SAIT's Greenhouse Gas Goal C.

Sait Building Careers Building Business Action Plans for SAIT's Climate Change Voluntary Challenge and Registry Submitted to: Gilbert Aubin Energy Innovators Officer Energy Efficiency Branch Natural Resources Canada 18th Floor 580 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E4 Phone: (613) 9968131 Fax: (613) 9474121 by: Bruce Robertson Paul Trinh Gary Snow Campus Operations and Maintenance Department Southern Alberta Institute of Technology 1301 16th Avenue N.W. Calgary, Alberta, T2M 0L4 Phone: (403) 2848331 Fax: (403) 2848437 February 1998

TABLE OF CONTENTS A. SAIT Profile B. SAIT's Greenhouse Gas Goal C. Sources of Emission D. Greenhouse Gas Baseline E. Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories F. Greenhouse Gas Reductions Since 1991 G. Future Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plans H. Environmental Awareness / Education L Greenhouse Gas Emission Offsets K. Future Reporting FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1. Figure 2. Table 1. Student Enrollment Growth and Emission per FLE Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Forecasts 1990 Greenhouse Gases Baseline Table 2. Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Forecasts, 19902005 APPENDIX A. Energy Consumption Data, 19901997 B. Emission Factors VCR SAIT February 1998

A. SAIT PROFILE The Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) environmental commitment is stated as: "SAIT is committed to protecting environment 1 and like broaden integration of environmental priorities, in all aspects of its business. SAIT will responsibly manage all aspects of its business to ensure that recognized environmental standards and legal requirements are exceeded. SAIT will adopt company standards and legal requirements where benefits to society justify the costs." SAIT first open its doors in 1916 as the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art. In the early 1960's, the Institute was renamed the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, and the Art Department was renamed the Alberta College of Art and remained a department of SAIT until 1984. From 1967 until the early 1980's, the demand for technical education continued to increase. SAIT underwent an unprecedented expansion of its facilities, with the construction of the Senator Burns Building, a student residence, a campus centre, the Thomas Riley Building, and the Colonel James Walker Building. Currently, the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology operates two locations in the City of Calgary. The main campus has a total heating area of 229,642m 2 and the SAIT 2 campus has a total heating area of 10,059 m 2. In 1982, SAIT severed its direct association with the Department of Advanced Education and became a board governed institute, continuing to receive the support of both the provincial and federal governments. Currently, SAIT has over 1200 employees and provides educational services to over 9,000 full load equivalent (FLE) students. SAIT has a central heating plant consisting of three highpressure steam boilers operating at 185 psi. The power plant also operates two centrifugal chillers, one absorption chiller, one highpressure steam turbine generator (600 Kw) one Waukesha natural gas generator (500 Kw) and associated compressors. La September 1998 the addition of a cogeneration unit will enable SAIT to annually produce 27 000 MWh of electricity and 210 million pounds of steam. 1 SAIT defines the environment as the surroundings in which SAIT operates, including air, land, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelations. VCR SAIT

B. SAIT'S GREENHOUSE GAS GOAL As a member of the "Energy Innovator Initiative" program and a participant in the "Climate Change Voluntary Challenge and Registry", SAIT has stabilized its net greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels. It is projected that SAIT will exceed the 6% greenhouse gas reductions (below 1990 levels) before 2008 as ratified by the Federal Government in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997. This is a challenging task as the full load equivalent (FLE) of students is expected to double by the year 2005. The increase in student enrollments represents a substantial increase in facility usage, operating hours and energy consumption. SAIT's greenhouse gas goal is a 20% reduction of the 1990 base level, with the commissioning of the cogeneration unit in 1998. VCR SAIT

C. SOURCES OF EMISSION The Southern Alberta Institute of Technology's emission sources can be grouped into the two categories of direct and indirect emissions. 1. Direct Emissions Natural gas is the main source of direct emission. The combustion of natural gas in SAIT's boilers and the 500 Kw Waukesha generator results in emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides. Natural gas contributes approximately onefourth of the net equivalent CO2 contribution to the atmosphere. This factor is expected to change with the commissioning of a natural gas turbine generator (cogeneration unit) with low NOx control system due in 1998. SAIT also has a 19 vehicle fleet, which consumes approximately 70,000 liters of gasoline annually. 2. Indirect Emissions The consumption of electricity results in the emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and particulate matters. Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matters are not considered greenhouse gases and will not be included in the equivalent CO2 contribution. Electricity is supplied by ENMAX (City of Calgary's utilities) via We Alberta Interconnected System (AIS) 2. The AIS emission factors will be used to calculate the net contribution of greenhouse gases (see Appendix B). 2 AIS The electricity grid of Alberta which includes the three major Alberta electric utilities TransAlta Utilities, Alberta Power and Edmonton Power. VCR SAIT

D. GREENHOUSE GAS BASELINE The 1990/91 calendar year (12 months ending June 30, 1991) energy consumption data was used to calculate a baseline level for the 1990 greenhouse gas emissions. Base level energy consumption data are available from SAIT's actual electricity and natural gas bills. Natural gas and motor gasoline emission factors were obtained from the VCR Participant's Handbook and electricity emission factors were obtained from TransAlta Utilities (based on the average emission factor recommended by the Alberta Interconnected System). Table 1: 1990 Greenhouse Gas Baseline Inventory Natural Gas Electricity Motor Gasoline Total Equiv. CO2 Tonnes Equiv. CO2 Tonnes Equiv. CO2 Tonnes Equiv. CO2 Tonnes CO 2 20996 41837 165 62998 NOx 84 25344 21 25449 CH 4 2 8 4 14 Total 21082 67189 190 88461 Note: CO2, SO2, and particulate matters are not included in the equivalent CO2 calculations. The emission of greenhouse gases is expressed in tonnes of equivalent Carbon Dioxide (CO2 generated. The Global Warming Potentials (GWP) index for methane (CH4) is 24.5 and nitrous oxides (NOx) is 320 times that of carbon dioxide over a 100 years period. VCR SAIT

E. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION INVENTORIES Since 1990, SAIT has experienced a significant growth in student enrollments. Figure 1 shows the Full Load Equivalent (FLE) of student growth between 1990 and 2005. It is expected that by the year 2005 the FLE of students will double that of 1990 enrollments. At the same time equivalent CO2 emission per FLE will have actually decreased (from 15.1 ton/fle in 1990 to 4.8 ton/fle in 2005). Figure 1: Student Enrollment Growth and CO2 Emission per FLE Between 1990 and 1997, the net contribution of greenhouse gases has decreased below 1990 base level with the exception of 1997 in which the net greenhouse gases contribution increased 1.3% above the 1990 level. This variance was due to an unusually cold winter and longer operating hours. The success of the past seven years can be attributed to load shedding during peak hours, turning off fans and lights when buildings are unoccupied, installing high efficient lighting and power factor correction. VCR SAIT

Table 2: Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories and Forecasts 1990 2005. Year CO 2 tonnes NO x,tonnes CH 4, Equiv. CO 2, tonnes tonnes 1990 62833 25427 10 88270 1991 59816 24329 9 84154 1992 61166 24039 9 85254 1993 58197 22763 9 80969 1994 57271 23025 9 80305 1995 60056 23705 9 83769 1996 64133 25296 10 89439 1997 60056 23705 9 83769 Est 1998 51589 9234 8 60840 Est 1999 51817 9280 8 61135 Est 2000 52106 9326 8 61440 Est 2001 52367 9373 8 61748 Est 2002 52629 9420 8 62057 Est 2003 52892 9467 8 62367 Est 2004 53156 9514 8 62678 Est 2005 53422 9562 8 62992 Note: Emission factors for:! Natural gas is 49.68 ton CO 2 /T *, 0.25 kg CH 4 /TJ, and 0.62 kg NOx/TJ! Motor Gasoline is 2.36 ton CO 2 /KL *, 2.22 kg CH 4 /KL, and 0.94 kg NOx/KL! Electricity is 1 ton CO 2 /MWh *, 1.89 kg NOx/MWh, and 0.008 kg CH 4 /MWh VCR SAIT

Figure 2: Greenhouse Gases Inventory and Forecast Equivalent Tonnes of CO2 Note: Forecasts are based on an annual increase of 0.5% in energy consumption and no net increase in building areas. Figure 2 illustrates the greenhouse gas emission inventories and forecasts between 1990 and 2005. The 1990 base level greenhouse gas emission is calculated at 88,461 tonnes of equivalent CO2. The "business as usual" graph in Figure 2 represents the greenhouse gas emission inventories without any actions taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The commissioning of the cogeneration unit in September 1998 combined with the actions taken since 1991 will have reduced the net equivalent CO2 contribution to the atmosphere by 30% (or 27,500 equivalent tonnes CO2) below 1990 level and 36% (or 34 900 equivalent tonnes CO2) below the business as usual scenario. By converting to natural gas to generate electricity, SAIT has avoided purchasing electricity from coalfired power plants in Alberta. VCR SAIT

F. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS SINCE 1991 SAIT has taken the following actions as a member of the "Energy Innovator" and "Voluntary Challenge and Registry" programs Emission Reduction 1. Campus Wide Equiv. Tonnes CO 2! Emergency and exit lighting fixtures 250 converted to low wattage fluorescent lighting! Outside sidewalk lighting converted to high 500 Efficiency and high pressure sodium fighting! Replaced 40 watt fluorescent lamps with 34 watt Fluorescent lamps 3365! Replaced 60 watt incandescent lamps with 15 watt fluorescent lamps 125! Reduced, relocated and relamped lighting fixtures 1050! Load shedding during peak period demand 960! Independent hot water heating at satellite campus 30! Conversion to variable volume and speed Drives on the HVAC system. n/a! Microprocessor controls installed on centrifugal chillers n/a! All underground storage tanks have been removed n/a! Energy audit on older buildings n/a! Performed scheduled environmental audit of SAIT campuses n/a! Replaced T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts n/a 2. Power Plant! Power factor correction cost avoidance & reactive power reduction! Building automation system n/a! Electronic boiler control n/a! Cogeneration steam turbine cost avoidance & higher efficiency! Chiller optimization n/a VCR SAIT

G. FUTURE GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION PLANS 1. The commissioning of a 3.5 MW cogeneration unit which produce 27,000 MWh and 210 million pounds of steam annually. The cogeneration unit will reduce SAIT's purchased electricity by 60%. This project is scheduled for startup in September 1998. The cogeneration unit has a potential to reduce the equivalent CO2 by 27,500 tonnes annually. 2. The renovation of the Heritage Hall Building within the next five years will further reduce the net greenhouse gases contribution. There is a potential reduction of 500 tonnes of equivalent CO2 annually. 3. A plan has been developed for the systematic utility metering of all campus facilities. This project will provide comprehensive data to implement energy conservation in SAIT's buildings. 4. Studies are underway to evaluate the viability of retrofitting the existing boiler burners with low NOx burners. The new burners could lower the NOx emission to 30 ppm. 5. The replacement of two electrical centrifugal chillers with absorption chillers will eliminate 4 tonnes of Freon. VCR SAIT

H. ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS / COMMUNICATION 1. All Campus Operations and Maintenance (COM) employees are responsible for greenhouse gases emission control. They are responsible for all greenhouse gases reduction action plans such as load shedding during peak hours and turning off fans and lights when buildings are unoccupied. 2. An Energy Management Task Force has been established in COM. This task force plans, implements, and evaluates energy and utility reduction strategies. The task force is responsible for promoting energy reduction initiatives to all employees. 3. SAIT employees are responsible for the efficient use of energy on campus such as turning off lights, copiers, and electronic equipment when not in use. 4. SAIT will provide academic choices to enable its students, employees, and the surrounding community to gain knowledge that will help them make prudent decisions on environmental issues. 5. SAIT will conduct all operational activities in ways consistent with the principles of sustainable development and will view existing environmental regulations as a minimum requirement. 6. Campus wide environmental audits are scheduled for completion in 1998. SAIT conducts environmental audits regularly to promote environmental awareness among department leaders and to demonstrate selfmonitoring practices. 7. SAIT strives to be proactive on environmental issues and to communicate its position effectively to business, government and the public. 8. Where economically feasible, SAIT will upgrade and install new equipment, which meets or exceeds current energyefficient standards, specifications and guidelines. 9. SAIT's procurement policy favors environmentally friendly products such as recycled, reusable, refillable, nontoxic and low waste materials. 10. SAIT supports in principle, the activities and programming of local, national and international organizations. Some organizations with a strong environmental emphasis:! International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)! Association of Canadian Community Colleges (ACCC)! Clean Calgary Association VCR SAIT

J. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION OFFSETS! Approximately 44 tonnes of white paper, corrugated cardboard, newspapers, phone books and mixed paper are recycled annually.! The pruning of trees results in mulch, which can be reused in flowerbeds. In 1996, 40% of mulch was used in flower and shrub beds.! Approximately 1, 600 trees are growing on campus property representing 19 tonnes of CO2 sequestered annually.! 20,000 litres of used motor oil are recycled annually.! In 1997 60, 000 fluorescent lamps are crushed and disposed of in a controlled landfill area. K. FUTURE REPORTING A progress report will be submitted annually to the VCR office. The report will include the current year greenhouse gases inventory and the percent change from the 1990 base year level. It will update future action plans and the success of actions taken. VCR SAIT

APPENDIX A. Energy Consumption Data, 1990 1997 B. Emission Factors

APPENDIX A. ENERGY CONSUMPTION DATA 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997* Natural Gas Main, GJ 400,579 383,338 421,180 405,739 374,836 405,165 425,698 389,492 SAIT 2, GJ 13,047 14,008 11,933 11,263 14,603 17,966 26,763 15,716 Total, GJ 422,626 397,346 433,114 417,001 389,439 423,131 452,461 405,208 Motor Gas Total, litres 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 Electricity Main, kwh 39,772,800 38,721,600 38,448,000 36,432,000 36,648,000 37,713,600 40,305,600 41,616,000 SAIT 2, kwh 2,064,300 1,353,800 1,201,200 1,048,600 1,275,400 1,320,900 1,349,600 1,226,750 Total,kWh 41,837,100 40,075,400 39,649,200 37,480,600 37,923,400 39,034,500 41,655,200 42,842,750 Water Main, m 3 615,800 624,900 608,000 542,600 560,730 532,570 523,910 516,800 SAIT 2, m 3 5,600 5,437 3,534 3,516 6,718 6,789 7,954 8,649 Total, m 3 621,400 630,337 611,534 546,116 567,448 539,359 531,864 525,449 * Estimate energy consumption for 1997 (period ending June 1998) VCR SAIT

APPENDIX B. 1. Electricity Emission Factors Recommendations by Alberta electric utilities regarding CO 2 emissions rate associated with electrical purchases from the Alberta Interconnected System (AIS) Although electricity is emissions free at the point it is consumed, there are emissions generated upstream in the generation facilities. In Alberta most electricity is generated from coalfired power plants. In 1994, 89 per cent of electricity came from coal, 8 per cent from natural gas and 3 per cent from hydro. These proportions have changed very hale over the past five years and should be typical for the year 2000, although deregulation may result in sons variations. The three major Alberta electric utilities (Alberta Power, Edmonton Power and TransAlta Utilities) have studied the issue of greenhouse gas emissions associated with power consumption in the province of Alberta. Using known CO2 emission rates from our plants and research results from the Full Fuel Cycle Emissions Analysis, Industry/Government Consortium, a average figure of 1 kg CO 2,/kWh was established. This figure includes the effects of electrical transmission and distribution line losses (the factor is for a kwh delivered to the customer). The figure does not include upstream CO2 emissions associated with natural gas and coal production, whichshould be accounted for by the companies operating the gas processing and transportation facilities, as well as coal companies. The above figure of 1 kg CO2/kWh is an average emission rate, which reflects the total generation emissions in Alberta from electrical generation divided by the total kwh delivered to customers in a particular year. Does this accurately reflect what the atmosphere feels, for example, when a light switch is turned off? The answer is, no. Coalfired generation is baseloaded, and therefore, rarely backed off to accomodate a small lowering of electrical consumption. Gasfired and hydro generation in the Northwest Power Pool (consisting of electrical generators in Alberta, British Colombia, the Pacific Northwest and California) is rapidly tuned on and off to reflect changes in load. This marginal emission rate will vary between a presently estimated 0 kg CO2/1 kwh for hydro to about 0.75 kg CO2/kWh for typical existing gasfired generation and 1 kg CO2 kwh for the coal fired units. In reality, it will be a continually varying mix of the three. Deregulation of the electric industry in Alberta has resulted in less certainty regarding emission rates. Also, the emissions implication of energy purchased from other parts of the power pool on a free market basis is yet to be determined. Early trends indicate that Alberta is relying more and more on purchases from outside the province to supply our marginal power. In summary, the marginal emission rate number is frequently changing and difficult to determine with precision. The three major Alberta electric utilities recommend using the average CO2 emission rate of 1 kg / kwh for electric energy delivered to customers. In the future an emission accounting system in the electric utility industry may evolve whereby the emission associated with electrical interchanges will be tracked in a central database. This scenario might allow a realtime marginal emission rate to be accurately determined. As stated above, the average coal/gas/hydro generation mix is not anticipated to change significantly until the year 2000. However, the three major utilities in Alberta have committed to reconfirm the 1 kg / kwh factor in early 1998. VCR SAIT

For more information please contact one of the electric utility representative below: Utility Contact Phone Fax Email Alberta Power Ltd. Joe Kostler (403) 4203429 4205410 joek@hr.apl.cul.ca Edmonton Power Doug Heaton (403) 4483486 4483370 dheaton@edpower.com TransAlta Utilities Ron Zieber (403) 2672516 2677372 zieber.ron.j@transalta.ab.ca VCR SAIT

VCR SAIT Emissions for 1.00 MWh Average Alberta Interconnected system

2. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FACTORS CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O Gaseous Fuels Natural Gas Still Gas Coke Oven Gas (t/ml) * 1.88 2.07 1.60 (t/tj) 49.68 49.68 86.00 (kg/ml) (4.8 to 48) (kg/tj) (0.13 to 1.27) (kg/ml) 0.02 0.02 (kg/tj) 0.62 0.62 Liquid Fuels Motor Gasoline Kerosene Aviation Gas LPGs Diesel Oil Light Oil Heavy Oil Aviation Jet Fuel Petroleum Coke (t/kl) 2.36 2.55 2.33 (1.11 to 1.76) 2.73 2.83 3.09 2.55 4.24 (t/tj) 67.98 67.65 69.37 (59.84 to 61.38) 70.69 73.11 74.00 70.84 100.10 (kg/kl) (0.24 to 4.20) 0.21 2.19 0.03 (0.06 to 0.25) (0.01 to 0.21) (0.03 to 0.12) 0.08 0.02 (kg/tj) (6.92 to 121.11) 5.53 60.00 1.18 (1.32 to 5.7) (0.16 to 5.53) (0.72 to 2.88) 2.00 0.38 (kg/kl) (0.23 to 1.65) 0.23 0.23 0.23 (0.13 to 0.40) (0.13 to 0.40) (0.13 to 0.40) 0.23 (kg/tj) (6.6 to 47.60) 6.10 6.86 (9.00 to 12.50) (3.36 to 10.34) (3.36 to 10.34) (3.11 to 9.59) 6.40 Solid Fuels Anthracite U.S. Bituminous Cdn. Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Coke Fuel wood Slash burning Incineration Municipal Solid waste Wood Waste (t/t) 2.39 (2.46 to 2.50) (1.70 to 2.52) 1.74 (1.34 to 1.52) 2.48 1.47 1.47 0.91 1.50 (t/tj) 86.20 (81.6 to 85.9) (94.3 to 83.0) 94.30 (93.8 to 95.0) 86.00 81.47 81.47 85.85 83.33 (g/kg) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 (0.15 to 0.5) 0.15 0.23 0.15 (kg/tj) varies varies varies varies varies (0.01 to 0.03) 0.01 0.02 0.01 (g/kg) (0.1 to 2.11) (0.1 to 2.11) (0.1 to 2.11) (0.1 to 2.11) (0.1 to 2.11) 0.16 (kg/tj) varies varies varies varies varies 8.89 *SI abbreviations: M for mega (x10 6 ); G for giga (x10 9 ); and T for tera (x10 12 ). Source: Canada's Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Estimate for 1990 Report EPS 5/AP/4, December 1992, Environment Canada Voluntary Challenge and Registry (VCR) Participant's Handbook VCR SAIT

CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O (t/t) * (t/tj) (g/kg) (t/tj) (g/kg) (kg/tj) Cement Production Lime Production Ammonia Production Spent Pulping Liquor Adipic Acid Production Nitric Oxide Production Natural Gas Production Coal Mining 0.50 0.79 1.58 1.43 0.07 102.01 2.67 (1.20 to 16.45) 0.03 (2.0 to 20) Nonenergy Uses Petrochemical Feedstocks Naphthas Lubricants Other Products Coke Natural Gas Coke Oven Gas (t/kl) 0.50 0.50 1.41 1.45 2.48 (t/ml) 1.26 1.6 (t/tj) 14.22 14.22 36.01 28.88 86.00 33.35 86.00 Miscellaneous Landfills (kg/t) 182.00 (kg/t) 66.00 (g/kg) (kg/tj) *SI abbreviations: M for mega (x10 6 ); G for giga (x 10 9 ); and T for tera (x10 12 ). Source: Canada's Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Estimate for 1990 Report EPS 5/AP/4, December 1992, Environment Canada Voluntary Challenge and Registry (VCR) Participant's Handbook VCR SAIT

Southern Alberta Institute of Technology Gary Snow, CFM, CET Chief Engineer Campus Operations and Maintenance Department 403/2848051 Fax. 403/2848437 gary.snow@sait.ab.ca 1301 16th Avenue N.W. Calgary, AB. Canada T2M 0L4