine grapes 84 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 31

ALMONDS Represented by the Almond Board of Australia Inc. www.australianalmonds.com.au Figure 5. Annual value of almond production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, almond production was valued at $311 million (LVP). About three-quarters of Australian almonds are exported, going to 50 countries, with Europe the largest market and India the most valuable importing country. The industry estimates that in 2014 farm gate value will be approximately $650 million, with international exports of $445 million. The Australian almond industry is concentrated in Victoria, SA and NSW with almost 29,000 hectares of cultivated almond trees. The Australian almond industry has dramatically expanded over the past decade: production has grown from 12,000 tonnes in 2004 to approximately 66,000 tonnes in 2014 and, based on current plantings, yield projections of more than 89,000 tonnes are predicted by 2017. Dominant varieties include Nonpareil (51 per cent of plantings) and Carmel (33 per cent). The almond industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry Version 1.0. Table 3. High Priority Pests of the almond industry Scientific name Amyelois transitella Anisogramma anomala Cladosporium caryigenum Cryphonectria parasitica Cydia latiferreana Hypothenemus obscurus Rhagoletis completa Xylella fastidiosa Common name Navel orangeworm Hazelnut blight Pecan scab Chestnut blight Filbertworm Tropical nut borer Walnut husk fly Almond leaf scorch Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 2% 19% 11/12 Figure 6. Distribution of almond production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Tasmania 79% Victoria Western Australia Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, California Statewide IPM Program Almond leaf scorch. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, California Statewide IPM Program 32

APPLES AND PEARS Represented by Apple and Pear Australia Ltd www.apal.org.au In 2012 13, apple and pear production was valued at $466 million (LVP). The most popular apple varieties are Cripps Pink (Pink Lady TM ), Royal Gala and Granny Smith, whilst for pears Packham and Williams dominate. The major production area for the Australian apple and pear industry is in Victoria, primarily in the Goulburn Valley and southern Victoria. This area produces 46 per cent and 84 per cent of Australia s apples and pears respectively. In addition, product is grown in Stanthorpe in Queensland, Batlow and Orange in NSW, the Huon and Tamar Valleys in Tasmania, the Adelaide Hills in SA, and Donnybrook, Manjimup and the Perth Hills in WA. The majority of apple production is consumed domestically, with less than five per cent exported to the premium markets of the United Kingdom and Europe and the bulk markets of south east Asia. The apple and pear industry is covered by version 2.01 of the apple and pear industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry Version 2.0. Table 4. High Priority Pests of the apple and pear industry Scientific name Apple proliferation phytoplasma Bactrocera dorsalis Conotrachelus nenuphar Drosophila suzukii Dysaphis plantaginea Erwinia amylovora Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Lymantria dispar Neonectria ditissima Rhagoletis pomonella Common name Apple proliferation Oriental fruit fly Plum curculio Spotted-winged drosophila Rosy apple aphid Fire blight Cedar apple rust Asian gypsy moth European canker Apple maggot Figure 7. Annual value of apple and pear production, 2007 13 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD Figure 8. Distribution of apple and pear production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) SA 11% 8% 1 7% 52% 12% 11/12 TAS New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 33

CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA AVOCADOS Represented by Avocados Australia Ltd www.avocado.org.au In 2012 13, avocado production was valued at $187 million (LVP). The Hass variety is the predominant avocado produced in Australia, accounting for approximately 80 per cent of production, and Shepard, Reed and Wurtz are other favoured varieties. The industry estimates that in 2014 Australia produced 48,700 tonnes of avocados worth an estimated gross value of production of $330 million with exports valued at $5.6 million, mostly shipped to Singapore and Malaysia. Queensland dominates Australia s avocado production, with the north, central and south east areas of the state producing around three quarters of the fruit in 2014. The second largest producing state is WA. Other avocado producing states include NSW, SA and Victoria. The avocado industry is covered by version 2.01 of the avocado industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Avocado Industry Version 1.0. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC Figure 9. Distribution of avocado production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) 6% 5 8% 1% 35% Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia WA 34 Image courtesy of Avocados Australia

Figure 10. Annual value of avocado production, 2007 13 Table 5. High Priority Pests of the avocado industry Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 Scientific name Avocado sunblotch viroid (asymptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch viroid (symptomatic strains) Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera cucurbitae Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera facialis Bactrocera kandiensis Bactrocera kirki Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera papayae* Bactrocera passiflorae Bactrocera philippinensis* Bactrocera xanthodes Conotrachelus aguacatae Conotrachelus perseae Erwinia herbicola (exotic strains) Heilipus lauri Common name Avocado sunblotch Avocado sunblotch Carambola fruit fly Melon fruit fly Oriental fruit fly Tropical fruit fly Fruit fly Fijian fruit fly Fruit fly Papaya fruit fly Fijian fruit fly Philippine fruit fly Pacific fruit fly Small avocado seed weevil Small seed weevil Avocado blast Large seed weevil CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Oligonychus perseae Persea mite Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora blight Phytophthora mengei Trunk canker Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (exotic races) Bacterial canker Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Sphaceloma perseae Avocado scab Stenoma catenifer Avocado seed moth Xanthomonas campestris (avocado strain) Bacterial canker Avocado orchard. Image courtesy of Avocados Australia * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 35

BANANAS Represented by the Australian Banana Growers Council Inc. www.abgc.org.au Figure 11. Annual value of banana production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, banana production was valued at $438 million (LVP). There are currently about 13,000 hectares of bananas grown in Australia with around 370,000 tonnes going to market in the 2013 14 financial year estimated to be $550-580 million. Bananas are produced all year round in Australia and Cavendish bananas account for 95 per cent of commercial production, with Lady Fingers and other varieties making up the remainder. Almost all bananas produced in Australia are consumed domestically with no fresh bananas imported to Australia. The majority of banana production in Australia is in far north Queensland from Cardwell through to Babinda on the Atherton Tablelands and in Lakeland Downs making up some 95 per cent of national production. Banana production also occurs further south, from Bundaberg in Queensland to Coffs Harbour in NSW. In WA, bananas are grown at Carnarvon and Kununurra. Few bananas are grown in the NT especially in 2014 as production was cut due to the banana freckle EPP response. See Banana freckle in NT prompts large-scale eradication effort on page 97. The banana industry is covered by version 2.0 of the banana industry biosecurity plan and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry Version 1.0. Through Horticulture Innovation Australia Ltd, the Australian banana industry has invested in the Banana Plant Protection Program which includes elements of biosecurity preparedness such as capacity building, early diagnostics development and assessment of varieties for tolerance to potential pests and diseases. Table 6. High Priority Pests of the banana industry Scientific name Abaca bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Banana bract mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Banana bunchy top virus (Nanovirus) Blood disease bacterium Erionota thrax Common name Abaca bunchy top virus Banana bract mosaic disease Banana bunchy top disease Blood disease Banana skipper butterfly Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 5% 1% 93% 1% 11/12 Figure 12. Distribution of banana production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease, tropical race 4 Guignardia musae Banana freckle Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka Ralstonia solanacearum, race 2 Moko Tetranychus piercei Banana spider mite 36

BERRIES (RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES) Represented by Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Inc. www.arga.com.au In 2012 13, raspberry and blackberry production was valued at $34 million (LVP).There are currently over 300 hectares of land under cultivation with rubus varieties. The industry estimates nearly 3,000 tonnes of fresh fruit were produced in 2014. New plantings continue to see the industry expanding as it responds to increasing consumer demand. Peak production is summer to autumn, however fresh Australian raspberries are now available all year-round with the use of undercover cropping and manipulating crop production. The majority of rubus are now grown under covered cropping, either in-ground or using hydroponics. Most of the raspberries and blackberries produced in Australia are consumed locally with little to no export of fresh fruit. There is some processing of berries frozen for catering. The rubus industry is covered by version 1.0 of the rubus industry biosecurity plan which was prepared in 2013 using rubus levy funds matched by the Australian Government. RABA intends to sign the EPPRD in 2015. Table 7. High Priority Pests of the berry industry Scientific name Arthuriomyces peckianus Cercosporella rubi Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) (exotic strains) Drosophila suzukii Euschistus conspersus Gymnoconia nitens Halyomorpha halys Heterocrossa rubophaga Pennisetia hylaeiformis Pennisetia marginata Popillia japonica Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Strawberry latent ringspot virus (Sadwavirus) Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Common name Orange rust (long-cycled) Rosette Blackline Spotted-winged drosophila Consperse stink bug Orange rust (short-cycled) Brown-marmorated stink bug Raspberry bud moth Raspberry crown borer Raspberry crown borer Japanese beetle Raspberry ringspot virus Strawberry latent ringspot virus Tomato ringspot virus Figure 13. Annual value of raspberry and blackberry production, 2009 13 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 NSW 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 17% 21% <1% 29% 3 2% 11/12 TAS Queensland Tasmania Victoria 12/13 Figure 14. Distribution of raspberry and blackberry production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) New South Wales Northern Territory South Australia Western Australia VIC Australian Capital Territory WA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 37

CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 38 Image courtesy of Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia

CANNED FRUITS Represented by the Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia www.fgv.com.au In 2012 13, production of canned fruits was valued at $26 million (LVP). The industry employs in excess of 1,600 FTE staff annually and comprises about 130 growers. The canned fruits industry, based in the Goulburn Murray Valleys region of Victoria, primarily processes peaches, pears, apples, apricots and plums. Fruit production for canning is carried out from December to May each season and volumes of between 80,000 to 100,000 tonnes are processed annually. After a period of gradual decline, production has now stabilised and the revitalised investment into packaging and canning infrastructure is now facilitating a regrowth phase. Approximately three per cent of canned fruit produced in 2014 was exported to New Zealand. The export market is valued at less than $1 million at the farm gate annually. An industry biosecurity plan has not been developed for this industry but plans for the pome and stonefruit industries are relevant. Figure 15. Annual value of canned fruit production, 2007 13 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD Figure 16. Distribution of canned fruit production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) SA 10 11/12 TAS New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Image courtesy of Canned Fruit Industry Council of Australia 39

CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHERRIES Represented by Cherry Growers of Australia Inc. www.cherrygrowers.org.au In 2012 13, cherry production was valued at $118 million (LVP). Production is on the increase and the industry estimates that in 2014 the value will be approximately $130 million. The main varieties grown are Lapin, Sweetheart, Sweet Georgia, Merchant, Stella, Bing, Van, Simone, Regina, Samba and Rons. The Australian cherry industry is concentrated in the following regions: 800 hectares in NSW (Hillston/Narromine, Orange and Young, and Batlow/Tumut), 800 hectares in Victoria (Swan Hill/ Sunraysia, Goulburn Valley, north-eastern Victoria, Yarra Valley/Dandenongs), 600 hectares in Tasmania (Huon Valley/Channel, Derwent Valley, Coal Valley, Tamar Valley and north-western Tasmania), 600 hectares in SA (Adelaide Hills, Riverland and south east SA), 70 hectares in WA (Perth Hills, Donnybrook/ Manjimup and Mt Barker) and 25 hectares in Queensland (Stanthorpe/Granite Belt). Cherries are mostly supplied to domestic markets, with over 30 per cent of the national crop exported. Around 10,000 tonnes were exported in 2014 down from 14,000 tonnes in 2013 due to seasonal issues. Exports are currently shipped to 30 countries, with Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore accounting for 65 per cent of the total exports. The ACT Australian NSW cherry industry NT is covered by QLD version 2.01 SA of the cherry TAS industry biosecurity VIC plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Cherry Industry Version 1.0. Figure 17. Distribution of cherry production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) WA 18% <1% 14% 29% 38% <1% Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 40

Figure 18. Annual value of cherry production, 2007 13 Table 8. High Priority Pests of the cherry industry Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 Scientific name Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) (exotic strains) Choristoneura rosaceana Conotrachelus nenuphar Ctenopseustis obliquana Drosophila suzukii European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma Common name Blackline Oblique banded leaf roller Plum curculio Brown headed leaf roller Spotted-winged drosophila European stone fruit yellows Little cherry virus 1 (unassigned) Little cherry virus 1 Little cherry virus 2 (Ampelovirus) Little cherry virus 2 Monilinia fructigena Neonectria ditissima Pandemis cerasana Phymatotrichum omnivorum Planotortrix octo Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Podosphaera clandestina var. clandestina (exotic strains) Rhagoletis fausta Rhagoletis indifferens Rhagoletis pomonella X disease phytoplasma Brown rot European canker Cherry brown tortrix Texas root rot Green headed leaf roller Plum pox virus Powdery mildew of cherry Black cherry fruit fly Western cherry fruit fly Apple maggot Peach X disease CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Xylella fastidiosa Pierce s disease Plum curculio. Image courtesy of E. Levine, The Ohio State University, bugwood.org European canker. Image courtesy Abrahami 41

CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 42 Image courtesy of Katie Rivers

CHESTNUTS Represented by Chestnuts Australia Inc www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au In 2012 13, chestnut production was valued at $4.3 million (LVP). In 2014 there were around 1,300 hectares containing approximately 200,000 chestnut trees. The industry estimates that with more trees planted, production will rise to approximately $7.5 million in 2014. The main varieties grown are Red Spanish, Purtons Pride and De Coppi Marone. Chestnuts flower during November and December and are harvested from March through to May. The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with approximately two per cent exported mainly to Asian markets. The Australian chestnut industry operates principally in the southern states of Australia, including NSW, Tasmania and Victoria, plus southern areas of SA and the south western area of WA. Approximately 70 per cent of the national crop is grown in north east Victoria. The chestnut industry has always been aware of the possible biosecurity issues it faced, the main threats being chestnut blight, chestnut weevil and chestnut gall wasp. The depth of knowledge and preparedness was made evident in 2010 when there was an outbreak of chestnut blight. This outbreak was reported swiftly due to grower knowledge and biosecurity training. As a result of the eradication program, nine of the originally infected properties have been declared free of the disease and can resume planting chestnuts. An Industry Development Officer was appointed in December 2013 to further improve biosecurity vigilance. The chestnut industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. Table 9. High Priority Pests of the chestnut industry Scientific name Cryphonectria parasitica Cydia latiferreana Common name Chestnut blight Filbertworm Figure 19. Annual value of chestnut production, 2009 13 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 5 4 3 2 1 0 NSW 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 28% 2% 3% 65% 2% 11/12 TAS Queensland Tasmania Victoria 12/13 Figure 20. Distribution of chestnut production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) New South Wales Northern Territory South Australia Western Australia VIC Australian Capital Territory WA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Filbertworm. Image courtesy of Larry R. Barber, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, bugwood.org Chestnut blight. Image courtesy of DEDJTR Vic 43

CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CITRUS Represented by Citrus Australia Ltd www.citrusaustralia.com.au In 2012 13, citrus production (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruit) was valued at $436 million (LVP). In 2014, production of citrus was estimated to be 620,000 tonnes. Currently, there are about 28,000 hectares of citrus plantings nationally. Citrus is the largest fresh fruit exporting industry in Australia with almost 158,000 tonnes of fruit, valued at $202 million, exported this season. Major export markets include Hong Kong, Japan, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, the United States and New Zealand. Citrus fruits are grown commercially throughout Australia, with the exception of Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory. Major growing areas include the Riverina (NSW), Central Burnett and Emerald (Queensland), Riverland (SA) and Murray Valley (Victoria/ NSW). Production also occurs in WA and there are a small number of plantings in NT. The citrus industry is covered by version 2.0 of the citrus industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for Citrus Producers Version 2.0 which was produced in December 2014. The Citrus Biosecurity Project, which is funded by Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited and ACTjointly managed NSW by PHA NT and Citrus Australia, QLD is currently SA boosting TAS the preparedness VIC of the citrus industry for serious exotic pests. Figure 21. Distribution of citrus production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) WA 34% 23% 3 <1% 9% 4% Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 44

Figure 22. Annual value of citrus production, 2007 13 Table 10. High Priority Pests of the citrus industry Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 Scientific name Anastrepha fraterculus Anastrepha ludens Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera invadens* Bactrocera minax Bactrocera occipitalis Bactrocera papayae* Bactrocera philippinensis* Bactrocera trivialis Bactrocera tsuneonis Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus leprosis virus (unassigned) Citrus tristeza virus (Closterovirus) (mandarin stem-pitting strain) Colletotrichum acutatum (SGO strain) Dialeurodes citri Common name South American fruit fly Mexican fruit fly Oriental fruit fly Fruit fly Chinese citrus fly Fruit fly Papaya fruit fly Philippine fruit fly New Guinea fruit fly Japanese orange fly Huanglongbing (African strain) Huanglongbing (American strain) Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) Citrus fruit borer Citrus leprosis disease Mandarin stem-pitting Post bloom fruit drop Citrus whitefly CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter Oidium citri Powdery mildew Oidium tingitanium Powdery mildew Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Spiroplasma citri Stubborn Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis Bacterial spot Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker Xylella fastidiosa Citrus variegated chlorosis * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis The Citrus Biosecurity Project is boosting on-farm biosecurity. Image courtesy of Citrus Australia 45

COTTON Represented by Cotton Australia Ltd www.cottonaustralia.com.au Figure 23. Annual value of cotton production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, cotton production was valued at $1.9 billion (LVP). The industry estimates that in 2014 (a non-drought year) the value will rise with 414,000 hectares planted to cotton, with just under four million bales harvested, representing a total value of $2.2 billion (cotton lint; $1.9 billion; cottonseed: $300,000). Australian yields are high by international standards, almost three times the world average. Almost the entire Australian cotton crop is exported, with two thirds sold to China and the remainder mainly to spinning mills in Asia. Australia is the third largest cotton exporter in the world, behind the United States and India. Cotton is grown in most of the major inland river valleys of eastern Australia, in a belt stretching from central Queensland in the north, to the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area and Menindee Lakes in south west NSW. Cotton is generally grown as an annual irrigated summer crop in fertile alluvial floodplain soils and, in an average season, rain grown cotton represents approximately 16 per cent of the total planted area. The cotton industry is covered by version 2.01 of the cotton industry biosecurity plan and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry Version 1.1. Table 11. High Priority Pests of the cotton industry Scientific name Amrasca devastans Anthonomus grandis Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Common name Indian green jassid Cotton boll weevil Cotton aphid Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 65% 11/12 Figure 24. Distribution of cotton production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS New South Wales 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (exotic races) Luteovirus (suspected) Lygus lineolaris Silverleaf whitefly Cotton leaf curl disease Fusarium wilt Cotton blue disease Tarnished plant bug 35% Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Phymatotrichum omnivorum Tetranychus turkestani Texas root rot Strawberry spider mite Western Australia Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Verticillium wilt Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum Bacterial blight/angular leaf spot 46

DRIED FRUIT Represented by Dried Fruits Australia Inc. www.driedfruitsaustralia.org.au Figure 26. Annual value of dried fruit production, 2007 13 In 2012 13, dried fruit production (sultanas, currants, raisins and sunmuscats) was valued at $33 million (LVP). The main export markets for dried fruit are dominated by Germany (40 per cent), the United Kingdom (25 per cent) and New Zealand (11 per cent). In Australia, grapes are grown for the dried fruit industry in the Sunraysia region which spans north western Victoria and south western NSW around the Murray River, and to a lesser extent, in the SA Riverland. The dried fruit industry regularly distributes biosecurity information and guidelines from PHA to its members via a quarterly publication, The Vine. The viticulture biosecurity manual has been distributed to dried fruit growers through the major industry processors, Sunbeam Foods and Australian Premium Dried Fruits. The industry also undertakes EPPRD training in order to understand the roles and responsibilities of their officers in the event of a pest incursion. The ACT dried fruit industry NSW is covered NT by version QLD 2 of the viticulture SA industry TAS biosecurity plan VIC and the Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0. Figure 25. Distribution of dried fruit production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR WA Table 12. High Priority Pests of the dried fruit industry Scientific name Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera papayae* Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Common name Carambola fruit fly Oriental fruit fly Papaya fruit fly Bois noir 11/12 12/13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 16% 3% Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Drosophila suzukii Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Guignardia bidwellii Homalodisca vitripennis Hyalesthes obsoletus Grapevine phylloxera Spotted-winged drosophila Flavescence dorée Black rot Glassy-winged sharpshooter Cixiidae planthopper Tasmania Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth 8 <1% Victoria Western Australia Planococcus ficus Polychrosis viteana Pseudococcus maritimus Vine mealybug American berry moth Grape mealybug Xylella fastidiosa Pierce s disease * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 47

GINGER Represented by Australian Ginger Industry Association www.australianginger.org.au Figure 27. Annual value of ginger production, 2010 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, ginger production was valued at $30 million (LVP). Land under ginger cultivation is approximately 260 hectares, which produces around 6,700 tonnes of fresh ginger. It is available year round. The main ginger varieties grown in Australia are Queensland and Jumbo (Canton). The entire Australian ginger crop is produced for the domestic market. Approximately 60 per cent of ginger produced in Australia is sold as fresh ginger and the remaining 40 per cent is processed. The Australian ginger industry is based predominantly in south east Queensland, followed by the Widebay region and very small percentages in far north Queensland and northern NSW. The ginger industry is covered by version 1.0 of the ginger industry biosecurity plan. AGIA conducted a Biosecurity Field Day in 2014 in conjunction with PHA and Biosecurity Queensland to provide practical demonstrations of biosecurity procedures. AGIA has also produced biosecurity signs for growers and a poster covering Pythium R&D which emphasised the importance of biosecurity in disease management. Table 13. High Priority Pests of the ginger industry Scientific name Aspidiella hartii Elytroteinus subtruncatus Radopholus similis (exotic strains) Ralstonia solanacearum, race 4 (exotic strains) Common name Yam scale Fijian ginger weevil Burrowing nematode Bacterial wilt Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 10/11 11/12 FINANCIAL YEAR Figure 28. Distribution of ginger production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based ACT on LVP) NSW NT QLD SA TAS 2% 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory WA 98% Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Ralstonia solanacearum. Image courtesy of Bruce Mathews, Hawaii at Hilo College of Agriculture, Forestry & Natural Resource Management Burrowing nematode. Image courtesy of bugwood.org 48

CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Image courtesy of the Australian Ginger Industry Association 49

GRAINS CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Represented by Grain Producers Australia Ltd www.grainproducers.com.au In 2012 13, grain production (wheat, barley, canola, sorghum, oats, and lupins) was valued at $12.7 billion. The grains industry is Australia s largest plant industry with wheat, the largest crop, accounting for more than half of total production. The majority of Australia s grain is produced in the wheat belt located from central Queensland through NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, SA and southern WA. Most of the grain produced in Australia is exported predominantly to markets in Asia and the Middle East including China, Indonesia, Iraq, Korea, Vietnam, Iran and Vietnam. The grains industry invests in an on-farm biosecurity program to raise awareness and improve practises on-farm. Grain Producers Australia funds the Grains Farm Biosecurity Program which includes the deployment of five Grains Biosecurity Officers embedded in state departments in NSW, Queensland, SA, Victoria and WA. The grains industry is covered by version 2.04 of the grains industry biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for Grain Producers Version 4. Image courtesy of Grain Producers Australia 50

Figure 29. Annual value of grains production, 2007 13 WA mobile app to identify and report grain pests Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 QLD 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR SA <1% 3 <1% 9% 11/12 Figure 30. Distribution of grains production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Before you can work out what to do about a plant pest in a grain crop, you need to know what species it is. A new mobile phone application called MyPestGuide has been developed to help identify which of 200 different pests users are facing, and even better, it also sends a report to state biosecurity experts in Western Australia. MyPestGuide allows users of smartphones and tablet devices to compare the pests they find with common species and also exotic biosecurity threats. The photo reporting tool allows users to easily create and send a report with GPS location direct to the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA) and receive a response on their device. Users can search for a pest according to the crop it is found in, the damage observed, pest type or size. Developed by DAFWA with funding assistance from the Council of Grain Grower Organisations (COGGO), the app will also benefit the grains industry by providing supplementary evidence of Australia s pest free status, which is essential for maintaining access to grains markets. Farmers and agronomists are expected to be the main users of the app, but members of the community and other industries are also encouraged to use it to benefit the grains industry. For more information on the app see https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/ plant-biosecurity/mypestguide-app CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 15% South Australia <1% Tasmania 17% Victoria 29% Western Australia 51

Table 14. High Priority Pests of the grains industry Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Agrotis segetum Turnip moth Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (pathotype Ug99) Stem rust of wheat CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Alternaria triticina Atherigona soccata Bean common mosaic virus (Potyvirus) (peanut stripe strain) Cephus pygmeus Ceutorhynchus assimilis Chilo partellus Chromatomyia horticola Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Diuraphis noxia Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini Heterodera avenae (exotic strains) Heterodera filipjevi (exotic strains) Heterodera glycines Heterodera latipons (exotic strains) Homoeosoma electellum Liriomyza trifolii Leaf blight of wheat Sorghum shoot fly Bean common mosaic virus European wheat stem sawfly Cabbage seedpod weevil Spotted stem borer Pea leaf miner Lentil anthracnose Russian wheat aphid Fusarium wilt of chickpea Fusarium wilt of canola Fusarium wilt of lentil Fusarium wilt of lupin Cereal cyst nematode Cereal cyst nematode Soybean cyst nematode Cereal cyst nematode Sunflower moth American serpentine leaf miner Puccinia recondita (exotic strains) Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (exotic strains) Puccinia triticina (exotic strains) Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Sitobion avenae Tilletia indica Trogoderma granarium Uromyces viciae-fabae (lentil strain) Verticillium longisporum Wheat stem sawfly. Image courtesy of Frank Peairs Durum leaf rust Barley stripe rust Wheat stripe rust Leaf rust Red clover vein mosaic virus Wheat aphid Karnal bunt Khapra beetle Lentil rust Canola Verticillium wilt Soybean cyst nematode field symptoms. Image courtesy of C. R. Grau, Wisconsin-Madison Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Meromyza saltatrix Wheat stem maggot Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Peronosclerospora sorghi Downy mildew of sorghum Phomopsis helianthi Plasmopara halstedii Sunflower stem canker Sunflower downy mildew Lentil anthracnose. Image courtesy of Robert L. Anderson, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pea leafminer. Image courtesy of Merle Shepard, Gerald R. Carner, and P. A. C Ooi Puccinia coronata f. sp. hordei Crown rust of barley Puccinia graminis f. sp. hordei (exotic strains) Barley stem rust 52

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HAZELNUTS Represented by Hazelnut Growers of Australia Inc. www.hazelnuts.org.au Figure 31. Annual value of hazelnut production, 2010 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, hazelnut production was valued at $600,000 (LVP). The industry is set for rapid expansion there are approximately 130 hectares planted, consisting of 80,000 trees of which 70 per cent are not bearing or early bearing. The industry estimates hazelnut production in 2014 was 130 tonnes with a value of $1 million. Australia is currently seeing a major on-farm investment from a northern hemisphere confectionary manufacturer which has given renewed confidence to Australian growers. Kernel imports (chiefly from Turkey) have been steady at 2,500 tonnes per year since 2000. Hazelnut Growers of Australia has identified biosecurity as an important focus for the future. The hazelnut industry became a member of PHA during 2013 and is currently seeking to become a signatory to the EPPRD. Biosecurity is a major focus of communication with growers, and exotic pest fact sheets are under development to raise awareness. The hazelnut industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. Table 15. High Priority Pests of the hazelnut industry Scientific name Anisogramma anomala Cydia latiferreana Common name Hazelnut blight Filbertworm Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 NSW 10/11 NT QLD 11/12 FINANCIAL YEAR SA 5 TAS 12/13 Figure 32. Distribution of hazelnut production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) New South Wales VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Northern Territory 17% Queensland South Australia Tasmania 33% Victoria Hazelnut blight. Image courtesy of Joseph O Brien, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Filbertworm. Image courtesy of Todd M. Gilligan and Marc E. Epstein, Colorado State University, United States Western Australia 54

HONEY BEES Represented by Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Inc. www.honeybee.org.au In 2012 13, honey and beewax production was valued at $79 million (LVP). The industry estimates that in 2014, some 12,400 beekeepers were registered, operating nearly 530,000 hives. Apiaries range in size from between one and several thousand hives. Droughts, bushfires and high temperatures reduced production to 13,000 tonnes of honey. The export of live bees has also declined in recent years due to markets closures including the United States but still produces income for beekeepers. In addition, pollination benefits are estimated to have a total paid and unpaid value of $4 6 billion per year. The honey bee industry is currently a member of both Animal Health Australia and PHA due to the benefits that honey bees provide to pollination-dependent plant industries and their potential to act as a vector for plant pests. Pest emergency responses relating to honey bees are covered under the EPPRD and the industry plans to resign from AHA during 2015. A national Biosecurity Program and Code of Practice for beekeeping are currently under development. The honey bee industry is covered by version 1.0 of the honey bee industry biosecurity and the Biosecurity Manual for the Honey Bee Industry Version 1.0. Table 16. High Priority Pests of the honey bee industry Scientific name Acarapis woodi Apis cerana (exotic strains, genotypes and sub-species) Apis mellifera capensis Apis mellifera scutellata Apis mellifera scutellata (hybrid) Deformed wing virus (Iflavirus) Hoplostoma fuligineus Slow paralysis virus (Iflavirus) Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mercedesae Varroa destructor Varroa jacobsoni Vespa spp. (exotic species) Common name Tracheal mite Asian honey bee Cape honey bee African honey bee Africanized honey bee Deformed wing virus Large hive beetle Slow paralysis virus Tropilaelaps mite Tropilaelaps mite Varroa mite Varroa mite Hornets Figure 33. Annual value of honey and beeswax production, 2007 13 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 QLD 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR Figure 34. Distribution of honey and beeswax production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) SA 41% 2 12% 3% 19% 5% 11/12 TAS New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 55

LYCHEES Represented by Australian Lychee Growers Association www.australianlychee.com.au Figure 35. Annual value of lychee production, 2009 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, lychee production was valued at $12 million (LVP). Lychees are a high value summer fruit in Australia, with strong traditional demand from Chinese and south east Asian consumers, particularly during Chinese New Year celebrations. Lychees were introduced into Australia over 60 years ago and the Australian lychee industry is unique in having the longest lychee production season in the world. Due to the introduction of early and late fruiting varieties and the extensive production zones from tropical to temperate climates, the industry produces fruit from October in far north Queensland to March in northern NSW. This gives the Australian industry a significant advantage over other suppliers on world markets, as no other country can offer such a long line of supply of quality controlled fresh lychees. The main varieties of lychees grown in Australia are Kwai May Pink, Bengal, Fay Zee Siu, Kaimana, Salathiel, Souey Tung, Tai So and Wai Chee. The bulk of Australia s lychee production is sold domestically with about 25 per cent exported to Hong Kong, Singapore, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, United Arab Emirates, Tahiti, New Zealand and Canada. In 2013, access into the United States was approved for Australian lychees and the industry is currently working with the Australian and the United States governments to commence export shipments. Developing market access into mainland China remains a high priority for the industry. The lychee industry is covered by version 1.1 of the lychee industry biosecurity plan. Table 17. High Priority Pests of the lychee industry Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 NSW 09/10 NT 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 1% 11/12 Figure 36. Distribution of lychee production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS 12/13 New South Wales VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Scientific name Aristobia testudo Bactrocera dorsalis Common name Lychee longicorn beetle Oriental fruit fly 99% Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Conopomorpha sinensis Paradasynus longirostris Peronophythora litchii Pseudotheraptus wayi Lychee fruit borer Hong Kong stink bug Brown blight Coconut bug Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Longan and lychee witches broom disease 56

MACADAMIAS Represented by the Australian Macadamia Society Ltd www.macadamias.org In 2012 13, cotton production was valued at $99 million (LVP). There are around 18,000 hectares planted with macadamias in Australia, comprising approximately 5.5 million trees. Annual production is approximately 40,000 tonnes in-shell or 12,000 tonnes of kernel. The significant majority of plantings are varieties of Macadamia integrifolia. Of these about 80 per cent are Hawaiian selections with the remainder being Australian varieties. Harvest commences in March and runs through to August. Australian macadamia production stretches from Coffs Harbour on the NSW north coast to Mackay on the north Queensland coast. The majority of macadamia plantings are in northern NSW and south east Queensland. The northern rivers region of NSW is the largest production area comprising about 55 per cent of production. The fastest growth in production is occurring in the Bundaberg area which currently represents around 30 per cent of production. Approximately 70 per cent of the crop is exported, principally to Europe, USA, Japan, China and other Asian countries. Australia is currently the world s largest producer of macadamia kernel and second largest producer overall. South Africa and Kenya are the other major producers. In order to encourage biosecurity awareness within the industry, approximately 70 per cent of orchards employ professional pest scouts and the Australian Macadamia Society convenes an annual forum where any new pest and disease sightings are reviewed. The industry funds approximately $1.8 million in research and development and a similar amount in marketing and market development using levies which are matched by Australian Government funding through Horticulture Innovation Australia. The macadamia industry has a 16 year record of complete compliance with chemical residue levels through the National Residue Survey. The macadamia industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. Table 18. High Priority Pests of the macadamia industry Scientific name Hypothenemus obscurus Xylella fastidiosa Common name Tropical nut borer Leaf scorch Figure 37. Annual value of macadamia production, 2007 13 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 QLD 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR Figure 38. Distribution of macadamia production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) SA 47% 53% <1% 11/12 TAS New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 57

MANGOES CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Represented by the Australian Mango Industry Association Ltd www.industry.mangoes.net.au In 2012 13, mango production was valued at $93 million (LVP). On average, 80 per cent of total fruit produced is consumed fresh with the remainder processed. The proportion processed is influenced by crop production and the fresh market price. The most abundant variety, Kensington Pride, accounts for approximately 60 per cent of Australian production. Other varieties include B74 (Calypso TM ), Brooks, Honey Gold, Keitt, Palmer, Pearl and R2E2, as well as green eating varieties, Keo Savoy and Nam Doc Mai. There are a range of other varieties that are also produced in smaller volumes. The industry supplies the Australian market, with the majority of production occurring from September to March each year. In Australia, the majority of mangoes are grown in Queensland and the NT, with smaller but significant production in regions throughout WA and other states. Mangoes in Australia are grown for both the fresh and processing markets. The mango industry is covered by version 2.1 of the mango industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry Version 1.0. Table 19. High Priority Pests of the mango industry Scientific name Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera papayae* Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato Ceratocystis manginecans Ceratocystis omanensis Deanolis sublimbalis Common name Carambola fruit fly Papaya fruit fly Mango sudden decline syndrome Mango sudden decline syndrome Mango sudden decline syndrome Red-banded mango caterpillar Figure 39. Annual value of mango production, 2007 13 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 2% 44% 48% 11/12 Figure 40. Distribution of mango production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Fusarium mangiferae Fusarium mexicanum Fusarium proliferatum Fusarium sterilihyphosum Mango malformation Mango malformation Mango malformation Mango malformation 6% Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Parasa lepida Blue-striped nettle grub Procontarinia spp. (exotic species) Mango gall midges Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 58

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CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA NURSERY AND GARDEN Represented by the Nursery & Garden Industry Australia Ltd www.ngia.com.au In 2012 13, nursery and garden production (propagation stock, seedlings, bedding plants, indoor plants, trees and shrubs) was valued at $663 million (LVP). The nursery and garden industry operates in all states and territories of Australia. It is one of the largest and most diverse plant industries. The industry estimates an annual gross production value of approximately $800 million (production nurseries only) in 2014 and also supports a number of other plant production sectors in Australia, including fruit and vegetables, re-vegetation and cut flower production. The industry has a limited export focus of approximately $18 million annually; however there is ample opportunity for international export growth. A suite of biosecurity resources are available to growers including BioSecure HACCP, the industry on-farm biosecurity program, pest and disease fact sheets, nursery papers, management plans including the Australian Nursery Industry Myrtle Rust Management Plan and a biosecurity training program. Extension videos covering topics such as site surveillance, intake inspection and crop monitoring were added in late 2013. The nursery and garden industry is covered by version 3 of the nursery and garden industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry Version 1. Figure 41. Distribution of production nurseries by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) WA 2 1% 28% 4% 3% 35% 9% Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 60

Figure 42. Annual value of nursery and garden production, 2007 13 Table 20. High Priority Pests of the nursery and garden industry Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 Scientific name Achatina fulica Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Diaphorina citri Echinothrips americanus Homalodisca vitripennis Lettuce infectious yellows virus (Crinivirus) Liriomyza huidobrensis Lygus lineolaris Lymantria dispar Oligonychus ilicis Phytophthora ramorum Pomacea canaliculata Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (exotic races) Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Xylella fastidiosa Common name Giant African snail Cotton aphid Silverleaf whitefly Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) Asian citrus psyllid Poinsettia thrips Glassy-winged sharpshooter Lettuce infectious yellows virus Serpentine leaf miner Tarnished plant bug Asian gypsy moth Southern red mite Sudden oak death Golden apple snail Bacterial canker Guava rust/eucalyptus rust Pierce s disease CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Glassy-winged sharpshooter. Image courtesy of Johnny N. Dell Sudden oak death. Image courtesy of Joseph O Brien, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Image courtesy of PHA 61

OLIVES Represented by the Australian Olive Association Ltd www.australianolives.com.au Figure 43. Annual value of olive production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, olive production was valued at $218 million (LVP). The industry estimates tha The Australian olive industry began in earnest in 1990 with the majority of large groves planted between 1996 and 2004. Today it is regarded as mainstream agriculture and has become an important employer in regional Australia. The crop for 2014 was well down on the bumper 2013 season due to seasonal factors. Consequently, exports of olive products were also lower 2,170 tonnes of olive products worth $12.8 million, a drop of 25 per cent from the previous year. Olive oil accounted for 91 per cent of exports with table olive exports accounting for the remainder. China was the leading market accounting for 36 per cent of export volume, followed by the United States (24%), New Zealand (22%) and Japan (4%). The olive industry is covered by version 1.0 of the olive industry biosecurity plan. Table 21. High Priority Pests of the olive industry Scientific name Bactrocera oleae Liothrips oleae Prays oleae Verticillium dahliae (defoliating strain) Common name Olive fly Olive thrips Olive moth Verticillium wilt Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 250 200 150 100 50 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 5% 11/12 Figure 44. Distribution of olive production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS New South Wales 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Northern Territory 1% Queensland 1 South Australia <1% Tasmania 79% Victoria 5% Western Australia Olive fly. Image courtesy of Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Experts, bugwood.org Leaf mining caused by the Olive moth larvae. Image courtesy of Giancarlo Dessì 62

ONIONS Represented by Onions Australia www.onionsaustralia.org.au In 2012 13, onion production was valued at $172 million (LVP). The industry estimates that in 2014 onion production decreased by 13 per cent to 302,000 tonnes. Yields can be reduced by poor plant establishment (due to factors such as poor seedbed preparation), unseasonable conditions (such as heavy rain or strong winds) and pest or disease damage. The main growing areas for onion production include the Lockyer Valley, St George and Darling Downs in Queensland, Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in NSW, Adelaide Plains, Riverland and south eastern SA, Manjimup and Pemberton in WA, Werribee and Cranbourne in Victoria and the north-western to northern midlands of Tasmania. Sowing of onions starts in Queensland during February (short day types) and finishes in the southern states in August (long day types). Harvest starts in Queensland during September and finishes during April in the southern states. The onion industry is covered by version 2.0 of the onion industry biosecurity plan. Table 22. High Priority Pests of the onion industry Scientific name Botrytis squamosa Cladosporium allii Delia antiqua Delia florilega Eumerus amoenus Eumerus strigatus Liriomyza sativae Phytomyza gymnostoma Puccinia spp. (exotic species) Rhizoglyphus callae Rhizoglyphus setosus Thrips tabaci (exotic strains/biotypes) Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Common name Leaf blight Leaf spot Onion fly Bean fly Onion bulb fly Lesser bulb fly Vegetable leaf miner Allium leaf miner Rust Bulb mite Bulb mite Onion thrips Xanthomonas leaf blight Figure 45. Annual value of onion production, 2007 13 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 3% 11% 49% 12% 1 15% 11/12 Figure 46. Distribution of onion production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 63

PASSIONFRUIT CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Represented by Passionfruit Australia Inc. www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au In 2012 13, passionfruit production was valued at $16 million (LVP). There are currently 300 hectares of passionfruit under cultivation in Australia with about 400,000 passionfruit vines yielding approximately 4,600 tonnes of fruit. About two thirds of the Australian passionfruit crop is grown in Queensland and around one third in NSW. Passionfruit is grown year round but main supply times to market are December to September and lighter supply September to December. The main purple passionfruit varieties grown in Australia are Misty Gem and Sweetheart and the major Panama passionfruit varieties are Pandora and McGuffie s Red. At present, there is no export market for Australian passionfruit; however there is an application pending consideration for export to New Zealand. The passionfruit industry is covered by version 1.0 of the passionfruit industry biosecurity plan. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC Figure 47. Distribution of passionfruit production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) 29% 7 <1% Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia WA 64

Figure 48. Annual value of passionfruit production, 2007 13 Table 23. High Priority Pests of the passionfruit industry Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 Scientific name Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera cucurbitae Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera facialis Bactrocera kandiensis Bactrocera kirki Bactrocera melanotus Bactrocera papayae* Bactrocera passiflorae Bactrocera philippinensis* Bactrocera psidii Bactrocera xanthodes East Asian passiflora virus (Potyvirus) Passiflora chlorosis virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit ringspot virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus (Begomovirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit vein clearing virus (Rhabdovirus) Common name Carambola fruit fly Melon fruit fly Oriental fruit fly Tropical fruit fly Fruit fly Fijian fruit fly Fruit fly Papaya fruit fly Fijian fruit fly Philippine fruit fly South Sea guava fruit fly Pacific fruit fly East Asian passiflora virus Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle potyvirus Passionfruit vein clearing rhabdovirus CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus (Tymovirus) Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae Bacterial blight * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis Fijian Fruit Fly. Image courtesy of S. Wilson, Secretariat of the Pacific Community Philippine Fruit Fly. Image courtesy of Anthony O Toole, Secretariat of the Pacific Community 65

PINEAPPLES Represented by GROWCOM www.growcom.com.au Figure 49. Annual value of pineapple production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, pineapple production was valued at $37 million (LVP), much lower than average. The industry estimates that in 2014 approximately 44,200 tonnes of fresh fruit and 24,300 tonnes of processed fruit were marketed. There are approximately 80 commercial pineapple enterprises, all based in Queensland, with key growing districts in Wamuran, Elimbah, Glasshouse Mountains, Beerwah, Yandina, Mary Valley, Maryborough, Hervey Bay, Childers, Bundaberg, Cawarral, Yeppoon and northern Queensland. Australia contributes 0.5 per cent to the world s fresh pineapple production and supplies almost the entire domestic market. More than 70 per cent of fresh pineapples are packed and marketed through four primary packing houses. The primary pineapple processor, Heinz Golden Circle Ltd, produces canned pineapple and juice. Approximately 55 per cent of pineapple varieties grown are Smooth Cayenne and Queen (Rough leaf). The remaining 45 per cent of plantings are new hybrid varieties that appeal more to the fresh market and this proportion is expected to increase. The pineapple industry is covered by version 1.0 of the pineapple industry biosecurity plan. Table 24. High Priority Pests of the pineapple industry Scientific name Cryptophlebia leucotreta Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Erwinia chrysanthemi (distinct pathovar) Common name False codling moth Grey pineapple mealybug Bacterial fruit collapse Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 11/12 Figure 50. Distribution of pineapple production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS New South Wales Northern Territory 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Fusarium guttiforme Fusariosis 10 Queensland Strymon megarus Pineapple fruit borer South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia False codling moth. Image courtesy of Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, bugwood.org Grey pineapple mealybug. Image courtesy of William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, bugwood.org 66

PISTACHIOS Represented by Pistachio Growers Association Inc. www.pgai.com.au In 2012 13, pistachio production was valued at $17 million (LVP). The industry estimates that in 2014, 950 hectares were under cultivation with pistachio trees and an off-crop of 1,180 tonnes of pistachio nuts was produced. The major production areas of pistachios are located along the Murray River Valley between Swan Hill in Victoria and Waikerie in SA. There are further plantings are in central west Victoria and Pinnaroo, South Australia and small plantings exist in WA. Australian pistachio production currently only meets 40 per cent of domestic consumption, with the remainder imported from other major producers including Iran and the United States. The domestic production of pistachio is expected to increase to 3,000 tonnes by 2020. The pistachio industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan. Table 25. High Priority Pest of the pistachio industry Scientific name Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, California Statewide IPM Program Common name Navel orangeworm Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, California Statewide IPM Program Figure 51. Annual value of pistachio production, 2008 13 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 08/09 NSW NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 49% 18% 32% <1% 11/12 TAS Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria 12/13 Figure 52. Distribution of pistachio production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) New South Wales Northern Territory Western Australia VIC Australian Capital Territory WA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 67

PLANTATION FORESTRY CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Represented by the Australian Forest Products Association Ltd www.ausfpa.com.au In 2012 13, plantation forestry production was valued at $1.2 billion (LVP). The forest, wood and paper products sector is Australia s 8th largest manufacturing industry. In 2013, 19.2 million cubic metres of logs were harvested from Australia s plantation estates for further processing in Australia and to export internationally. Plantations provide almost 80 per cent of the log resources. Plantings are split almost evenly between softwood and hardwood. The softwood plantation estate of over one million hectares is dominated by exotic species of pine in the south east of Queensland. Softwood plantations are predominately long rotation and produce saw, peeler and pulp logs for a range of products including sawn timber, wood-based panels, engineered wood products, paper and paperboard. The hardwood plantation estate of approximately 0.9 million hectares is predominantly species of eucalypts grown for pulp and saw logs with some small plants of African mahogany and Sandalwood grown for niche markets. Plantations are grown mainly in the higher rainfall zones (greater than 700 mm) along the east coast and south west corner of mainland Australia, as well as in Tasmania and NT. The ACTplantation NSW forestry industry NTis covered QLD by version 2.0 SA of the plantation TAS forest industry VIC biosecurity plan. Figure 53. Distribution of plantation forest production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) WA 19% 1 14% 9% 3 18% Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 68

Figure 54. Annual value of plantation forest production, 2007 13 Table 26. High Priority Pests of the plantation forest industry Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR 11/12 12/13 Scientific name Bursaphelenchus spp. including B. xylophilus Chrysoporthe austroafricana Coptotermes formosanus Coptotermes gestroi Dendroctonus ponderosae Dendroctonus valens Endocronartium harknessii Fusarium circinatum Hylesia nigricans Ips typographus Lymantria dispar Lymantria monacha Monochamus spp. including M. alternatus, M. galloprovinicialis, M. titillator, M. scutellatus Orgyia thyellina Phytophthora pinifolia Phytophthora ramorum Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Teratosphaeria gauchensis Teratosphaeria zuluensis Common name Pinewood nematode species complex Eucalyptus canker disease Formosan subterranean termite Asian subterranean termite Mountain pine beetle Red turpentine beetle Western gall rust Pitch canker Burning moth Spruce bark beetle Asian gypsy moth Nun moth Longhorn beetles White spotted tussock moth Dano foliar del Pino Sudden oak death Guava rust/eucalyptus rust Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker Coniothyrium eucalyptus canker CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp Mountain pine beetle. Image courtesy of G. D. Amman, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) larvae. Image courtesy of Ladd Livingston, Idaho Department of Lands 69

PROCESSING TOMATOES Represented by the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc. www.aptrc.asn.au Figure 55. Annual value of processing tomato production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, processing tomato production was valued at $19.3 million (LVP). The industry estimates that approximately 2,400 hectares were planted in 2013 14 with around 224,000 tonnes delivered for processing, which was an increase of about 16 per cent. This included over 5,500 tonnes from growers of fresh tomatoes. Australia consumes around 550,000 tonnes of processed tomatoes, with the majority of imports coming from Italy and China. The main varieties grown in Australia are dominated by Heinz cultivars and 95 per cent of the production area is irrigated using sub-surface drip lines. In 2013 14, an average yield of almost 94 tonnes per hectare was achieved by growers of processing tomatoes, down slightly from the record 96.6 tonnes achieved in 2012 13 which had a local value of $19 million. An industry biosecurity plan is currently being developed for this industry. Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 11/12 TAS New South Wales 12/13 Figure 56. Distribution of processing tomato production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) 2% VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania 98% Victoria Western Australia Image courtesy of the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Inc 70

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RICE CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Represented by the Ricegrowers Association of Australia Inc. www.rga.org.au In 2012 13, rice production was valued at $270 million (LVP). After several years of very low production due to drought, rice production has recovered in recent seasons with 963,000 tonnes produced in 2012, 1,166,000 tonnes in 2013, and 829,000 tonnes in 2014. A smaller crop was planted in October 2014 due largely to reduced water availability and low water allocations in both the NSW Murray and Murrumbidgee Valleys so production will be smaller when harvest is completed in May 2015. The Australian rice industry is predominantly located in the temperate climatic region of the Riverina in southern NSW. A small area of rice is also grown in northern NSW. The major varieties grown are temperate Japonica varieties which are planted in October and harvested from March to May of the following year. The vast majority of Australia s rice is exported to international destinations, including Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong, Japan, the Middle East and many nations in the Pacific. Market analysis indicates that there is demand across all market segments, both domestic and international for 950,000 tonnes of paddy production annually. In recent years, trial crops of rice have been grown in northern areas of Australia including in the Ord River Irrigation Area of WA and the Burdekin and Mackay regions in north Queensland. Following the acquisition of a rice seed company in North Queensland by Ricegrowers Limited, rice is being grown in the Burdekin as a rotational crop with sugar. While tonnages are currently small, commercial production continues to increase as varieties bred specifically for that environment and management techniques suitable for local conditions are introduced to the cropping system. Strict biosecurity measures have been put in place to ensure that any rice plant pests and diseases which may be endemic in northern Australia are not spread south to the major rice growing area in NSW. The rice industry is covered by version 2.0 of the rice industry biosecurity plan. 72

Figure 57. Annual value of rice production, 2007 13 Table 27. High Priority Pests of the rice industry Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 QLD 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR SA 10 11/12 Figure 58. Distribution of rice production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS New South Wales 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory Scientific name Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Magnaporthe grisea Pomacea canaliculata Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Rice tungro bacilliform virus (unassigned) Rice tungro spherical virus (Waikavirus) Tilletia barclayana Tilletia indica Trogoderma granarium WA Common name Rice water weevil Rice blast Golden apple snail Rice grassy stunt virus Ragged stunt virus Rice tungro bacilliform virus Rice tungro spherical virus; Waika virus Kernel smut of rice Karnal bunt Khapra beetle CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania <1% Victoria Western Australia Rice is predominantly grown in the Riverina, NSW. Image courtesy of Ricegrowers' Association of Australia 73

STONE FRUIT Represented by Summerfruit Australia Ltd www.summerfruit.com.au Figure 59. Annual value of stone fruit production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, stonefruit production (fresh apricots, nectarines, peaches and plums) was valued at $174 million (LVP). Nectarines and peaches comprised two-thirds of national stone fruit production, followed by plums and apricots. Production of stone fruit has grown considerably over the past 10 years, with the majority of this growth directly attributable to prospective export to China. Around $40 million worth of stone fruit was exported in 2013 14 an increase of 21 per cent. Production is mainly located in subtropical and temperate Australia where the industry is a major rural and regional employer. Victoria produces around 65 per cent of Australia s stone fruit (in the order nationally of 110,000 tonnes) with the remaining production spread between NSW, Queensland, SA, WA and Tasmania. The stone fruit industry is covered by version 1.0 of the summerfruit industry biosecurity plan and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Summerfruit Industry Version 1.0. Table 28. High Priority Pests of the stone fruit industry Scientific name Bactrocera cucurbitae Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera papayae* Conotrachelus nenuphar Cryptophlebia leucotreta Cydia funebrana Common name Melon fruit fly Oriental fruit fly Papaya fruit fly Plum curculio False codling moth Plum fruit moth Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 12% 11/12 TAS New South Wales Northern Territory 12/13 Figure 60. Distribution of stone fruit production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila 4% Queensland European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma Homalodisca vitripennis Monilinia fructigena Monilia polystroma Peach rosette mosaic virus (Nepovirus) European stone fruit yellows Glassy-winged sharpshooter Brown rot Asiatic brown rot Peach rosette mosaic virus 1 2% 55% 17% South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Popillia japonica Japanese beetle X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Xylella fastidiosa Pierce s disease * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 74

STRAWBERRIES Represented by Strawberries Australia Inc. www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au In 2012 13, strawberry production was valued at $204 million (LVP). Strawberries are grown in all states of Australia by an estimated 500 growers concentrated in the Sunshine Coast area of Queensland, the Yarra Valley and the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria, Wannaroo and Albany in WA, the Adelaide Hills in SA, the Camden region in NSW and Launceston in Tasmania. Strawberries are grown throughout the year with Florida varieties grown in subtropical locations (May October) and Californian varieties grown in temperate climate areas (October June). The industry is investing in the breeding of Australian varieties and these have gradually entered the market in 2012, although only about 5 per cent of Australian varieties are available to the buying public. The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with around five per cent exported. The increase in production over the past several years is due primarily to rising per capita consumption, driven by higher planting numbers, improved Australian varieties that have been developed using the best varieties from Europe and the United States, and better cool chain management. The strawberry industry is covered by version 2.0 of the strawberry industry biosecurity plan. Table 29. High Priority Pests of the strawberry industry Scientific name Lygus hesperus Lygus lineolaris Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Strawberry latent ringspot virus (Sadwavirus) Tomato black ring virus (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Xanthomonas fragariae Common name Western plant bug Tarnished plant bug Red steele root rot Raspberry ringspot virus Strawberry latent ringspot virus Tomato black ring virus Tomato ringspot virus Strawberry angular leaf spot Figure 61. Annual value of strawberry production, 2007 13 Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 250 200 150 100 50 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA <1% 3 16% 4% 38% 12% 11/12 TAS New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 12/13 Figure 62. Distribution of strawberry production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) VIC Australian Capital Territory WA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 75

SUGARCANE Represented by CANEGROWERS www.canegrowers.com.au Figure 63. Annual value of sugarcane production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, sugarcane production was valued at $1.1 billion (LVP). Australia s sugarcane is grown in high-rainfall and irrigated areas along coastal plains and river valleys on 2,100 km of Australia s eastern coastline between Mossman in far north Queensland and Grafton in NSW. Queensland accounts for about 95 per cent of Australia s raw sugar production. Australia is the world s third largest exporter of raw sugar, with approximately 80 per cent of production sold to international markets. Major export customers include east Asia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, the United States and New Zealand. The sugarcane industry is covered by version 2.01 of the sugarcane industry biosecurity plan. Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 11/12 TAS 12/13 Figure 64. Distribution of sugarcane production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) 4% New South Wales VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Northern Territory 96% Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Flowered cane. Image courtesy of CANEGROWERS 76

Table 30. High Priority Pests of the sugarcane industry Scientific name Aleurolobus barodensis Ceratovacuna lanigera Cercospora longipes Chilo auricilius Chilo infuscatellus Chilo sacchariphagus Chilo terrenellus Cicadulina mbila Dorysthenes buqueti Fulmekiola serrata Lepidiota blanchardi Lepidiota discedens Lepidiota pruinosa Lepidiota reuleauxi Lepidiota stigma Leucopholis near armata Perkinsiella bicoloris Perkinsiella diagoras Perkinsiella lalokensis Common name Sugarcane whitefly Sugarcane woolly aphid Brown spot Sugarcane internode borer Yellow top borer of sugarcane Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane stem borer South African maize leafhopper Sugarcane longhorn stem borer Oriental sugar cane thrips Blanchard's canegrub Canegrub Pruinose canegrub Ramu canegrub White canegrub Canegrub Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Scientific name Scirpophaga excerptalis Sesamia grisescens Sesamia inferens Sorghum mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Stagonospora sacchari Sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (unassigned) Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Tetramoera schistaceana Unknown Common name Top shoot borer Stem borer Pink stem borer Sorghum mosaic virus Leaf scorch Grassy shoot Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane streak mosaic White leaf Sugarcane shoot borer Ramu stunt disease CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Perkinsiella papuensis Perkinsiella rattlei Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane infested with stem borer (Sesamia grisescens) in Papua New Guinea. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia Sugarcane longhorn stem borer. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia Perkinsiella saccharivora Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane sidewinder Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Peronosclerospora spontanea Downy mildew Pulvinaria iceryi Pyrilla perpusilla Pulvinaria scale Sugarcane pyrilla Sugarcane downy mildew. Image courtesy of Christian Cumagun, the Philippines, Los Banos Sugarcane stem borer. Image courtesy of PaDIL 77

TABLE GRAPES Represented by Australian Table Grape Association Inc. www.australiangrapes.com.au Figure 65. Annual value of table grape production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, table grape production was valued at $240 million (LVP). Green, red and blue/ black varieties of table grapes are produced by 1,200 growers in the major growing regions of Sunraysia and the Murray Valley in Victoria, the Riverina in NSW and in south east Queensland. The Australian table grape industry was valued at approximately $240 million (LVP) in 2012 13. Exports of Australian table grapes are low with the majority of table grapes produced being consumed domestically. The table grape industry is covered by version 3.0 of the viticulture industry biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0. Table 31. High Priority Pests of the table grape industry Scientific name Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera papayae* Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Drosophila suzukii Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Guignardia bidwellii Common name Carambola fruit fly Oriental fruit fly Papaya fruit fly Bois noir Grapevine phylloxera Spotted-winged drosophila Flavescence dorée Black rot Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD Figure 66. Distribution of table grape production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) SA 16% 11/12 TAS New South Wales 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Homalodisca vitripennis Hyalesthes obsoletus Lobesia botrana Planococcus ficus Polychrosis viteana Pseudococcus maritimus Xylella fastidiosa Glassy-winged sharpshooter Cixiidae planthopper European grapevine moth Vine mealybug American berry moth Grape mealybug Pierce s disease <1% 19% 6% 54% 5% Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 78

CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 79

VEGETABLES (INCLUDING POTATOES) CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Represented by AUSVEG Ltd www.ausveg.com.au In 2012 13, vegetable production was valued at $2.2 billion (LVP). Major crops include potatoes, carrots and lettuce. The majority of fresh vegetables consumed in Australia and an increasing amount of fresh vegetables consumed overseas, are supplied by Australian vegetable growers. Australia s diverse climatic and soil type characteristics accommodate vegetable cultivation in all states and territories, ensuring a consistent supply of fresh vegetables. The Australian vegetable industry is committed to building its capacity to respond to potential biosecurity threats and is engaging with multiple relevant government departments, committees and bodies. This includes participation in technical meetings with the Department of Agriculture and PHA, the appointment of a vegetable industry Biosecurity Advisor and a dedicated Vegetable and Potato Biosecurity Officer. The Australian vegetable industry is covered by version 2.0 of the vegetable industry biosecurity plan, version 2.0 of the potato industry biosecurity plan, the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable Growers Version 1.0 and the Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural Farms Version 1.0. During 2014, the Vegetable and Potato Biosecurity Officer held a series of biosecurity awareness seminars across Australia and visited a number of growing regions in order to discuss on-farm biosecurity best practice. These initiatives are set to continue in 2015, with raised biosecurity awareness among growers being a key goal. 80

Figure 67. Annual value of vegetable production, 2007 13 Table 32. High Priority Pests of the vegetable industry Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 11% 11/12 TAS New South Wales 12/13 Figure 68. Distribution of vegetable production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP)* VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Scientific name Bactericera cockerelli Bactrocera cucurbitae Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Globodera pallida (pathotypes PA1, PA2) Globodera rostochiensis (exotic strains) Groundnut bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Heterodera carotae Liriomyza bryoniae Liriomyza huidobrensis Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza trifolii Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type and exotic strains of A1 mating type) Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato virus Y (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Psila rosae Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 (exotic strains) Watermelon bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon silver mottle virus (Tospovirus) Common name Tomato/potato psyllid Melon fruit fly Zebra chip Potato cyst nematode (white or pale) Potato cyst nematode (golden) Bud necrosis disease Carrot cyst nematode Tomato leaf miner Serpentine leaf miner Vegetable leaf miner American serpentine leaf miner Late blight Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato virus Y Carrot rust fly Bacterial wilt Watermelon bud necrosis Watermelon silver mottle CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA <1% Northern Territory 27% Queensland 14% South Australia 8% Tasmania 3 Victoria 1 Western Australia Potato cyst nematode. Image courtesy of Florida Division of Plant Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service Serpentine leaf miner. Image courtesy of Plant Protection Service Archive, bugwood.org * Only vegetables represented by AUSVEG 81

WALNUTS Represented by the Australian Walnut Industry Association www.walnut.net.au Figure 69. Annual value of walnut production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, walnut production was valued at $39 million (LVP) with an export market of $30 million. The industry estimates that more than 11,000 tonnes (in shell) was produced in 2014. The Australian walnut industry operates in most states of Australia. The industry has grown significantly in recent years due to growth in the establishment of large scale commercial plantings. The area currently under cultivation is approximately 3,000 hectares. Production is expected to increase dramatically in the next five years as new orchards mature and come into bearing. Walnut production in Australia has been steadily increasing, and local production can satisfy all of the domestic consumption. There is a great opportunity for export of good quality Australian walnuts. Demand for in shell walnuts is primarily from China, Turkey and Italy, with about 70 per cent of Australia s walnut production being exported. The walnut industry is covered by version 2.0 of the nut industry biosecurity plan which includes the HPPs of the industry. Table 33. High Priority Pests of the walnut industry Scientific name Amyelois transitella Cydia latiferreana Rhagoletis completa Common name Navel orangeworm Filbertworm Walnut husk fly Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD SA 87% 11/12 Figure 70. Distribution of walnut production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) TAS New South Wales 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA Northern Territory Queensland 1% South Australia 8% Tasmania 4% Victoria <1% Western Australia Filbertworm. Image courtesy of Larry R. Barber, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, bugwood.org Walnut husk fly. Image courtesy of E. Mani, Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, bugwood.org 82

CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Image courtesy of Jennifer Wilkinson 83

WINE GRAPES Represented by the Wine Grape Growers Australia www.wgga.com.au Figure 71. Annual value of wine grape production, 2007 13 CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA In 2012 13, cotton production was valued at $858 million (LVP). There was a total of 142,233 hectares of wine grape vineyards in Australia, which produced approximately 1.6 million tonnes of wine grapes at an average yield of 12.3 tonnes per hectare. Wine grapes are grown principally in south eastern Australia. SA produced the bulk of Australia s wine grapes in 2013 (44 per cent), with another 30 per cent from NSW and 22 per cent from Victoria. Of the other states, WA has a sizeable premium grape growing industry accounting for about three per cent of national production. In 2012, the most grown wine grape varieties were Shiraz (23%), Chardonnay (22%) and Cabernet Sauvignon (13%). The major varieties by colour are Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot for reds and Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon for whites. WGGA estimates that there has been a net removal of vines from the industry each year since the 2007 2008 season. It is estimated that by the 2013 harvest, the national vineyard had reduced in size by around 12 per cent. A total of 128 million cases of Australian wine were sold in 2013 14. Of this, 77 million cases were exported with a value of $1.81 billion. The major export markets by volume were the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, China and Germany. However, by value the major export markets were the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Canada, and Hong Kong. The wine grape industry is covered by version 3.0 of the viticulture industry biosecurity plan and the Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry Version 1.0. Local Value of Production ($ MILLION) ACT 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 07/08 NSW 08/09 NT 09/10 10/11 FINANCIAL YEAR QLD Figure 72. Distribution of wine grape production by state and territory, 2012 13 (based on LVP) SA 21% 11/12 TAS New South Wales 12/13 VIC Australian Capital Territory WA <1% 51% 3% 17% 8% Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 84

Table 34. High Priority Pests of the wine grape industry Scientific name Bactrocera carambolae Bactrocera dorsalis Bactrocera papayae* Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Drosophila suzukii Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Guignardia bidwellii Homalodisca vitripennis Hyalesthes obsoletus Lobesia botrana Planococcus ficus Polychrosis viteana Pseudococcus maritimus Xylella fastidiosa * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis Common name Carambola fruit fly Oriental fruit fly Papaya fruit fly Bois noir Grapevine phylloxera Spotted-winged drosophila Flavescence dorée Black rot Glassy-winged sharpshooter Cixiidae planthopper European grapevine moth Vine mealybug American berry moth Grape mealybug Pierce s disease CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA Melon fruit fly. Image courtesy of Florida Division of Plant Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, bugwood.org. Serpentine leafminer larvae. Image courtesy of Merle Shepard, Gerald R. Carner, and P. A. C Ooi, bugwood.org Black rot. Image courtesy of Bruce Watt, Maine Grape mealybug. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, California 85

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Chapter 2 Threats to Australia s plant production

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION This chapter lists around 350 plant pests that have been identified as posing the greatest risk to plant production in Australia. Identifying the pests that pose the greatest risk allows the resources of the plant biosecurity system to be targeted effectively. The list of High Priority Pests was developed through biosecurity planning for each plant industry. Plant pest experts have assessed that each one represents a high risk to one or more crops with a severe economic impact if it established in Australia. Pests that are currently contained to particular regions are also listed and current eradication responses to Emergency Plant Pests are described. The chapter ends with a description of the management of weeds in Australia, which also pose a considerable threat to plant production. Officers at work during the banana freckle eradication response in NT. Image courtesy of NT DPIF 88

2.1 Australia s High Priority Pests The basis of any risk mitigation system begins with identifying threats. For Australia s plant and bee production industries, this includes pests that could have a significant impact on production or trade, should they establish in particular regions of Australia. To identify and prioritise exotic pests of quarantine concern, pest risk assessments are made for each industry during the development of biosecurity plans for industries. Through consultation with industry and government experts, estimates are made of the level of risk associated with each pest. This process takes into account the pest s likelihood of entry, establishment and spread, as well as the economic impact it would be expected to have if it became established in Australia. The assessment includes all entry pathways including legal, illegal, accidental or through natural causes. High Priority Pests (HPPs) are those found to pose the greatest risk with the largest potential economic impact. It is important to note that pest risk assessments are general analyses of overseas pest risks, not specific assessments of individual import risks (See 3.1 International Trade). The identification of HPPs allows for the development of risk mitigation measures. These include a range of biosecurity preparedness activities such as surveillance, awareness programs, maintenance of capacity and capability, and the development of diagnostic protocols, contingency plans and pre-emptive breeding programs. CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION Biosecurity plans undergo formal reviews on a regular basis to ensure that they accurately reflect the most up-to-date information and research available on pests and their pathways. Table 35 lists all 355 HPPs that have been identified from the 28 industry biosecurity plans developed by PHA in conjunction with industries and governments, along with those listed in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD, which are pre-categorised pests. Whilst this list predominantly contains exotic pests, it does contain some species that are already present in Australia. These regionalised pests are usually controlled through active management or containment programs, yet are still of significant quarantine concern nationally. 89

Table 35. High Priority Pests designated during biosecurity planning CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Abaca bunchy top virus Abaca bunchy top virus Banana (Babuvirus) Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite Honey bee Achatina fulica Giant African snail Nursery and Garden Acleris comariana Strawberry tortrix EPPRD Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix EPPRD Agrotis segetum Turnip moth Grains Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly EPPRD, Sugarcane Alternaria triticina Leaf blight of wheat Grains Amrasca devastans Indian green jassid Cotton Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm EPPRD, Nut Anastrepha fraterculus South American fruit fly Citrus Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly Citrus Anisogramma anomala Hazelnut blight EPPRD, Nut Anthonomus bisignatus Strawberry bud weevil EPPRD Anthonomus grandis Cotton boll weevil EPPRD, Cotton Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Cotton, Nursery and Garden Apiosporina morbosa Black knot EPPRD Apis cerana (exotic strains, Asian honey bee Honey bee genotypes and sub-species) Apis mellifera capensis Cape honey bee Honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata African honey bee Honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata Africanized honey bee Honey bee (hybrid) Apple proliferation Apple proliferation Apple and Pear phytoplasma Aristobia testudo Lychee longicorn beetle Lychee Arthuriomyces peckianus Orange rust (long-cycled) Rubus Aspidiella hartii Yam scale Ginger Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly Grains Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch Avocado (asymptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch viroid (symptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch Avocado Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Bactericera cockerelli Tomato/potato psyllid EPPRD, Potato Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Avocado, Mango, Papaya, Passionfruit, Viticulture Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Avocado, Papaya, Passionfruit, Summerfruit, Vegetable Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly EPPRD, Apple and Pear, Avocado, Citrus, Lychee, Papaya, Passionfruit, Summerfruit, Viticulture Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit Bactrocera invadens* Fruit fly Citrus Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit Bactrocera latifrons Solanum fruit fly Melon Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit Bactrocera minax Chinese citrus fly Citrus Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly Citrus Bactrocera oleae Olive fly Olive Bactrocera papayae* Papaya fruit fly EPPRD, Avocado, Citrus, Mango, Papaya, Passionfruit, Summerfruit, Viticulture Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Papaya, Passionfruit Bactrocera philippinensis* Philippine fruit fly EPPRD, Avocado, Citrus, Papaya, Passionfruit Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Passionfruit Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly Citrus Bactrocera tsuneonis Japanese orange fly Citrus Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Avocado, Passionfruit Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic disease EPPRD, Banana (Potyvirus) Banana bunchy top virus Banana bunchy top disease Banana (Nanovirus) Bean common mosaic virus (Potyvirus), peanut stripe strain Bean common mosaic virus Grains * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 90

Table 35. High Priority Pests designated during biosecurity planning Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Silverleaf whitefly Cotton, Nursery and Garden Blood disease bacterium Blood disease EPPRD, Banana Botrytis squamosa Leaf blight Onion Bursaphelenchus spp. Pinewood nematode species Plantation forest including B. xylophilus complex Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Candidatus Phytoplasma solani Huanglongbing (African strain) Huanglongbing (American strain) Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) Zebra chip Bois noir Citrus Citrus EPPRD, Citrus, Nursery and Garden EPPRD, Potato Viticulture Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly Grains Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu Mango sudden decline Mango lato syndrome Ceratocystis manginecans Mango sudden decline Mango syndrome Ceratocystis omanensis Mango sudden decline Mango syndrome Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease EPPRD Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Sugarcane Cercospora longipes Brown spot Sugarcane Cercosporella rubi Rosette Rubus Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cabbage seedpod weevil Grains Cherry leaf roll virus Blackline EPPRD, Cherry, Rubus (Nepovirus) (exotic strains) Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Chilo infuscatellus Yellow top borer of Sugarcane sugarcane Chilo partellus Spotted stem borer Grains Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane Choristoneura rosaceana Oblique banded leaf roller Cherry Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Chromatomyia horticola Pea leaf miner Grains Chrysoporthe austroafricana Eucalyptus canker disease Plantation forest Ciborinia camelliae Camellia petal blight EPPRD Cicadulina mbila South African maize Sugarcane leafhopper Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Citrus Citrus leprosis virus Citrus leprosis disease Citrus (Unassigned) Citrus tristeza virus Mandarin stem-pitting Citrus (Closterovirus) mandarin stem-pitting strain Cladosporium allii Leaf spot Onion Cladosporium caryigenum Pecan scab Nut Clavibacter michiganensis Bacterial ring rot EPPRD subsp. sepedonicus Colletotrichum acutatum Post bloom fruit drop Citrus (SGO strain) Colletotrichum truncatum Lentil anthracnose Grains (lentil strain) Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer Lychee Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seed weevil Avocado Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio EPPRD, Apple and Pear, Cherry, Summerfruit Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil Avocado Coptotermes formosanus Formosan subterranean Plantation forest termite Coptotermes gestroi Asian subterranean termite Plantation forest Cotton leaf curl virus Cotton leaf curl disease EPPRD, Cotton (Begomovirus) Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight EPPRD, Nut Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth EPPRD, Pineapple, Summerfruit Ctenopseustis obliquana Brown headed leaf roller Cherry Cydia funebrana Plum fruit moth Summerfruit Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm Nut Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (biotype B) Grape phylloxera EPPRD CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION 91

Table 35. High Priority Pests designated during biosecurity planning CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Grapevine phylloxera Viticulture (exotic strains) Deanolis sublimbalis Red-banded mango EPPRD, Mango caterpillar Deformed wing virus (Iflavirus) Deformed wing virus Honey bee Delia antiqua Onion fly Onion Delia florilega Bean fly Onion Dendroctonus ponderosae Mountain pine beetle Plantation forest Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle Plantation forest Dialeurodes citri Citrus whitefly Citrus Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid EPPRD, Citrus, Nursery and Garden Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid EPPRD, Grains Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stem Sugarcane borer Drosophila suzukii Spotted-winged drosophila Apple and Pear, Cherry, Rubus, Summerfruit, Viticulture Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Apple and Pear Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Pineapple East Asian Passiflora virus East Asian Passiflora virus Passionfruit (Potyvirus) Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips Nursery and Garden Elytroteinus subtruncatus Fijian ginger weevil Ginger Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust Plantation forest Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly EPPRD, Banana Erwinia amylovora Fire blight EPPRD, Apple and Pear Erwinia chrysanthemi Bacterial fruit collapse Pineapple (distinct pathovar) Erwinia herbicola Avocado blast Avocado (exotic strains) Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot Papaya Erwinia spp. Mushy canker Papaya Erwinia tracheiphila Cucurbit bacterial wilt Melon Eumerus amoenus Onion bulb fly Onion Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly Onion European stone fruit yellows European stone fruit yellows EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit phytoplasma Euschistus conspersus Consperse stink bug Rubus Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugar cane thrips Sugarcane Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Plantation forest Fusarium guttiforme Fusariosis Pineapple Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation EPPRD, Mango Fusarium mexicanum Mango malformation Mango Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of chickpea Grains f. sp. ciceris Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of canola Grains f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium oxysporum Panama disease, Tropical EPPRD, Banana f. sp. cubense race 4 Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of lentil Grains f. sp. lentis Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of lupin Grains f. sp. lupini Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (exotic races) Fusarium wilt Cotton Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (exotic races) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (exotic races) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum Fusarium root and stem rot of melons Fusarium root and stem rot of melons Fusarium root and stem rot of melons Melon Melon Melon Fusarium proliferatum Mango malformation Mango Fusarium sterilihyphosum Mango malformation Mango Globodera pallida (pathotypes PA1, PA2) Potato cyst nematode (white or pale) Potato Globodera rostochiensis (exotic strains) Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Groundnut bud necrosis virus (Tospovirus) Potato cyst nematode (golden) Flavescence dorée Bud necrosis disease EPPRD, Potato Viticulture Vegetable 92

Table 35. High Priority Pests designated during biosecurity planning Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Guignardia bidwellii Black rot EPPRD, Viticulture Guignardia musae Banana freckle EPPRD, Banana Gymnoconia nitens Orange rust (short-cycled) Rubus Gymnosporangium Cedar apple rust Apple and Pear juniperi-virginianae Halyomorpha halys Brown-marmorated stink bug Rubus Heilipus lauri Large seed weevil Avocado Heterocrossa rubophaga Raspberry bud moth Rubus Heterodera avenae Cereal cyst nematode Grains (exotic strains) Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode Vegetable Heterodera filipjevi Cereal cyst nematode Grains (exotic strains) Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Grains Heterodera latipons Cereal cyst nematode Grains (exotic strains) High plains virus (Unassigned) High plains virus EPPRD Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter Citrus, Nursery and Garden, Summerfruit, Viticulture Homoeosoma electellum Sunflower moth Grains Hoplostoma fuligineus Large hive beetle Honey bee Hyalesthes obsoletus Cixiidae planthopper Viticulture Hylesia nigricans Burning moth Plantation forest Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer Nut Ips typographus Spruce bark beetle Plantation forest Lepidiota blanchardi Blanchard's canegrub Sugarcane Lepidiota discedens Canegrub Sugarcane Lepidiota pruinosa Pruinose canegrub Sugarcane Lepidiota reuleauxi Ramu canegrub Sugarcane Lepidiota stigma White canegrub Sugarcane Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle EPPRD Lettuce infectious yellows Lettuce infectious yellows Nursery and Garden virus (Crinivirus) virus Leucopholis near armata Canegrub Sugarcane Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Liothrips oleae Olive thrips Olive Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Vegetable Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner Nursery and Garden, Vegetable Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner EPPRD, Onion, Vegetable Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leaf Grains, Vegetable miner Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil EPPRD, Rice Little cherry virus 1 Little cherry virus 1 Cherry (Unassigned) Little cherry virus 2 Little cherry virus 2 Cherry (Ampelovirus) Lobesia botrana European grapevine moth Viticulture Luteovirus (suspected) Cotton blue disease Cotton Lygus hesperus Western plant bug EPPRD, Strawberry Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug Cotton, Nursery and Garden, Strawberry Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Apple and Pear, Nursery and Garden, Plantation forest Lymantria monacha Nun moth Plantation forest Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast EPPRD, Rice Maize dwarf mosaic virus Maize dwarf mosaic virus Grains (Potyvirus) Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly EPPRD, Grains Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Grains Meromyza saltatrix Wheat stem maggot Grains Monilia polystroma Asiatic brown rot Summerfruit Monilinia fructigena Brown rot EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Monochamus spp. Longhorn beetles Plantation forest including M. alternatus, M. galloprovinicialis, M. titillator, M. scutellatus Monosporascus cannonballus Monosporascus root rot Melon Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Banana Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka EPPRD, Banana Mythimna unipuncta Armyworm EPPRD CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION 93

Table 35. High Priority Pests designated during biosecurity planning CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Neonectria ditissima European canker Apple and Pear, Cherry Numonia pirivorella Pear fruit moth EPPRD Oidium citri Powdery mildew Citrus Oidium tingitanium Powdery mildew Citrus Oligonychus ilicis Southern red mite Nursery and Garden Oligonychus perseae Persea mite Avocado Orgyia thyellina White spotted tussock moth Plantation forest Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus Rough strawberry weevil EPPRD Pandemis cerasana Cherry brown tortrix Cherry Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealy bug Papaya Paradasynus longirostris Hong Kong stink bug Lychee Parasa lepida Blue-striped nettle grub Mango Passiflora chlorosis virus Passiflora chlorosis virus Passionfruit (Potyvirus) Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit crinkle virus Passionfruit (Potyvirus) Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit ringspot virus Passionfruit (Potyvirus) Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus (Begomovirus) Passionfruit severe leaf distortion virus Passionfruit Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle virus (Potyvirus) Passionfruit vein clearing virus (Rhabdovirus) Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus (Tymovirus) Peach rosette mosaic virus (Nepovirus) Passionfruit Sri Lankan mottle potyvirus Passionfruit vein clearing rhabdovirus Passionfruit yellow mosaic virus Peach rosette mosaic virus Passionfruit Passionfruit Passionfruit Summerfruit Pennisetia hylaeiformis Raspberry crown borer Rubus Pennisetia marginata Raspberry crown borer Rubus Peridroma saucia Variegated cutworm EPPRD Perkinsiella bicoloris Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Perkinsiella diagoras Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Perkinsiella lalokensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Perkinsiella papuensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Perkinsiella rattlei Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Perkinsiella saccharivora Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Peronophythora litchii Brown blight Lychee Peronosclerospora Philippine downy mildew of Grains, Sugarcane philippinensis maize Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew EPPRD, Sugarcane Peronosclerospora sorghi Downy mildew of sorghum Grains Peronosclerospora spontanea Downy mildew Sugarcane Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust EPPRD Phoma tracheiphila Mal secco EPPRD Phomopsis helianthi Sunflower stem canker Grains Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot EPPRD, Cherry, Cotton Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner Onion Phytophthora fragariae var. Red steele root rot EPPRD, Strawberry fragariae Phytophthora infestans Late blight Potato (A2 mating type and exotic strains of A1 mating type) Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora blight Avocado Phytophthora mengei Trunk canker Avocado Phytophthora pinifolia Dano foliar del Pino Plantation forest Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death EPPRD, Avocado, Nursery and Garden, Plantation forest Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Viticulture Planotortrix octo Green headed leaf roller Cherry Plasmopara halstedii Sunflower downy mildew Grains Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Podosphaera clandestina Powdery mildew of cherry Cherry var. clandestina (exotic strains) Polychrosis viteana American berry moth Viticulture Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail EPPRD, Nursery and Garden, Rice Popillia japonica Japanese beetle Rubus, Summerfruit Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato spindle tuber viroid EPPRD, Potato 94

Table 35. High Priority Pests designated during biosecurity planning Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Potato virus Y (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Potato virus Y Potato Prays oleae Olive moth Olive Procontarinia spp. (exotic species) Mango gall midges Mango Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Viticulture Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (exotic races) Bacterial canker Avocado, Nursery and Garden Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug Lychee Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Vegetable Puccinia asparagi Asparagus rust EPPRD Puccinia coronata f. sp. hordei Crown rust of barley Grains Puccinia graminis f. sp. hordei Barley stem rust Grains (exotic strains) Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Stem rust of wheat Grains (pathotype Ug99) Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants) Eucalyptus rust Nursery and Garden, Plantation forest Puccinia recondita Durum leaf rust Grains (exotic strains) Puccinia spp. (exotic species) Rust Onion Puccinia striiformis Barley stripe rust Grains f. sp. hordei Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Wheat stripe rust Grains (exotic strains) Puccinia triticina Leaf rust Grains (exotic strains) Pulvinaria iceryi Pulvinaria scale Sugarcane Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Sugarcane Radopholus similis Burrowing nematode Ginger (exotic strains) Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt Avocado Ralstonia solanacearum, Moko EPPRD, Banana race 2 Ralstonia solanacearum, Bacterial wilt Potato race 3 (exotic strains) Ralstonia solanacearum, race 4 (exotic strains) Bacterial wilt Ginger Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Raspberry ringspot virus Raspberry ringspot virus Rubus, Strawberry (Nepovirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus Grains Rhagoletis completa Walnut husk fly Nut Rhagoletis fausta Black cherry fruit fly Cherry Rhagoletis indifferens Western cherry fruit fly Cherry Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot Apple and Pear, Cherry Rhizoglyphus callae Bulb mite Onion Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Onion Rice grassy stunt virus (Tenuivirus) Rice ragged stunt virus (Oryzavirus) Rice tungro bacilliform virus (Unassigned) Rice tungro spherical virus (Waikavirus) Rice grassy stunt virus Ragged stunt virus Rice tungro bacilliform virus Rice tungro spherical virus; Waika virus Rice Rice Rice Rice Roesleria subterranea Grape root rot EPPRD Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Sugarcane Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips EPPRD, Citrus Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Avocado Sesamia grisescens Stem borer EPPRD, Sugarcane Sesamia inferens Pink stem borer Sugarcane Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid Grains Slow paralysis virus (Iflavirus) Slow paralysis virus Honey bee Sorghum mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sorghum mosaic virus Sugarcane Sphaceloma perseae Avocado scab Avocado Spiroplasma citri Stubborn Citrus Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch EPPRD, Sugarcane Stenoma catenifer Avocado seed moth Avocado Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil EPPRD, Mango Strawberry latent ringspot virus (Sadwavirus) Strawberry latent ringspot virus Rubus, Strawberry CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION 95

Table 35. High Priority Pests designated during biosecurity planning CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Strymon megarus Pineapple fruit borer Pineapple Sugarcane grassy shoot Grassy shoot Sugarcane phytoplasma Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Sugarcane streak mosaic Sugarcane streak mosaic EPPRD, Sugarcane virus (Unassigned) Sugarcane white leaf White leaf EPPRD, Sugarcane phytoplasma Teratosphaeria gauchensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus Plantation forest canker Teratosphaeria zuluensis Coniothyrium eucalyptus Plantation forest canker Tetramoera schistaceana Sugarcane shoot borer Sugarcane Tetranychus piercei Banana spider mite EPPRD, Banana Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Cotton Thrips tabaci (exotic strains/ Onion thrips Onion biotypes) Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice EPPRD, Rice Tilletia indica Karnal bunt EPPRD, Grains Tomato black ring virus Tomato black ring virus Strawberry (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus Tomato ringspot virus Rubus, Strawberry (Nepovirus) Tomicus piniperda Pine shoot beetle Plantation forest Toxotrypana curvicauda Papaya fly Papaya Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour beetle EPPRD (phosphine resistant) Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle EPPRD, Grains, Rice Tropilaelaps clareae Tropilaelaps mite Honey bee Tropilaelaps mercedesae Tropilaelaps mite Honey bee Unknown Ramu stunt disease EPPRD, Sugarcane Unknown (suspected Longan and lychee witches Lychee phytoplasma) broom disease Uredo rangelii Myrtle rust EPPRD Urocerus gigas Giant wood wasp Plantation forest Scientific name Common name Risk assessments Uromyces viciae-fabae Lentil rust Grains (lentil strain) Varroa destructor Varroa mite Honey bee Varroa jacobsoni Varroa mite Honey bee Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt EPPRD, Cotton, Olive (defoliating strain) Verticillium longisporum Canola verticillium wilt Grains Vespa spp. (exotic species) Hornets Honey bee Watermelon bud necrosis Watermelon bud necrosis Vegetable virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon silver mottle virus Watermelon silver mottle Vegetable (Tospovirus) Wheat spindle streak mosaic Wheat spindle streak mosaic EPPRD virus (Bymovirus) virus X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. Bacterial spot Citrus citrumelonis Xanthomonas axonopodis Xanthomonas leaf blight Onion pv. allii Xanthomonas axonopodis Bacterial blight Passionfruit pv. passiflorae Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial canker Avocado (avocado strain) Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker EPPRD, Citrus Xanthomonas citri subsp. Angular leaf spot EPPRD, Cotton malvacearum Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf spot EPPRD, Strawberry Xylella fastidiosa Pierce s disease EPPRD, Cherry, Citrus, Nursery and Garden, Nut, Summerfruit, Viticulture Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer Mango 96

Banana freckle sparks huge eradication response During 2014 a large-scale eradication response was carried out in the Northern Territory (NT) to protect Australia s $600 million commercial banana industry, and those who rely on it for their livelihood. The response was mounted following the detection of a fungal disease called banana freckle (Phyllosticta cavendishii) on Cavendish bananas at a number of properties near Darwin in August 2013. Banana freckle affects all varieties of banana plants and is caused by a fungus. Although bananas are still safe to eat, the pest creates blemishes on the leaves and fruit reducing their visual appeal and saleability. The Emergency Plant Pest response to banana freckle is one of the largest that has been undertaken in Australia, and is being overseen by the Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests and a National Management Group. These groups comprise representatives from the Australian Government, the Australian Banana Growers Council (ABGC), Nursery and Garden Industry Australia (NGIA) and state and territory governments, together with PHA. Although NT only produces a small number of bananas, the decision was made to eradicate the pest to protect not only local growers, but also the wider industry by preventing it from spreading to major banana growing regions in other states. The response has been a national effort, and is being Cost Shared under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD). The national Cost Shared investment in the response program is currently $21 million, with the largest proportion of the costs covered by ABGC. The NT Government has also invested an additional $4.8 million as part of its normal commitments under the EPPRD. The eradication response, conducted by the NT Government, has been a major undertaking, involving search and surveillance of thousands of properties for the presence of banana freckle. The pest is a declared and notifiable pest under the NT Plant Health Act, and all affected properties are under quarantine in order to prevent further movement of the pest. There are also interstate quarantine controls in place to prevent the spread of banana freckle to other growing regions such as north Queensland. NT Quarantine Officer inspects banana plants for banana freckle. Image courtesy of DPIF NT All governments across the country have also provided in-kind support to the response by sending personnel to act in critical positions within the incident management team, and by providing ongoing scientific and emergency management support to the NT. The banana growing industry has also made a valuable contribution to the response through the provision of technical expertise and knowledge of the industry. Within an approved Response Plan, Owner Reimbursement Costs (ORCs) are paid to eligible businesses for direct costs incurred as a result of eradication. A number of commercial banana properties and production nurseries affected by the banana freckle Response Plan activities are currently undergoing independent assessment for the value of ORCs. CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION The response will continue for some time, with monitoring continuing through to 2017 when assessment of Proof of Freedom will occur. Banana freckle (P. cavendishii) symptoms. Image courtesy of DPIF NT Biosecurity vehicle dip, North Queensland. Image courtesy of Australian Banana Growers' Council Photos and information relating to this response are available at: www.dpif.nt.gov.au/ bananafreckle. 97

2.2 Australia s regionalised pests CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION When new exotic pests with the potential to cause serious economic impact on plant production industries are detected, eradication is the ideal goal. Australia has had great success in eradicating exotic pests but there are instances where this is not possible. Following the establishment of these pests, measures can still be taken to minimise negative impacts, primarily through containment. Regionalised pests can be contained at a local, regional or state level, depending on current distribution and the ability to implement cost beneficial measures for containment. Legislation at the jurisdictional level supports the ability to contain pests. The legislation is supported by jurisdictional operations in cooperation with other states and territories and relevant industries. The regionalised pests listed in Table 36 are those formally recognised and backed by legislation. Phylloxera galls on grapevine leaves. Image courtesy of Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni). Image courtesy of James Nilard

Table 36. Australia s regionalised pests Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation New South Wales Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Endemic within all of NSW excluding the Pest Free Area of NSW as defined in Order O-445 of the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 No. 38 Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Daktulosphaira vitifolii Ralstonia solanacearum Spongospora subterranea Banana bunchy top virus Grapevine phylloxera Bacterial wilt in potatoes Powdery scab in potatoes Far North Coast, NSW regulated via Order OR117 under the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 No. 38 Present within the NSW Phylloxera Infested Zone, comprised of the Sydney and the Albury/Corowa region as defined in Proclamation P176 of the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 No.38 Endemic in NSW excluding the NSW Seed Protected Areas as defined in Order O-443 of the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 No. 38 Endemic in NSW excluding the NSW Seed Protected Areas as defined in Order O-443 of the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 No. 38 Northern Territory Aleuroides dispersus Spiraling whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine, Tennant Creek, Alice Springs Bemisia tabaci Silver leaf whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area Citripestis eutrapera Mango fruit borer Darwin, Darwin rural area, Katherine Fusarium mangiferae Mango Darwin, Darwin rural area, Adelaide River malformation disease Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Panama disease Darwin rural area cubense (Race 4 tropical) Idioscopus nitidulus Mango leaf hopper Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Adelaide River, Pine Creek, Katherine Parlatoria blanchardi Date palm scale Alice Springs Selenothrips rubrocinctus Red-banded thrips Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Adelaide River, Pine Creek, Katherine Sternochetus mangiferae Mango seed weevil Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Batchelor, Adelaide River Tetranycus gloveri Glovers mite Darwin rural Area Thrips palmi Melon thrips Darwin rural area Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Queensland Aleurodicus dispersus Spiraling whitefly Torres Strait Islands, Cape York Peninsula, Mareeba, Charters Towers, coastal towns south to Bundaberg Anoplolepis gracilipes Yellow crazy ant Populations dotted in various locations spanning Cairns to the Gold Coast Apis cerana Asian honey bee Known infested area of the Asian honey bee is restricted to around Cairns, north to Bonnie Doon (near Mossman), west of Atherton and Mareeba and south to South Johnstone Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Cryptotermes brevis Deanolis sublimbalis Eumetopina flavipes Muir Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Race 1, Race 2, Race 4 subtropical) Idioscopus clypealis, Idioscopus nitidulus Bunchy top West indian drywood termite Red banded mango caterpillar Island sugarcane planthopper Panama disease Mango leafhopper Noosa south to the NSW border Since 2010 WIDT has been detected in Greater Brisbane, Wide Bay, Rockhampton, Bowen and Townsville Far northern Cape York Peninsula Torres Strait island archipelago and on the northern peninsula area of Cape York, Queensland Race 1 endemic throughout banana growing regions Race 2 South Johnstone and Cairns Race 4 (subtropical) South-East Queensland as far north as Rosedale (approx 30 km north of Bundaberg) Idioscopus clypealis Cape York Peninsula and Mareeba area, extension of range south to Atherton, and along the coast from Wangetti to Gordonvale Idioscopus nitidulus Cape York Peninsula; extension of range to Coen. Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka Some northern and eastern Torres Strait Islands Papaya ringspot virus (Potyvirus) Procontarinia sp. Papaya ringspot virus Mango leaf gall midge South East Queensland as far north as Bundaberg area Torres Strait and northern tip of Cape York Peninsula CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION 99

Table 36. Australia s regionalised pests CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Solenopsis invicta Queensland continued Red imported fire ant South East Queensland (parts of Brisbane, Ipswich, Lockyer, Redland, Logan, Somerset and Scenic Rim councils). In December 2014, the Program marked the one year anniversary for the current eradication program in Yarwun, Gladstone, where the prospects are looking good for eradication by 2016. Since the program commenced in December 2013, the infested area has been treated five times with granular bait, with a sixth round scheduled before the end of next year. Striga asiatica Red witchweed Isolated to a small number of properties in the Mackay region Sugarcane Fiji disease virus (Fijivirus) Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sugarcane striate mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Tetranychus gloveri Fiji disease Sugarcane Pest Quarantine Areas (PQA) 5, 6 and 7 Sugarcane mosaic Sugarcane PQAs 5 and 6 virus Sugarcane striate Sugarcane PQA 3 mosaic virus Cotton red spider North Queensland; wet tropics mite, Glover mite Thrips palmi Melon thrips South East Queensland as far north as Bundaberg area. North Queensland coastal areas from Ayr to Mossman, and Atherton Tablelands Ustilago scitaminea Sugarcane smut Sugarcane PQAs 2, 4, 5 and 6 Wasmannia auropunctata Electric ant Far North Queensland, Cairns hinterland and Bingle Bay South Australia Urocystis cepulae Onion smut Annual surveys of Allium crops in SA quarantine measures are applied in 2 remaining quarantined zones Victoria Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Permanent fruit fly zone (refer to specific orders) Daktulosphaira vitifolii Globodera rostochiensis Grapevine phylloxera Potato cyst nematode Phylloxera infested zone (PIZ) (refer to specific orders) Control Area (CA) and Plant Protection District (PPD) (refer to specific orders) Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Western Australia Achroia grisella Lesser wax moth Present in WA regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas Aethina tumida Small hive beetle Present in Kimberley host material restricted from movement to rest of state Bemisia tabaci (B biotype) Silverleaf whitefly Present in Perth and Carnarvon host material restricted from movement to Kununurra Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle Present in Broome host material restricted from movement to rest of state Cantareus apertus Green snail Present in WA regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas Ceratitis capitata Chortoicetes terminifera Cosmopolites sordidus Mediterranean fruit fly Australian plague locust Banana weevil borer Present in WA absent from east Kimberley region: Regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas Present in WA regulations for control in specified areas Present in Kununurra host material restricted from movement to rest of state Cryptolestes ferrugineus Flat grain beetle Present in WA regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas Cryptolestes pusillus Flat grain beetle Present in WA regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas Ephestia elutella Tobacco moth Present in WA regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Ephestia kuehniella Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Race 1) Mediterranean flour moth Panama disease Present in WA regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Present in Carnarvon host material restricted from movement to rest of the state Galleria mellonella Larger wax moth Present in WA regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas Hylotrupes bajalus Oryzaephilus surinamensis European house borer Sawtooth grain beetle Present in WA regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas Present in WA regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Pentalonia nigronervosa Banana aphid Present in Carnarvon host material restricted from movement to rest of the state 100

Table 36. Australia s regionalised pests Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Plodia interpunctella Indian meal moth Present in WA regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle Present in Carnarvon tuber viroid (PSTVd) Pythium tracheiphilum Lettuce blight Present in Gingin and Perth metropolitan area Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser grain borer Present in WA regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitophilus granarius Granary weevil Present in WA regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitophilus oryzae Rice weevil Present in WA regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitotroga cerealella Angoumois grain moth Present in WA regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Thrips palmi Melon thrips Present in Kimberley low pest prevalence area Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour Present in WA regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Tribolium confusum Confused flour beetle Present in WA regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Trogderma variabile Warehouse beetle Present in WA regulations/controls for movement and control in specified areas CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION 101

2.3 Responses to Emergency Plant Pests CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION With increasing global trade and tourism, up from 29.8 million arrivals and departures in Australia in 2012¹ to 31.5 million in 2013², and the potential for pests to enter via natural routes, it is unrealistic to establish policy around a zero likelihood of entry. Pest incursions occur despite Australia s best preventative efforts, and will continue to do so. Such incursions can have a significant impact on the economic viability of Australia s plant production industries and damage the natural environment. In 2005 Australia ratified a system for coordinated, rapid and comprehensive responses to pest incursions. The legally binding EPPRD significantly increased Australia s capacity to prepare for, and respond to, incursions by providing both a policy and operational framework for EPP responses. Refer to Section 4.2 for more on the EPPRD. Table 37 identifies the status of responses to EPPs as at 31 December 2014. In addition, there were a number of new pests detected in Australia in 2014 for which no further action was required or which are still under investigation (Table 38). COST SHARED EMERGENCY RESPONSES IN 2014 A Cost Shared response to banana freckle (Phyllosticta cavendishii) on Cavendish bananas in the NT was initiated in 2013. Affected Parties for this response include the Australian Government, state and territory governments, ABGC and NGIA. Implementation of the National Management Group (NMG)-endorsed Response Plan continued in 2014, with activities focused on surveillance, destruction of host plants and enforcement of movement restrictions. More information on the response is provided in the case study on page 97. A Cost Shared response to chestnut blight in Victoria was initiated in 2010. A new detection of the pest in 2014 triggered review of the Response Plan that was subsequently endorsed by NMG. The revised Response Plan was implemented in 2014, with response activities concentrated on the destruction of host plants and surveillance in surrounding areas. Affected Parties for this response include the Australian Government, state and territory governments, and Chestnuts Australia. 102 Image courtesy of PHA 1 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia, Dec 2012, cat. no. 3401.0. ABS, Canberra. 2 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013) Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia, Dec 2013, cat. no. 3401.0. ABS, Canberra.

Table 37. Emergency responses to plant pests under EPPRD arrangements Scientific name Common name Crops affected Region Past action Current situation and status Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Chestnuts Eurobin, VIC Detected in September 2010. NMG endorsed a Response Plan in November 2010 and eradication activities were undertaken. All infected trees have been destroyed. Eradication program in the Proof of Freedom phase, with ongoing surveillance being undertaken to confirm that the EPP has been eradicated. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Fusarium mangiferae F. proliferatum F. pseudocircinatum F. sterilihyphosum Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Mango malformation disease (MMD) Little cherry virus 2 Little cherry virus 2 (LChV-2) Vegetables, melons, nursery and garden Mangoes, nursery and garden Cherries, plums, peaches, nursery and garden Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leafminer Tomatoes, vegetables, cotton, legumes, onions, nursery and garden Marchalina hellenica Giant pine scale Pine trees, nursery and garden Pepper chat fruit viroid Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd) Capsicums, tomatoes, nursery and garden Phyllosticta cavendishii Banana freckle Bananas, nursery and garden Potato spindle tuber viroid Xanthomonas fragariae Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) Strawberry angular leaf spot Potatoes, wild gooseberries, tomatoes, capsicums, white potato vine, nursery and garden New detection confirmed in June 2014, triggering a revision of the Response Plan, which was endorsed by NMG in August 2014. NT Detected on commercial watermelon farm in July 2014. Diseased material destroyed and hosts removed. This pest is under consideration by CCEPP whilst tracing and surveillance is undertaken. QLD The CCEPP is considering the technical feasibility of eradication, as well as a potential draft national management plan for Fusarium species causing MMD in Australia. A Scientific Advisory Panel was convened to address technical questions related to Fusarium species causing MMD in Australia. TAS, VIC First detected in January 2014 in Tasmania. Tracing and surveillance information led to a positive detection in Victoria. In April 2014 it was determined that eradication of the pest would not be feasible. Torres Strait First detected in the Torres Strait in 2008. Additional detection reported to the CCEPP in May 2014. In August 2014 the CCEPP determined that it was not technically feasible to eradicate from the Torres Strait. SA, VIC Detected in VIC and SA in October 2014. This pest is under consideration by the CCEPP whilst tracing and surveillance is undertaken. Virginia, SA Greater Darwin rural area, NT Kununurra WA, Virginia SA, Carnarvon WA (2), Toowoomba QLD, Mansfield VIC Detected in August 2013. Diseased material destroyed and potential hosts removed. Detected on 17 July 2013. NMG endorsed a Response Plan on 3 October 2013 and eradication activities were undertaken. Detected in September 2009. Diseased material was destroyed, strict quarantine and hygiene measures were implemented, and a National Surveillance Program was undertaken to determine the extent of PSTVd in Australia. Strawberries Bundaberg, QLD Detected in May 2010. Infected plants were destroyed and delimiting surveys have been undertaken. This pest is under consideration by CCEPP whilst tracing and surveillance is undertaken. Eradication activities are ongoing in the NT, including the removal of Cavendish and non-cavendish bananas. Surveillance is also ongoing. CCEPP will re-convene to consider the outcomes of the National Surveillance Program for PSTVd, once available. A proposal for declaring eradication is being prepared. CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION 103

Table 38. Pest detections notified under EPPRD arrangements that did not result in a formal Cost-Shared emergency response* CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION Scientific name Common name Region Aceria granati Pomegranate mite Broome, WA Aleurocanthus spiniferus Orange spiny whitefly Sydney, NSW Arhopalus syriacus Burnt pine longhorn beetle Stanthorpe, QLD Asparagus virus 3 (Potexvirus) Asparagus virus 3 Augusta, WA Brevipalpus oncidii Hobart, TAS Brucophagus fellis Citrus gall wasp Perth, WA Bursaphelenchus aff. Pinewood nematode species Coopers Plains, QLD vallesianus/sexdentati complex Chaetocnema confinis Sweet potato flea beetle Bamaga, QLD Cherry virus A (Capillovirus) Cherry virus A QLD, TAS, VIC Erysiphe cruciferarum Powdery mildew Cranbourne, VIC Fig badnavirus 1 (Badnavirus) Fig badnavirus 1 (FBaV1) Melbourne, VIC Gynaikothrips uzeli Kununurra, WA Hibiscus latent Fort Pierce virus (Tobamovirus) Luteocirrhus shearii sp. nov. Hibiscus latent Fort Pierce virus (HLFPV) Yellow Rock, NSW South Western Australian Floristic Region, WA Macrophomina phaseolina Charcoal rot Red Cliffs, VIC Ord River Irrigation Area, WA Meloidogyne incognita Root-knot nematode Laharum, VIC Paraconiothyrium variabile Cowaramup, WA Peronospora somniferi Downy mildew of alkaloid poppies Grampians and Gippsland, Ballarat, TAS, VIC Petunia vein clearing virus Petunia vein clearing virus Keysborough, VIC (Petuvirus) Phoma glomerata Blight Manjimup, WA Phoma multirostrata Perth, WA Phomopsis amygdali Phomopsis canker West Perth and Swan Valley, WA Phyllonorycter triarcha Cotton leaf miner Dampier Peninsula, WA Phyllotreta chotanica Radish flea beetle Kununurra, WA Phytophthora citricola Melbourne, VIC Phytophthora frigida Mt Barney National Park, QLD Scientific name Common name Region Phytophthora gondwanense prov. nom. Phytophthora gregata Phytophthora sp. 'kelmania' Phytophthora taxon niederhauserii Oxley Wild Rivers & Dorrigo National Park, NSW Melbourne, VIC Perth, WA Red Cliffs, VIC Pratylenchus penetrans Root lesion nematode Wangaratta, VIC Puccinia hemerocallidis Daylily rust Perth, WA Puccinia triticina Leaf rust Bool Lagoon, SA Quadrastichus erythrinae Erythrina gall wasp Ugar (Stephen) Island, Torres Strait Reticulaphis inflata Perth, WA Rotylenchus robustus Spiral nematode Wangaratta, VIC Tetranychus gloveri Cotton red spider mite Innisfail, QLD Thekopsora minima Blueberry rust Melbourne, VIC Tradescantia virus (Potyvirus) Tradescantia spiderwort virus Pennant Hills, NSW Tuberolachnus salignus Giant willow aphid Longford, TAS Tuberolachnus salignus Giant willow aphid Wodonga, VIC Uredinopsis pteridis Rust fungus on bracken fern Port Sorell, TAS Verticillium dahliae, VCG 2A Verticillium wilt Breeza, NSW * Some pests listed in this table are still under investigation and an emergency response may be undertaken. These pests may be new detections, extensions of range or new host records. 104

2.4 Managing weed threats in Australia The scope of Australia s biosecurity system covers more than just invertebrates and pathogens, with a range of activities also in place to address the threat posed by weeds. Weeds are among the most serious threats to Australia s natural environment and plant production industries. They displace native species, contribute to land degradation and reduce productivity. Many weeds have also developed herbicide resistance, making their management even more difficult. While there are many potential weed species that have not yet entered the country or become established in Australia, an estimated 2,300 species currently impact the natural environment and a further 1,000 species have a direct impact on plant production. The total economic cost of weeds in Australia has been estimated at over $4 billion annually³. Managing and responding to weed threats involves all levels of government, industry and the community. Legislation across the country sets out the varying roles for governments to manage weeds across Australia. WEED PREVENTION The Australian Government, through the Department of Agriculture, develops and implements quarantine policies for plant imports through Weed Risk Assessments (WRAs) for all exotic plant species prior to importation and when conducting border inspections. Plant import policies have been tightened considerably over the last 15 years with the implementation of mandatory WRAs and the development of the Permitted Seeds List. Weeds are also an integral part of the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) surveillance activities in Australia s north and neighbouring countries. CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION Local councils and state and territory government departments of primary industries and environment have responsibility for weed management within their jurisdictions. Each state and territory has a herbarium that houses collections of weed species to support weed management activities. These herbariums generally also conduct weed identifications and provide other services to state agencies and the community. At the local level, weed surveillance is undertaken by most local councils, which report new weed incursions in their areas. Plant production industries and their growers manage weeds on their properties to reduce the impact on plant production, and play an integral part in the weed detection and reporting network. Community based weed spotter programs are active in many states and local areas. Volunteers in these groups report new weed detections in their areas, and are generally supported in their activities by government agencies. 3 Sinden, J., et. al. (2005) The Economic Impact of Weeds in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 20 (1): 25-32. Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) is managed in Queensland. Image courtesy of QDAF 105

CHAPTER 2: THREATS TO AUSTRALIA S PLANT PRODUCTION ERADICATION AND CONTAINMENT The Australian, state and territory governments manage and coordinate nationally Cost-Shared invasive weed eradication programs through the Consultative Committee on Exotic Plant Incursions (CCEPI). In alignment with other pest responses, state and territory governments have primary responsibility for the delivery of the eradication and containment activities within their jurisdictions. Currently these programs target the following weed species in Australia 4 : Branched broomrape transition to management Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) is an exotic parasitic weed of a range of broadleaf crops, broadleaf weeds and native plants. It was nationally agreed that Branched broomrape could not be eradicated and a Transition to Management program was implemented for a two year period. The aim of the program was to contain Branched broomrape while industries, businesses and individuals prepared and adopted risk management measures with a goal of long-term management. Four tropical weeds program The National Four Tropical Weeds Eradication Program commenced in 2002 with the aim of eradicating the Queensland incursions of: Koster s curse (Clidemia hirta) Limnocharis (Limnocharis flava) Mikania vine (Mikania micrantha) Miconia (Miconia calvescens, M. racemosa, M. nervosa). The nationally coordinated program is managed and operated by the Queensland Government. The program involves extensive community engagement to identify infested areas, targeted weed surveys and weed control, and research components. The only recorded infestations of these four weeds currently occur in Far North Queensland. There is a potential risk of these weed species infesting tropical or sub-tropical areas of other states. The weed species also have the potential to damage native and agricultural lands in tropical and sub-tropical areas of Queensland. Eradication and containment programs for weeds depend on early detection and a rapid response from governments and industry stakeholders. For instance, most successful weed eradication programs have occurred when the infested area was less than four hectares 5. WEED MANAGEMENT Combating weeds at the farm level is an integral part of most farming systems. Problem weeds and their management differ greatly between industries and regions, but most production systems use a mixture of chemical and non-chemical control methods. Some plant production industry peak bodies produce Integrated Weed Management (IWM) manuals, and the larger industry organisations conduct weed surveillance and research. In Australian broadacre plant production industries, weeds are most commonly managed through competition with other plants, herbicide sprays, tillage, slashing, grazing, burning, or a combination of these measures through IWM. In horticultural production systems, weed control focuses on mechanical cultivation and herbicide applications. No till production systems, which use herbicides to control weeds, are now commonly implemented in Australia. Local councils are responsible for weed management on land that they own, control or manage, including conservation reserves and roadside verges, and some jurisdictions also conduct weed inspections on private land. Local community groups support the activities of industry and governments in weed management. Formal organisations such as Landcare Australia, Conservation Volunteers and Greening Australia, together with smaller informal groups such as local friends of groups, organise volunteers to restore and maintain local bushland. The Sustainable Agriculture stream of the Australian Government s Caring for our Country program provides funding for national surveillance of weeds, containment and eradication of incursions that threaten production or the environment, or impact on trade or communities. Phase two of this program, from July 2013 2018, integrates the Natural Heritage Trust, the National Landcare Program, the Environment Stewardship Program, and the Working on Country Indigenous ranger programs. The National Landcare Program now delivers the Caring for our Country Program. COORDINATION OF WEED MANAGEMENT The Invasive Plants and Animals Committee (IPAC), provides national coordination of strategic direction for weed management in Australia. The Australian Weeds Strategy provides a strategic framework and identifies priorities for weed management across Australia, to minimise the impact of weeds on environmental, economic and social assets. 106 4 www.agriculture.gov.au/pests-diseases-weeds/weeds/eradication 5 Woldendorp, G., and Bomford, M. (2004) Weed Eradication: Strategies, Timeframes and Costs. Australian Government

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Chapter 3 Maintaining Australia s plant biosecurity status

3.1 Biosecurity and international trade CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Australia s biosecurity system is complex and multi-faceted, and involves concerted efforts by a wide range of stakeholders. All Australian Governments, plant production industries and the wider public share responsibility and make appropriate contributions that protect our plant industries and the natural environment. International trade poses the risk of spreading plant pests across the globe. Australia devotes many resources to facilitating safe import and export of produce and is a signatory to international phytosanitary agreements, with inherent responsibilities and obligations to prevent the spread of plant pests. This chapter explains the activities that maintain Australia s plant pest status in the three distinct areas of activity: pre-border, at the border and post-border. Australia gains significant economic benefits as a net exporter of agricultural products, with around two-thirds of national agricultural production exported to overseas markets. Australia also benefits from importing a range of goods from overseas. Imports provide access to a wide range of products, technology and services which enable economic growth in multiple sectors. The movement of plant produce around the world is covered by international agreements that function to prevent the spread of plant pests, known as phytosanitary agreements. Figure 73. Key components of Australia s plant biosecurity continuum PRE-BORDER Department of Agriculture Inspection & monitoring Enforcement & compliance Implementation of risk management system Policy implementation Education & awareness Risk analysis and import approvals (including import risk analysis & policy, risk management & communication) Export market access negotiations Offshore assessment, audit & verification International standards development Capacity building in overseas countries Gathering global pest intelligence AT THE BORDER Department of Agriculture POST-BORDER Department of Agriculture, state & territory governments, plant industries, PHA, and producers Monitoring & surveillance National coordination & response to pest incursions Domestic quarantine Pest management Pre-emptive breeding Emergency preparedness Simulation exercises Education & awareness 110

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS As an active trading nation Australia has entered into a number of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements that influence its plant biosecurity system. On a multilateral level, Australia s rights and obligations in relation to plant biosecurity are set out under World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, particularly the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), although others, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, may apply in certain circumstances. The SPS Agreement provides WTO member countries with the right to use sanitary and phytosanitary measures to protect human, animal and plant life or health. The agreement also imposes a number of obligations, including that sanitary and phytosanitary measures cannot be used to inhibit trade where there is no danger to human, animal or plant health. The WTO allows members to specify the level of protection that they consider appropriate to protect human, animal or plant life or health within their territory (this is known as the appropriate level of protection or acceptable level of risk) provided it is science based, is applied consistently and takes into account the objective of minimising negative trade effects. Australia s appropriate level of protection, which reflects community expectations through Australian Government policy, is expressed as providing a high level of sanitary and phytosanitary protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, but not to zero. 1 All Australian state and territory governments have agreed to this statement as the basis for the national biosecurity system. Consistent with these requirements, Australia s policy is to reduce biosecurity risk to a very low level, but not to zero, through the use of sciencebased risk assessments. Australia has a number of bilateral free trade agreements 2 with other countries, each of which deals with biosecurity issues in a slightly different way. However, all agreements are consistent with the SPS Agreement and Australia does not negotiate on specific quarantine measures within its free trade agreements. CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS There are also multilateral agreements on plant protection to which Australia is a party that outline a number of responsibilities and obligations to members. These agreements also set standards to help harmonise phytosanitary measures. 1 Department of Agriculture, Import Risk Analysis Handbook 2011 available at www.agriculture.gov.au/ SiteCollectionDocuments/ba/publications/qmacconference2003/import-risk-analysis-handbook-2011.pdf 2 Free trade agreements can be found at www.dfat.gov.au/fta/index.html Image courtesy of Summerfruit Australia 111

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS The International Plant Protection Convention The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is an international agreement that protects the world s plant resources from the spread of serious pests (including diseases and invasive species) in international trade. The IPPC is a body of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), from which it receives program funding, sourced from FAO assessed contributions and donors. The IPPC is recognised by the SPS Agreement as the body responsible for the establishment of phytosanitary standards relating to plants and plant products in international trade, as well as to anything that can act as a vector for the spread of plant pests. These standards, known as International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) 3, provide specific guidelines for the management of biosecurity issues, such as the development of pest risk analyses or guidelines for surveillance. Importantly, these standards are a means by which governments can harmonise their phytosanitary regulations. The standards not only reduce the number of pests moved through international trade, but also help facilitate safe trade. Australia, through the Department of Agriculture, provides input into three governance bodies: Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, the governing body that oversees implementation of the IPPC IPPC Strategic Planning Group, which determines strategic priorities for IPPC activities IPPC Standards Committee and associated working groups responsible for the development of ISPMs. In addition, Australia represents the South West Pacific region on the Subsidiary Body on Dispute Settlement. Reporting and exchange of information, including pest status of parties, is available on the International Phytosanitary Portal at www.ippc.int. The Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region The Plant Protection Agreement established the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC), a Regional Plant Protection Body (RPPO) recognised under the IPPC. The APPPC covers phytosanitary issues relating to movement of pests in trade, pesticide use and regulation, and integrated pest management. Following the acceptance of amendments to the funding mechanism for the APPPC, Australia makes an annual mandatory contribution to the organisation to support the work program. The APPPC develops Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (RSPMs) that deal with specific regional issues, support the region s trade and may form the basis of an international standard. Australia is an active participant in the APPPC assisting with the development of standards. The APPPC implements relevant RSPMs, for example on training requirements for plant quarantine inspectors. During its 2013 biennial meeting, the APPPC adopted two new RSPMs: Approval of irradiation facilities and Approval of fumigation facilities, the development of which had been led by Australia. Officers from the Department of Agriculture facilitated an Australian-funded pilot workshop, which focused on the implementation of RSPMs through a systems approach based on International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 14. A follow up activity led by Australia is planned for 2015. Canberra Agreement Australia is also a member of a second RPPO, the Pacific Plant Protection Organisation (PPPO), which is an auxiliary body established under the then South Pacific Commission of the Canberra Agreement. The PPPO provides advice on phytosanitary measures to facilitate international trade whilst protecting the plant health status of parties. The Pacific region covers Pacific island countries and United States and French territories, together with Australia and New Zealand. During 2014, the PPPO hosted an IPPC regional workshop to consider draft ISPMs and other IPPC activities funded under the AusAID Pacific Horticultural and Agricultural Market Access program. The triennial PPPO Board meeting is planned for 2015 to discuss the Pacific island countries biosecurity interests. 112 3 ISPMs are available at www.ippc.int/?id=13399

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Image courtesy of AUSVEG 113

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 114 IMPORTS Since imported plant products could bring exotic pests into the country, the importation of plants and plant products into Australia is strictly regulated. The Australian Government has responsibility for regulation under the Quarantine Act 1908, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999, and where relevant, the Gene Technology Act 1989 and any subordinate legislation. Import conditions are imposed to ensure that produce entering the country does not introduce new pests and diseases to Australia. Import conditions are determined on a case-by-case basis, depending on the pest risks associated with the product and the location of production and shipping. The Australian Government Department of Agriculture verifies that imported material meets these conditions and compliant goods are allowed entry. Some imported material requires an import permit and these are issued under the Quarantine Proclamation 1998. Permits may also be required under the EPBC Act 1999 for imports of internationally endangered species (CITES) and live specimens. The Import Conditions database (ICON), found on the Department of Agriculture website, contains the Australian import conditions for more than 20,000 foreign plant, animal, mineral and human commodities. The database is searchable and enables prospective importers to determine if a commodity intended for import requires an import permit and/or any sanitary or phytosanitary treatments, or if there are any pre-border requirements that must be met before material is exported from the country of origin. Existing import conditions are reviewed in response to changes in biosecurity risks. A commodity for which import conditions are not in place may be subject to a risk assessment, which identifies the pests associated with that commodity and the likelihood and consequences of their entry, establishment or spread in Australia. Where the pest risk is determined to be above Australia s appropriate level of protection (very low but not zero), phytosanitary measures to reduce the risk to an appropriate level are required. These are reflected in the import conditions in ICON. In establishing import conditions, Australia must be confident that the required risk management measures are properly implemented and can be maintained. This confidence may be achieved through off-shore site visits or audits. Import risk assessment is an important part of Australia s biosecurity protection. Assessments are conducted by technical and scientific experts and can take several forms, such as import risk analyses (IRAs), pest risk assessments and policy reviews. IRAs have a timeframe for completion which is regulated by legislation and the process includes mandated public consultation periods and a formal appeal process. Assessments are conducted in accordance with Australia s rights and obligations under the SPS Agreement and following the guidance of relevant international standard setting bodies. The IPPC is internationally recognised as the body that sets standards for plant health. Of particular relevance are ISPM 2 (Framework for Pest Risk Analysis) and ISPM 11 (Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests). Table 39 details policy advice finalised to 31 December 2014, as well as draft policy advice that is currently in progress. Refer to Section 3.2 for further information on pre-border activities. Table 39. Department of Agriculture finalised and draft import policy advice Policy Country (from) Year released Finalised policy advice Apple/Pear (budwood) Generic 2002 Apples New Zealand 2007 Apples China 2010 Apples New Zealand (review) 2011 Apples (Fuji) Japan 1998 Avocados (revision) New Zealand 2007 Bananas Philippines 2009 Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous New Zealand, USA 2009 (capsicum, nursery stock, potato tubers, tamarillo fruit, tomato) Candidatus Liberibacter species and their All countries 2011 vectors associated with Rutaceae Capsicums Korea 2009 Cherries (to Western Australia) New Zealand 2003 Citrus Egypt 2002 Citrus (revision) Israel 2003 Drosophila suzukii (Spotted wing drosophila) All countries 2013 Durian Thailand 1999 Durian (supplement) Thailand 2000 Ginger Fiji 2013 Grains Various 2006, 2007, 2008 Grapes (table) USA 2002 Grapes (table) Chile 2005 Grapes (table) Korea 2011 Grapes (table) China 2011 Grapes (table) Japan 2014 Grapes (table; revisions) USA 2003, 2006 Grapevine propagative materials All countries 2013 Hazelnut Chile 2011 Hops propagative materials All countries 2010 Island cabbage Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, 2013 Tonga, Vanuatu Lentil (seed and human consumption) All 2002 Lettuce (reinstatement) New Zealand 2007 Lilium spp. Taiwan 2013

Policy Country (from) Year released Limes (Tahitian) New Caledonia 2006 Lychee Taiwan and Vietnam 2013 Lychee/Longan China, Thailand 2004 Maize (bulk) USA 2003 Mandarin (Unshu) Japan 2009 Mangoes Philippines 1999 Mangoes Taiwan 2006 Mangoes India 2008 Mangoes Philippines (additional areas) 2010 Mangoes India (revised conditions) 2011 Mangoes Pakistan 2011 Mangosteen Thailand 2004 Mangosteen Indonesia 2012 Medium Risk Nursery Stock review (internal) All countries 2014 Olive (plants approved sources) Generic 2003 Oranges (sweet) Italy 2005 Papaya Fiji 2002 Pears Korea 1999 Pears China 2005 Pears (Asian) China 2003 Pears (Ya) China 1998 Permitted seeds All 2006 Persimmon Israel, Japan, Korea 2004 Phalaenopsis orchids (nursery stock) Taiwan 2010 Pineapple Philippines, Solomon 2002 Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand Pineapple (De-crowned) Malaysia 2012 Pineapple (modification) Philippines, Solomon 2003 Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand Pome fruit testing China, Japan, Korea 2003 Potato propagative material All countries 2013 Pseudomonas syringae p.v. Actindae New Zealand 2011 Salacca Indonesia 2014 Seed contaminants (review of tolerances) All 2000 Stone fruit USA 2010 Stone fruit (Western Australia) New Zealand 2006 Policy Country (from) Year released Sweet corn (seed) USA 2003 Tomato (truss) Netherlands 2003 Tomato (truss, review) New Zealand 2002 Wood packaging Generic 2006 Draft policy advice (in progress) Apples USA 2009 Fruit fly Pest Free Areas China 2009 Grapes (table) India 2010 (Commencement announced. A draft report has not yet been released) Potatoes for processing New Zealand 2012 Mangoes Indonesia, Thailand, 2014 Vietnam Table grapes Mexico 2014 (announcement only) Citrus spp. nursery stock All countries 2014 Zantedeschia propagative material All countries 2014 Phytophthora spp. host propagative All countries 2014 material Prunus spp. propagative material All countries 2014 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 115

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS EXPORTS Many Australian plant industries export a proportion of the food and fibre that they produce. Just as imports are subject to restrictions to protect plant health, exports must also meet conditions. The provisions of the Export Control Act 1982 and its subordinate legislation provide the legal framework by which Australian producers can export their products. Exporters must meet both the requirements of the Act and any quarantine requirements of the importing country. The Department of Agriculture provides export and phytosanitary inspection, verification, and certification services for plants and plant products in accordance with importing country requirements and Australia s international obligations. The Department also negotiates technical import standards for Australian export produce, and has responsibility for the Australian Wood Packaging Certification Scheme which enables Australia to provide ISPM 15 compliant wood packaging material for export. The Export Control (Plant and Plant Products) Orders 2011 provide criteria for the export of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, dried fruits, prescribed grain, and plants or plant products for which a phytosanitary certificate, or any other official certificate, is required by an importing country authority. Strong linkages are maintained with clients through industry consultative committees (the Grain and Plant Products Export Industry Consultative Committee and Horticulture Export Industry Consultative Committee) which are instrumental in developing effective and efficient operational responses to government policy and legislation. To assist exporters, the Manual of Importing Country Requirements (MICoR) Plants provides information on export conditions required to export plants and plant products from Australia. This includes details on import permits, phytosanitary certificates, additional declarations and treatments, and any other relevant export information and documentation. Information in MICoR Plants is intended as a guide only and exporters are responsible to check the importing country s requirements before exporting. The Export Documentation (EXDOC) system supports the preparation of export documentation for primary produce prescribed under the Export Control Act 1982 and associated legislation. The system provides certification for grain and horticulture exports, as well as for meat, dairy, fish, hides, skins and wool. EXDOC accepts details of proposed exports from exporters, links these with the results of inspections, and where applicable EXDOC issues export permits and health, condition and phytosanitary certificates. The Office of Horticultural Market Access, an industry managed committee, provides advice to the Department of Agriculture on the priorities for new market access requests for Australia s horticultural industries as well as improvements to existing arrangements. In 2014 the Department of Agriculture has been in close contact with major trading partners to keep them updated regarding the changing distribution of Queensland fruit fly. The department has also negotiated alternate treatment options with some trading partners. These discussions and negotiations have demonstrated the compliance of our fruit fly management system to maintain and advance market access to ensure that key horticultural exports continue. There is a high level of departmental investment in negotiating protocols and building export systems to grow the value of horticultural products exported offshore. The Department of Agriculture has therefore worked with industry to improve its process to select market access activities with the highest likelihood of technical and commercial success, with a strong focus on an evidence-based analyses. A team horticulture approach continues to be developed to facilitate our trade ambitions, particularly with potential trading partners in the Asian region. This collaboration aims to make the most of upcoming bilateral negotiations in China and achieve market access outcomes in line with industry expectations to further open the China market. In addition to providing support to technical market access negotiations, a range of other activities are being undertaken by industry, research institutions, state and the Australian Governments to build incentive and provide balance in trade related dialogue. For grains, oilseeds, pulses, fodder, seeds and nuts, the Grains Industry Market Access Forum provides a conduit between government and industry to ensure market access decisions are informed and prioritised in line with overall industry benefit. In 2014, the Department of Agriculture worked with the grains industry to renew the protocol for the export of wheat and barley to China, and with the fodder industry to finalise registration to the Chinese market for seven Australian oaten hay exporters. 116 Technical market access negotiations between Australia and its trading partners, in close consultation with industry stakeholders, facilitate access to markets for Australian producers by addressing phytosanitary issues. These include pest status and the availability of an effective measure to mitigate the introduction of pests. Pest status, the emergence of new research and technology to support improved treatments, and reviews by trading partners of their import conditions mean that negotiations surrounding market improvement and market maintenance are increasingly the focus of technical market access activities to ensure that Australia can continue to export. Table 40 details market access achievements since 2000, including the creation of new markets, improving opportunities in existing markets and maintenance of existing market access. Howard Hansen talking to a Chinese delegation at his property in Grove, Tasmania. Image courtesy of Cherry Growers of Australia

Table 40. Market access achievements for plant products since 2000 Country Commodity Year Achieved Market access gained and restored South Korea Oranges 2000 South Korea Lemons 2000 New Zealand Multiple products (Goulburn Valley) - pest free area 2003 Peru Olives rooted cuttings 2003 United States Tomatoes greenhouse 2003 Brazil Lychees nursery stock 2004 China Mangoes 2004 Morocco Olives rooted cuttings 2004 New Zealand Mangoes irradiated 2004 China Citrus 2005 Japan Cherries (Tasmania) 2005 South Africa Seed potatoes micro-tubers 2005 South Korea Mangoes 2005 South Korea Citrus (unspecified) 2005 Japan Apples 2006 New Zealand Bananas resumption of trade 2006 New Zealand Papaya 2006 Thailand Seed potatoes (Victoria and Western Australia) 2006 Thailand Potatoes brushed ware 2006 South Korea Multiple products 2007 South Korea Mangoes 2007 New Zealand Lychees 2008 South Korea Lupins 2008 United States Cherries (Mainland) 2008 India Peanuts processed 2009 Japan Citrus (Sunraysia) - seasonal freedom 2009 China Table grapes 2010 European Union Citrus 2010 India Kiwifruit 2010 Japan Citrus grapefruit 2010 South Korea Cherries (Tasmania) 2010 Taiwan Cherries access reinstated for non-pest free areas 2010 Country Commodity Year Achieved Saudi Arabia Lentils 2011 Bolivia Sunflower seeds sowing 2012 Chile Grapevines nursery stock 2012 Egypt Honey 2012 India Pearl millet seeds sowing 2012 Indonesia Table grapes, summerfruits and cherries 2012 Peru Wax flowers rooted cuttings 2012 Peru Paulowina rooted cuttings 2012 Peru Sorghum seeds sowing 2012 Peru Chia seeds sowing 2012 Taiwan Carrots 2012 Taiwan Whole lupins processing 2012 United States Cotton seed stockfeed 2012 Uruguay Hemp seeds sowing 2012 China Cherries access after initialling a protocol and meeting 2013 Chinese requirements China Canola re-opening of trade after resolving quarantine 2013 issues preventing exports since 2009 Ecuador Macadamia nuts access gained for macadamia 2013 nuts-in-shell for consumption Ecuador Barley for consumption following a technical 2013 submission in 2008 Malaysia Creeping signal grass sowing 2013 Peru Teak seeds sowing 2013 Phillipines Bana grass cuttings 2013 United States Apples 2013 China Grape seed 2014 Japan Table grapes 2014 South Korea Table grapes 2014 Thailand Cherries 2014 Thailand Summerfruit apricots, plums, nectarines and peaches 2014 USA Mangoes 2015 India Blueberries 2015 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 117

Table 40. Market access achievements for plant products since 2000 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Country Commodity Year Achieved Market access improved New Zealand Zucchinis removal of Queensland fruit fly from the pest 2005 list Thailand Citrus 2-3 degree cold disinfestation 2005 Malaysia Mangoes new phytosanitary requirements 2006 New Zealand Tomatoes improved conditions 2006 South Korea Carrots freedom from nematode 2006 South Korea Citrus 3 degree cold disinfestation 2006 Taiwan Multiple products (Tasmania) reinstatement of 2006 Queensland fruit fly area freedom Japan Citrus 2-3 degree cold disinfestation 2007 India Oats 2008 India Mangoes irradiated 2008 Indonesia Table grapes in-transit cold disinfestation 2008 Indonesia Citrus in-transit cold disinfestation 2008 Japan Cherries (Tasmania) revised protocol 2008 Japan Mangoes reduced inspection rate 2008 Taiwan Multiple products 2-3 degree cold disinfestation 2008 UAE Multiple products removal of SOPP requirement 2008 China Citrus revised protocol 2009 China Mangoes revised protocol 2009 China Apples (Tasmania) improved conditions 2010 Japan Grapefruit 2010 South Korea Citrus 2010 United States Cherries (Mainland) stand alone cold treatment 2010 India Macadamia nuts 2011 Indonesia Table grapes in-transit cold disinfestation from 2011 non-pest free areas Indonesia Citrus in-transit cold disinfestation from non-pest free 2011 areas United States Citrus 3 degree cold disinfestation 2011 India Citrus (unspecified) more favourable temperatures and 2012 flexible conditions India Citrus (unspecified) 3 degree in-transit cold treatment 2012 Country Commodity Year Achieved New Zealand Citrus (unspecified) in-transit cold treatment 2012 New Zealand Pears in-transit cold treatment 2012 New Zealand Table grapes in-transit cold treatment 2012 New Zealand Avocado in-transit cold treatment 2012 United States Apples 2012 China Canola 2013 Hong Kong Plants and plant products 2013 Indonesia Soybeans removal of a five per cent tariff 2013 Iran Grain and seed 2013 Kenya Wheat 2013 Libya Grain and seed 2013 Phillipines Fruit revised protocol including favourable cold 2013 treatment conditions Qatar Hay 2013 South Korea All products FTA negotiations concluded in December 2013 2013 Taiwan Apples 2013 Thailand Citrus some import limitations removed by Thailand 2013 Thailand Grain and seed 2014 Market access maintained Malaysia Cut & dried flowers 2004 South Korea Potatoes 2004 Thailand Citrus 2004 Various Citrus 2004 Indonesia Multiple products 2006 Canada Summerfruit 2007 China Citrus (unspecified) 2007 India Grain 2007 Mauritius Citrus 2007 Mauritius Potatoes 2008 Thailand Multiple products 2009 New Zealand Mangoes 2010 New Zealand Papaya 2010 118

Table 40. Market access achievements for plant products since 2000 Country Commodity Year Achieved Market access maintained continued New Zealand Lychees 2010 Taiwan Summerfruit peach and nectarine 2011 Thailand Multiple products 2011 Thailand Table grapes 2011 Thailand Citrus 2011 Vietnam Multiple products 2011 China Table grapes 2014 India Pome fruit 2012 Indonesia Multiple products 2012 South Korea Barley (malting) processing 2012 Taiwan Summerfruit plums 2012 Vietnam Multiple products 2012 Thailand Apples 2013 Thailand Pears 2013 Thailand Avocados 2013 Thailand Kiwifruit 2013 Thailand Strawberries 2013 Thailand Persimmons 2013 All markets All products implementation of a new security paper 2013 for export health certificates Taiwan Apples revised improved export protocol 2013 United States Cotton seeds for stockfeed (reinstated Methyl Bromide fumigation and new tolerance levels) 2013 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 119

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Blowing in the wind long distance natural dispersal of pests While many resources are devoted to vigilance and regulation at ports and airports to keep pests and diseases out of Australia, recent research at the Plant Biosecurity CRC has shown that there are also natural entry pathways that can bring exotic pests from as far away as Africa. Being able to assess risks from natural dispersal is vital for effective biosecurity, so researchers looked at the role of wind and extreme weather events such as cyclones in introducing new pests and diseases to Australia and New Zealand. A good example of natural dispersal is currant lettuce aphid, which is believed to have arrived in Australia on wind currents from New Zealand and is an established pest of lettuce, chicory, endive and radicchio. Tomato potato psyllid, a much more significant agricultural insect pest, has recently arrived in New Zealand and it could follow the same route. A major review of existing knowledge on the topic found that the important natural pathways are from The North into Australia, from Africa into Australia, from New Zealand into Australia and from Australia into New Zealand. The project found that long distance natural dispersal, though unable to be regulated (or mitigated), is a real and continual risk that can be underestimated by biosecurity personnel. What s more, surveillance tends to focus on insects, meaning the risk of entry of wind-borne diseases such as wheat rust or other fungal pathogens may well be underestimated. The study sets the scene for further analysis and testing of Australia s existing surveillance systems and is a significant step towards improving the way we assess natural dispersal risks. 3.2 Pre-border activities The Department of Agriculture has primary responsibility for pre-border biosecurity activities. These are focused on minimising the likelihood of exotic pests and diseases reaching our border, while enabling the movement of people and goods across the border. They provide assurance to the community and producers about the biosecurity status of commodities imported into Australia. Pre-border activities include: conducting risk assessments to consider the level of biosecurity risk that may be associated with imports and identifying risk management measures conducting offshore verifications, inspections and audits collaborating with international partners on plant health issues and standards regional capacity building through collaborative activities intelligence gathering to determine and assess potential biosecurity risks. Biosecurity risks, including risk assessments, are managed in keeping with Australia s legislative framework for biosecurity and international obligations; in particular, obligations under the WTO SPS Agreement. RISK ASSESSMENTS Biosecurity risks are managed in keeping with Australia s legislative framework for biosecurity and international obligations, particularly the SPS Agreement. For further information on the role of risk assessments in assessing biosecurity risks associated with imports see section 3.1. VERIFICATIONS, INSPECTIONS AND AUDITS A range of verifications, inspections and audits are undertaken offshore to manage risks prior to import to Australia, and to ensure that exporting countries can meet Australia s biosecurity requirements, provide export systems for safe trade and prevent the arrival of non-compliant consignments at the border. Small colony of currant lettuce aphid with mixed life cycle stages. Image courtesy of Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, US Eight natural dispersal pathways for pest entry into Australia and New Zealand. Image courtesy of PBCRC Some horticultural exports from China, the United States, Chile and New Zealand have the option of offshore pre-shipment inspection by Department of Agriculture officers. Regular verifications and audits are also undertaken to ensure compliance of specified plant material with prescribed risk management procedures. Controls also extend to production areas and for stockfeed processing facilities to ensure compliance with Australia s import permit requirements. 120

INTERNATIONAL PLANT HEALTH Australia engages in international activities to gather national and international plant pest information that is made available to regional plant health practitioners through a variety of sources (such as published records, surveillance data, insect and herbarium collections and networks). This work contributes to managing the risk of exotic plant pests offshore and the early detection of any pests that may enter and establish in Australia by providing state and territory governments and other relevant stakeholders with intelligence assessments targeted at high priority exotic plant pests. Australia also participates in setting standards for both international and regional bodies (refer to section 3.1). This cooperative approach boosts Australia s ability to actively monitor pests pre-border, limit their spread, and reduce their impact on the agricultural systems of regional neighbours and trading partners. Significant effort is also invested in gaining intelligence and promoting Australia s interests in the evolution of trade regulations, codes and standards. BUILDING CAPACITY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION Asia-Pacific region capacity building activities are delivered for a number of countries in close proximity to Australia or important emerging trading partners. Commonly, these activities are coordinated through regional bodies, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) or the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group of countries. Activities are often delivered with the assistance of funding from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Capacity building activities are aimed at gaining a better understanding of the plant pest risks in the region, improving biosecurity, building diagnostic networks and capabilities, and fostering links among Australian and plant health and biosecurity agencies and experts. These programs also help Australia to meet its formal international obligations to assist developing countries. Increasingly, capacity building activities promote approaches to managing phytosanitary risk that safeguard existing trade or create opportunities for expanding markets. CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS INTELLIGENCE A range of sophisticated technologies and approaches including research, shared international resources and intelligence are used to anticipate exotic plant pest threats and to help prevent their introduction and spread. Work is undertaken with domestic and international partners to inform responses to emerging risks and to risks associated with deliberate and inadvertent non-compliance. Information and intelligence is shared between partners through legislative requirements, memoranda of understanding and agreements with international bodies. The intelligence is used to develop cargo profiles and campaigns, and to support identification and management of non-compliance, enabling resources to be targeted at the areas of greatest risk. Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture 121

3.3 Activities at the border CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS The Department of Agriculture has primary responsibility for border biosecurity activities. With increasing levels of international travel and trade, the detection of threats at the border remains an important element of the biosecurity system. Biosecurity activities at the border are focused on: Screening and inspecting international vessels, passengers, cargo, mail, animals, plants, and plant products arriving in Australia. Managing the high biosecurity risks of live plants and animals through containment, observation and or treatment at quarantine facilities. Identifying and evaluating the specific biosecurity risks facing northern Australia through the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy. Raising awareness of Australia s biosecurity requirements among travellers, importers and industry operators. Activities at the border are risk-based, informed by evidence and subject to review and continual improvement. SCREENING AND INSPECTION The Department of Agriculture employs more than 3,900 officers, many of whom contribute to the inspection of international vessels and passengers, cargo and mail as they arrive at ports of entry. In 2014 the department screened: 19.4 million mail items out of 155 million mail items received. 2.4 million air passengers out of 17 million international air passengers. The amount of sea passengers screened is unknown. 17,800 international sea vessels. 34.5 million consignments of cargo imported via air and sea freight (2013 14 figures) POST-ENTRY PLANT QUARANTINE All imported plant nursery stock and high risk seeds are subject to pest risk management to prevent the entry of pests. Australia maintains a post-entry plant quarantine program that enables high and medium risk nursery stock and restricted seeds to be grown and screened for pests at an approved facility (Table 41). Material is released from quarantine once it has been verified free from specific pests. Table 41. Australian post-entry plant quarantine facilities Location Australian Government operated facilities State government operated facilities approved for growing high-risk plant material Scientific (S) and Privately (P) operated facilities approved for growing high-risk plant material Privately operated facilities approved for growing medium risk plant material Scientific research facilities approved for holding high and medium risk plant material for research purposes no material released from quarantine ACT 1 (S) 0 1 NSW 1 1 1 (S), 1 (P) 8 NT 2 1 (S), 2 (P) 8 2 QLD 1 2 (S) 0 1 SA 1 1 (S) 1 Tas 1 3 4 (S), 2 (P) 13 4 Vic 1 2 (P) 5 1 WA 0 0 0 0 0 A range of techniques are used including risk profiling, detector dogs and x-ray machines. Surveillance and inspection activities are performed at international airports, seaports, mail exchanges and container depots to screen and inspect incoming goods and people. Audits are also undertaken on businesses that import goods to ensure compliance with biosecurity requirements. All plants or plant parts, fruits, seeds, cuttings, bulbs and wood or bamboo items are examined and treated as required. Low and medium risk plants can be imported and screened for exotic pests in privately operated quarantine approved facilities, whereas high risk plants are sent to either Australian or state government post-entry quarantine facilities. 122 Image courtesy of PHA

NORTHERN AUSTRALIA QUARANTINE STRATEGY Since 1989, NAQS has been meeting the unique biosecurity challenges facing Australia s northern coastline, stretching from Cairns to Broome and including the Torres Strait (Figure 74). The northern coastline is vast and sparsely populated, and commercial plantings are few and far between, making surveillance a challenge. The primary biosecurity risk is the close proximity of neighbouring countries to the Australian mainland. Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea have many insect pests, plant diseases and weeds not present in Australia. These pests and diseases have the potential to arrive through human activities or natural means. NAQS designs and conducts surveillance for pest and disease incursions to facilitate eradication before they spread or become established further south. In addition, NAQS collects information about the absence of significant pests and diseases which contributes to market access and broader biosecurity strategies. NAQS also regulates the biosecurity aspects of the southwards movement of people, vessels, aircraft and goods through the Torres Strait to the mainland. The key of success has been the cooperation and goodwill of the Indigenous people who live in northern Australia. This includes active involvement of local ranger groups in NAQS survey activities. NAQS delivers on its objectives through a program that involves: Scientific teams in Darwin and Cairns delivering plant health surveys and monitoring across northern Australia. Officers at strategic locations, including the 13 inhabited islands of Torres Strait, regulating plant risks associated with movements of people and goods through the Torres Strait Islands (from the Torres Strait Protected Zone to the Special Quarantine Zone, and from either zone to the mainland as seen in Figure 75). Public awareness activities to encourage local people and communities to report unusual pests and diseases. Contributions to the Department of Agriculture s capacity building activities in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Solomon Islands. Figure 74. NAQS surveillance area (shown in dark green) Papua New Guinea Mari Torres Strait Protected Zone Papua New Guinea Mari Torres Strait Protected Zone Tais Northern Peninsula Area Mapoon Tais Buji Ture Ture Boigu Island Saibai Island Dauan Island Mabuiag Island Badu Island Buji Aboriginal Reserve Moa Island Jardine River National Park Australia Ture Ture Boigu Island Saibai Island Dauan Island Mabuiag Island Badu Island Moa Island Thursday Island Group Bamaga Parama Island Daru Island Bramble Cay Ugar (Stephen Island) Erub (Damley Island) Masig (Yorke Island) Iama (Yam Island) Mer (Murray Island) Poruma (Coconut Island) Warraber (Sue Island) Special Quarantine Zone Figure 75. Quarantine zones in the Torres Strait (shown in red, blue and green) Parama Island Daru Island Bramble Cay Ugar (Stephen Island) Erub (Damley Island) Masig (Yorke Island) Iama (Yam Island) Mer (Murray Island) Poruma (Coconut Island) Warraber (Sue Island) CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Thursday Island Group Northern Peninsula Area Bamaga Aboriginal Reserve Jardine River National Park Special Quarantine Zone Mapoon Australia 123

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Reducing plant quarantine times Bringing plant material into Australia means up to two years in quarantine and expensive testing to ensure exotic viruses are not brought in with them. While quarantine is important, it has major impacts on Australian trade for importers such as the nursery industry. It s also important for plant breeders, making new traits available in the country for breeding programs. The current plant testing methods are laborious, time consuming, expensive and only able to detect some of the known plant viruses and viroids Australia wants to keep out. New genomic technologies however can greatly speed up testing and are far more accurate. PBCRC researchers are developing an online toolkit that will automate diagnosis and surveillance of plant viruses and viroids. The toolkit has the potential to reduce post-entry quarantine to six months or less, significantly lowering costs in the process. The new system will also make testing substantially more sensitive, ensuring new and emerging plant diseases are kept out of Australia. Plant breeding trials. Image courtesy of PHA 124 Image courtesy of NAQS

3.4 Post-border activities Despite all of the precautions in place, some imported goods may still contain a pest or disease of biosecurity concern after they enter Australia. In addition, some pests and diseases may arrive through natural pathways such as wind and water currents, or through illegal activity. Recognising the need for a range of post-border measures aimed at limiting the impact of any detected pest or disease, Australia has established a unique and highly effective post-border biosecurity system to provide additional protection against exotic pests. Post-border activities range from planning and preparedness through to everyday pest management operations. Identifying exotic threats and being prepared for their arrival significantly increases the chance of containing and successfully eradicating them should they arrive. Preparedness activities include agreed and implemented biosecurity plans for plant industries, targeted research and development, industry-targeted measures to raise awareness of plant pest risks and internationally recognised surveillance systems capable of early detection and demonstrating area freedom. Similarly, there are a range of activities aimed at minimising the impact of Australia s endemic pests. Significant variations in plant pest status exist across the country. Domestic arrangements reflect these variations and provide the basis for access to both domestic and international markets. The Australian Government, state and territory governments and industry all contribute to the management of endemic pests and preparing for potential exotic pest incursions. CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS When a plant biosecurity incident occurs, formal emergency response arrangements ensure timely decisions and actions (see Chapter 4). For signatories to the EPPRD and the NEBRA, there are formal arrangements to share the cost of responding to an incursion between the Australian Government, state and territory governments and relevant industry partners. PHA ensures that all parties that would be involved in an emergency plant pest incident are prepared for their role by holding EPPRD and biosecurity preparedness training, also described in Chapter 4. Image courtesy of NAQS 125

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS DOMESTIC QUARANTINE Newly established and regionalised pests (Section 2.2 Australia s regionalised pests) can be easily spread from one part of Australia to another through the movement of plants, plant products, people, soil or equipment. Restrictions on the movement of high risk items apply in each state and territory to reduce this risk. These domestic quarantine restrictions operate under state and territory legislation (Table 1) to complement and support the national quarantine legislation that governs the export and import of goods to and from Australia. Restrictions apply to domestic travellers as well as interstate movement of goods. There is a list for travellers detailing what they can and cannot carry across state and regional borders in the booklet Australian Interstate Quarantine: A Traveller s Guide and on the website quarantinedomestic.gov.au. Interstate certification Interstate certification is used to govern the movement of plant products under the different state and territory quarantine regulations. This certification scheme provides a harmonised approach for interstate movement of plant products and provides evidence that the quarantine regulations of the importing state or territory have been met. In many instances this may require specific treatments such as growing produce in a particular way (e.g. under cover), or undergoing disinfestation treatments after harvest (e.g. fumigation). There are two types of certificates that may be issued: Plant Health Certificate which is issued by a government officer from the state or territory of origin. Plant Health Assurance Certificate which is supplied by an approved business under an Interstate Certification Assurance scheme arrangement. In order to issue PHACs, a business must meet specific requirements and undergo regular audits by the state or territory government accreditation authority. The Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access The Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access (SDQMA) is a national committee that sits under PHC (Section 1.3 National Committees) and consists of senior regulators from the Australian Government and state and territory governments. The committee oversees the development of domestic market access conditions for plants and plant products in Australia. In doing so it ensures that conditions are: Technically justified, to minimise regulatory burdens on industry. Coordinated and harmonised across the country and regions where possible. Consistent with Australia s international market access conditions and policies. SDQMA works closely with state and national plant quarantine agencies and industries to develop and implement new treatment arrangements and to support market access for trade in both domestic and international markets. Inspectors checking vehicles at inspection points on the Victorian border. Image courtesy of DEDJTR Vic 126

PRE-EMPTIVE BIOSECURITY PLANNING Industry biosecurity planning provides a mechanism for plant production industries, in collaboration with governments and other relevant stakeholders, to actively identify and prioritise plant pest threats that could have a significant impact on their crops. Industry biosecurity plans (IBPs) provide a framework for individual industries and other biosecurity stakeholders to focus biosecurity risk mitigation activity on the greatest risks, enhancing the ability to prevent, prepare for and effectively respond to, pest incursions. Through this pre-emptive planning process industries are better placed to maintain domestic and international trade, negotiate access to new overseas markets, and reduce the social and economic costs of pest incursions to growers and the wider community. PHA facilitates the development of each plan in consultation with an Industry Biosecurity Group that is assembled each time. The group is comprised of representatives from industry and government, as well as research and development organisations. IBPs (including the list of HPPs included in each) are reviewed and updated at least every five years. Currently, 28 IBPs have been developed, covering 34 of Australia s major plant industries (Table 42). Further information on IBPs can be found at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au. Table 42. Current industry biosecurity plans covering Australia s plant industries Current IBPs Apple and Pear IBP (Version 2.01) Olive IBP (Version 1.0) Avocado IBP (Version 2.01) Onion IBP (Version 2.0) Banana IBP (Version 2.0) Papaya IBP (Version 1.0) Cherry IBP (Version 2.01) Passionfruit (Version 1.0) Citrus IBP (Version 2.0) Pineapple IBP (Version 1.0) Cotton IBP (Version 2.01) Plantation Forest IBP (Version 2.0) Ginger (Version 1.0) Potato IBP (Version 2.0) Grains IBP (Version 2.04) Rice IBP (Version 3.0) Honey Bee IBP (Version 1.0) Rubus (Version 1.0) Lychee IBP (Version 1.1) Strawberry IBP (Version 2.0) Mango IBP (Version 2.1) Sugarcane IBP (Version 2.01) Melon IBP (Version 1.0) Summerfruit IBP (Version 1.0) Nursery and Garden IBP (Version 3.0) Vegetable IBP (Version 2.0) Nuts IBP (Version 2.0) Viticulture IBP (Version 3.0) NATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT FLIES The National Fruit Fly Strategy Advisory Committee (NFFSAC) was established in May 2014 following development of the National Fruit Fly Strategy Implementation Action Plan and a cost benefit analysis by ABARES showing the significant benefits of a national approach to managing fruit flies across Australia. The purpose of the committee is to provide national leadership on fruit fly management, develop the Action Plan and bring about the realisation of the substantial benefits for all stakeholders. The NFFSAC comprises 15 members, including an Independent Chair, PHA, representatives of state and territory governments, the Australian Government, plant industries, research funding agencies and research providers, with PHA as the independent Secretariat. The work of the committee involves progress on many different projects including: Developing biosecurity plans for fruit flies. Developing national fruit fly diagnostic standards and networks. Maintaining the Torres Strait fruit fly detection and eradication program. Mapping Australia s fruit fly status. Developing national standards for fruit fly management systems. Establishing fruit fly R&D priorities. CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Trapping is part of fruit fly management. Image courtesy of NSW DPI 127

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS PEST MANAGEMENT The agricultural plant production industries of Australia manage pests through multiple methods that are tailored to crop types, target pests and geographical conditions. Most growers regularly employ a mixture of methods as part of their integrated pest management (IPM) program. IPM combines chemical, cultural, mechanical and biological control methods with the needs of a particular crop to develop a multi-faceted approach to controlling the most economically threatening pests. IPM is an approach, not a defined method, and is usually unique to each grower. The strength of employing an IPM approach to managing pests is that it targets individual pests specifically and is highly adaptable to change when new and improved methods of pest management are created. Chemical control A recent report estimated that up to 68 per cent ($17.6 billion) of Australia s total value of crop production is attributable to the use of crop protection products 4. Table 43 illustrates the amount and type of agricultural chemicals used for controlling plant pests in Australia. For many pests, chemical control is considered the fastest and easiest option available. Chemicals are often necessary for pest incursion management and they underpin on-farm biosecurity with most growers using at least some type to maintain productive agriculture. This total expenditure on pesticides for plants represents over six per cent of the gross value of production for all crops in Australia 5. All agricultural chemicals sold or used in Australia must be registered with the APVMA. A national registration system ensures that all agricultural chemical products, when used as directed on the product label, will be effective and have no harmful or unintended effects on people, animals, crops, the environment or international trade. The use of chemicals is regulated by state and territory governments. Cultural and mechanical control Cultural and mechanical control refers to the practice of modifying the growing environment of production crops to reduce the prevalence of unwanted pests. Examples include changing soil ph levels, irrigation practices, tillage methods, temperatures and fallow periods to make the environment less favourable for the survival, growth and reproduction of pest species. If followed in an appropriate manner, these practices can provide significant relief from pests. Biological control Biological control is a method of controlling pests through the use of natural enemies, biologically-based products such as pheromones, resistant plant varieties and techniques such as insect sterilisation. Natural enemies of pests are known as biological control agents and include predators, herbivores, parasitoids and pathogens. Biological control has been highly successful in many instances, with a number of pest problems permanently resolved by importation and successful establishment of biological control agents. These successes have been limited largely to certain types of ecosystems or pest situations, such as introduced pests in perennial ecosystems. However, biological control can provide long-term and even permanent results and pose no risk to human health. Although many pesticide products are formulated and packaged in Australia, almost all the active constituent chemicals are manufactured overseas, with many chemicals not registered in Australia. This means that Australian growers and other land managers often do not have access to chemicals needed to manage exotic pests. Minor use permits and emergency permits can be issued by the APVMA. Approximately 83 per cent of minor use permit applications are submitted to the APVMA because no other options are currently available in Australia to manage a particular pest. Contingency Plans and Response Plans usually depend on the timely availability of appropriate chemicals, and permits often need to be obtained quickly by quarantine authorities when Emergency Plant Pest incursions occur. Image courtesy of QDAF 128 4 CropLife Australia, 2013. Economic activity attributable to crop protection products. Deloitte Access Economics Pty Ltd 5 ABARES, 2013. Agricultural commodity statistics 2013. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra

International workshop on spray drift assessment Pesticides are widely used in plant production around the world to combat a whole host of plant pests, but application is strictly regulated to reduce unwanted spray drift. A workshop organised by the National Working Party for Pesticide Applications (NWPPA) in Queensland in June 2014 showcased novel technologies for spray drift reduction at an event that was regarded as having advanced the regulation of spray drift internationally. The workshop provided opportunities for international harmonisation of spray drift assessment with presentations by international speakers who described the systems used by their country to assess spray drift risk. Delegates were treated to demonstrations of novel technologies for spray draft reduction and heard about advances in boom spray drift reduction technology, spray nozzles, pesticide formulations, aerial application and assessment methods including spray drift measurement and determination of spray quality (droplet size). The NWPPA has been funded by a number of research and development corporations (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, Sugar Research Australia, and the Grains, Grape and Wine and Cotton R&D Corporations) and CropLife Australia since 2011 12. PHA provides a liaison and technical facilitation role. The vision of the group is that the regulatory system is science-based and recognises the use of drift reduction technologies. CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS HARDI Australia s Saritor II Self Propelled Unit Detection of spray droplets (water) on test paper Image courtesy of Citrus Australia 129

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS PRE-EMPTIVE BREEDING Many Australian industries prepare for a potential exotic pest incursion through pre-emptive breeding of crops to incorporate or improve pest tolerance or resistance characteristics that can reduce the impacts of target pest species. Pre-emptive breeding programs may rely on offshore testing of new Australian varieties or use resistance gene markers or other traits that allow for the selection of resistance in a pest s absence. In the event of an incursion, pre-emptive breeding allows growers to select for pest resistant varieties of their crop to reduce any pest impact on production. Programs in Australia include the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program and pre-emptive breeding for Russian wheat aphid resistance. SURVEILLANCE Onshore surveillance activities for exotic plant pests are carried out by governments, industries and the wider community to provide information for: Early detection: surveillance designed to detect new pest incursions before they become widely established, increasing the chance of successful eradication or containment responses. Market access: surveillance to demonstrate the absence (i.e. evidence of absence ) of a pest from the country, state or region, to support access to international and domestic markets. Delimiting surveys: following a pest incursion, delimiting surveys provide information on the distribution and spread of pests for use in response management activities or to confirm the successful eradication of the pest. Improved pest management: management of established pests requires regular inspections to determine population levels to improve management decisions. Identifying high risk pathways and high risk areas: in order to focus future surveillance efforts. Australia uses a mix of targeted and general surveillance programs. General surveillance programs work through raising awareness about specific pests with growers and the wider community, and rely on these stakeholders to look for and report these pests during their day-to-day activities. To ensure all detections of new pests through general surveillance are reported, all states and territories run the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881). Calls to the hotline are directed to the relevant state or territory agriculture department. Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance The Plant Health Committee (PHC) has commissioned the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance (SNPHS) to provide expert policy advice on national plant health surveillance issues and ensure the continued effective operation of the national plant health surveillance system. This includes the establishment of a nationally coordinated and risk based plant biosecurity surveillance system. SNPHS comprises representatives from the Australian Government, state and territory governments, PHA and other organisations related to plant biosecurity. The principal focus of SNPHS activities is to maintain and improve plant health surveillance capacity and capability in Australia in support of the economy, environment and community. The subcommittee facilitates the development and implementation of national plant biosecurity strategies that promote both domestic and international market access. SNPHS is Australia s peak policy and technical forum for plant health surveillance. It has responsibility for oversight of the implementation of the National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy. National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool In 2006, the Department of Agriculture, in partnership with PHA, developed an online National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool (NPSRT). This tool allows state, territory and industry surveillance coordinators across Australia to enter plant pest surveillance summary data into a web enabled database. Through this database, surveillance data captured at a national level can be used to address domestic and international market access issues, identify and report on surveillance activities for particular plant pests and crops and track surveillance activities across Australia in a standardised and consistent manner. Currently, the database holds over 470 surveillance programs from all states and territories. Table 43 details the targeted surveillance programs undertaken across Australia in 2014, with summary information presented in Figure 76 and Figure 77. The majority of onshore targeted surveillance is undertaken by state and territory governments. Several national programs are also supported by the Australian Government, and some industries undertake targeted surveillance for their pests of concern. 130

Table 43. Australia s plant biosecurity surveillance programs Name Target hosts Target pests Australian Government National Bee Pest Surveillance Program European honey bees Asian honey bee (Apis cerana), exotic European honey bees (Apis mellifera), giant honey bee (Apis dorsata), red dwarf honey bee (Apis florea), tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi), Tropilaelaps mites (Tropilaelaps mercedesae, T. clareae), Varroa mites (Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni) Northern Australia Quarantine Survey pest and disease surveys Northern Australia Quarantine Survey exotic fruit fly trapping Transition to management program for Asian honey bee Multiple surveillance programs of tropical horticultural and agricultural species Horticulture 157 high priority exotic pests Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) New South Wales Aphids Field crops, horticulture Multiple species Asian gypsy moth Forestry Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) Asiatic citrus psylid Horticulture Asiatic citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) Bunchy top virus Bananas Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Chestnut blight Chestnuts Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Field crop melons Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) Diseases of cotton Cotton Exotic strains of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris), blue disease (Luteovirus[suspected]), cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus), Texas root rot (Phymatotrichum omnivorum), exotic strains Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), exotic strains Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum) Exotic fruit flies Horticulture Exotic fruit flies Forest pest surveillance exotic and endemic Pine and native forest Exotic and endemic pests Grains Farm Biosecurity Program Grains Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia), barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), karnal bunt, hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), sorghum downey mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) Grapevine phylloxera Horticulture Grapevine phylloxera (Dakulosphaira vitifolia) Little cherry disease Cherries Little cherry virus 2 (Ampelovirus) Longhorn beetle Urban tree hosts Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), brown mulberry longhorn beetle (Apriona germari), Japanese sawyer beetle (Monochamus alternatus) Melon necrotic spot virus Field crop melons Melon necrotic spot virus (Carmovirus) Riverina cue lure exotics Citrus, other susceptible fruit Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) and exotic fruit flies attracted to cuelure Riverina Mediterranean fruit fly Horticulture Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) Riverina papaya fruit fly Horticulture Papaya fruit fly (Bactrocera papayae*) Tramp ants Urban, horticulture Solenopsis spp. Urban hazard site surveillance Multiple urban hosts Spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus), exotic whiteflies, solenopsis mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis), exotic aphids, glassy winged sharpshooter/pierce's disease (Homalodisca vitripennis/xylella fastidiosa), Asian citrus psyllid/huanglongbing (Diaphorina citri/candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus), fireblight (Erwinia amylovora), tomato potato psyllid (Bactricera cockerilli), exotic mites (incl. Brevipalpus spp., Aceria granati), spotted winged Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii), exotic leaf miners (Liriomyza spp.) CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 131

Table 43. Australia s plant biosecurity surveillance programs CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Name Target hosts Target pests Northern Territory Banana freckle Bananas Banana freckle (Guignardia musae) Citrus gall wasp Citrus Citrus gall wasp (Bruchophagus fellis) Citrus canker Citrus Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Cucurbit hosts Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) Exotic bee mites Exotic bee swarms Varroa mite (Varroa destructor), Tropilaelaps mite (Tropilaelaps clareae), tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) Exotic bee surveillance Exotic bee swarms Asian honey bee (Apis cerana (exotic species)) Forest pest surveillance Pinus spp. Needle blight (Dothistrome pini) Fruit fly monitoring and surveillance Horticulture Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni), melon fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) Papaya fruit fly (Bactrocera papayae*), Philippine fruit fly (Bactrocera philippinensis*) Giant African snail Soil, imported cargo Giant African snail (Achatina fulica) Grapevine leaf rust Grapevines Grapevine leaf rust (Phakopsora euvitis) Mango malformation disease Mangoes Mango malformation (Fusarium mangiferae) Mango pulp weevil Mangoes Mango pulp weevil (Sternochetus frigidus) Myrtle rust Myrtaceae spp., Callistemon spp., Eucalyptus rust (Puccinia psidii sensu lato (exotic variants)) Melaleuca spp., Eucalyptus spp. National Bee Pest Surveillance Program European honey bees Asian honey bee (Apis cerana), exotic European honey bee (Apis mellifera), giant honey bee (Apis dorsata), red dwarf honey bee (Apis florea), tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi), Tropilaelaps mites (Tropilaelaps mercedesae, T. clareae), Varroa mites (Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni) Red banded caterpillar Mangoes Red-banded mango caterpillar (Deanolis sublimbalis) Red imported fire ant All nursery stock ex Queensland, unclean machinery Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Queensland Banana pest surveillance Bananas Banana bract mosaic disease (Banana bract mosaic virus (Potyvirus)), Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus), banana skipper butterfly (Erionota thrax), banana stem weevil (Odoiporus longicollis), Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis), eumusae leaf spot (Mycosphaerella eumusae), leaf speckle (Mycosphaerella musae), leaf spot (Mycosphaerella musicola), moko (Ralstonia solanacearum), Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense), Periconiella musae, Veronaea musae Apiarist cooperator bee pest surveillance European honey bees Exotic external mites (Varroa destructor, V. jacobsoni) and Tropilaelaps mites (Tropilaelaps clareae, T. mercedesae) Avocado pest surveillance Avocados Cercospora leaf spot (Pseudocercospora purpurea), avocado scab (Sphaceloma perseae), avocado seed moth (Stenoma catenifer) Banana bunchy top surveillance Bananas Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus) Cape York Peninsula surveys Various A range of pests Chickpea virus surveys Chickpeas Various viruses, especially aphid transmitted Polerovirus complex Citrus pest surveillance Citrus Exotic pests of citrus * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 132

Table 43. Australia s plant biosecurity surveillance programs Name Target hosts Target pests Coffee berry borer surveillance Coffee Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) CropSafe Cereal and legume grains Maize leafhopper (Cicadulina mbila), cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceuthorhynchus assimilis), American serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), lupin anthracnose (Colletotrichum lupini), barley stem gall midge (Mayetiola hordei), turnip moth (Agrotis segetum), barley stripe rust (Puccinia striformis f.sp. hordei), lentil rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae), lentil anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum), Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia), Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium), canola Verticillium wilt (Verticillium longisporum), canola Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans), chickpea Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris), European wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmeus) Endemic and exotic diseases of cotton surveys Cotton Endemic cotton diseases, including Fusarium spp. and Verticillium spp. Endemic and exotic viruses of cotton surveys Cotton Cotton bunchy top virus, Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (Polerovirus), Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) and all other exotic viruses Exotic fruit fly trapping Fruits and vegetables Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp., Ceratitis spp.) Fruit fly monitoring and surveillance Horticulture Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) Fruit fly monitoring and surveillance Horticulture Exotic fruit flies (various species) Fruit fly monitoring and surveillance Horticulture Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) Grain bulk handling Grains Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) Grains Farm Biosecurity Program Grains Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia), barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) Grains Insect pest management Winter cereals, sorghum, chickpea, Rhopalosiphum spp., Mythimna spp., Helicoverpa spp. fababeans, canola, maize Grains On-farm and grains packers / Stored grains Range of endemic grain storage pests, Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) processors/exporters Green snail area freedom surveillance Multiple hosts Green snail (Helix aperta) Grow Help Australia diagnostic service project Fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops and plants in national parks and gardens All pests and pathogens that can affect horticultural crops, national parks, gardens, hobby growers and enthusiastic home gardeners. Commonly encountered pathogens include Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp., Colletotrichum spp., Alternaria spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium spp., Ralstonia spp., Erwinia spp. and viral pathogens (e.g. Tospovirus, Geminivirus and Potyvirus) Gypsy moth surveillance Multiple Gypsy moths (Lymantria spp.) Mango pest surveillance Mangoes Red-banded mango caterpillar (Deanolis sublimbalis), mango leafhopper (Idioscopus spp.), mango leaf gall midge (Procontarinia spp.), mango malformation disease (Fusarium spp. implicated in mango malformation disease) Melon thrips surveillance Multiple Melon thrips (Thrips palmi) Multiple Pest Surveillance Plantation and native forest species, sugarcane, citrus, lychee, guava and tropical and subtropical fruit A range of species, including sugarcane longhorn beetle (Dorysthenes buqueti), Asian and citrus longhorn beetle (Anoplophora spp.), lychee longicorn beetle (Aristobia testudo), lateral-banded mango longhorn beetle (Bactocera rubus), sawyer beetles (Monochamus spp.), drywood longicorn beetle (Stromatium barbatum), ambrosia beetles bark beetles (Ips spp.), pine beetles bark beetles (Dendroctonus spp.), wood wasps (Siricid wasps e.g. Uroceris gigas) National Electric Ant Eradication Program Amenity and environment Electric ant (Wasmannia auropunctata) National Plant Health Surveillance Program Amenity trees Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi) CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 133

Table 43. Australia s plant biosecurity surveillance programs CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Name Target hosts Target pests Queensland continued National Plant Health Surveillance Program Forest and amenity trees Asian gypsy moth (Lymantra spp.) National Plant Health Surveillance Program Multiple hosts Suzuki fly (Drosophila suzukii) National Red Imported Fire Ant Eradication Amenity and environment Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Program National Resistance Monitoring Program Postharvest grains Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus), sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) National response to incursion in NT Curcurbitae Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) Plant Pest Diagnostic Service (broadacre) Various All pathogens that can affect broadacre crops (grain, cotton, pastures) Potato cyst nematode soil sampling Potatoes Potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis) Silverleaf whitefly resistance management Cotton Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (b-type)) Sucking pest management in cotton Various Solenopsis mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis) Sugar industry surveys, seed cane inspections, variety trials and general pest surveys Sugarcane Ratoon stunting disease (Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli), leaf scald (Xanthomonas albilineans), sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus), Fiji leaf gall (Fiji disease virus (Fijivirus)), sugarcane smut (Sporisorium scitamineum), sugarcane rust (Puccinia melanocephala, P. kuehnii), yellow spot (Mycovellosiella koepkei), exotic pests and diseases Survey of nematodes attacking grain crops Wheat and other grain crops Mainly root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus), stunt nematode (Merlinius brevidens) Tomato pest surveillance Tomatoes Viruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Begomovirus), Potato leaf roll virus (Polerovirus) Urban surveillance program Ornamentals and fruit and A range of pests vegetables including bananas, citrus and mangoes Victorian targeted surveillance Amenity, general Tramp ants, including red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) West Indian drywood termite surveys Timber structures West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis) Tasmania Exotic fruit flies Fruit trees Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni), Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), melon fruit fly (B. cucurbitae) Brown marmorated stink bug Fruit trees, woody ornamentals and Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) some field crops Brown rot Commercial orchards Brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) Clover root weevil Clover (primarily white clover) Clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) Codling moth survey Apples Cherry codling moth (Cydia pomonella) Grapevine rust Grapevines, wild and native Grapevine rust (Phakopsora euvitis) grapevines Gypsy moths Forestry and pome fruit Gyspy moths (Lymantria dispar asiatica, L. dispar dispar, L. dispar japonica, L. umbrosa, L. albescens, L. postalba, L. xylina, L. monachal, L. pulverea, L. minomonis, L. concolor, L. dissolute, L. sinica, L. marginate, L. atameles, L. fumida) Silverleaf whitefly Nursery stock Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Warehouse beetle survey Stored grains Warehouse beetle (Trogoderma variable) 134

Table 43. Australia s plant biosecurity surveillance programs Name Target hosts Target pests Australian Capital Territory Fruit fly monitoring and surveillance Horticulture at markets Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) Western Australia Codling moth surveillance Pome fruits Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) Banana freckle Bananas Banana freckle (Phyllosticta cavendishii) Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Cucurbitaceae Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) European house borer European Pinus spp. European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) European wasp surveillance Amenity, grape, stonefruit European wasp (Vespula germanica) Grain pest (phosphine resistance) testing Cereals Confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum), Cryptolestes spp., granary weevil (Sitophilus granaries), lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), sawtooth grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) Joint DAFWA-NAQS survey Ord River Irrigation Horticultural and grain crops Multiple Area (ORIA) MedFly area freedom surveillance in the ORIA Fruit Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) National bee pest surveillance program Exotic pest bees Asian honey bee (Apis cerana), giant honey bee (A. dorsata), red dwarf honey bee (A. florea), bumblebees (Bombus spp.) Plant pest hotline WA Amenity, grape, Pinus spp. European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus), European wasp (Vespula germanica), red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Queensland fruit fly surveillance Horticulture Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) Western Australian on -farm biosecurity and surveillance Grains Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) South Australia Multiple Pest Surveillance Program Potato, citrus, grapevine, Solanaceous spp., insect traps Bacterial wilt of potato (Pseudomonas solanacearum), late blight of potato (Phytophthora infestans), huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.), Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), bacterial ring rot (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus), brown mulberry longhorn beetle (Apriona germari), citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri), citrus variegated chlorosis (Xylella fastidiosa), glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), Japanese pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus alternatus), Pierce s disease (Xyllella fastidiosa), Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae), tomato/potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli), zebra chip (Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum) Ports of entry Insect traps Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), exotic fruit flies (Bacrocera spp., Ceratatis spp.) European house borer Douglas fir, bunya pine, hoop pine, European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) radiata pine Myrtle rust Myrtaceae spp Myrtle rust (Uredo rangelii) Onion smut Allium species Onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) Bacterial wilt of potato Potatoes Bacterial wilt of potato (Pseudomonas solanacearum) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Tomatoes Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 135

Table 43. Australia s plant biosecurity surveillance programs CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Name Target hosts Target pests SA Grains Surveillance Grains and Pulses American serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), barley stem gall midge (Mayetiola hordei), barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis), chickpea leaf miner (Liriomyza cicerina), downy mildew (Peronospora viciae-fabae, Fusarium avenaceum f. sp. fabae, F. inflexum, F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1, F. oxysporum f. sp. fabae, F. oxysporum f. sp. lupini, F. solani f. sp. fabae), Fusarium wilt of chickpea (F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris), Fusarium wilt of lentil (F. oxysporum f. sp. lentis), Fusarium wilt of lupin (F. oxysporum f. sp. lupini), Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium), leaf miners (Agromyzidae spp.), leaf spot of field pea (Alternaria humicola), leaf spot of field pea (Alternaria humicola), lentil anthracnose (Colle lupin rust (Uromyces lupinicola)), lentil anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain)), lentil rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae (lentil strain), lupin rust (Uromyces lupinicola), lupin rust (Uromyces renovatus), Mycosphaerella lupini, pea leaf miner (Chromatomyia horticola), Rhizoctonia solani AG4, Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia), rust of field pea (Uromyces pisi (field pea strain)), serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza huidobrensis), sunn pest (Eurogaster integriceps), tomato leaf miner (Liriomyza bryoniae), Totrichum truncatum (lentil strain), turnip moth (Agrotis segetum), Uromyces lupinicolus, vegetable leaf miner (Liriomyza sativae) Giant pine scale Radiata pine, aleppo pine, stone pine Giant pine scale (Marchalina hellenica) Victoria Chestnut blight eradication program Chestnuts Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) Exotic plant pest response Mytaceae spp., Pinus spp, Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii), giant pine scale (Marchalina hellenica), blueberry rust (Thekopsora minima) blueberries National Plant Health Surveillance Program Forest and amenity trees Wood wasp (Symphyta spp.), wood borer beetle (Lyctus and Minthea spp.), Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi), Asian gypsy moth (Lymantra spp.), suzuki fly (Drosophila suzukii) Green snail area freedom surveillance Multiple hosts Green snail (Helix aperta) Potato cyst nematode soil sampling Potatoes Potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis) National response to incursion in NT Curcurbitae Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) Fruit fly monitoring and surveillance Horticulture Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), exotic fruit flies (various species), Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) CropSafe Cereal and legume grains Maize leafhopper (Cicadulina mbila), cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceuthorhynchus assimilis), American serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), lupin anthracnose (Colletotrichum lupini), barley stem gall midge (Mayetiola hordei), turnip moth (Agrotis segetum), barley stripe rust (Puccinia striformis f.sp. hordei), lentil rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae), lentil anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum), Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia), Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium), canola Verticillium wilt (Verticillium longisporum), canola Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans), chickpea Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris), European wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmeus) * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 136

Harnessing the power of honey bees for crop pollination Pollination of crops by the European honey bee brings large benefits in terms of quality and yield for many crops, so it s important that hives of honey bees are well managed and that crop producers know how to make the most of their services. BeeAware, a new website developed by PHA, was launched in July 2014 with the dual purpose of helping beekeepers keep hives healthy and letting farmers know precisely how to harness the benefits of honey bees for their particular crop. The website brings together the best research and information from Australia, and around the world, and puts it at the fingertips of Australian beekeepers and crop producers. BeeAware provides all of the information that growers need to know about pollination: how it works for a particular crop, how pesticides can be safely used with bees, how to promote a healthy pollinator ecosystem in a farm or orchard, and what to include in a pollination agreement with a beekeeper. For beekeepers, it provides detailed biosecurity information for keeping hives healthy, specific pest pages containing images and fact sheets about the major established and exotic pests, as well as what beekeepers can do to provide better pollination services for growers. The website is mobile and tablet compatible, making it easy to access the information even when out in the field checking fruit set, or checking hives. A wide variety of crops including almonds, passionfruit, apples and pears, berries, cherries, stonefruit, melons, avocados and some vegetables benefit from pollination by honey bees. Broadacre crops such as faba beans, sunflowers and canola are also pollinator reliant. Each crop has a page of its own on BeeAware. In addition to the website, visitors can sign up for the monthly BeeAware e-newsletter, providing them with the latest information and news about honey bees and pollination. Amenity/environment Cotton Forestry Grains Honey bees Surveillance programs undertaken in 2014 summary data Figure 76. Surveillance programs by target host 4% 12% 8% 37% Figure Invertebrate 77. - Surveillance insect Invertebrate - other programs Multiple by target pest type 7% 4% 3% 2% 3% 2% 17% 2% 3% 1% 11% 11% Horticulture - fruit Amenity/environment Cotton Forestry Grains Honey bees Horticulture fruit Horticulture general Horticulture vegetables Horticulture viticulture Nursery Multiple Not applicable Pathogen - bacteria Pathogen - fungi Pathogen - multiple Pathogen - virus 64% 6% 15% Invertebrate insect Invertebrate other Multiple Pathogen bacteria Pathogen fungi Pathogen multiple Pathogen virus Horticulture - general Horticulture - vegetabl Ho CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS BeeAware website www.beeaware.org.au Bee on avocado flower. Image courtesy of Sam Malfroy 137

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS National Bee Pest Surveillance Program The National Bee Pest Surveillance Program (NBPSP) is an early warning system to detect new incursions of pest bees and exotic bee pests, particularly Varroa mites (Varroa destructor and V. jacobsoni), Tropilaelaps mites (Tropilaelaps clareae and T. mercedesae) and tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi). Early detection of these exotic pests is critical to eradicating an incursion, and limiting the size and cost of an eradication program. In July 2013, the NBPSP became a cost-shared initiative for two years between the honey bee industry, industries that rely on pollination (represented by Horticulture Innovation Australia 6 ) and the Australian Government Department of Agriculture. PHA has managed the program since 2012. PHA, the honey bee industry, pollination-reliant plant industries, research and development agencies, and governments are currently working towards implementing a long-term funding agreement for the NBPSP from July 2015. Significant improvements were made to the NBPSP in 2014, including: Publication of the NBPSP Operations Manual. This 140-page manual was developed by PHA to summarise surveillance methods, diagnostic information, detection and reporting of pests as well as how to respond in the event of detection. Adopting the recommendations from the CSIRO port risk assessment report 7 and including additional high-risk ports as part of the NBPSP as well as increasing the level of surveillance at some existing high-risk ports. Deploying 20 remote surveillance hives (catch boxes with cameras) in ports as part of a national trial of this new surveillance method. Developing floral maps and initiating floral sweep netting in high risk ports which are considered a likely entry point for exotic pest bees, such as Asian honey bee (Apis cerana), red dwarf honey bee (A. florea) and giant honey bee (A. dorsata). These floral maps document the floral resource in the port area and floral sweep netting is undertaken every two months to determine the presence or absence of these pest bee species. Increasing the involvement of hobby beekeepers in coordinated surveillance for exotic pests, such as Varroa mite. This involves beekeepers conducting simple detection methods such as sugar shaking and alcohol washing on hives in areas surrounding high-risk ports. Increasing the number of sentinel hives; by the end of 2014, more than 146 sentinel hives had been established and were being monitored every eight weeks with a sticky mat and a miticide strip. This is in an increase from 128 sentinel hives in 2013. Remote surveillance hives for pest bees and bee pests at Port Brisbane. Image courtesy of Sam Malfroy During 2014, more than 50 catch boxes (empty hives) were deployed at many southern ports as an additional surveillance measure. These catchboxes are used to detect bee swarms in the port area and test the bees for exotic pests, such as Varroa mite. PHA is working with stakeholders to gradually replace them with remote surveillance hives once the trials of these are completed. Formalised surveillance for small hive beetle (SHB; Aethina tumida) across Australia continued. Surveillance using APITHOR traps (which contain the insecticide fipronil) and oil traps was continued on sentinel hives in the NT and Tasmania, where SHB is currently absent, as well as southern WA, where SHB is confined to Karratha in the north of the state. PHA is negotiating with all stakeholders to continue to implement changes to the NBPSP. These changes, some of which include the incorporation of additional surveillance techniques, and more surveillance at high risk ports, are being promoted to assist in the early detection of pest bees and exotic bee pests. These changes reflect an ongoing transition to a more broadly based surveillance program for bee pests and pest bees. The revised NBPSP will increase the efficiency of detection of both internal and exotic mites, and of exotic bees that occur in Asia (Asian honey bee, red dwarf honey bee and giant honey bee). As well as providing early detection of bee pests and pest bees, the NBPSP supplies data to support health certification for exports of queen bees and packaged bees. For more information about the NBPSP go to www.nbpsp.planthealthaustralia.com.au Tables 44 and 45 show sample data from sentinel hives located at Australian ports in 2014 and other surveillance activities. 138 6 Previously Horticulture Australia Limited 7 The CSIRO report identified high risk ports in Australia for the entry and establishment of exotic bees and/or bee pests based on interception data, shipping movements, shipping origin and duration, port berthing locations, as well as the port receptivity for the likelihood for bees to establish at each port of first call

Table 44. Samples examined for pests of bees, by state and territory, 2014 State or territory Specimens examined New South Wales 150 Northern Territory 125 Queensland 124 South Australia 73 Tasmania 108 Victoria 140 Western Australia 148 TOTAL 868 Table 45. Samples examined for pests of bees and pest bees, by agent, 2014 Agent Specimens examined Pest bees (A. cerana, A. florea, A. dorsata) 13 8 Tracheal mite 156 9 Small hive beetle 142 10 Varroa and Tropilaelaps mites 11 557 12 TOTAL 868 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Swarm of bees collected at an airport. Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture 8 The development of floral maps and coordinated floral sweep netting for the detection of pest bees began in late 2014. This figure is the number of floral sweep netting surveillance runs conducted. 9 30-60 bees from sentinel hives were randomly selected and morphologically dissected to determine Tracheal mite presence. 10 Samples from APITHOR traps, oil traps and inspection of sentinel hives in WA, NT and Tasmania. 11 In addition, 800 samples were checked by sugar shaking, alcohol washing and drone uncapping. 12 The number of sentinel hives examined for Varroa and Tropilaelaps with an acaricide and a sticky mat. Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture 139

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS DIAGNOSTICS The accurate diagnosis of plant pests is a vital component of all management and surveillance activities undertaken for the purposes of safeguarding Australia s plant production industries, environment and community from the negative effects of plant pests. Diagnostic services are equally important for both endemic and exotic plant pests. Diagnostic expertise underpins Australia s ability to detect and respond to new pests in an appropriate and timely manner. In the event of an incursion, diagnostic expertise is required to identify an initial detection, assess the magnitude of the incursion (which is a critical factor in determining whether a pest is eradicable), and to allow subsequent surveillance programs. Diagnostics also provides the evidence necessary to claim that the pest has been eradicated. Diagnostic capacity is not only an essential component of any eradication effort, it also supports much of the everyday management practices involved in the production and trade of plant products. Pest management programs, including the selection and application of farm chemicals, rely on the accurate identification of pests. Rapid identification also supports quarantine processes, such as maintaining pest free areas, allowing access to markets both domestically and internationally. These critical diagnostic services are distributed across every state and territory in Australia and are available throughout most major agricultural and horticultural production areas. Diagnostic services are delivered by a range of agencies, including state and territory governments, the Australian Government, commercial and private diagnostic laboratories, museums, the CSIRO and universities (Table 46). Services are provided on an ad hoc, commercial and nationally coordinated basis, as required. Diagnostic operations are often performed as part of collaborative research activities that focus on specific pests of concern. Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics The Subcommittee was established in December 2004 by PHC to sustain and improve the quality and reliability of plant diagnostics in Australia. Key roles and responsibilities of SPHD include: reviewing and developing diagnostic policies, protocols and standards reviewing and developing strategies to address national capability and capacity issues endorsing National Diagnostic Protocols (NDPs) (see page 146) coordinating and fostering the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network (NPBDN) coordinating national capability building through a professional development framework driving development and uptake of accreditation and quality management systems for diagnostic laboratories. Key achievements for SPHD in 2014 include: national endorsement for six NDPs completion of round two of the national proficiency testing program delivery of the Annual Diagnosticians Workshop 2014 delivery of three training workshops (two on phylogentics and one on beetle identification) delivery of nine laboratory exchanges for NPBDN members national endorsement by PHC of a charter and governance rules for the NPBDN. National coordination of plant biosecurity diagnostics In order to strengthen connections between stakeholders in plant pest diagnostics, a National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy and a national network of diagnosticians were developed in 2011 and 2012. The formation of the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network (NPBDN) was driven by SPHD to build diagnostic capacity for Australasia. Network members are from a range of organisations involved in the delivery of plant pest diagnostics, including state and territory governments, the Australian Government, CSIRO, PBCRC, PHA, universities and the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries. Members include entomologists, general plant pathologists, virologists, phytoplasmologists, bacteriologists, molecular biologists, mycologists, nematologists, botanists and weed scientists. The NPBDN improves capacity by facilitating communication between experts and sharing of diagnostic resources, as well as offering professional development activities. Each year the Diagnosticians Workshop brings members of the network together to share ideas and knowledge, as well as identify future activities. An integrated, national network has numerous benefits, including more efficient delivery of services, preventing any duplication of effort or identifying and addressing any gaps, and providing surge capacity during incursions. 140 Diagnostic expertise underpins plant biosecurity. Image courtesy of PHA More information on the NPBDN can be found at www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au.

Table 46. Australia s diagnostic services, their capabilities and accreditations Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Australian Capital Territory Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, CSIRO Bee pathogens Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, CSIRO Fungal identification Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO (Australian National Herbarium) Fungal identification Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra National Research Collections Australia, Insect, nematode and mite identification CSIRO (Australian National Insect Collection) New South Wales Australian Cotton Research Institute, NSW DPI / CSIRO Cotton pathology (e.g. mycology, virology, Narrabri bacteriology) ISO9001 Herbarium and fungi collections Herbarium and fungi collections Australian Museum, Sydney Australian Museum Entomology Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens, specialist insect and mite identification (mycology and entomology) NATA accreditation (ISO/ IEC 17025:2005) Fungi, bacteria and arthropods CSIRO Cotton Research Unit, Narrabri CSIRO Entomology Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle Forest Health Management Laboratory, West Pennant Hills Grafton Agricultural Research and Advisory Station, Grafton NSW DPI NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens (virology, bacteriology and mycology) Internal routine diagnostics Insect pests NATA accreditation (ISO/ IEC 17025:2005) Macleay Museum, Sydney Sydney Entomology Operational Science, Department of Australian Government Department of Entomology Agriculture, Crewe Place, Rosebery Agriculture Plant Quarantine Station, Eastern Creek Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney Australian Government Department of Agriculture NSW DPI, Office of Environment and Heritage Pest and disease identification, collection and rearing of immature stages of arthropods, pathology investigation to determine causal agent Plant pathogen screening, stone fruit, pome fruit, citrus, grape, clonal grasses and ornamentals. Virus elimination in citrus. Fungal testing of animal feeds and corn based products. Lucerne seed testing for fungal pathogens. Wash water testing of imported cereal seed for open post-entry quarantine Plant pathogens using both classical and molecular methods Tamworth Agricultural Institute, Tamworth NSW DPI, Department of Primary Industries Invertebrates and pathogens (entomology, plant pathology broadacre crops) The Cereal Rust Laboratory, Cobbitty NSW DPI, Department of Primary Industries, Sydney, Rust pathology Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga Charles Sturt University, NSW DPI, Department of Primary Industries Plant pathology, nematode identification, molecular biology Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens (vegetables and rice pathology) Australian Government Department of Agriculture accredited quarantine Containment 5.2/7.2 CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 141

Table 46. Australia s diagnostic services, their capabilities and accreditations CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections CSIRO Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre, Darwin DPIF Entomology Laboratory, Berrimah Agricultural Laboratories, Berrimah DPIF Plant Pathology Laboratory, Berrimah Agricultural Laboratories, Berrimah Entomologist/Conservation Biologist, Flora and Fauna Herbarium, Flora and Fauna Division, Department of Land Resource Management, Palmerston Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Department of Arts and Museums, Darwin Northern Australia Quaratine Strategy Regional Laboratory, Darwin Eagle Farm Department of Agriculture and Food, Maroochy Research Station, Nambour Northern Australia Quaratine Strategy Regional Laboratory, Cairns CSIRO Northern Territory Ant identification for general public and biosecurity purposes Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre ant collection DPIF Insects and mites The Northern Territory Economic Insect Reference Collection DPIF NT, Department of Land Resource Management NT, Department of Land Resource Management Department of Arts and Museums Australian Government Department of Agriculture Australian Government Department of Agriculture QDAF Australian Government Department of Agriculture Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, PCR, mycology, diagnostics Lepidoptera, particularly butterflies Plant identification for general public and commercial purposes Insect identification for general public and commercial purposes Tropical plant pests. Plant pathology: microscopy, serology and molecular (conventional and real time PCR). Entomology: microscopy and limited molecular capacity. Botany: microscopy. Queensland Temperate and tropical plant pests. Plant pathology: microscopy and molecular (conventional PCR). Entomology: microscopy and limited molecular capacity. Plant pathology Tropical plant pests. Plant pathology: microscopy, serology and molecular (conventional and real time PCR). Entomology: microscopy and limited molecular capacity. Botany: microscopy. Registration for exchange (export and import) of scientific specimens Registration for exchange (export and import) of scientific specimens Australian Government Department of Agriculture accredited quarantine Containment 5.2/7.2 Darwin Northern Australian Plant Pathology Herbarium Native plant collection of the NT Insects with a focus on native species Plant pathology: herbarium specimens and desiccated virus / virus-like disease collections. Extensive insect and herbarium collections. Limited plant pathogen and insect collections Plant pathology: herbarium specimens and desiccated virus / virus-like disease collections. Extensive insect and herbarium collections. 142

Table 46. Australia s diagnostic services, their capabilities and accreditations Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Queensland continued QDAF Applethorpe QDAF Entomology, plant pathology QDAF, Ayr Research Station, Ayr QDAF Entomology, horticulture QDAF, Biosecurity Queensland Control QDAF Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) diagnosis Puccinia psidii Centre, Oxley QDAF, Bowen QDAF Entomology QDAF, Cairns QDAF Exotic fruit fly screening, entomology, plant Entomology pathology triage QDAF, Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Mareeba QDAF Entomology, plant pathology, molecular, bacteriology Entomology QDAF, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park QDAF Molecular, entomology, virology, bacteriology, mycology and nematology Plant pathology, entomology QDAF, Gatton Research Station, Gatton QDAF Vegetable pests and diseases QDAF, South Johnstone Research QDAF Nematology, entomology, plant pathology Station, South Johnstone QDAF, Toowoomba QDAF Field crop pests and diseases, molecular, entomology, virology, nematology, and mycology Sugar Research Australia, Indooroopilly, Sugar Research Australia Sugarcane pests and diseases Woodford, Mackay and Tully Queensland Museum, Brisbane Queensland Museum Entomology Queensland, Brisbane Queensland Entomology South Australia South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide South Australian Research and Development Institute Molecular diagnostic, plant pathology (mycology, nematology, virology, taxonomy), entomology and surveillance School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Adelaide Nematology and viticulture virology Waite Institute, Adelaide School of Earth and Environmental Adelaide Entomology Sciences, Adelaide South Australian Museum, Adelaide Department of Premier and Cabinet Entomology Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory is NATA accredited under Biologicals. NATA accredited for potato virus testing. Entomology collection, Adelaide University CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 143

Table 46. Australia s diagnostic services, their capabilities and accreditations CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 144 Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Tasmania Forestry Tasmania, Hobart Forestry Tasmania Limited diagnostics in pathology, main focus is on testing for Phytophthora cinnamomi Peracto, Devonport Peracto Plant pathology Laboratory Department of Agriculture Biosecurity approved Plant Health Laboratories, New Town (satellite entomology laboratories at Devonport and Launceston) Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston DPIPWE Entomology, plant pathology (virology, mycology and bacteriology), TASAG ELISA testing services (virology) Laboratory Department of Agriculture Biosecurity approved, TASAG laboratories have NATA accreditation (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) Tasmanian forest insect collection Insect reference collection Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery Insect identification for the general public Invertebrate reference collection covering most groups including insects. Seed Analysis Laboratory, Mt Pleasant DPIPWE Feed grain quarantine assessments for declared species Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart Tasmania Cradle Coast Campus, Burnie Tasmania Sandy Bay Campus, Hobart Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery Tasmania and Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture Tasmania and Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture Entomology (specialising in beetles and moths), insect identification for the general public Plant pathology, nematology Entomology, forest pathology, molecular laboratory Victoria AgriBio, Bundoora DEPI Entomology, mycology, virology, nematology, bacteriology, general plant pathology, fungal and insect taxonomy, high throughput molecular diagnostics, weeds Forest Health Laboratory, Heidelberg Melbourne Forest pathology and entomology Horsham Research Centre, Horsham DEPI General plant pathology and virology (grains focus) Irymple Research Centre, Irymple DEPI General plant pathology and entomology Operational Science Laboratory, Tullamarine Airport Australian Government Department of Agriculture Entomology and plant pathology ISTA accredited Laboratory Department of Agriculture Biosecurity approved Department of Agriculture Biosecurity approved AS/ NSZ 9001:2000/QA certification. Laboratory is NATA accredited under Biologicals. NATA accredited for potato virus testing, potato cyst nematode identification; fruit fly and phylloxera identification Australian Government Department of Agriculture accredited quarantine Containment 5.2/7.2 Prohibited and quarantinable species seed reference collection Small insect reference collection, herbarium including weeds and fungi Limited collection of fungal pathogens Fungi, bacteria, nematode, invertebrates, limited virus

Table 46. Australia s diagnostic services, their capabilities and accreditations Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Plant Quarantine Centre, Knoxfield Australian Government Department of General plant pathology Agriculture Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne Mycology and weeds Melbourne Rutherglen Research Centre, Rutherglen DEPI Entomology Tatura Research Centre, Tatura DEPI Entomology Western Australia AGWEST Plant Laboratories, Perth DAFWA Commercial diagnostic laboratory for plant pathogen identification, entomology, nematology, virology, bacteriology, mycology Department of Agriculture and Food DAFWA Limited number of bee pathogens Western Australia, Animal Heatlh Laboratories, Perth Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Crop Protection DAFWA Broadacre field pathology, virology and nematology on broadacre and horticultural crops Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Entomology Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Quarantine Plant Pathology Laboratory, Perth Department of Environmental Biology, Perth Northern Australia Quaratine Strategy, Broome Operational Science, Department of Agriculture, Perth International Airport DAFWA Entomology of broadacre and horticultural crops Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia Insect Reference Collection, Perth DAFWA Curtin Technology Australian Government Department of Agriculture Australian Government Department of Agriculture Biosecurity and emergency plant pest identifications Mycology Identification of quarantine intercept samples, mostly exotic pests Identification of quarantine intercept samples, mostly exotic pests including arthropods, fungi, bacteria and viruses Phytophthora Laboratory, Murdoch Murdoch University Commercial and research Phytophthora diagnostic laboratory Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre Murdoch University Commercial and research molecular biology laboratory for plant pathogen identification Australian Government Department of Agriculture accredited quarantine Containment 5.2/7.2 Western Australian plant pathogen collection fungi, bacteria and virus Small reference collection, mostly exotic invertebrates Small reference collection, mostly exotic invertebrates with a limited collection of seed and cultures Western Australian Museum, Kewdale Western Australian Museum Insect identification for general public Largest insect collection in Western Australia CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 145

Figure 78. National Diagnostic Protocol endorsement process CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Assessment process Does an approved national protocol already exist? Yes No Facilitate development of new protocol Is there an Australian or international protocol? Does it follow SPHDS RS No. 2? Yes No Adapt protocol Protocol verification Yes No Verification facilitated Protocol review 5 year review process Yes No Review facilitated SPHDS approval Yes No Facilitate revision ACCEPT NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOL PHC endorsement No Yes 146

National Diagnostic Protocols Diagnostic protocols are documents that contain detailed information about a specific plant pest or related group of pests, relevant to its diagnosis. Such information is crucial for the management of established and exotic pests, including: general surveillance for pest status testing of material for compliance with certification procedures surveillance as part of an official control or eradication program pest diagnostic operations associated with phytosanitary certification routine diagnosis for pests found in imported consignments detection of a pest in an area where it is not known to occur. NDPs are diagnostic protocols for the unambiguous taxonomic identification of a pest in a manner consistent with ISPM No. 27 Diagnostic Protocols for Regulated Pests. They have been nationally endorsed for use in the event of an incursion, providing transparency when comparing diagnostic results between laboratories. NDPs include diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, detection and identification. Australia has a coherent and effective system for the development of NDPs for plant pests through SPHD. NDPs are developed according to SPHD 13 Reference Standards 1 4 which include the processes of peer review, verification and endorsement by PHC as shown in Figure 80. NDPs, both under development and endorsed 14, are listed in Table 47. Current SPHD Reference Standards include: Glossary of Terms (Version 3) Development of Diagnostic Protocols Technical Procedures (Version 4) Guidelines for the Approval Process of National Diagnostic Protocols (Version 4) Guidelines for Verification and Peer Review Reports (Version 3). CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Assessing a gum leaf for signs of pink gum psyllid. Image courtesy of La Trobe University 13 SPHD Reference Standards can be found at www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/resource-hub/documents/ 14 Endorsed NDPs are available at plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/resource-hub/priority-pest-diagnostic-resources/ 147

Table 47. National diagnostic protocols CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Scientific name Common name Status 13 Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix Draft Agrilus planipennis Emerald ash borer Draft Anastrepha spp., Bactrocera spp., Ceratitis spp., Dacus spp., Dirioxa spp. and Rhagoletis spp. Fruit flies (exotic and endemic species of priority to Australia) FF handbook, Lucid key Bactericera cockerelli Potato tomato psyllid Endorsed (NDP 20) Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic disease Draft (Potyvirus) Bemisia tabaci Silver leaf white fly Lucid key Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Draft Broad bean mottle virus Broad bean mottle virus Draft Broad bean stain virus (Comovirus) Broad bean stain virus Draft Broad bean true mosaic Broad bean true mosaic virus Draft (Comovirus) Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight, bacterial grain rot of Draft rice Bursaphelenchus spp. including Pine wilt nematode, pinewood Draft B. xylophilus nematode species complex Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticus Huanglongbing, Citrus greening Endorsed (NDP 25) Candidatus Liberobacter Zebra chip Endorsed (NDP 18) solanacearum Ceratosystus ulmi Dutch elm disease Draft Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Draft Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) Blackline Endorsed (NDP 10) Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Draft Chilo infuscatellus Sugarcane yellow top borer Draft Chilo partellus Spotted stalk borer Draft Chilo polychrysus Stem borer Draft Chilo sacchariphagus Dark headed stipe borer Draft Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Draft Cicadulina mbila South African maize leafhopper Draft Citripestis eautraphera Mango fruit borer Draft Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Draft 148 Image courtesy of PBCRC 13 Endorsed the standard has been assessed by SPHD and endorsed by PHC as a National Diagnostic Protocol Draft the standard has not yet been assessed and verified by SPHD FF handbook included in the Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies Lucid key only a lucid key for this species exists

Table 47. National diagnostic protocols Scientific name Common name Status 13 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Goss's bacterial wilt, blight of corn Draft nebraskensis Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Bacterial ring rot of potato Endorsed (NDP 8) Lentil anthracnose Draft Coryphodema tristis South African cossid moth Draft Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease Draft Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Endorsed (NDP 11) Daktulosphaira vitifolii/viteus Grape phylloxera, type B Draft Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar adult Draft Dendroctonus frontalis Mountain pine beetle Draft Dendroctonus ponderosae Southern pine beetle Draft Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle Endorsed (NDP 24) Diaphorina citri Citrus psyllid Draft Diaporthe helianthi Sunflower stem canker Draft Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Draft Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Draft Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips Endorsed (NDP 4) Endocronartium harknessii Pine gall rust Draft Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly Draft Erwinia amylovora Fireblight Draft European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows Endorsed (NDP 12) Exotic aphids Exotic aphids Draft Flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée Draft Furoviruses and Bymoviruses (Wheat mosaic, Cereal mosaic, Chinese mosaic virus, Wheat spindle streak, and Wheat yellow mosaic virus) Wheat soilborne viruses Draft Fusarium circinatum Pine pitch canker Draft Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea Draft Scientific name Common name Status 13 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Panama disease Draft cubense tropical Race 4 Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae Draft Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode Draft Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode Draft Guignadia bidwellii Black rot Endorsed (NDP 13) Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Endorsed (NDP 23) Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle Endorsed (NDP 22) Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Lucid key Liriomyza cicerina Chickpea leafminer Draft Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leafminer Draft Liriomyza sativae American leafminer Lucid key Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leafminer Draft Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Draft Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth, gypsy moth Draft complex Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast Endorsed (NDP 14) Maize dwarf mosaic virus Maize dwarf mosaic virus Draft (Potyvirus) Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Draft Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Endorsed (NDP 1) Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Draft Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka Draft Neonectria ditissima European canker Endorsed (NDP 21) Orthaga euadrusalis Mango leaf webber Draft Pantoea stewartii subsp. steartii Stewart's wilt of maize Draft Pea early browning virus Pea early browning virus Draft (Tobravirus) Pea enation mosaic virus Pea enation mosaic virus Draft (Enamovirus) Pepino mosaic virus (Potexvirus) Pepino mosaic virus Draft Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Draft CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 149

Table 47. National diagnostic protocols CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Scientific name Common name Status 13 Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust Draft Phoma tracheiphila Mal secco Endorsed (NDP 26) Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot Draft Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Endorsed (NDP 5) Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Endorsed (NDP 2) Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Draft Potato mop top virus (Pomovirus) Potato mop top virus Endorsed (NDP 15) Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid Endorsed (NDP 7) (Pospiviridae) Protopulvinaria pyriformis Pyriform scale Draft Pseudomonas syringae pv. Blister spot of apples Draft papulans Puccinia psidii Guava rust, eucalyptus rust Draft Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust Draft Pulvinaria iceryi Pulvinaria scale Draft Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt (and beetle vector) Draft Ralstonia solanacearum Bacterial brown rot of potatoes Draft Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2 Moko and bugtok Draft Red clover vein mosaic virus Red clover vein mosaic virus Draft (Carlavirus) Roesleria subterranea Grape root rot Draft Scirpophaga excerptalis Top borer; top shoot borer Draft Scirpophaga nivella White rice borer Draft Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Draft Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Endorsed (NDP 3) Scolytines Bark beetles Draft Semiaphis dauci Carrot aphid Draft Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Draft Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid Draft Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Draft Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Draft Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Sugarcane white leaf Draft Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart Endorsed (NDP 16) Tetranychidae spp. Spidermites Lucid key Scientific name Common name Status 13 Tetranychus desertorum Prickly pear spider mite Draft Tetranychus lombardinii Crimson spider mite Draft Tetranychus pacificus Pacific spider mite Draft Tetranychus piercei Spider mites Draft Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Draft Tilletia controversa Dwarf bunt of wheat Draft Tilletia horrida (nee barclayana) Kernel smut of rice Draft Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Endorsed (NDP 19) Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Draft Unknown Ramu stunt Draft Uromyces vicia-fabae Lentil rust Draft Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt (defoliating strain) Draft Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus Draft (Bymovirus) X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Endorsed (NDP 17) Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight Draft Xanthomonas axonopodis subsp. Citrus canker Endorsed (NDP 9) citri Xanthomonas campestris pv. Bacterial wilt Draft musacearum Xanthomonas citri subsp. Hypervirulent bacterial blight of Draft malvacearum cotton Xanthomonas fragariae Angular leaf spot Draft Xanthomonas vasicola pv. Banana bacterial wilt Draft musacearum Xylella fastidiosa Pierce s disease Endorsed (NDP 6) Xylophilus ampelina Bacterial blight Draft 150

FOREST HEALTH Australia s forest industry is managed and protected from exotic and endemic pests through the implementation of risk mitigation practices. Minimising these risks and their associated impacts is important to ensure a viable industry is maintained. In 2012, forest health issues were re-examined and an industry subcommittee has since continued to resolve these issues. Subcommittee on National Forest Health (SNFH) SNFH is one of four subcommittees established by PHC. Having evolved from Forest and Forest Products Committee s Research Working Group 7, SNFH was formally established as a subcommittee in 2012 to advise and collaborate with industry peak bodies, governments and other agencies on forest health issues. It facilitates strategic leadership and provides a focal point for the identification of nationally significant forest biosecurity issues in the commercial, environmental and amenity forest sectors. Through PHC, SNFH advises on emerging strategic forest health research needs and preparedness, and provides specialist forest biosecurity input to SNPHS and SPHD. SNFH also produces the annual Pest, Disease & Quarantine Status Report for PHC and other subcommittees. In the event of any emerging forest biosecurity issues including timber services, amenity pests or forest pest incursions, the SNFH provides a first point of reference for national committees and other bodies as required. CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Image courtesy of AFPA 151

CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 152 ON-FARM BIOSECURITY Communication and collaboration with growers is an important aspect of Australia s plant biosecurity system. Effective communication of biosecurity issues enhances the establishment of practices that protect individual producers and facilitate early detection to minimise the impact of endemic and exotic plant pests. Farm biosecurity is a set of measures designed to protect a property from the entry and spread of pests, diseases and weeds. Best practice farm biosecurity measures relating to crop production include: Use of warning and information signs to improve awareness of biosecurity. Restriction of people and vehicle movement in production areas. Cleaning of equipment, vehicles and footwear between properties. Use of dedicated equipment in high risk areas. Sourcing certified pest free propagation material and seed. Isolating and inspecting newly purchased plant material. Controlling volunteer or neglected plants that could harbour pests. Regular monitoring for pests. Controlling pest vectors and alternative hosts. Disposal of crop residues. Training family and staff about biosecurity risks and steps to take to minimise them. Keeping a visitor register. Reporting suspect pests to appropriate authorities. Including farm biosecurity in industry best management practice and quality assurance schemes. Encouraging good hive biosecurity practices by pollination service providers. Biosecurity manuals for producers PHA, in partnership with plant production industries and governments, has released a number of crop-specific biosecurity manuals (Table 48). These booklets are specifically tailored for growers and consultants, outlining simple and effective measures that can be incorporated into day-to-day operations to improve biosecurity and help protect their farm from both new and established pests. The Farm Biosecurity Program Recognising the increasing number of mixed farming enterprises in Australia, PHA has partnered with AHA in a joint communication and awareness campaign, Farm Biosecurity, which provides biosecurity advice for both crop and livestock producers. The program aims to help producers identify and reduce the risks to their enterprises posed by diseases, pests and weeds. The program website www.farmbiosecurity.com.au provides an array of information, including biosecurity manuals, templates for records, gate signs for sale, industry specific information, videos, a personal profile builder and a biosecurity planner. Farm biosecurity activities are categorised into six essentials, that producers need to consider: farm inputs; people, vehicles & equipment; production practices; ferals, pests & weeds; and train, plan & record. Table 48. Biosecurity manuals for producers of various industries Manual Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry 1.0 Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry 1.0 Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Avocado Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural Farms 1.0 Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Cherry Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for Citrus Producers 2.0 Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry 1.1 Biosecurity Manual for Grain Producers 3.2 Biosecurity Manual for the Honey Bee Industry 1.0 Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry 1.0 Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable Growers 1.0 Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Organic Grains Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Papaya Industry 1.0 Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Summerfruit Industry 1.0 Biosecurity Manual for the Viticulture Industry 1.0 Version

Award winner withstands disease threat to bananas Shannon Paton and Sarah Schultz were the winners of the 2014 Plant Biosecurity Farmer of the Year Award. Together they run Paton s Exotics, growing seven varieties of bananas which are sent to markets in five states. Shannon was motivated to implement biosecurity by a desire to keep Race 1 Panama disease from affecting his banana plantation. Armed with information about how the disease is spread, the couple could focus on actions to prevent it from entering the property. Shannon and Sarah decided that excluding or cleaning anything that has soil on it or has come into contact with soil would minimise the risk of introducing the disease. It is also transmitted via infected plant material, so they make sure their planting material is from clean sources. Anyone working or helping-out on the property including family members, friends and neighbours may not know how easily diseases, pests and weeds can spread and how to prevent this happening. Anyone who needs a briefing is given a run down on basic biosecurity and the risks associated with the banana varieties they grow. Workers learn to be cautious and take this knowledge with them. One tip from Shannon for other producers is that biosecurity on your farm starts with you. Prevention is better than cure, so put practices in place on your farm to withstand disease up front. PLANT BIOSECURITY COMMUNICATION Efforts relating to communication and awareness raising reflect jurisdictional boundaries among governments. The Australian Government is primarily responsible for messages about national border protection, international requirements and pre-border initiatives, while state and territory governments disseminate information about biosecurity in their regions. Information for producers and others along the supply chain is generally communicated by industry bodies and the Farm Biosecurity program (run jointly by PHA and AHA), with governments playing a supporting role. Plant industries try to mitigate risks through heightened awareness about plant pests and improving the practices of their producers. They use a variety of communication tools including, increasingly, biosecurity officers on the ground. Information during a plant pest emergency is delivered to the public by the affected state agency. However messages are determined by the Consultative Committee that coordinates the response, which usually includes government and industry parties. Biosecurity Incident National Communication Network The National Communication Network (NCN) consists of communication managers from the Australian Government, state and territory agencies, and biosecurity organisations including PHA. The NCN works to produce nationally consistent public information during responses to pest and disease outbreaks and animal welfare incidents, based on information arising from Consultative Committee meetings. The NCN also works on preparedness and prevention awareness activities where a national approach is warranted. Plant biosecurity IT tools, databases and networks Information technology tools are increasingly central to the plant biosecurity sector, and are being developed for everything from production management through to diagnosing plant pests. Local and web based tools are rapidly being supplemented with mobile technologies, improving the tools accessibility and integration into biosecurity operations. CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS Linking with the range of information technology tools are new and improved accessories, such as hand held wireless microscopes, unmanned aerial vehicles and other detection devices. There are also a number of tools that connect systems and data sources together to improve their usability and value, such as the Australian Plant Pest Database and the Atlas of Living Australia. Shannon Paton and Sarah Schultz of Paton's Exotics Sarah Schultz and Shannon Paton with Susanna Driessen of PHA at the awards ceremony The Biosecurity Portal, developed by PHA, was launched in 2014. It brings together a suite of online biosecurity information for ease of access, see biosecurityportal.org.au. 153

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Chapter 4 Responding to plant pest incursions

4.1 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Even with a highly effective biosecurity system, including strong border controls, there is still the risk that new plant pests will enter the country. Arrivals of passengers and goods and natural entry pathways such as wind and water currents can bring exotic pests to our shores. To deal with exotic pest incursions, Australia has mechanisms in place to rapidly and effectively respond to plant pests in order to minimise any negative impacts. The main arrangement in place for plant pests that affect the plant production sector is the EPPRD, a legal document that covers coordinated plant pest emergency responses. The agreement ensures that any new detection is dealt with swiftly, providing the best chance of containing and eradicating the pest. This chapter uses the EPPRD definition of a Plant Pest: any species, biotype or strain of invertebrate pest or pathogen injurious to Plant Health, Unprocessed Plant Products or Bees, provided that it is discrete, identifiable and genetically stable but excludes Genetically Modified Organisms. The EPPRD definition of a Plant Pest does not include weeds. Defined terms under the EPPRD are used throughout this chapter, identified through capitalisation. For the full list of definitions, refer to clause 1 of the EPPRD available at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd. The EPPRD is a formal, legally binding agreement between PHA, the Australian Government, all state and territory governments, and 30 plant industry peak bodies. The EPPRD, of which PHA is the custodian, covers the management and funding of eradication responses to Emergency Plant Pests (EPP). For a pest to be covered by the EPPRD, it must be an EPP, with categorised EPPs listed in schedule 13 of the EPPRD. If there is an Incident of an uncategorised plant pest the response action may commence if it is reasonably believed to meet one of the following criteria: A known exotic Plant Pest that could have an adverse economic impact regionally and nationally if established in Australia. A variant form of an established Plant Pest which can be distinguished by appropriate investigative methods, and could have an adverse economic impact regionally and nationally if established in Australia. A serious Plant Pest of unknown or uncertain origin which may be an entirely new Plant Pest. A Plant Pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered and not yet present there or being officially controlled. A pest is not formally designated to be an EPP until the Categorisation Group makes the determination that it meets one of the above criteria and this is approved by relevant Parties. Honey bees and their pests also fall under the EPPRD, since a pest affecting the honey bee industry would also affect plant industries that benefit from pollination. The EPPRD is designed to ensure a rapid and effective response to a plant pest incursion, and to provide certainty on the management and funding of that response. It specifies Parties roles in the decision making and operational processes of the EPP response and how government and industry Parties will share the costs, based on an assessment of the relative private and public benefits of eradication. The terms of the EPPRD ensure that no single Party is exclusively responsible for decision making about a response to a Plant Pest incursion. Instead, formal committees are assembled to agree actions. These committees are made up of representatives from government and industry Parties that are likely to be Affected by the Plant Pest. Only EPPRD signatories can take an active part in these decision making groups. 156

NATIONAL MANAGEMENT GROUP Table 49. EPP categories and the associated Affected Party Cost Sharing splits The NMG is responsible for making the key decisions in the response to an EPP incursion under the EPPRD. The group is formed when an Incident is identified. It consists of representatives from PHA and all Affected Parties to the EPPRD. The group is responsible for approving a Response Plan, including the budget, if it is agreed that eradication is technically feasible and cost beneficial. The NMG is advised on technical matters by the Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests (CCEPP). CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE ON EMERGENCY PLANT PESTS The CCEPP is a technical committee set up to make recommendations to the NMG on EPP incursion responses. As with the NMG, the CCEPP is formed when an EPP is detected or suspected to be present. The committee consists of the Australian Chief Plant Protection Officer, all state and territory Chief Plant Health Managers, PHA, and nominated representatives from each Affected Industry Party. The CCEPP is responsible for assessing the grounds for eradication and for providing the technical advice needed for the NMG to make decisions. A Scientific Advisory Panel may be convened by the CCEPP on an ad hoc basis, to review and provide advice on specific technical matters. CATEGORISATION GROUP The Categorisation Group is assembled to determine a category for an EPP for the purposes of applying the provisions of the EPPRD, including the proportion of costs that each Party will pay. Each category is based on the public versus private benefit of eradication and assigns the Cost Sharing split borne by Affected Parties. The four categories are shown in Table 49. Relevant Parties must agree unanimously to the category recommended by the Categorisation Group. Each Categorisation Group comprises nominated representatives from the Affected Industry Parties, relevant technical experts nominated by government and industry Parties, an economic expert and an independent Chair from PHA. Category 1 The eradication of Category 1 EPPs would have very high public benefits and would be 100 per cent government funded. These are EPPs which, if not eradicated, would: cause major environmental damage to natural ecosystems; and/or potentially affect human health or cause a major nuisance to humans; and/or cause significant damage to amenity flora; and/or have relatively little impact on commercial Crops. This category also covers situations where the EPP has a wide range of hosts, including native flora, and there is considerable uncertainty as to the relative impacts on Crops. In short, it is almost impossible to properly determine which Cropping Sectors benefit from eradication and to what extent, and in any case the incursion primarily affects native flora and/or amenity plants, and/or is a major nuisance, if not a health risk to humans. Category 2 The eradication of Category 2 EPPs would have high public benefits and so would be funded 80 per cent by governments and 20 per cent by Affected Industry Parties. These are EPPs, which if not eradicated, would: cause significant public losses either directly through serious loss of amenity, and/or environmental values and/or effects on households; or indirectly through very severe economic impacts on regions and the national economy, through large trade losses with flow on effects through the economy; and impose major costs on the Affected Cropping Sectors such that the Cropping Sectors would benefit significantly from eradication. Category 3 The eradication of Category 3 EPPs would have moderate public benefits and would be funded 50 per cent by governments and 50 per cent by Affected Industry Parties. These are EPPs, which if not eradicated, would: primarily harm the Affected Cropping Sectors, but there would also be some significant public costs as well (that is, moderate public benefits from eradication). The EPP could adversely affect public amenities, households or the environment, and/or could have significant, though moderate trade implications and/or national and regional economic implications. Category 4 The eradication of Category 4 EPPs would mainly, if not wholly, have private benefits and would be funded 20 per cent by governments and 80 per cent by Affected Industry Parties. These are EPPs, which if not eradicated, would: have little or no public cost implications and little or no impacts on natural ecosystems. The Affected Cropping Sectors would be adversely affected primarily through additional costs of production, extra control costs, or nuisance costs; and generally there would be no significant trade issues that would affect national and regional economies. CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES 157

CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Ginger industry signs the EPPRD, bringing the total number of industry Parties to 30 The ginger industry has become the latest plant industry to sign up to the EPPRD, providing certainty for growers in the event of an incursion of an EPP that affects ginger. The Australian Ginger Industry Association (AGIA) became signatories to the EPPRD at the Plant Health Australia (PHA) EPPRD meeting in November 2014, bringing the total number of plant industry signatories to 30. All Australian Governments and PHA are also signatories to the agreement. PHA is the custodian of the agreement, which sets out how Plant Pest incursions are dealt with and how the cost of an eradication response is shared. Since there will never be zero risk of new Plant Pests entering the country with trade, people movement and wind and water currents capable of transporting pests, the EPPRD was enshrined in 2005 as the best means of achieving rapid and coordinated responses to incursions. Government and industry Parties agree that the mix of obligations and incentives under the legal agreement gives the best chance of minimising the impact of a new pest and maximising the prospects of eradication. Greg Fraser (PHA), Anthony Rehbein (AGIA) and PHA s Chairman Tony Gregson at the signing of the 30th plant industry to the EPPRD 158

4.2 PLANTPLAN PLANTPLAN is the agreed technical Response Plan used by governments and industries in responding to a Plant Pest Incident dealt with in accordance with the EPPRD. PLANTPLAN underpins the EPPRD as part of schedule 5 and is endorsed by all EPPRD signatories. It provides nationally consistent guidelines for response procedures under the EPPRD, outlining the phases of an incursion (investigation and alert, operational and stand down), as well as the key roles and responsibilities of industry and government Parties during each of these phases. It incorporates best practice in EPP responses and is further updated each year to incorporate the findings of Incident debriefs and simulation exercises. PHA manages the continued development of PLANTPLAN on behalf of EPPRD Parties. The 2014 review of PLANTPLAN incorporated improvements arising from the little cherry virus 2 Incident, the successfully completed cocoa pod borer response and the NT banana freckle response. Key areas of the document updated were: feasibility of eradication movement restrictions Response Plan review trigger points accounting and reporting communication. CONTINGENCY PLANNING Each contingency plan is a valuable preparedness initiative. Experts are brought together to collate information about a pest and devise the best strategies for surveillance, control and destruction, before any incursion occurs. The information contained within a contingency plan allows an effective Response Plan to be developed quickly, in the event of an incursion. Table 50 provides a listing of contingency plans for over 90 plant pests and pest groups that have been developed by industries and governments in Australia. CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES PLANTPLAN is supported by a number of documents providing detail on specific topics to make access to information easier in training and emergency response situations. In 2014 Parties endorsed a number of new and revised supporting documents, all of which are available online at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan. Emergency response changes in 2014 In November 2013, Parties agreed to the trial of a new categorisation process under trial that uses a dichotomous key to determine the category of the EPP, with each decision point being a specific question to answer. The new process supports more rigorous and sound decision making and was trialled for the first time in 2014. The trial has resulted in continued fine tuning and further improvements to the process, made in collaboration with Parties. At the May 2014 EPPRD meeting, Parties gave in-principle support to proposed variations to extend the EPPRD to include a Transition to Management Phase, subsequent to a failed eradication. In November 2014, Parties agreed for PHA to commence the process to formally vary the EPPRD to incorporate the required changes. 159

Table 50. Contingency plans CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite 2012 PHA National honey bee industry Agromyza ambigua, A. megalopsis, Cerodontha denticornis, Chromatomyia fuscula and Chromatomyia nigra Cereal leaf miners 2009 PHA National grains industry Agrotis segetum Turnip moth 2011 Department of Agriculture National grains industry Alternaria humicola Leaf spot of field pea 2009 PHA National grains industry Alternaria triticina Leaf blight of wheat 2009 PHA National grains industry Anoplophora chinensis Citrus longicorn beetle 2009 PHA National production nurseries Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly 2008 PHA National grains industry Bactericera cockerelli and Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Bactrocera papayae*, B. tryoni and Ceratitis capitata Zebra chip complex 2011 HIA, PHA National vegetable and potato industries Papaya fruit fly, Queensland fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly Updated bi-annually Bactrocera tryoni and Ceratitis capitata Queensland fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly 2013 DPIPWE State Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata and exotic species Fruit flies Updated PIRSA State bi-annually Barley stripe mosaic virus (Hordeivirus) Barley stripe mosaic virus 2009 PHA National grains industry Beet pseudo-yellows virus (Closterovirus), Diodia vein Whitefly-transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National production nurseries chlorosis virus (Crinivirus), Lettuce infectious yellows virus (Crinivirus) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Bipolaris spicifera Leaf blotch of cereals 2009 PHA National grains industry Braula coeca Braula fly 2012 PHA National honey bee industry Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight 2008 PHA National rice industry Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, Ca L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae Huanglongbing and vectors 2013 QDAF, NGIA National production nurseries Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, Ca. L. americanus, Ca. L. asiaticus, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae Huanglongbing and vectors 2009 HIA National citrus and nursery industries (under review) Huanglongbing and vectors 2014 HIA, PHA National citrus and nursery industries (under review) Cantareus apertus Green snail 2012 13 DEDJTR Vic State Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly 2008 PHA National grains industry Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease 2001 DEDJTR Vic State Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Dasineura brassicae Cabbage seedpod weevil and Brassica pod midge 2011 Department of Agriculture National grains industry Chilo partellus Spotted stem borer 2009 PHA National grains industry Chilo spp. Sugarcane stem borer 2008 SRA National sugarcane industry PIRSA State * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis 160

Table 50. Contingency plans Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Chortoicetes terminifera Plague locusts 2010 PIRSA State Chromatomyia horticola, Liriomyza bryoniae, L. cicerina, Agromyzid leaf miners 2008 PHA National grains industry L. huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (Tospovirus), Thrips-transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National production nuseries Impatiens necrotic ringspot virus (Tospovirus), Pelargonium flower break virus (Carmovirus) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus) Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose 2008 PHA National grains industry Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight 2010 DEDJTR Vic State chestnut industry Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera Updated PIRSA State viticulture industry bi-annually Deanolis sublimbalis Red-banded mango caterpillar 2008 PHA State Diatraea spp. Sugarcane borer 2008 SRA National sugarcane industry Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid 2012 PHA National grains industry Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stemborer 2009 SRA National sugarcane industry Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips 2010 PHA National production nuseries Eldana saccharina African sugarcane moth borer 2008 SRA National sugarcane industry Eoreuma loftini Mexican rice borer 2008 SRA National sugarcane industry Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 2002 DEDJTR Vic State Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 2007 HIA, PHA National apple and pear industry Erwinia amylovora (and its impact on honey bees) Fire blight 2004 DPIPWE State honey bee industry Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot 2011 PHA National papaya industry Eumetopina flavipes Island sugarcane planthopper 2009 SRA National sugarcane industry Eurogaster integriceps Sunn pest 2008 PHA National grains industry Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugarcane thrips 2009 SRA National sugarcane industry Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, F. oxysporum Fusarium wilt of chickpea, lentil and lupin 2009 PHA National grains industry f. sp. lentis and F. oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium wilt of canola 2007 PHA National grains industry Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae 2005 NSW DPI National rice industry Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae 2008 PHA National rice industry Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode 2001 DPIPWE State Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode 2002 DEDJTR Vic National Harpophora maydis and Plasmopara halstedii Exotic soil-borne pathogens of grains 2013 PHA National grains industry Helicoverpa zea Corn earworm 2009 PHA National grains industry Heterodera avenae, H. latipons and H. filipjevi Cereal cyst nematodes 2012 PHA National grains industry CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES 161

Table 50. Contingency plans CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES 162 Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode 2008 DAFWA, HIA National vegetable industry Heterodera ciceri, H. glycines and H. zeae Exotic nematodes of grains 2013 PHA National grains industry Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy-winged sharpshooter 2009 PHA National production nurseries Hylotrupes bajulus European house borer 2006 DAFWA State Hylotrupes bajulus European house borer 2011 QDAF State Liriomyza bryoniae, L. huidobrensis, L. sativa, L. trifolii Agromyzid leaf miners 2008 QDAF, HIA National and Chromatomyia horticola Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner 2009 PHA National production nurseries Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 2005 NSW DPI National rice industry Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 2008 PHA National rice industry Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 2011 PHA National production nurseries Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth/gypsy moth complex 2002 Department of Agriculture, National NSW DPI Lymantria dispar dispar Gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) 2009 PHA National production nurseries Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 2005 DAFWA, NSW DPI National rice industry Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 2008 PHA National rice industry Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus 2011 PHA National grains industry Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly 2005 DAFWA, PHA National grains industry Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge 2008 PHA National grains industry Meromyza americana and M. saltatrix Wheat stem maggots 2009 PHA National grains industry Nysius huttoni Wheat bug 2008 PHA National grains industry Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealy bug 2011 PHA National papaya industry Peronosclerospora philippinensis and P. sorghi Downy mildew of maize and sorghum 2009 PHA National grains industry Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust 2006 QDAF National Phyllophaga spp. May beetle 2008 PHA National grains industry Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 2010 PHA National production nurseries Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) and Tobacco etch virus Aphid-transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National production nurseries (Potyvirus) Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail 2008 PHA National rice industry Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) 2012 13 DEDJTR Vic State eradication plan Psila rosae Carrot rust fly 2009 DAFWA, HIA National vegetable industry Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (pathotype Ug99) Stem rust of wheat 2009 PHA National grains industry Puccinia psidii sensu lato Eucalyptus rust 2009 PHA National production nurseries Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust 2010 NSW DPI, PHA National grains industry Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres Net form of net blotch 2009 PHA National grains industry

Table 50. Contingency plans Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus 2008 PHA National grains industry Scirpophaga spp. Top borer 2008 SRA National sugarcane industry Sesamia spp. Sugarcane and Maize borers 2008 SRA National sugarcane industry Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid 2009 PHA National grains industry Sitona spp. complex, especially S. lineatus Pea leaf weevil 2005 DAFWA, PHA National grains industry Solenopsis invicta Red imported fire ant 2013 QDAF, NBC National Solenopsis invicta Red imported fire ant 2013 QDAF, TACC State Thekopsora minima Blueberry rust 2014 DEDJTR Vic State Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice 2008 PHA National rice industry Tilletia contraversa Dwarf bunt of wheat 2007 DAFWA, PHA National grains industry Tilletia indica Karnal bunt 2006 DAFWA, NSW DPI National grains industry Tilletia indica Karnal bunt 2013 14 draft PIRSA State Tilletia indica Karnal bunt 2005 PHA National grains industry Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 2005 DAFWA, PHA National grains industry Tropilaelaps clareae and T. mercedesae Tropilaelaps mites 2012 PHA National honey bee industry Uredo rangelii Myrtle rust 2012 13 DEDJTR Vic State Uredo rangelii Myrtle rust 2011 PIRSA State Uromyces pisi and U. viciae-fabae Field pea and lentil rust 2009 PHA National grains industry Ustilago scitaminea Sugarcane smut 1997 SRA National sugarcane industry Varroa destructor and V. jacobsoni Varroa mites 2012 PHA National honey bee industry Venturia inaequalis Apple scab fungus 1992 DAFWA State Verticillium longisporum Verticillium wilt of canola 2011 PHA National grains industry Wasmannia auropunctata Electric ant 2013 QDAF, TACC State Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker 2006 QDAF State citrus industry Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens and X. translucens pv. undulosa Bacterial leaf streak 2011 PHA National grains industry Xylella fastidiosa Pierce s disease 2011 PHA National production nurseries Xyllela fastidiosa Pierce s disease 2002 DEDJTR Vic National viticulture industry * This species has been synonymised with Bactrocera dorsalis CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES 163

CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES TRAINING For an emergency response to an EPP to work effectively there must be a sufficient number of appropriately trained people who understand their role ahead of time. Trained personnel are required at all levels of a response, including representatives from both industry and government, from members of the national decision making committees through to the surveillance officers carrying out field activities. Delivery of this specialist training in emergency responses is provided by PHA, the Australian Government, state and territory governments, the PBCRC and peak plant industry bodies. Training is offered in a variety of forms, from short presentations and e-learning courses, through to complete qualifications. In addition to emergency response training, a range of skills-based training is offered to members of the plant biosecurity system. For example, plant pest diagnostic training is available to members of the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network to address any identified gaps in skills or capacity. Biosecurity Emergency Training Working Group The Biosecurity and Emergency Training Working Group (BETWG) is a skills-based working group that guides training to enhance Australia s biosecurity emergency preparedness, response and initial recovery arrangements. In its national capacity, BETWG identifies risks, gaps and duplication in biosecurity emergency training, and provides advice and support to those undertaking delivery. BETWG also ensures that biosecurity emergency training is consistent with contemporary emergency management practices. BETWG reports to the Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Working Group (BEPWG) and supports delivery of Schedule 7 of IGAB. Biosecurity emergency response qualifications BETWG has developed three biosecurity emergency response qualifications, which have been nationally endorsed as part of the Public Safety Training Package. These qualifications align with the emergency response role training already delivered by jurisdictions, allowing personnel undertaking this training to achieve formal qualifications based on their work experience and training achievements. biosecurity emergency response training across the country meets the desired standard. Qualifications available are: PUA33112 Certificate III in Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Operations) PUA42912 Certificate IV in Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Leadership) PUA52412 Diploma of Public Safety (Biosecurity Response Management). National EPP Training Program PHA conducts the National EPP Training Program on behalf of its Members, delivering training to industry and government representatives, growers and other biosecurity stakeholders. The aim is to highlight the key elements of the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN, ensuring that Members have the ability to deliver on their roles and obligations as EPPRD Parties. Under the agreement, EPPRD Parties are obliged to maintain trained personnel, allowing them to engage appropriately in the response to EPP detections that impact on their industry or organisation. The National EPP Training Program is delivered through a combination of face-to-face sessions and simulation exercises, which are supported by the e-learning platform BOLT. Access to BOLT is open to all plant biosecurity stakeholders and can be accessed through www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/bolt. Plant Biosecurity Program Online training also extends to postgraduate studies with the Plant Biosecurity Program www.plantbiosecurity.edu.au, which is coordinated by the PBCRC and supported by the Department of Agriculture. Students can undertake a Graduate Certificate, Graduate Diploma or Masters in Plant Biosecurity. The Plant Biosecurity Program is delivered through five Australian universities: Charles Darwin University, La Trobe University, Murdoch University, the Queensland and the Adelaide. These qualifications put biosecurity response personnel on the same footing as those in other emergency response areas, such as police and firefighters. The system ensures that 164

CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Image courtesy of PBCRC 165

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Chapter 5 Research, development and extension

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Research findings from projects conducted in Australia underlie many improvements in plant biosecurity so a significant investment is made in plant biosecurity research, development and extension (RD&E). Extension is the term for communicating research and development outcomes to allow uptake of the newly developed knowledge, process or product. This investment ensures that researchers are addressing the specific challenges faced by Australia s plant industries. RD&E activities are conducted by CSIRO, Research and Development Corporations, Cooperative Research Centres, the Australian Government, state and territory agencies as well as universities and private organisations. Recently the National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy was developed to ensure that valuable research funding is spent efficiently and effectively. This chapter summarises the involvement of the key organisations involved in plant biosecurity RD&E and lists the projects active in 2014. Cross pollinating canola. Image courtesy of Carl Davies 168

5.1 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy Plant biosecurity RD&E is conducted by a wide variety of research organisations across Australia, including universities, government organisations, botanic gardens, museums, plant industries and other private organisations which are described in this chapter. In 2013, the National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, an overarching framework to coordinate plant biosecurity research, was developed to enhance collaboration and increase coordination of RD&E, with expected efficiency and effectiveness dividends. It was developed under the National Primary Industries RD&E Framework along with other sector specific and cross sector strategies being implemented by the Agriculture Senior Officials Committee (AGSOC). To put this strategy into action, in 2014 an Implementation Committee was formed, with representatives from the Australian Government, state governments, PHA, HIA, and research organisations Council of Rural Research and Development Corporations, GRDC, CSIRO and PBCRC, with an independent chair. The committee formally reports to the AGSOC Research and Innovation Committee. The objective of the strategy is to enable effective management of economic, environmental and social risks posed by pests that may enter, emerge, establish or spread within Australia, by strengthening biosecurity research, development and extension for Australia s plant industries (and those dependent on them). Drawing on the approved strategy, the committee has developed a strategic framework identifying the outcomes sought, key focus areas and specific activities to commence implementation and delivery of the strategy. This implementation plan will guide the work effort and progress monitoring of the committee over the next 2-3 years. CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Plant biosecurity research at the Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, one of the research organisations that will benefit from the implementation of the RD&E Strategy 169

5.2 Australian Government RD&E CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION The Australian Government currently contributes to a variety of plant biosecurity related RD&E activities. This occurs predominantly through the Department of Agriculture as well as the Department of Industry, the Department of Environment and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND STATUTORY AUTHORITIES Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research www.aciar.gov.au The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries, and to commission collaborative RD&E, focusing on fields where Australia has special research competence. Its mission is to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems for the joint benefit of developing countries and Australia through international agricultural research partnerships. ACIAR s biosecurity projects are spread across several program areas, including crop protection, horticulture, agricultural systems, economics and management, crop improvement and management, forestry, agricultural development, support for market driven adaptive research, soil management and crop nutrition. Australian Research Council www.arc.gov.au The Australian Research Council (ARC) is a statutory agency within the Australian Government. The ARC advises the government on research matters and manages the National Competitive Grants Program which is a significant component of Australia s investment in research and development. ARC also has a responsibility for the Excellence in Research for Australia initiative. The outcomes of ARC-funded research are to deliver cultural, economic, social, and environmental benefits to all Australians. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation www.csiro.au The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is Australia's national science agency and one of the largest and most diverse research organisations in the world. Through a proud history of biosecurity research, CSIRO through its Biosecurity and Agriculture Flagships has had a profound impact on Australia's plant biosecurity status. CSIRO's successes include: diagnosing devastating pests and diseases in plants designing integrated strategies to manage invasive pests in agriculture providing rigorous risk analysis protocols and delivering biological control for many exotic weeds that are found in production landscapes and the wider environment. COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRES CRCs are formed through a collaboration of businesses, the community, government organisations and researchers. Essential participants within a CRC must include at least one Australian end user (from either the private, public or community sector) and one Australian higher education institution (or a research institution affiliated with a university). The CRC program is an Australian Government funded initiative. The Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC) is the one CRC that is directly related to plant production. Plant Biosecurity CRC www.crcplantbiosecurity.com.au The PBCRC undertakes research to develop and deploy scientific knowledge, tools, resources and capacity to safeguard Australia, its plant industries and regional communities from economic, environmental and social consequences of damaging invasive plant pests and diseases. The PBCRC s objectives are achieved through its four research programs Early Warning, Effective Detection and Response, Safeguarding Trade and Secure Future with education and delivery embedded throughout the programs. The PBCRC also operates a postgraduate program which offers certificate, diploma and masters courses in plant biosecurity through five Australian university partners. Areas of expertise within the PBCRC include plant biosecurity risk, pest pathway analysis, incursion impact management, insect resistance, plant health policy, economic analysis, modelling and agricultural engineering. The PBCRC engages in international collaborative research with organisations in China, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, New Zealand, Thailand, United Kingdom, the United States and Vietnam. The PBCRC commenced its six year term on 1 July 2012, as an extension CRC from the Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, which began operating in November 2005. 170

Diagnosing a serious plant pest Australia s Spotted Anything Unusual? campaign asks farmers and agronomists to report any unusual pests to the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline. But once reported, who examines the suspicious pest to decide if it is a commonplace species or something more serious? This challenge is presented to diagnosticians from across the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network (NPBDN) every day. Dr Jamie Davies, an entomologist with Biosecurity Tasmania, is a part of the NPBDN, tasked with making precise identifications of all kinds of plant pests found in Tasmania. Keeping Tasmania free of exotic pests is important for plant industries, the economy and individual producers. Tasmanian farmers have a significant advantage that allows them to sell their produce to many markets around the world, often at a premium price, because their island state is free of many significant pests. To maintain this advantage, Tasmanians are keen to keep on top of any developing pest problems. Each week the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE) lab in Hobart receives a whole host of flying insects, infested plant samples and fruit containing maggots for identification. Samples are sent in by concerned members of the public, plant industries, Tasmanian biosecurity officers who intercept produce or suspect pests at the border, and biosecurity officers conducting surveys for exotic pests of biosecurity concern. Jamie and his colleagues examine each sample closely, check the scientific literature and often try to match the pest to an existing specimen, either in the department s entomology collection of around 150,000 specimens, or by comparing it to information in online databases. CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Diagnosticians decide if it is a commonplace species or something more serious, in part by comparison to known specimens in collections Should he need a second opinion, Jamie can contact another expert based elsewhere in Tasmania or interstate through the NPBDN. Australia s remote microscopy capability allows the other diagnostician to see what s under Jamie s microscope making collaboration easy, even at a distance. The NPBDN, established over the past few years, has proven a highly successful way of boosting Australia s diagnostic capacity by connecting experts across the country. Jamie has two messages for travellers and producers around the state: always abide by quarantine rules and don t hesitate to report a pest if you ve spotted anything unusual. Jamie Davies identifies insects sent in to Biosecurity Tasmania 171

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS There are 15 rural RDCs in operation, covering almost all of Australia s agricultural industries, seven of which focus on Australia s plant production industries. RDCs do not conduct research but provide funding and support to research providers such as state governments, universities, CSIRO industry associations and research organisations in the private sector. RDCs bring together industry and researchers to establish the strategic directions for RD&E and to fund projects that provide industries with the innovation and productivity tools to complete in global markets. RDCs of particular relevance to Australia s plant industries are described in this section. The RDCs represent a mixture of industry owned companies and statutory corporations. The industry owned RDCs have statutory funding agreements with the Australian Government which lay out the general principles that must be observed when investing levy funds and reporting obligations to levy payers and the Australian Government. Cotton Research and Development Corporation www.crdc.com.au The Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC) was established in 1990 and is a partnership between the Australian Government and the Australian cotton industry. CRDC s purpose is to invest in RD&E projects that support the performance of the cotton industry, helping to increase both productivity and profitability. The cotton industry has always placed great emphasis on the value of its RD&E and the results speak for themselves. Over the past 10 years alone, RD&E has helped cotton growers reduce their pesticide use by 87 per cent, and increase their water use efficiency by 40 per cent. Thanks to RD&E, Australian cotton growers are now growing more cotton on less land and with less impact upon the environment. Biosecurity is a key focus of CRDC s investment. Forest and Wood Products Australia www.fwpa.com.au Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA) is an industry service company that provides a national integrated strategy to increase demand for forest and wood products and reduce the impediments to their supply. Owned by industry, FWPA is committed to helping industry grow through targeted RD&E investments, generic promotion and other services as requested by members. These services include direct and collaborative investment in RD&E to provide innovative solutions for the industry and promotion of the industry s products, services and values. FWPA provides services to the industry that are designed to increase the sustainability and international competiveness of forest and wood products. FWPA is funded by private companies and government agencies within the Australian forest and wood products sector, with the exception of pulp and paper manufacturers. Image courtesy of Department of Agriculture Grains Research and Development Corporation www.grdc.com.au The GRDC is a leading grains research organisation, responsible for planning, investing in, and overseeing RD&E across the Australian grains industry. Funding is provided through a levy on grain growers, which is matched (up to a specified limit) by the Australian Government. GRDC s research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops, spanning temperate and tropical cereals, oilseeds and pulses, which are worth over $10 billion a year in farm production. The GRDC investment scheme Protecting Your Crop is identified as part of the GRDC s five year RD&E plan. This five year plan targets genetic, cultural management and pesticide options for root and foliar crop diseases; increased farmer awareness and adoption of invertebrate and weed integrated management practices; and biosecurity and stewardship of genetic and pesticide technologies. 172

Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation www.gwrdc.com.au The Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (GWRDC) was formed in 1991 and operates to support a competitive Australian wine sector, investing in and directing RD&E programs along the whole production chain from vine to glass'. The GWRDC supports the development of the Australian wine industry by planning and funding collective research and development programs, and then facilitating the dissemination, adoption and commercialisation of the results throughout the industry. GWRDC s RD&E revenue comes from levies on the annual wine grape harvest with contributions matched by the Australian Government. GWRDC collaborates with key stakeholders to coordinate and direct investments to best address the RD&E priorities of the wine industry. Horticulture Innovation Australia (HIA) www.horticulture.com.au Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (HIA) is a not-for-profit, grower-owned RDC for Australia s $9.5 billion horticulture industry. HIA invests more than $100 million in research, development and marketing programs annually. HIA s key functions are to: Provide leadership to and promote the development of the Australian horticulture sector. Increase the productivity, farm gate profitability and global competiveness of the horticultural industries by investing grower levies and government funds in research, development, extension and marketing funds, programs and services Provide information, services and products related to project outcomes. Promote the interests of horticultural industries overseas including the export of Australian horticultural products. HIA was established following the acceptance of the recommendations of an independent review of Horticulture Australia Limited (HAL) 2014. The financial and other assets of HAL were transferred to HIA under the Horticulture Marketing and Research and Development services (Transfer of Industry Assets and Liabilities) Regulation 2014. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation www.rirdc.gov.au Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) was set up by the Australian Government to work closely with Australian rural industries regarding the organisation and funding of their RD&E needs. The focus of RIRDC is on new and emerging industries as a way to diversify rural enterprises in Australia. This role is enhanced by responsibility for the RD&E for a range of established rural industries and for key generic issues concerning the rural sector. RIRDC is involved in a number of investments with their industries in biosecurity RD&E, including: incursion risk analysis biosecurity planning pest management weed management resistance breeding containment adoption of knowledge emergency response. Sugar Research Australia www.sugarresearch.com.au SRA was launched in August 2013 bringing together the assets of BSES Limited, the Sugar RDC, and some activities of the Sugar Research Institute. SRA invests in and manages a portfolio of RD&E projects that drive the productivity, profitability and sustainability of its levy payers and the Australian sugarcane industry. In its role as the industry services body, SRA is entitled to receive the statutory levies paid by growers and milling businesses, and matching funds from the Australian Government. SRA s own team of in-house researchers conduct research in the areas of plant breeding, trait development, biosecurity and farming systems. The SRA Breeding Program and SRA Biosecurity Program collaborate to breed diseaseand pest-resistant crop varieties and support quarantine and disease-free seed cane programs. Cooperating with government departments to prevent entry of these pests and to prepare for possible incursions is also a high priority. CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 173

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 174 Plant tissue culture experiment. Image courtesy of PBCRC

5.3 State and territory government RD&E Most of Australia s state and territory agricultural departments have dedicated RD&E divisions that undertake research, including aspects of plant biosecurity that are a priority for that region. These organisations carry out a significant proportion of Australia s agricultural RD&E. As well as research projects done to meet state and territory government needs, projects are often commissioned by commercial clients. CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 5.4 University and private research institution RD&E In every state and territory, Australia has a number of universities that provide research and education services for the community. Within universities, research often compliments local and regional issues. Research is funded by governments, industry, domestic or international sources, and is often carried out in partnership with other organisations. Glenn Marsh, a CSIRO scientist, working at the highest level of quarantine containment. Image courtesy of CSIRO Private research institutions are often established in collaboration with a university to provide research facilities and services in specific subject areas. These organisations generate and contain specialist knowledge and research skills in areas of particular significance to the Australian community and plant production industries. 175

5.5 Plant biosecurity RD&E in 2014 Figure Insect 80. R,D&E Other projects invertebrate Bacteria by pest typefungi Nematode Virus Other pathogen Weed Mult CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION A listing of plant biosecurity related research projects active during 2014 is presented in Table 51. More than 550 projects that directly support the development and enhancement of the national plant biosecurity system are described. Research projects covered the spectrum of crops and pest types relevant to Australian plant production industries, with a similar distribution to the RD&E projects captured in the 2013 edition of this report. The highest proportion of projects were categorised as pest management. RD&E Cotton projects Grains are presented Sugarcane by affected crop Other type, broadacre pest Fruit type, crops biosecurity Nutsarea, research Vegetables type and project size in the following graphs (Figures 79-83). Figure 79. RD&E projects by crop type 7% 22% 6% 2% 11% 1% 7% 9% 1% <1% 7% <1% 24% 4% Cotton Grains Sugarcane Other broadacre Fruit Nuts Vegetables Other horticultural crops Forestry Nursery crops Natural environment Urban Multiple Other 34% 1% 2% 19% 3% 4% Other horticultural Forestry crops Nursery crops Natural environment 3% 7% 27% 1% 41% 11% 9% 12% 1% 9% 2% 5% 4% 1% 3% 3% Insect Other invertebrate Bacteria Fungi Nematode Virus Other pathogen Weed Multiple Other Figure Pest management 81. RD&E Crop projects improvement Surveillance by biosecurity Diagnostics area Emergency response Risk analysis and Prevention modelling System approach Com Pest management Crop improvement Surveillance Diagnostics Emergency response Risk analysis and modelling Prevention System approaches Market access support Information management Training and awareness Other 176

Figure Field-based 82. RD&E (ecology) Field-based projects (other) Laboratory-based by research Laboratory-based type (molecular) location Policy (non-molecular) or office-based Multiple Other Research, development and extension projects 13% 17% 16% 11% 13% 27% 2% Figure Small 83. RD&E Medium projects Large by project size Very large Field based (ecology) Field based (other) Laboratory based (molecular) Laboratory based (non-molecular) Policy or office based Multiple Other CROP PAGE Broadacre 176 Cotton 176 Grains 176 Sugarcane 179 Forestry 180 Horticulture 180 Fruit 180 Nuts 183 Other 183 Vegetables 185 Natural environment 187 Multiple 188 Other crops 192 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 7% Small (<$20,000) 23% Medium ($20,000-$100,000) 28% Large ($100,000-$250,000) 43% Very large (>$250,000) Image courtesy of Carl Davies 177

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Title Organisation undertaking the research Broadacre Cotton Australian cotton production and best practice QDAF web documentaries Funding source/ body CRDC Biosecurity training for growers and agronomists Cotton Australia CRDC Crop protection development specialist QDAF CRDC Developing the capacity to manage cotton viral QDAF CRDC diseases Diseases of cotton XI NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Ecology of Helicoverpa punctigera revisited New CRDC migration, overwintering and implications for Bt resistance England Efficacy of Bollgard III cotton against Helicoverpa CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO Enhancing IPM in cotton systems CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO Establishing southern cotton integrated pest NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI management Fusarium wilt management in cotton QDAF CRDC, QDAF Helicoverpa punctigera in inland Australia what has changed? Identification of beneficials attacking silverleaf whitefly and green vegetable bug Investigating the risk of mycotoxin contamination in Australian cotton production systems New England CSIRO NSW DPI CRDC, University of New England CRDC CRDC Management of mirids and stink bugs in Bollgard QDAF, CRDC CRDC Management of mirids, stinkbugs and Solenopsis QDAF CRDC, QDAF mealybug Management of Solenoposis mealybug, mirids QDAF CRDC and apple dimpling bug in Bollgard cotton Molecular genetic methods to detect neonicotinoid NSW DPI CRDC resistance in cotton aphid Monitoring to manage resistance to Bt toxins CSIRO CRDC, CSIRO Multiple host use and gene flow in green vegetable CRDC bug relative to cotton crop Queensland National cotton extension development and QDAF CRDC, QDAF delivery crop protection National cotton extension development and delivery stewardship of biotechnologies CRDC CRDC Title Networking remote diagnostics for the Australian cotton industry Review of the content in and between the mybmp modules Review of the Industry Biosecurity Plan for the Cotton Industry Scientific exchange invitation to four cotton pathology experts to attend an international FUSCOM Workshop Organisation undertaking the research PBCRC CRDC PHA QDAF Funding source/ body CRDC, QDAF, Queensland Technology CRDC CRDC, Plant Health Australia CRDC Silverleaf whitefly insecticide resistance monitoring QDAF CRDC, QDAF Staying ahead of weed evolution in changing CRDC, QDAF cotton systems Queensland, QDAF, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation Surveillance and monitoring for endemic and QDAF CRDC, QDAF exotic virus diseases of cotton Surveillance for exotic cotton viruses multiple QDAF CRDC, QDAF targets in and nearby Australia Sustainable resistance management of mites, NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI aphids and mirids in Australian cotton Updating and expanding Weedpak in support of the cotton industry and mybmp NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Viruses, vectors and endosymbionts exploring interactions for control whitefly transmitted cotton viruses Visit key researchers and consultants in the US glyphosate resistance Queensland, QDAF QDAF Broadacre Grains A synthetic biology approach for mining the secondary metabolomes of fungal phytopathogens Accelerating the utilisation and deployment of durable adult plant resistance to leaf rust in barley Australian cereal rust control program 3 durable genes Australian National University Sydney Sydney CRDC CRDC ARC GRDC GRDC 178

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects Title Australian cereal rust control program 3 molecular genetics Australian cereal rust control program 3 national breeding support Australian cereal rust control program 3 rust surveillance Adult plant resistance and strategic fungicide use for integrated management of cereal rust, S. nodorum blotch and yellow spot in wheat An integrated statistical genetics framework for breeding superior wheat varieties Australia-India Strategic Collaboration Fund grand challenge ensuring food security Organisation undertaking the research Sydney Sydney Sydney QDAF, Sydney CSIRO Queensland, QDAF Funding source/ body GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC ARC Australian grains genebank (post entry quarantine) DEDJTR Vic GRDC Australian herbicide resistance initiative (phase 4) QDAF, GRDC Western Australia Barley germplasm progression QDAF GRDC Breaching the defences the role of hydrophobin protein monolayers in rice blast fungal infections Sydney ARC Characterisation of a major quantitative trait locus on wheat chromosome 3BL responsible for Fusarium crown rot resistance Western Australia Australia-India Strategic Collaboration Fund ARC Chemical residues of stored grain Murdoch University PBCRC Combining monitoring and incursion surveillance NSW DPI PBCRC for grains Crop sequences to manage soil pathogens and CSIRO, QDAF GRDC increase northern grain production Curtailing managing exotic fungal spore incursion PBCRC into Australia (PhD scholarship) Western Australia Phosphine distribution modelling (PhD scholarship) Kansas State PBCRC University Deployment of a synthetic amorphous silica PBCRC PBCRC product for the control of grain storage pests Developing tools for in-field surveillance of pathogens SARDI PBCRC Development and assessment of a remote identification system for stored grain insects PBCRC, QDAF, QUT, SARDI PBCRC Title Diagnostic services for pulse germplasm enhancement and breeding programs Digital systems for pest identification and surveillance in grains Organisation undertaking the research DEDJTR Vic PBCRC Funding source/ body DEDJTR Vic, GRDC PBCRC Disease screening QDAF QDAF Disease screening service (fee for service) DEDJTR Vic Fee-for-service provider to Australian Horticultural Industries Durable rust resistance in wheat (phase 2) Cornell University Sydney Ecology of Sitophilus and Cryptolestes species Kansas State PBCRC University, NSW DPI, QDAF, Queensland, DAFWA, Viterra Ltd Evaluating chlorine dioxide (PhD scholarship) Kansas State PBCRC University Evaluation of chlorine dioxide and ozone to control stored product insects Kansas State University PBCRC Functional characterisation of the necrotrophic effector proteins Tox1 and Tox3 from the wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum Fungus and rust red flour beetles identifying the fungal volatiles attractive to Tribolium castaneum (PhD scholarship) Australian National University Queensland ARC PBCRC Genetic options for nematode control QDAF GRDC Genetic options for nematode control in the SARDI GRDC southern region Germplasm enchangement for yellow spot resistance Germplasm enhancement for crown rot resistance in wheat Germplasm enhancement for yellow spot resistance in wheat DEDJTR Vic, Western Australian Agricultural Authority QDAF DAFWA, QDAF DEDJTR Vic, GRDC GRDC GRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 179

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Title Organisation undertaking the research Broadacre Grains continued Funding source/ body Grain crop disease management in Victoria DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, GRDC Grain economic analyses for biosecurity PBCRC Western Australia Grain industry delivery sites PBCRC PBCRC Grain storage extension QDAF GRDC Grains surveillance and diagnostic tools SARDI PBCRC Grains surveillance strategy and chemical supply PHA PBCRC Herbicide tolerance screening in the northern QDAF GRDC region (phase 4) Improved management of snails and slugs SARDI GRDC Improving grower surveillance, management, epidemiology knowledge and tools to manage crop disease QDAF, SARDI GRDC Improving integrated weed management practices in the northern region Increasing skills in cereal rust pathology and genetics in the developing world Insecticidal surface coatings to control pests of stored grains Insecticidal surface coatings to control pests of stored grains Integrated strategy to manage phosphine resistance Integration of control methods and information on ecology of insects of stored grain into a systems approach for insect control on farm and in bulk storages Investigation of new control options for phosphine resistant pests of stored grain Queensland, QDAF, NSW DPI Sydney DEDJTR Vic QDAF QDAF GrainCorp, NSW DPI, QDAF Queensland GRDC Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation DEDJTR Vic, PBCRC PBCRC PBCRC PBCRC PBCRC Integrated pest management training QDAF GRDC Knowledge transfer and uptake of new practices Charles Darwin PBCRC for pest management in irrigated rice University Maintaining a barley prebreeding capability in Queensland QDAF GRDC Title Modelling VaporPhos and ProFume distribution in bulk storages to improve efficacy against insects Molecular diagnostics centre for delivery of training and diagnostics for soilborne disease management Molecular markers for broadening the genetic base of stem rust resistance genes effective against strain Ug99 National Barley Foliar Pathogen Variety Improvement Program National Barley Foliar Pathogen Variety Improvement Program National chickpea pathology project National crown rot epidemiology and management National improved molecular diagnostics for disease management National monitoring program for resistance to chemicals in stored grain pests National nematode epidemiology and management program National nematology project National pathogen management modelling and delivery of decision support National surveillance of grains to manage food and feed safety market risks Organisation undertaking the research Kansas State University DAFWA, DEDJTR Vic, NSW DPI, QDAF Sydney QDAF DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, GRDC, NSW DPI DAFWA, DEDJTR Vic, NSW DPI, SARDI, QDAF DEDJTR Vic, QDAF, SARDI, DAFWA, NSW DPI QDAF QDAF DAFWA, DEDJTR Vic, NSW DPI QDAF, SARDI DAFWA, DEDJTR Vic, NSW DPI QDAF, SARDI SARDI Funding source/ body PBCRC GRDC ACIAR GRDC DEDJTR Vic, GRDC DEDJTR Vic, GRDC, NSW DPI DAFWA, DEDJTR Vic, GRDC, NSW DPI, SARDI, QDAF GRDC, DEDJTR Vic, QDAF, SARDI, DAFWA, NSW DPI PBCRC GRDC National variety trials service agreement QDAF GRDC National variety trials pathology screening SARDI GRDC New fungicide technologies for crown rot SARDI GRDC management New technologies to control insects in grain Murdoch University PBCRC DAFWA, DEDJTR Vic, GRDC, NSW DPI, QDAF, SARDI DAFWA, DEDJTR Vic, GRDC, NSW DPI, QDAF, SARDI, Western Australia GRDC 180

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects Title New tools for field grains surveillance of high priority exotic pests Northern pulse and grains integrated pest management Organisation undertaking the research QDAF QDAF Funding source/ body PBCRC GRDC Novel coatings to control grain pests QDAF PBCRC Novel techniques for grains surveillance SARDI PBCRC National variety trials increasing grower DEDJTR Vic GRDC management of crop diseases through resistance knowledge Network analysis of post-border pest spread Lincoln University PBCRC (PhD scholarship) Non-chemical method for stored grain Murdoch University PBCRC (PhD scholarship) Non chemical technologies to protect grain (PhD scholarship) Kansas State University PBCRC Post entry quarantine grains surveillance and diagnostic tools Reduced impact of nematodes on crop production in south eastern Australia Reducing the impact of the parasitic root lesion nematode on cereal crops Reliable Rhizoctonia control through innovative use of fungicides Smart trap design and deployment strategies (PhD scholarship) DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic Charles Sturt University, Lincoln University, SARDI SARDI Kansas State University DEDJTR Vic, PBCRC DEDJTR Vic, GRDC GRDC GRDC, South Australian Grain Industry Trust PBCRC Soil micro testing for nematodes on grain farms QDAF QDAF Starting closer to home disease control and the ARC nonhost resistance paradigm in plants Sydney Strategies to reduce white grain on Eyre Peninsula SARDI South Australian Grain Industry Trust Strength and spatio-temporal dynamics of resistance to phosphine and contact insecticides in key stored grain pests in Australia and USA Suppressive soils can we find a microbial finger-print using omics technology? QDAF, NSW DPI, DAFWA, Kansas State University, PHA, Graincorp DEDJTR Vic PBCRC DEDJTR Vic, GRDC Title The effect of insect virus interactions on the wheat metabolome under increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide The identification of Mycosphaerella graminicola effectors that promote pathogenicity on wheat Towards genome methylation based crop improvement Use of ProFume gas fumigant in Australian grain storages Organisation undertaking the research La Trobe University, DEDJTR Vic Australian National University Queensland QDAF Funding source/ body La Trobe University ARC ARC Dow AgroSciences Victorian field crop nematology project DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, GRDC White grain disorder in wheat SARDI GRDC Yield loss response curves for host resistance to QDAF GRDC diseases Broadacre Sugarcane A novel polyphasic framework to resolve yellow canopy syndrome paradox Developing an alternative herbicide management strategy to replace photosystem II herbicides in the Wet Tropics area Developing cytogenetic and molecular tools to improve selection for soil-borne pathogen resistance in wild hybrids Development of controlled release formulations of imidacloprid for canegrub control Western Sydney SRA SRA SRA SRA, QDAF SRA, QDAF SRA, QDAF SRA, Nufarm Diagnostic laboratory for ratoon stunting disease SRA SRA General pathology diagnostic, training and SRA SRA technical advice Tully General pathology diagnostic, training and SRA SRA technical advice Woodford General pest management central Queensland SRA SRA General pest management north Queensland SRA SRA General pest management south Queensland SRA SRA Innovative approaches to identifying the cause of SRA QDAF, SRA chlorotic streak and new management strategies International and domestic quarantine for sugarcane germplasm SRA SRA CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 181

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Title Organisation undertaking the research Broadacre Sugarcane continued Investigation of smut resistance mechanisms in sugarcane Mass production of the Adelina disease to better manage greyback canegrubs New germplasm to develop more productive varieties with enhanced resistance to nematodes, Pachymetra root rot and smut Pachymetra awareness project for Condong mill area Preparing the Australian sugar industry for threats from exotic pests and diseases CSIRO SRA CSIRO, SRA NSW CANEGROWERS SRA Funding source/ body SRA SRA CSIRO, QDAF, SRA SRA QDAF, SRA, Ramu Agri-Industries Rapid detection of ratoon stunting disease CSIRO QDAF, SRA Regenerating a soil food web capable of improving Biological Crop SRA soil health and reducing losses from soil borne pests and pathogens of sugarcane Protection Pty Ltd Remote sensing to implement an effective pest SRA QDAF, SRA management strategy for cane grubs Review of the Industry Biosecurity Plan for the PHA SRA Sugar Cane Industry and development of a grower biosecurity manual Screening clones for disease resistance for the SRA SRA SRA breeding program Tully Screening clones for disease resistance for the SRA SRA SRA breeding program Woodford SmutBuster accelerated breeding of smut SRA SRA resistant sugarcane varieties Soil diagnostic assay laboratory nematodes and SRA SRA Pachymetra root rot Solving the yellow canopy syndrome SRA QDAF, SRA Strategies to limit the impact of nematode pressure on sugarcane productivity in the Isis Validation of LSB-PCR diagnostic for ratoon stunting disease and characterisation of non-lxx strains of Leifsonia associated with sugarcane What biological factors causes or drive the development of yellow canopy syndrome Isis Productivity Limited NSW Sugar SRA SRA SRA SRA Title Organisation undertaking the research Forestry Evolution and function of terpenes in Eucalyptus Australian National University Funding source/ body ARC Illegal logging sampling strategy CEBRA Department of Agriculture, Melbourne Impact of stem defect agent defects on hardwood wood quality QDAF Plantation Hardwood Research Fund, QDAF Plantation forest biosecurity manual PHA FWPA Psyllids as biosecurity threats to plantation and La Trobe University ARC native eucalypts in Australia and internationally Horticulture Fruit Agrichemical residue monitoring program for Citrus Australia HIA Australian citrus exports Alternative fruit fly treatment for interstate market QDAF HIA access for strawberries winter window options Apple and pear productivity project DEDJTR Vic, Plant & Food Research DEDJTR Vic, HIA, Plant & Food Research An analysis of fruitspotting bug activity in avocado crops from fruit set to harvest Assessing the potential of reduced cold treatments for Shepard avocado Assessment of nutritional profile and fruit quality of irradiated passionfruit Avocado disease management Banana plant protection program Blends versus pure chemicals understanding the mechanisms of host fruit location by Queensland fruit fly (PhD scholarship) Queensland QDAF NSW DPI QDAF, Queensland (Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation) QDAF, Queensland Queensland Technology HIA HIA HIA HIA HIA PBCRC 182

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects Title Organisation undertaking the research Funding source/ body Brown rot (phase 2) DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, HIA Carnarvon banana biosecurity industry protection Western Australian HIA plan Agriculture Authority Correlating fruit fly threat with cherry production and climate NSW DPI HIA Creating a novel lure and kill device for Queensland fruit fly Decision intelligence determining pest natal origins Definition of the major pest species in the Dorsalis complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) an advanced molecular approach Desk audit of the Fruit Fly Body of Knowledge identifying the gaps and strengths of past fruit fly research Detection and prevention of scab disease in Asian and European pears Determination of cold tolerance in immature stages of Australian pest fruit fly species Developing virus molecular diagnostics for post entry quarantine and certification of strawberry runners Development of a diagnostic protocol for Flavescence doree phytoplasma Development of molecular diagnostic tools to detect endemic and exotic pathogens of Prunus species for Australia Effect of preharvest fungicides of postharvest decay of papaya Effects of domestication on fruit fly pheromones implications for sterile insect technique Evaluate the potential for low dose methyl bromide as a postharvest disinfestation treatment for citrus Exploring alternatives for managing Phytophthora root rot in avocado Queensland Technology Bio-Protection Research Centre NZ Griffith University NSW DPI La Trobe University QDAF DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic QDAF Macquarie University QDAF Queensland PBCRC PBCRC International Atomic Energy Agency PBCRC La Trobe University, PBCRC HIA HIA AGWA, Department of Agriculture HIA HIA Mexican Government - CONACYT HIA HIA Title Detection and prevention of scab disease (PhD scholarship) Engaging communities in biosecurity strategies (PhD scholarship) Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents against Queensland fruit fly (PhD scholarship) Farm wide fruit fly management systems for the east coast of Australia Organisation undertaking the research La Trobe University Western Australia Western Sydney QDAF Final proof of zero infestation in cherries for export NSW DPI HIA Harnessing soil biological functions to improve grapevine management DEDJTR Vic Funding source/ body PBCRC PBCRC Western Sydney HIA DEDJTR Vic, AGWA High density mass Queensland fruit fly trapping NSW DPI, SARDI PBCRC Improved insect pest control through understanding mechanisms of insecticide action Improvement and implementation of brown rot disease forecasting for improving decision making on fungicide use Improving efficacy of lure based tactics to enhance area wide management of Queensland fruit fly Improving efficacy of male annihilation technology to enhance area wide management of Queensland fruit fly Increasing market access, profitability and sustainability through integrated approaches to fungal disease control Integrated crop management strategies for papaya in the Phillipines and Australia Melbourne DEDJTR Vic Macquarie University Macquarie University Research and Development for Primary Industries Pty Ltd QDAF ARC HIA Brazilian Government, Scientists without Borders HIA HIA ACIAR Integrated crop production of bananas QDAF ACIAR Joint Florida and Australia citrus black spot research initiative Larval diets for high productivity mass rearing of Queensland fruit fly for SIT Queensland Macquarie University Literature review of papaya dieback in Australia QDAF HIA Low dose methyl bromide against fruit flies to QDAF HIA improve market access for summerfruit HIA HIA CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 183

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Title Organisation undertaking the research Horticulture Fruit continued Funding source/ body Male only sterile Queensland fruit fly (SITplus) SARDI HIA Management of soil health in Australian viticulture DEDJTR Vic, CSIRO, SARDI DEDJTR Vic, AGWA Managing citrus gall wasps in southern citrus regions NSW DPI HIA Market access and biosecurity program HIA HIA Maximum residue limits risk analyses and risk management options for major citrus export markets Maximum residue limits risk analyses for major export markets of the pome fruit industry Mechanically transmitted DNA virus control of Botrytis Methoprene as a prerelease treatment for use in Queensland fruit fly SIT AKC Consulting Pty Ltd AKC Consulting Pty Ltd Plant & Food Research Macquarie University HIA HIA PBCRC Macquarie University Microwave disinfestation of avocado scoping study CSIRO CSIRO National Citrus Postharvest Science Program SARDI HIA National Fruit Fly Research, Development and PBCRC PBCRC Extension Plan New and improved fruit fly lures for border security and management Macquarie University HIA Oils and semiochemicals as potential fruit fly toxicants Optimal management of preharvest rot in sweet cherry Macquarie University Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania Endeavour Fellowships HIA Overcoming passionfruit viruses QDAF HIA Pheromone component of a multi target approach NSW DPI, QDAF HIA to fruitspotting bug management Probiotics for enhancing fruit fly SIT NSW DPI, PBCRC (PhD scholarship) Western Sydney Protecting Australia s citrus industry from PHA HIA biosecurity threats Protecting Australian citrus germplasm through improved diagnostic tools NSW DPI HIA Rapid molecular DNA identification method for the European invasive grapevine moth Lobesia botrana CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship AGWA Title Raspberry ketone as a dietary supplement for Queensland fruit fly SIT Scoping herbicide impacts on banana production and soil health Sex determination and Wolbachia in Queensland fruit fly and other Australian fruit fly species (PhD scholarship) Social and institutional aspects of grower participation in area-wide fruit fly management programs in Australian horticultural industries (PhD scholarship) SPLAT Cuelure based management of Queensland fruit fly The cause and management of crown rot of banana Towards sustainable pheromone based integrated pest management in orchards Organisation undertaking the research Macquarie University QDAF Western Sydney Charles Darwin University SARDI QDAF DEDJTR Vic Horticulture Nuts A model for industry planning and preparedness PHA for an incursion of Varroa mite Biological husk spot research Biocontrol Australia Pty Ltd Biology, species and genetic diversity of macadamia lace bugs Desktop analysis and literature review of chestnut rot Disease management in the macadamia industry Fruit and foliar diseases in Australian pistachio orchards New South Wales Sydney The Queensland Crop Protection Research Pty Ltd Funding source/ body Macquarie University HIA Australian Postgraduate Awards PBCRC HIA HIA DEDJTR Vic, HIA Improved almond pest and microbial management DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, HIA Improved almond pest management carob moth DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, HIA Improvement of cashew crop in East Timor Charles Darwin University Timor Leste - Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Managing carob moth in almonds DEDJTR Vic HIA Review of Phytophthora root rot of chestnuts the Sunshine Coast HIA HIA HIA HIA HIA HIA HIA 184

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects Title Organisation undertaking the research Horticulture Other A generic approach to improving spray coverage Queensland Alternative fruit fly treatment for interstate market QDAF access for strawberries winter window option Australian potato research program (phase 2) pathology Australian potato research program (phase 2) international diagnostics Assessment of fungal rots of grapes and their impact on wine quality Assessment of Pythium diversity in ginger Biology and control of the systemic form of poppy downy mildew Biology, epidemiology and management of Elsinoe leaf spot in tea tree Controlling plant and fruit diseases in strawberry fields Descriptions of, and identifications keys to, fungus-feeding Australian species in five genera of Tubulifera (Insecta: Thysanoptera) Developing a threat specific contingency plan for the exotic pest angular leaf scorch Developing and updating diagnostic protocols for key viticulture industry high priority exotic pest threats AgriFood Canada, DEDJTR Vic, Flinders University, Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Melbourne, Victorian Seed Potato Association DEDJTR Vic, SARDI, Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research National Wine and Grape Industry Centre Queensland Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania NSW DPI QDAF QDAF SARDI DEDJTR Vic Funding source/ body AGWA HIA AgriFood Canada, DEDJTR Vic, HIA DEDJTR Vic, HIA AGWA RIRDC DPIPWE Australian Tea Tree Industry Association, RIRDC HIA Australian Biological Resources Study AGWA AGWA Title Developing virus molecular diagnostics for post entry quarantine and certification of strawberry runners Development of an industry biosecurity plan for the Australian truffle industry Development of capacity in molecular detection of fungicide resistance using fungal pathogens of pyrethrum as a model system Development of effective and sustainable disease management for blueberry production in Australia Organisation undertaking the research DEDJTR Vic PHA Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania NSW DPI Development of melon industry biosecurity plan PHA HIA Development of soil disinfestation systems for production of certified strawberry runners Victorian Strawberry Industry Certification Authority HIA Discovery of genetic resistance markers to myrtle rust in Myrtaceae Entomopathogenic fungi as potential biocontrol agents of grape phylloxera Evaluating native insectary plant species to boost beneficial arthropod populations in vineyards Genetic transformation of grapevine to test significant abiotic stress and pest resistance genes Identification and management strategies for true bugs in Tasmanian strawberries Identification and marker assisted selection of genes for reducing the susceptibility of new wine grape cultivars to fungal pathogens Improving soil health to suppress soilborne diseases in ginger Improving soil health to suppress soilborne diseases of ginger Australian National University Charles Sturt University Adelaide CSIRO Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania CSIRO Australian Ginger Growers Association, QDAF, Rob Abbas Consulting QDAF Funding source/ body HIA Australian Truffle Growers Association, RIRDC Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture HIA Australian Native Food Industry, Australian Tea Tree Industry Association, RIRDC AGWA AGWA AGWA HIA AGWA RIRDC RIRDC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 185

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Title Organisation undertaking the research Horticulture Other continued Improving the sustainability of cocoa production in La Trobe University eastern Indonesia through integrated pest, disease and soil management in an effective extension and policy environment Integrated approach for control of foliar diseases QDAF in strawberry runner nurseries and management of chemical resistance Integrated pest disease management in tea tree Tony Larkman oil monitoring and extension Interactions of Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea with the grapevine defence system Investigating control options for myrtle rust in native foods Investigating management of green stink bugs in raspberry crops Charles Sturt University NorthEast Agricultural Services NSW DPI Funding source/ body ACIAR, La Trobe University Management of girdling moth in blueberries NSW DPI HIA Management of new industry minor use permits Agaware RIRDC a transition to industry ownership Managing dieback and extending postharvest Applied HIA storage life of pomegranates in Australia Horticultural Research Pty Ltd Measurement of powdery mildew on grape berries AGWA Adelaide Molecular and genetic strategies to reduce the susceptibility of wine grapes to fungal pathogens CSIRO AGWA Myrtle rust screening in lemon myrtle provenance plantings (phase 2) New tools for insect surveillance and eradication Objective measures for powdery mildew On farm DNA surveillance for grape growers Sunshine Coast University Plant & Food Research Adelaide Phylloxera and Grape Industry Board of South Australia HIA Australian Tea Tree Industry Association, RIRDC AGWA RIRDC, Australian Native Food Industry HIA RIRDC PBCRC AGWA PBCRC Practical management of grapevine trunk diseases SARDI AGWA Provision of independent technical and secretarial services to the National Working Party for Pesticide Application PHA AGWA Title Review of the Industry Biosecurity Plan for the Viticulture Industry and development of a farm biosecurity manual for the viticulture industry Risk and management of exotic and endemic phylloxera Risks and management of exotic and endemic phylloxera Organisation undertaking the research PHA DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic Funding source/ body AGWA AGWA AGWA Sampling strategies for phylloxera area freedom PGIBSA, SARDI PBCRC Sampling strategies for sensitive, accurate and cost effective detections of phylloxera for quantifying area freedom status PCIBSA AGWA Tan spot disease an emerging threat to pyrethrum production The effect of organic, biodynamic and conventional vineyard management inputs on growth and susceptibility of grapevines to Botrytis rot and powdery mildew The effects of different species of true bugs on strawberries The use of bees to deliver biological control in Botrytis bunch rot Thresholds for plague thrips in the Victorian strawberry industry Towards elite mildew resistant selections suitable for industry use Tropical sandalwood silviculture management to minimise fungal attack Understanding fungicide resistance in powdery and downy mildew Understanding the evolution of fungicide resistance for durable control of fungal pathogens in pyrethrum Understanding the infection and population biology of poppy downy mildew for improved crop resistance Wind spread of plant viral pathogens into northern Australia Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania Adelaide IPM Technologies Pty Ltd Adelaide IPM Technologies Pty Ltd CSIRO Forest Products Commission SARDI Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania DAFWA, University of Western Australia Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture AGWA HIA AGWA HIA AGWA Elders, RIRDC AGWA Australian Research Council HIA PBCRC 186

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects Title Area wide management in Bowen of major diseases to ensure continuity of tomatoes and capsicums for Australian consumers A review of knowledge gaps and compilation of R&D outputs from the Australian potato research programs A scoping study of potato virus Y in potato Assessing and managing iris yellow spot virus in onion production regions of Australia Broad spectrum resistance to tuber invading diseases of potato Classification of the onion rust complex and development of rapid diagnostic assays Detection and management of bacterial diseases in Australian allium crops Determination of factors responsible for aphidborne pea seed-borne mosaic virus epidemics in peas and development of effective virus management tools Developing sustainable management strategies for western flower thrips in tomatoes Development of a pilot mushroom farm disease monitoring scheme Organisation undertaking the research Horticulture Vegetables QDAF HIA Western Australian Agriculture Authority NSW DPI Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania Queensland QDAF Western Australia NSW DPI Australian Mushroom Growers Association Ltd Funding source/ body Bowen Gumlu Growers Association HIA HIA HIA Tasmania HIA HIA ARC Development of a tomato industry biosecurity plan PHA HIA Disinfestation of tomatoes against Mediterranean Western Australian HIA fruit fly for interstate market access Agriculture Authority Double knock low dose fenthion treatment of zucchinis as a quarantine treatment against cucumber fly NSW DPI HIA Engagement in resilience in indigenous communities Evaluation of molecular technologies for the routine detection of potato cyst nematode in field soil in Australia Plant & Food Research Victorian Certified Seed Potato Authority Inc HIA HIA PBCRC HIA Title Identification of potential alternatives to metham sodium Importance of tuber borne inoculum on seed potato health Improving productivity of fruiting solanaceous crops through area wide management of insect vectored viruses in Bowen Innovating new virus diagnostics and planting bed management in the Australian sweet potato industry Integrated crop management to enhance vegetable profitability and food security Integration of crop and soil insect management in sweet potatoes IPM implementation for silverleaf whitefly in melons and pumpkin Rapisarda Low dose methyl bromide treatment of capsicum to control fruit fly Low dose methyl bromide treatment of tomato to control fruit fly Management and detection of bacterial leaf spot in capsicum and chilli crops Organisation undertaking the research RM Consulting Group Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania QDAF Australian Sweetpotato Growers Association, QDAF NSW DPI, QDAF Australian Sweetpotato Growers Association, QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF QDAF Funding source/ body HIA HIA HIA HIA ACIAR Management of virus diseases in vegetables QDAF HIA Managing soilborne diseases of onions SARDI HIA Managing the nematode threat Tasmanian Institute HIA of Agriculture, Tasmania Monitoring of Australian potato crops for psyllids Tasmanian Institute HIA of Agriculture, Tasmania Monitoring psyllids and psyllid predators in Australian potato crops Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania HIA HIA Rapisarda HIA HIA HIA CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 187

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Title Native psyllid populations and the distribution of Candidatus phytoplasma australiense New end-point treatment solutions to control fruit fly (1) New end-point treatment solutions to control fruit fly (2) Organisation undertaking the research Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania NSW DPI QDAF Funding source/ body New in field treatment solutions to control fruit fly (1) QDAF HIA Improved detection and identification of La Trobe University PBCRC Xanthomonads affecting vegetable crops (PhD scholarship) Perceptions towards biosecurity threats across Vietnamese farming communities in Australia (PhD scholarship) Charles Darwin University PBCRC Plant health plan implementation for the vegetable industry Postharvest microwave disinfestation of vegetables Potato spindle tuber viroid and related posiviroids in Australia Reducing virus and weevil losses in sweet potato in Papua New Guinea and Australia Soil borne disease management diagnostics Spongospora infection of potato roots ecology epidemiology and control Strengthening biosecurity for the Australian vegetable industry Technical support, extension and minor use development for the ginger industry Tomato potato psyllid and Liberibacter ecology Understanding effects of damage and repair of fungal DNA on animal and plant diseases Weed management for the vegetable industry scoping study RM Consulting Group CSIRO Western Australia QDAF Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania AUSVEG Australian Ginger Industry Association Plant & Food Research Melbourne New England HIA HIA HIA HIA HIA HIA, PBCRC ACIAR HIA HIA HIA RIRDC, AGIA PBCRC ARC HIA Title Organisation undertaking the research Natural environment Acacia gall rust (PhD scholarship top up) Queensland Assessing the distribution and population dynamics of the lace lerp infestation in the endangered Cumberland Plain woodland in western Sydney Western Sydney Funding source/ body PBCRC Blacktown City Council Research Partnership Program, University of Western Sydney Assessment of biocontrol agents for parkinsonia CSIRO Meat and Livestock Australia Beating the weeds menace CSIRO NZ AgResearch Belowground predator prey interactions (PhD scholarship) Biodiversity fund weed threats biodiversity corridors Western Sydney CSIRO Western Sydney Department of Environment Biological control of broom DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, Goulburn Murray Rural Water Corporation Biological control of fireweed CSIRO New England Biological control of Sagittaria DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, Murrumbidgee Irrigation Biological control of weeds CSIRO United States Department of Agriculture Bitou bush eradication in Western Australia CSIRO CSIRO Distribution and impact of broom rust for the DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic biological control of broom in Victoria Ecological impact of myrtle rust Macquarie University PBCRC Ecological impact of myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) in native and managed ecosystems (PhD scholarship) Effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on insect herbivory and its regulation in a Eucalyptus tereticornis woodland (PhD scholarship) Environmental weeds in low resource environments NSW DPI, Macquarie University Western Sydney Macquarie University PBCRC Australian Postgraduate Awards Macquarie University 188

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects Title Eradication of Phytophthora cinnamomi from infested haul roads and rehabilitated bauxite mine sites in the Eucalyptus marginata forest Factors regulating population dynamics of eucalypt psyllids in Australia (PhD scholarship) Genotypic and chemotypic diversity of Eucalyptus moluccana and its role in psyllid caused dieback Improved management of submerged aquatic weeds and alligator weed Invasive plant success and multi-trophic level chemical ecology using Paterson s curse as a model Invasive plants in the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia Chichester region Organisation undertaking the research Murdoch University Western Sydney Western Sydney DEDJTR Vic Charles Sturt University CSIRO Funding source/ body ARC Australian Postgraduate Awards Bjarne K Dahl Trust DEDJTR Vic, Murrumbidgee Water ARC DAFWA Invasive species in wet tropics CSIRO National Environmental Research Program Investigating the susceptibility of native vegetation edges to alien plant invasion a quantitative study to help prevent and control invasive species Melbourne Lake Benalla cabomba control DEDJTR Vic Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority Management of blackberry CSIRO Warren Catchment Council Managing myrtle rust and its impact in Australia QDAF PBCRC Murrumbidgee Irrigation Endothal DEDJTR Vic Murrumbidgee Irrigration Office of Environment and Heritage crofton weed rust first release Psyllid microflora implications for Liberibacter disease surveillance and pest control (PhD scholarship) Release of the parkinsonia looper into Western Australia Riparian weeds and restoration CSIRO La Trobe University CSIRO Macquarie University ARC Office of Environment and Heritage PBCRC DAFWA, Cattle Industry Macquarie University Title The effect of aerial spraying of two pesticides on semi-arid grasslands The roles viruses play in the decline of terrestrial orchids in Australia s hotspot of global biodiversity Organisation undertaking the research Wollongong Murdoch University Funding source/ body ARC ARC Understanding the dieback phenomenon in weeds CSIRO CSIRO Understanding the underlying causes and Murdoch University ARC practical management solutions to marri (Corymbia calophylla) decline in the south west of Western Australia Using export of alligator weed fragments from DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic stream reaches as a key performance indicator Multiple A multi target approach to fruitspotting bug NSW DPI HIA management Area wide integrated pest management using the NSW DPI HIA sterile insect technique to control the Queensland fruit fly Characterisation and management of Fusarium DPIF (NT) HIA wilt of watermelon Comanagement of the Greater Sunraysia Pest DEDJTR Vic HIA Free Area for market access Developing the business case for the SITplus facility PIRSA HIA Development of mass trapping methods for DEDJTR Vic HIA codling moth females in disrupted orchards Establishment of areas of low pest prevalence of Western Australian HIA Mediterranean fruit fly for market access Agriculture Authority Establishment of systems to validate pest free DEDJTR Vic HIA place of production for Queensland fruit fly in the Yarra Valley Fruit fly quarantine technical discussions China, HIA HIA October-November 2013 National Fruit Fly Strategy Implementation Advisory PHA HIA Group National honey bee pest surveillance program PHA HIA Protecting pollination for the Australian horticultural HIA HIA industry (stage 3) SPLAT Cuelure based management of Queensland fruit fly SARDI HIA CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 189

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Title Organisation undertaking the research Multiple continued Sunraysia Pest Free Area Queensland fruit fly DEDJTR Vic response and market access program Sustainable management of Mediterranean fruit fly without cover sprays Western Australian Agriculture Authority Funding source/ body Adaptive management for weed control DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, Department of Suntainability and Environment (Vic) Adding value to ant manure from chemical interactions to ecosystem effects Advancing collaborative knowledge systems for plant biosecurity surveillance An evolutionary approach to understanding chemical cues used in mate choice An infrared camera for hyperspectral imaging and environmental informatics Charles Darwin University CSIRO Western Australia Griffith University HIA HIA Aarhus University PBCRC ARC Griffith University Analytical assessment of leakage surveys CEBRA Department of Agriculture, Melbourne Automated insect monitoring for pest management CSIRO CRDC Autonomous application for biosecurity surveillance CSIRO CSIRO Autonomous fruit fly trap development CSIRO CSIRO Bacterial spot of tomatoes (PhD scholarship) DEDJTR Vic, PBCRC La Trobe University Big data analytics for biosecurity CSIRO DPIPWE, Houston s Farm Biological adaptation under natural and anthropogenic conditions Biopesticide use and insect resistance in Australian agriculture Australian National University Adelaide ARC ARC Biosecurity risk analysis CSIRO CSIRO Buffel grass CSIRO PBCRC Can genetic diversity predict the potential for emergent glyphosate resistance? Queensland CRDC Characterising Ilarviruses of Prunus species (PhD scholarship) DEDJTR Vic, La Trobe University La Trobe University Title Organisation undertaking the research Funding source/ body Citizen science to surveillance CSIRO PBCRC Collaborative planning and shared decision CSIRO, Plant & PBCRC making amongst stakeholders Food Research, QDAF Conventional insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Cool plasma disinfestation of seed borne pathogens CSIRO CSIRO Crop hygiene biosecurity services DEDJTR Vic Fee-for-service provider to Australian Horticultural Industries Data mining to improve biosecurity risk profiling CEBRA, MPI NZ Department of Agriculture, Melbourne Deciphering the role of micrornas during pathogen attack new concepts for disease resistance in plants Decision making for eradication and quarantine Design and evaluation of biosecurity surveillance systems Design and evaluation of targeted biosecurity surveillance systems Designing polymer additives to control breakup of jets and impacting drops Development of a code of practice and national bee biosecurity program Development of an Australian bee health and management website Development of diagnostic tools for exotic and endemic pathogens of Prunus Development of eco-friendly alternatives for crop pest management Development of novel pest management tools for major insect pests Queensland Queensland Technology Western Australia Western Australia Monash University PHA PHA La Trobe University, DEDJTR Vic Queensland New England ARC PBCRC PBCRC PBCRC ARC RIRDC RIRDC HIA ARC ARC Disease and pest testing technology SARDI PIRSA Economic analysis of gene deployment strategies QDAF, PBCRC for exotic pests Western Australia 190

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects Title Enabling improved plant biosecurity practices in Cambodia, Laos and Thailand Establishing the current prevalence of honeybee pathogens in Australia Evaluation of arrival pathways and species distribution models Organisation undertaking the research PBCRC CSIRO CEBRA Funding source/ body ACIAR RIRDC Department of Agriculture, Melbourne Evolution of aerial robotics CSIRO CSIRO Evolution of multiple herbicide resistance is ARC widespread in Lolium rigidum in Australia Western Australia Evolution of resistance in Brassica species to Leptosphaeria maculans Evolution of resistance to organophosphate insectides Feasibility study on novel lures for pest fruit flies that are non-responsive to known male attractants From individuals to mass organisation aggregation, synchronisation and collective movement in locusts Queensland Australian National University QDAF Sydney ARC ARC ACIAR Gamba grass CSIRO National Environmental Research Program Genome wide determination of Puccinia psidii s.l. rust resistance in eucalypts Global network risk pathways for emerging invasive species Melbourne Adelaide ARC ARC ARC Grand challenge designing aphid resistant crops CSIRO Melbourne Handling uncertainty in the risk return resource allocation model CEBRA Department of Agriculture, Melbourne Hard to control weeds in northern farming systems NSW DPI CRDC, NSW DPI Helicoverpa armigera threats to the USA CSIRO Cotton Incorporated How to measure biosecurity impact DAFWA PBCRC Identification of the molecular targets on filamentous fungi that lead to specific recognition and killing by an antifungal plant defensin La Trobe University ARC Title Identifying the biochemical and molecular bases of 2,4-D herbicide resistance in the economically important weed Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish) Improved integrated weed management systems in transgenic farming landscapes Improved postharvest market access treatment for horticultural commodities Improving soil health in support of sustainable development in the Pacific Increasing value of African mango and cashew production Insecticide resistance and alternative chemistries for mite control Organisation undertaking the research Western Australia Monsanto, NSW DPI, Nufarm, QDAF, University of Queensland NSW DPI, Plant & Food Research, QDAF QDAF Charles Darwin University Western Australia Funding source/ body ARC CRDC, GRDC PBCRC ACIAR Aarhus University CSIRO, GRDC Insecticide resistant green peach aphid CSIRO HAL/GRDC Intelligence gathering and analysis CEBRA Department of Agriculture, Melbourne Intelligent image retrieval from distorted and partial Griffith University ARC queries for rapid mobile identification of pests threatening food and the environment Investigating the use of NASA Terrestrial DEDJTR Vic PBCRC Observation and Prediction System for management of emergency plant pest incursions IPPC technical panel for diagnostic protocols DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic expertise in plant virology and bacteriology Isolation and functional characterisation of a Australian National ARC pathogen meta effector able to inhibit detection of multiple disease effectors by resistant plants University Managing myrtle rust and its impacts in Australia QDAF, NSW DPI PBCRC Market based incentives for biosecurity compliance Mobile ecologies, complex landscapes cultural environmental research to understand and enhance invasive plant management in high amenity rural areas CEBRA Wollongong Department of Agriculture, Melbourne ARC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 191

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Title Organisation undertaking the research Multiple continued Model imaging collaboration with Australian PBCRC National University Modelling the spread of skeleton weed in Western Australia Nanoassembling agrochemicals a new paradigm in delivery for enviro-friendly crop treatment National bee pest surveillance program (2013-15) and facilitator Natural disperal scoping study New and improved fruit fly lures for border security and management New approaches for diagnosing bacterial pathovars New approaches for pest control and maintaining healthy environments under climate change Western Australia Monash University PHA DEDJTR Vic, Plant & Food Research Eastern Mennonite University Virginia, Macquarie University, NSW DPI, QDAF DEDJTR Vic, Kansas State University, La Trobe University Melbourne Funding source/ body PBCRC DAFWA, Skeleton Weed Committee ARC RIRDC DEDJTR Vic, PBCRC, Plant & Food Research HIA DEDJTR Vic, PBCRC ARC Norfolk Island plant pest surveys QDAF Department of Agriculture Novel biological methods of crop protection DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic against soilborne pathogens Pathway analysis and priorties CSIRO PBCRC Pathways and risk assessment framework for high CSIRO PBCRC impact species Pest and Disease Image Library PBCRC PBCRC, Department of Agriculture Analysis of plant pest establishment failure (PhD Lincoln University PBCRC scholarship) Do informal networks represent a biosecurity risk? Murdoch University PBCRC (PhD scholarship) New Zealand psyllids (PhD scholarship) Lincoln University PBCRC Title Reproduction and Wolbachia in thrips species (PhD scholarship) Plant biosecurity diagnostic and surveillance web-based bioinformatics toolkit Organisation undertaking the research Western Sydney Murdoch University Funding source/ body Australian Postgraduate Awards PBCRC Plant laboratory diagnostics services DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic, Fee-for-service Plant product pathways and the continuous sampling plan Population fluctuations models, mechanisms and management Predicting the liklihood of eradication Providing data packages for new fruit fly control technology Provision of plant biosecurity capacity development services for the sub-saharan Africa Psyllid microflora (PhD scholarship) Rates of pathogen accumulation on host plants Real-time plant discrimination and weed detection platform Revision of Gynaikothrips on Ficus trees in Australia, utilising morphological and molecular data CEBRA Queensland Plant & Food Research QDAF PBCRC DEDJTR Vic, La Trobe University Lincoln University, Canberra Edith Cowan University QDAF RNAi sterile insect CSIRO HIA Shopping for tenants does co-evolutionary addiction and symbiont meltdown leave jumping plant lice in need of new microbial partners? Sterol interference as a new approach to the control of insect pests of crops Strategies for area wide fruit fly management in Indonesia and Australia Western Sydney Western Australia QDAF Department of Agriculture, Melbourne ARC PBCRC HIA ACIAR PBCRC Tertiary Education Commission, New Zealand ARC Australian Biological Resources Study Hermon Slade Foundation ARC ACIAR Tool for assessing pest and pathogen aerial spread CSIRO CSIRO 192

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects Title Organisation undertaking the research Funding source/ body Taxonomy collection and biosystematics DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic Testing compliance based inspection protocols CEBRA Department of Agriculture, Melbourne The culture of weeds invasion biology, identity and aesthetics in Australia Australian National University ARC The ecology and evolution of invasiveness dispersal, establishment and persistence of fireweed from the core introduction to the invasion fronts The evolutionary origin, cellular response and genetic impact of insecticide resistance mutations in agricultural pests The role of auxin in root organ specification from symbiont to parasite The use of citizen science as a surveillance tool better management, incursion response and area freedom Tools and approaches for invasive species distribution modelling for surveillance Western Sydney Adelaide Australian National University CSIRO CEBRA Hawkesbury Institute Allocation ARC ARC PBCRC Department of Agriculture, Melbourne Torres Strait risk and resource allocation project CEBRA Department of Agriculture, Melbourne Tradescantia biocontrol CSIRO Department of Environment Transcriptome analysis of Phytophthora plant interactions characterisation of plant inhibitor proteins targeting Phytophthora extracellular effectors Transfer of Herbarium Ustilaginales Vánky from Germany Understanding and management of resistance to group M, L and I herbicides Understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of glyphosate and glufosinate resistance in Eleusine indica Australian National University QDAF QDAF, Adelaide Western Australia ARC PBCRC GRDC ARC Title Upgrading knowledge on pathogens (particularly viruses) of Australian honey bees Using spatial analysis and robust surveillance strategies to optimise weed management Viruses, vectors and endosymbionts whitefly transmitted cotton viruses Viruses, vectors and endosymbionts exploring interactions for control Organisation undertaking the research CSIRO DEDJTR Vic CSIRO Queensland Funding source/ body RIRDC DEDJTR Vic CRDC CRDC Weed risk assessment DEDJTR Vic DEDJTR Vic What makes some genotypes invasive? CSIRO CSIRO With the benefit of hindsight a bioeconomic PBCRC analysis of past pest incursions Western Australia Other Asian honey bee auto reporting trap proof of QDAF PBCRC concept Cocoa rehabilitation in the South Pacific CSIRO Secretariat of the Pacific Community Comparative Genomics of Puccinia psidii s.l. Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania PHA Deciphering the regulation and function of the epigenome in eukaryotic development and stress response Western Australia ARC DECO pilot Defence Trade Controls Act 2012 PBCRC Defence Export Control Office, PBCRC Defence gene expression in Arabidopsis linked to metabolic perturbation and oxidative signalling via dsr1 Detection of Rosellinia sp. on Maquarie Island Get tough, get toxic or get a bodyguard how root herbivores shape grass defences Molecular basis of rust infection and host plant resistance Western Australia Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Tasmania Western Sydney Australian National University ARC DPIPWE ARC ARC CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION 193

Table 51. Plant biosecurity research projects CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION Title Organisation undertaking the research Funding source/ body Novel community engagement in plant biosecurity NSW DPI PBCRC Curtailing exotic fungal spore incursions into PBCRC Australia (PhD scholarship) Western Australia Plant immune receptors what are the first steps CSIRO ARC that trigger defence signalling? Reducing the impact of red headed cockchafer DEDJTR Vic Gardiner Foundation, GippsDairy, DEDJTR Vic Systematic gene silencing in Arabdiposis and relevance to plant biology Tracing the evolutionary history of plant developmental mechanisms Understanding the molecular function of plant disease resistance proteins, pathogen effectors and their interaction to protect Australian agriculture Queensland Monash University Queensland ARC ARC ARC 194

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Image courtesy of PBCRC Appendices

Organisation contact details Organisation For more information Organisation For more information APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS ABARES Almond Board of Australia Apple and Pear Australia Atlas of Living Australia Australasian Plant Pathology Society Australian Agency for International Development Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Australian Banana Growers Council Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Australian Entomological Society Australian Forest Products Association www.agriculture.gov.au/abares 1800 900 090 or +61 3 8318 6700 www.australianalmonds.com.au +61 8 8582 2055 www.apal.org.au +61 3 9329 3511 www.ala.org.au +61 2 6246 4431 www.appsnet.org +61 7 4632 0467 www.aid.dfat.gov.au +61 2 6178 4000 www.abgc.org.au +61 7 3278 4786 www.aciar.gov.au +61 2 6217 0500 www.austentsoc.org.au +61 3 9895 4462 www.ausfpa.com.au +61 2 6285 3833 Australian Olive Association Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Australian Research Council Australian Society for Microbiology Australian Table Grape Association Australian Walnut Industry Association AUSVEG Avocados Australia Canegrowers Australia www.australianolives.com.au +61 8 8573 6545 www.apvma.gov.au +61 2 6210 4701 www.aptrc.asn.au +61 3 5825 4633 www.arc.gov.au +61 2 6287 6600 www.theasm.org.au +61 1300 656 423 www.australiangrapes.com.au +61 3 5021 5718 www.walnut.net.au +61 418 664 672 www.ausveg.com.au +61 3 9882 0277 www.industry.avocado.org.au +61 7 3846 6566 www.canegrowers.com.au +61 7 3864 6444 Australian Grape and Wine Authority www.research.agwa.net.au +61 8 8228 2000 Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia +61 3 5825 3700 Australian Honey Bee Industry Council www.honeybee.org.au +61 7 5467 2265 Central Queensland University www.cqu.edu.au +61 7 4930 9777 Australian Lychee Growers Association www.australianlychee.com.au +61 417 639 927 Charles Darwin University www.cdu.edu.au +61 8 8946 7766 Australian Macadamia Society www.australian-macadamias.org +61 2 6622 4933 Charles Sturt University www.csu.edu.au +61 1800 334 733 Australian Mango Industry Association www.industry.mangoes.net.au +61 7 3278 3755 Cherry Growers of Australia www.cherrygrowers.org.au +61 3 6231 1229 Australian National University Research Services www.researchservices.anu.edu.au + 61 2 6125 9569 Chestnuts Australia www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au +61 3 5751 1466 198

Organisation For more information Organisation For more information Citrus Australia CSIRO Cotton Australia Cotton Research and Development Corporation Council of Australasian Weed Societies Deakin University Department of Agriculture www.citrusaustralia.com.au +61 3 5023 6333 www.csiro.au +61 1300 363 400 www.cottonaustralia.com.au +61 2 9669 5222 www.crdc.com.au +61 2 6792 4088 www.caws.org.au +64 7 4639 8856 www.deakin.edu.au +61 3 5227 1100 www.agriculture.gov.au 1800 900 090 or +61 3 8318 6700 Edith Cowan University www.ecu.edu.au +61 13 43 28 Exotic Plant Pest Hotline +61 1800 084 881 Farm Biosecurity Flinders University Grains Producers Australia GRDC Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation www.farmbiosecurity.com.au +61 2 6215 7700 www.flinders.edu.au +61 8 8201 3911 www.grainproducers.com.au +61 2 6273 3000 www.grdc.com.au +61 2 6166 4500 www.gwrdc.com.au +61 8 8273 0500 APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia www.agric.wa.gov.au +61 8 9368 3333 Griffith University www.griffith.edu.au +61 7 3735 7111 Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Victoria http://economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au +61 3 9208 3333 Growcom www.growcom.com.au +61 7 3620 3844 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade www.dfat.gov.au +61 2 6261 1111 Hazelnut Growers of Australia www.hazelnuts.org.au +61 2 6372 3224 Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Northern Territory www.nt.gov.au +61 8 8999 2044 Horticulture Innovation Australia www.horticulture.com.au +61 2 8295 2300 Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia www.pir.sa.gov.au +61 8 8226 0995 International Plant Protection Convention www.ippc.int Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales www.dpi.nsw.gov.au +61 1800 808 095 James Cook University www.jcu.edu.au +61 7 4781 4111 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au +61 1300 368 550 La Trobe University www.latrobe.edu.au +61 3 9479 1111 Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities www.environment.gov.au +61 2 6274 1111 Macquarie University www.mq.edu.au +61 2 9850 7111 Dried Fruits Australia www.driedfruitsaustralia.org.au +61 3 5023 5174 Monash University www.monash.edu.au +61 3 9902 6000 199

Organisation contact details Organisation For more information Organisation For more information APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS Murdoch University New South Wales State Forests Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Onions Australia Passionfruit Australia Pistachio Growers Association Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Plant Health Australia Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Technology Raspberries and Blackberries Australia Ricegrowers Association of Australia www.murdoch.edu.au +61 1300 687 362 www.forestrycorporation.com.au +61 1300 655 687 www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/ quarantine/naqs 1800 900 090 or +61 3 8318 6700 www.ngia.com.au +61 2 8861 5100 www.onionsaustralia.org.au +61 8 8725 8862 www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au +61 7 5485 4402 www.pgai.com.au +61 3 5024 2264 www.crcplantbiosecurity.com.au +61 2 6201 2882 www.sydney.edu.au/agriculture/ plant_breeding_institute/index.shtml +61 2 9351 8800 www.planthealthaustralia.com.au +61 2 6215 7700 www.daf.qld.gov.au +61 13 25 23 www.qut.edu.au +61 7 3138 2000 www.arga.com.au +61 3 5964 3350 www.rga.org.au +61 2 6953 0433 South Australian Research and Development Institute Strawberries Australia Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards Sugar Research Australia Summerfruit Australia Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture Territory and Municipal Services, Australian Capital Territory Trade and Market Access Division, Department of Agriculture Adelaide Canberra Melbourne New England www.sardi.sa.gov.au +61 8 8303 9400 www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au www.domesticquarantine.org.au http://www.daff.gov.au/plant/health/ committees/snphs +61 2 6272 3933 www.agriculture.gov.au/ plant/health/ committees/snphs +61 2 6272 3933 www.sugarresearch.com.au +61 7 3331 3333 www.summerfruit.com.au +61 2 6041 6641 www.tia.tas.edu.au +61 3 6226 6368 www.tams.act.gov.au +61 13 22 81 http://www.agriculture.gov.au/market-accesstrade 1800 900 090 or +61 3 8318 6700 www.adelaide.edu.au +61 8 8313 4455 www.canberra.edu.au +61 2 6201 5111 www.unimelb.edu.au +61 3 9035 5511 www.une.edu.au +61 2 6773 3333 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation www.rirdc.gov.au +61 2 6271 4100 New South Wales www.unsw.edu.au +61 2 9385 1000 200

Organisation Queensland Sydney Tasmania Western Australia Western Sydney Wollongong Weeds of National Significance Wine Grape Growers Australia For more information www.uq.edu.au +61 7 3365 1111 www.sydney.edu.au +61 2 9351 2222 www.utas.edu.au +61 3 6226 2999 www.uwa.edu.au +61 8 6488 6000 www.uws.edu.au +61 2 9852 5222 www.uow.edu.au +61 2 4221 3555 www.weeds.org.au/wons +61 3 6344 9657 www.wgga.com.au +61 8 8133 4400 APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS Image courtesy of Willem van Aken 201

Glossary Term Definition Term Definition APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY Appropriate Level of Protection Area freedom Biosecurity Biosecurity activities Biosecurity continuum Border Commonwealth Contingency plans Diagnostic protocols The level of protection deemed appropriate by a country establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary measure to protect human, animal and plant life or health within its territory. Absence of a specific pest in a specified location. The protection of the economy, environment and human health from the negative impacts associated with entry, establishment or spread of exotic pests. Activities undertaken to manage biosecurity risks. The range of biosecurity activities and arrangements that are undertaken in offshore, border and onshore locations. In relation to the biosecurity continuum: airports, seaports and land borders that represent the potential point of entry for a pest into Australia. The Commonwealth of Australia, including its external territories. Management plans that outline specific information required in the event of an emergency response. Protocols that describe the procedures and methods for the identification of a pest to a defined level. Emergency response Endemic pests Established pests Exotic pests High Priority Pest International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures National Diagnostic Protocols Offshore Onshore The actions undertaken to contain and /or eradicate an exotic pest after its detection Pests that are known to occur naturally in Australia Non-endemic pests that have established in Australia Pests not currently present in Australia A pest that has been identified to have the greatest potential economic impact to a particular plant industry and is listed in an Industry Biosecurity Plan or in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. An international standard adopted by the commission on Phytosanitary Measures, established under the International Plant Protection Convention Diagnostic protocols for the official taxonomic identification of a pest in a manner consistent with ISPM No. 27 Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests. National Diagnostic Protocols include diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, detection and identification In relation to the biosecurity continuum: regions outside Australia's border In relation to the biosecurity continuum: regions inside Australia's border Diagnostics Disinfestation Domestic quarantine Emergency Plant Pest Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed Processes and standards associated with the accurate identification of a pest. Post-harvest management measures focused on eliminating the presence of pests within plants and plant products. Activities designed to prevent the movement and spread of pests within Australia A pest that is included in Schedule 13 of the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed or which is determined by the Categorisation Group to meet one or more of the EPP criteria listed in Clause 1 of the EPPRD A pre-agreed Cost Sharing and response framework for dealing with an incursion of an Emergency Plant Pest Pest Pest Free Area Phytosanitary measure Plant biosecurity Plant production industries Any insect, mite, snail, nematode, pathogen (disease) and weed that is injurious to a plant or plant product An area in which a pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests The protection of plants or plant products from pests that may impact on production or market access All plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural and forestry sectors 202

Term PLANTPLAN Quarantine Regionalised pests Response Plan Risk analysis State and territory governments Surveillance Weeds of National Significance Definition The national contingency planning framework for the management of plant pest emergencies in Australia The system of measures which are used to minimise risks associated with the entry of pests Pests contained within a geographic region due to specific quarantine and/or management arrangements An integrated plan for undertaking a response to an EPP incident The process of evaluating scientific and economic evidence to determine the risk posed by a pest to Australia's environment, plant production industries and economy The state and territory governments of Australia Processes which collect and record data on pest occurrence or absence by survey, monitoring or other procedures Weeds considered to currently pose serious threats at a national level APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY The genus Acacia is the largest genus in the Australian flora. Image courtesy of Carl Davies 203

Acronyms Acronym Full name Acronym Full name APPENDIX 3: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ABARES ABS ACIAR AGSOC AHA ALA APEC APVMA BEPWG BERT BETWG BOLT CCEPP CCEPI CITES CRC CRDC CSIRO DAFWA DEDJTR Vic DFAT DPIPWE EPP EPPRD FAO GRDC GWRDC HIA Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Agriculture Senior Officials Committee Animal Health Australia Atlas of Living Australia Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Working Group Biosecurity Emergency Response Team Biosecurity Emergency Training Working Group Biosecurity Online Training Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests Consultative Committee on Exotic Plant Incursions Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Cooperative Research Centre Cotton Research and Development Corporation Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania Emergency Plant Pest Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed Food and Agriculture Organization Grains Research and Development Corporation Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited HPP IBP ICA ICON IGAB IPPC ISPM LVP MICoR NAQS NBC NBPSP NDP NEBRA NFFS NMG NPBDN NPBDS NPBS NPSRT NSW DPI NT DPIF PBCRC PHA PHC PIRSA QDAF RD&E RDC RIRDC High Priority Pest Industry biosecurity plan Interstate Certification Assurance Import Conditions Database Inter-Governmental Agreement on Biosecurity International Plant Protection Convention International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Local value of production Manual of Importing Country Requirements Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy National Biosecurity Committee National Bee Pest Surveillance Program National Diagnostic Protocol National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement National Fruit Fly Strategy National Management Group National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy National Plant Biosecurity Strategy National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Northern Territory Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre Plant Health Australia Plant Health Committee Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Research, development and extension Research and Development Corporation Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation 204

Acronym SAP SARDI SDQMA SNPHS SPHD SPS SRA TAMS WTO Full name Scientific Advisory Panel South Australian Research and Development Institute Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics Sanitary and phytosanitary Sugar Research Australia Territory and Municipal Service Directorate, ACT World Trade Organisation APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS 205

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Index APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATION CONTACT DETAILS 208 A ABARES, 20 Agriculture Senior Officials Committee (AGSOC), 16, 169 almonds, 32 see also nut industry apples, 33 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission, 112 Asian honey bee, 138, 154, 157 Australian Capital Territory biosecurity services, 22 pest diagnostic services, 141t Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 170, 180t Australian Government, 18 information systems, 153 legislation, 14, 114, 116 pest diagnostic services, 140, 141t research, development and extension, 169-173 risk assessments, 120 surveillance, 131t Australian Plant Pest Database, 153 Australian Research Council, 170, 179t Australian Weeds Committee, 17f avocados, 34-35 B bananas, 36 banana freckle eradication response, 97, 102, 103t bees, see honey bees berries, 37 biological control, 128 Biosecurity Online Training (BOLT), 164 Biosecurity Portal, 153 breeding, 89, 130 broadacre crops research, development and extension, 176f C Canberra Agreement, 112 canned fruits, 39 Categorisation Group, 157 cherries, 40-41 chestnut blight, 102, 103t Note: f = figure, t = table chestnuts, 43 see also nut industry citrus, 44-45 committees, 16, 17f CSIRO, 20, 170 Pest diagnostic services, 140, 141t communication and awareness, 153 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, 17f, 157 consultative committees, 17f contingency plans, 89, 159, 160t cooperative research centres, 170, cotton industry, 46 research, development and extension, 176f, 178t Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 172, 178t crop production summary, 30 D Department of Agriculture border activities, 18, 110f, 122 exports, 116 imports, 114 legislation, 14 pest diagnostic services, 141t pre-border activities, 18, 110f, 120 research, development and extension, 170 responsibilities, 18 surveillance, 130, 131t training, 164 Department of Environment, 20 legislation, 14 research, development and extension, 170, 189t Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 20 diagnostics, 140 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, 140 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 140 protocols, 145, 146f, 147, 148t pest app, 51 services and laboratories, 141t, 171 see also Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards domestic quarantine, 110f, 126 see also Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access dried fruit, 47 see also Viticulture E education and awareness, 110f, 153, 164 Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group, see Categorisation Group Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, 17f, 27, 29, 89, 102, 156-157, 158 Emergency Plant Pests, 102, 103t, 156-157 emergency responses, 21, 29, 88, 102, 103t exports, 114 F Farm biosecurity manuals, 29, 152t Farm Biosecurity Program, 25, 145, 152 Farmer of the Year Award for plant biosecurity, 153 Forest and Wood Products Australia, 172 Forestry, see Plantation forests fruit crop production summary, 30f research, development and extension, 176f, 182t G ginger, 48, 158 Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 50, 131t grains industry, 50-52 contingency plans, 160t crop production summary, 30f research, development and extension, 169, 172, 176f, 178t surveillance, 131t Grains Research and Development Corporation, 172 Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation, 172 grapes, see Viticulture growers, 30 H hazelnuts, 54 see also nut industry High Priority Pests, 89, 90t honey bees, 55, 137 surveillance, 131t, 137-139 horticulture research, development and extension, 182t surveillance, 131t Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (HIA), 172

I ICON (import conditions database), 114 identification of pests, 140 import risk analysis, 110f, 114, 120 imports, 114 market access, 111 policy advice, 110, 114t industry biosecurity planning, 127 Industry Biosecurity Plans, 127t industry profiles, 31-85 industry representative bodies, 30 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB), 13, 16, 17f international agreements, 111-112 International Plant Protection Convention, 112 International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, 111-112 international trade, 111-122 interstate certification, 126 K L legislation, 14, 22-24, 114, 116 lychees, 56 M macadamias, 57 see also nut industry mangoes, 58 manuals, 152 market access, 110f, 114, 117t, 126 see also Subcommittee in Domestic Quarantine and Market Access N National Bee Pest Surveillance Program, 138 National Biosecurity Committee, 16, 17f national committee structure, 16, 17f National Diagnostic Protocols, 146-150 National Emergency Plant Pest Training Program, 164 National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement (NEBRA), 13, 125 National Fruit Fly Strategy, 127 National Fruit Fly Strategy Advisory Committee, 127 National Management Group, 17f, 157 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Strategy, 140 National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, 140, 171 National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy, 130 National Plant Biosecurity Strategy National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 169 National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool, 130 natural pathways, 120 natural resource management regions, 105 NCN (Biosecurity Incident National Communications Network), 153 New South Wales biosecurity services, 22 pest diagnostic services, 141t regionalised pests, 99t surveillance programs, 131t Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 123 Northern Territory biosecurity services, 22 pest diagnostic services, 142t regionalised pests, 99t surveillance programs, 132t nursery and garden industry, 60-61 crop production summary, 30f research, development and extension, 176f, 185t nut industry crop production summary, 30f research, development and extension, 176f, 182t see also almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts, macadamias, pistachios, walnuts O olives, 62 on-farm biosecurity, 152 onions, 63 P passionfruit, 64 pears, 33, 39 pesticide application, 21, 26, 128, 129 pest management, 128 phytosanitary measures and standards, 111-112 pineapples, 66 pistachios, 67 see also nut industry plantation forestry, 68, 151 crop production summary, 30f research, development and extension, 176t, 182t see also Subcommittee on National Forest Health surveillance, 131f Plant Biosecurity Program, 164 Plant Health Australia, 27 biosecurity plans and manuals, 127t, 152 National Emergency Plant Pest Training Program, 164 members, 28t pest risk mitigation, 29 role, 27 Plant Health Committee, 16, 17f plant pests contingency plans, 158, 159t definition, 8, 156 diagnostics, 140, 176f emergency responses, 17f, 21, 29, 88, 102-104, 156 regionalised pests, 98, 99t see also High Priority Pests surveillance, 130, 131t Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, 120, 124, 170 PLANTPLAN, 156, 159 post-entry quarantine, 122, 124 pre-emptive breeding, 130 private consultants, 26 processing tomatoes, 70 production values, 30f professional associations, 26 Q quarantine facilities, 122 legislation, 15t, 114, 116 Queensland biosecurity services, 23 pest diagnostic services, 142t regionalised pests, 99t surveillance programs, 132t INDEX 209

INDEX R regional biosecurity, 125, 126 boundaries for biosecurity, 19f regionalised pests, 98, 99t research, development and extension, 168 Australian Government agencies, 170 cooperative research centres, 170 industry, 177 National Plant Biosecurity RD&E Strategy, 169 overview, 176f-177f research and development corporations, 172-173 research, development and extension projects, 178t state and territory governments, 175 universities and private institutions, 175 rice, 72 risk assessments, 88-89, 114, 120 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, 173 S screening and inspection, 122 South Australia biosecurity services, 23 pest diagnostic services, 143t regionalized pests, 100t surveillance programs, 135t SPS Agreement, 111-112, 120 state and territory governments biosecurity services, 17f, 21-24 diagnostic services, 141t legislation, 15 regionalised pests, 98, 99t research, development and extension, 175 surveillance programs, 131t stone fruit, 74 strawberries, 75 Subcommittee on Domestic Quarantine and Market Access, 16, 17f, 126 Subcommittee on National Forest Health, 16, 17f, 151 Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance, 16, 17f, 130 Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards, 15, 16, 17f, 140, 146 sugarcane industry 76-77 research, development and extension, 181t surveillance, 130 honey bee, 138, 139t Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 123 programs, 131f, 137t see also National Plant Biosecurity Surveillance Strategy see also Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance Sugar Research Australia, 173 T table grapes, 78 see also viticulture Tasmania biosecurity services, 23 pest diagnostic services, 144t, 171 surveillance programs, 134t tomatoes, 70 tools, databases and networks, 153 trade agreements, 111, 114t training, 27, 164 U Unmanned aerial vehicles, 21 Universities, 175 research, development and extension, 178t V vegetables, 80-81 research, development and extension, 185t Victoria biosecurity services, 24 pest diagnostic services, 144t regionalised pests, 100t surveillance programs, 136t viticulture contingency plans, 160t crop production summary, 47, 78, 84 research, development and extension, 182t W walnuts, 82 see also nut industry weeds managing weeds in Australia, 105 research, development and extension, 176f, 189t Western Australia biosecurity services, 24 pest app, 51 pest diagnostic services, 145t regionalised pests, 100t surveillance programs, 135t wine grapes, 84 see also viticulture World Trade Organization, 111 210

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