Drafting Terminology Drafters Drafting Technologists and Technicians
Acknowledgments Winnipeg Technical College and the Department of Labour and Immigration of Manitoba wish to express sincere appreciation to all contributors. Special acknowledgments are extended to the following individuals: Manola Barlow, Independent Contractor Sarah McDowell, Independent Contractor Recognition of Prior Learning Coordinator, Winnipeg Technical College Grace Leduc, Curriculum Development, Winnipeg Technical College Bill Jurens, Technical Drafting Instructor, Winnipeg Technical College Gerald Lepine, Technical Drafting Instructor, Winnipeg Technical College Funding for this project has been provided by The Citizenship and Multicultural Division, Manitoba Department of Labour and Immigration. Disclaimer Statements and opinions in this document do not reflect those of Winnipeg Technical College or the project funder, Citizenship and Multicultural Division, Manitoba Department of Labour and Immigration. The information is gathered from a variety of sources and is current and accurate as of the revision date noted. This information is subject to change and will not be further updated. It is the responsibility of the reader to seek current statistics and information. Please contact the Winnipeg Technical College at 989-6500 or www.wtc.mb.ca if you have questions about the contents of this document 2
Table of Contents Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Conversion Factors From Imperial to Metric Units------------------------------- 5 Drafting Drawings and Terminology------------------------------------------------- 7 Assembly Drawing -------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Front View or Elevation-------------------------------------------------------- 9 Interior Elevation ---------------------------------------------------------------10 Isometric Drawing--------------------------------------------------------------11 Machine Drawing---------------------------------------------------------------12 Schematic------------------------------------------------------------------------13 Three-View Drawing-----------------------------------------------------------14 Section Drawing ----------------------------------------------------------------15 Detail Drawing ------------------------------------------------------------------16 Blueprint of Floor Plan Created by CAD----------------------------------17 Civil Plan -------------------------------------------------------------------------18 Structural Section Drawing --------------------------------------------------19 Orthographic Drawings -------------------------------------------------------20 Orthographic Drawings -------------------------------------------------------21 Components of the Blueprints ----------------------------------------------22 Civil and Structural Engineer Symbols------------------------------------24 Metric Drawing------------------------------------------------------------------25 Drafting Symbols ---------------------------------------------------------------26 Common Architectural Symbols--------------------------------------------27 References -------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 3
Introduction To become a skilled drafter, you first need to be familiar with the types of drawings that drafters work with on a regular basis. The sections in this booklet introduce you to some of the basic drawings and terms of drafting. It is strongly recommended that you study more in depth. The book listed below is an excellent introduction to terms and drawings that you will need to be familiar with. Contact the college/university of your choice for more details on recommended books to read. National Center for Construction Education and Research Core Curriculum Introductory Craft Skills: Trainee Guide, 3 rd Ed. Columbus, Ohio: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2004. 4
Conversion Factors From Imperial to Metric Units 1 This table gives easily remembered, approximate conversion factors for some common units, as well as more precise factors. Boldfaced values are exact. But remember, estimated values don't warrant precise conversions. imperial metric multiply by More precisely, multiply by Note acres (US survey) hectares (ha) 0.4 0.404 687 3 feet (ft) metres (m) 0.3 0.3048 fluid ounces (fl oz) millilitres (ml) 30 29.573 53 2 gallons (gal) litres (L) 3.8 3.785 411 784 2 inches (in) centimetres (cm) 2.54 2.54 knots kilometres per hour (km/h) 1.852 miles (mi) kilometres (km) 1.6 1.609 344 miles per gallon (mi/gal) litres per 100 km (L/(100 km)) divide 235.215 by mi/gal miles per hour kilometres per hour (mi/h) (km/h) 1.6 1.609 344 nautical miles kilometres 1.852 ounces (oz) grams (g) 28 28.349 52 1 pound-force (lbf) newtons (N) 4.448 222 pounds (lb) kilograms (kg) 0.45 or divide by 2.2 0.453 592 37 1 1 Retrieved March 9, 2007, from http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/common.html#conversions,. 5
imperial metric multiply by More precisely, multiply by Note pounds per square inch kilopascals (kpa) 6.894 757 (lbf/in 2 ) quarts (qt) litres (L) 0.9 0.946 352 946 2 square feet (ft 2 ) square metres (m 2 ) 0.1 0.092 903 04 square miles square kilometres (mi 2 ) (km 2 ) 2.6 2.589 988 yards (yd) metres (m) 0.9 0.9144 Helpful Websites for Conversion Practice This site explains how both metric and imperial measurements are used in buildings and in plans and drawings in Canada. www.cps.gov.on.ca Go to these websites to practise metric to imperial conversions: www.321know.com www.metric-conversion-tables.com www.asknumbers.com 6
Drafting Drawings and Terminology Alphabet of Lines - The variety of lines used to describe objects and their relationships within a drawing. 2 2 Retrieved Feb.19, 2007, from www.ic.arizona.edu. 7
Assembly Drawing - A drawing that shows how part or all of a machine or structure is put together. 8
Front view or Elevation - A view that shows the true width and height of an object. 9
Interior Elevation: A view of the inside of the room/building. 10
Isometric Drawing - A type of three-dimensional drawing known as a pictorial illustration. It lets you see an object as it really is, rather than as a flat, two-dimensional view. Typically in construction, objects are shown at a 30-degree angle in isometric drawings to provide a three-dimensional perspective. 11
Machine Drawing - A technical drawing used for the machine tool and manufacturing industries. 12
Schematic - An electrical or electronic part drawing. 3 3 Retrieved March 6, 2007, from http://www.netads.com/~meo/guitar/amps/kalamazoo/m1/schem.html. 13
Three-view drawing - A set of three two-dimensional drawings: One of the front view; one of the top view, and one of the side view (usually the right side of the object). Example: 14
Section Drawing: A drawing that shows a specific part in detail. 15
Detail Drawing - A drawing that gives all of the information necessary to construct some part or a larger structure. 16
Blueprint of a floor plan created by computer-aided design (CAD). 17
Civil Plan - Aerial (top) view. 18
Structural Section Drawing: Shows inside specifications. 19
Orthographic Drawings - An orthographic drawing is a construction drawing showing straight-on views of the different sides of an object. Orthographic drawings show dimensions that are proportional to the actual physical dimensions. 20
Orthographic Projection: A means of representing a three-dimensional (3D) object in two dimensions (2D). 21
Components of the Blueprint - All blueprints are laid out in a standardized format. One section that is included in blueprints is a Title Block. When you look at any blueprint, the first thing to look at is the title block. The title block is normally in the lower right-hand corner of the drawing or across the right edge of the paper. The title block has two purposes. First, it gives information about the structure or assembly. Second, it is numbered so the print can be filed easily. Different companies put different information in the title block. Generally, it contains the following: Company logo Usually printed on the drawing Sheet title Identifies the project Date The drawing was checked and readied for seal; permit issued for construction. Drawn Initials of the person who drafted the drawing. Drawing number Code numbers assigned to a project. Scale The ratio of the size of the object as drawn to the object s actual size. Revision blocks Information on revisions, including (at minimum) the date and the initials of the person making the revision. Other information may include descriptions of the revision and a revision number. Every company has its own system for such things as project numbers and departments. Every company also has its own placement locations for the title and revision blocks. Your supervisor should explain your company s system to you. 22
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Civil and Structural Engineering Symbols 24
Metric Drawing 4 4 Note: The spelling of Millimeters in this drawing is American. The spelling of this in Canada is Millimetres. 25
Drafting Symbols 26
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References Giesecke, F.E., Mitchelle, A., Spencer, C.H., Hill, I.L., Dygdon, J.T., Novak, E.J. Technical Drawing, 9th Ed. New York: Macmillian Publishing Company, 1991. Madsen, A. David and Shumaker M. Terence. AutoCAD and its applications. South Holland Illinois: The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., (H-1, H-6) 1992. National Center for Construction Education and Research, Core Curriculum Introductory Craft Skills: Trainee Guide, 3rd Ed. Columbus, Ohio: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. Taylor, L. David. Elementary Blueprint Reading for Machinists, 4 th Ed. Scarborough, Ont.: Delmar Publishers, 1996. Alphabet of Lines. Retrieved Feb. 19, 2007, from www.ic.arizona.edu Drafting Glossary. Retrieved Feb.16, 2007, from www.bv229.k12.ks.us Kalamazoo Amp Field Guide: Model 1 Schematic. Retrieved March 6, 2007, from, www.netads.com Updated: April 2008 28