PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE CONFERENCE PASSIVHUSNORDEN 2012

PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE CONFERENCE PASSIVHUSNORDEN 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS DAY 1 MAIN CONFERENCE HALL... 5 THE SKARPNES RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT - A ZERO ENERGY PILOT PROJECT... 5 NET ZEB OFFICE IN SWEDEN - A CASE STUDY, TESTING THE SWEDISH NET ZEB DEFINITION... 6 DESIGN OF A ZERO ENERGY OFFICE BUILDING AT HAAKONSVERN, BERGEN... 7 PASSIVE- AND PLUS ENERGY ROW HOUSES IN NEAR-ARCTIC CONTINENTAL CLIMATE... 8 POWERHOUSE ONE: THE FIRST PLUS-ENERGY COMMERCIAL BUILDING IN NORWAY... 9 SMALL CONFERENCE HALL A... 10 RETROFITTING OF EXISTING BUILDING STOCK AN ARCHITECTURAL CHALLENGE ON ALL SCALES... 10 DESIGN OF A PASSIVE HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING IN TRONDHEIM... 11 PASSIVE HOUSE WITH TIMBER FRAME OF WOOD I-BEAMS MOISTURE MONITORING IN THE BUILDING PROCESS... 12 TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTIONS SUITABLE FOR PASSIVE HOUSES... 13 SMALL CONFERENCE HALL B... 14 IMPROVEMENT OF TRADITIONAL CLAMPED JOINTS IN VAPOUR- AND WIND BARRIER LAYER FOR PASSIVE HOUSE DESIGN... 14 PASSIVE DYNAMIC INSULATION SYSTEMS FOR COLD CLIMATES... 15 POSSIBILITIES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF A PCM WINDOW SYSTEM USING LARGE SCALE MEASUREMENTS... 16 ENERGY DESIGN OF SANDWICH ELEMENT BLOCKS WITH AGGREGATED CLAY... 17 HEATING AND COOLING WITH CAPILLARY MICRO TUBES INTEGRATED IN A THIN-SHALE CONCRETE SANDWICH ELEMENT... 18 SMALL CONFERENCE HALL C... 19 GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING ONE-STOP-SHOP BUSINESS MODELS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT RENOVATION OF SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES... 19 OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS FOR BUSINESS MODELLING OF INTEGRATED ENERGY RENOVATION SERVICES... 20 PROMOTION OF ONE-STOP-SHOP BUSINESS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY RENOVATION OF DETACHED HOUSES IN NORDIC COUNTRIES... 21 AMBITIOUS UPGRADING OF POST-WAR MULTI-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: PARTICIPATION AS A DRIVER FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND UNIVERSAL DESIGN.... 22 2

DAY 2 - MORNING SESSION MAIN CONFERENCE HALL... 23 DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENT WALL FOR RETROFITTING... 23 ENERGIKONSEPT FOR OPPGRADERING AV NORDRE GRAN BORETTSLAG I OSLO... 24 KAMPEN SCHOOL - RETROFITTING OF AN HISTORIC SCHOOL BUILDING WITH ENERGY EFFICIENT VENTILATION AND LIGHTING SYSTEM... 25 REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A HISTORICAL SCHOOL BUILDING... 26 EXAMPLES OF NEARLY NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS THROUGH ONE-STEP AND STEPWISE RETROFITS. 27 SMALL CONFERENCE HALL A... 28 OPTIMAL SPACE HEATING SYSTEM FOR LOW-ENERGY SINGLE.FAMILY HOUSE SUPPLIED BY LOW- TEMPERATURE DISTRICT HEATING.28 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A COMBINED SOLAR-THERMAL AND HEAT PUMP TECHNOLOGY IN A NET-ZEB UNDER STOCHASTIC USER-LOADS... 29 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS FOR HEATING AND COOLING OF PASSIVE HOUSES... 30 UTFORDRINGER MED INNREGULERING AV VAV ANLEGG I PASSIVHUS... 31 THE POTENTIAL OF FAÇADE-INTEGRATED VENTILATION (FIV) SYSTEMS IN NORDIC CLIMATE... 32 SMALL CONFERENCE HALL B... 34 MARIENLYST SCHOOL COMPARISON OF SIMULATED AND MEASURED ENERGY USE IN A PASSIVE HOUSE SCHOOL... 34 VERIFICATION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN 8 DANISH PASSIVE HOUSES... 35 A PASSIVE HOUSE BASED ON CONVENTIONAL SOLUTIONS ON THE MARKET... 36 MEASUREMENTS OF INDOOR THERMAL CONDITIONS IN A PASSIVE HOUSE DURING WINTER CONDITIONS... 37 SMALL CONFERENCE HALL C... 38 FROM PASSIVE HOUSE TO ZERO EMISSION BUILDING FROM AN EMISSION ACCOUNTING PERSPECTIVE... 38 LIFECYCLE PRIMARY ENERGY USE AND CARBON FOOTPRINT FOR CONVENTIONAL AND PASSIVE HOUSE VERSIONS OF AN EIGHT-STORY WOOD-FRAMED APARTMENT BUILDING... 39 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NEARLY ZERO AND NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS... 40 ARCHITECTURAL FREEDOM AND INDUSTRIALIZED ARCHITECTURE - RETROFIT DESIGN TO PASSIVE HOUSE LEVEL... 41 ARCHITECTURAL QUALITIES IN PASSIVE HOUSES... 42 SUSTAINABLE VENTILATION... 43 3

DAY 2 - AFTER LUNCH SESSION MAIN CONFERENCE HALL... 44 ERFARINGER MED PASSIVHUS ET SYSTEMATISK OVERBLIKK... 44 LIVING IN SOME OF THE FIRST DANISH PASSIVE HOUSES... 45 EVALUATION OF THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT IN 8 DANISH PASSIVE HOUSES... 46 LESSONS FROM POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION AND MONITORING OF THE 1 ST CERTIFIED PASSIVE HOUSE IN SCOTLAND... 47 OVERHEATING IN PASSIVE HOUSES COMPARED TO HOUSES OF FORMER ENERGY STANDARDS... 48 SMALL CONFERENCE HALL A... 49 BOLIGPRODUSENTENES BIM-MANUAL FOR PASSIVHUSPROSJEKTERING... 49 SIMULATION OF A LOW ENERGY BUILDING IN SWEDEN WITH A HIGH SOLAR ENERGY FRACTION.... 50 SS 24 300: A SWEDISH STANDARD FOR ENERGY CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS... 51 NS3701: A NORWEGIAN STANDARD FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL PASSIVE HOUSES... 52 SMALL CONFERENCE HALL B... 53 GEOMETRISKE KULDEBROERS INNVIRKNING PÅ NORMALISERT KULDEBROVERDI... 53 HAM AND MOULD GROWTH ANALYSIS OF A WOODEN WALL... 54 HYGROTHERMAL CONDITIONS IN EXTERIOR WALLS FOR PASSIVE HOUSES IN COLD CLIMATE CONSIDERING FUTURE CLIMATE SCENARIO... 55 PERFORMANCE OF 8 COLD-CLIMATE ENVELOPES FOR PASSIVE HOUSES... 56 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF TIMBER FRAME WALLS WITH VARIOUS WEATHER BARRIERS... 57 SMALL CONFERENCE HALL C. 58 VAD BEHÖVS FÖR ETT MARKNADSGENOMBROTT AV NYBYGGNATION OCH RENOVERING TILL PASSIVHUS - ANALYS FRÅN SEMINARIESERIE... 58 KOMMUNERS MÖJLIGHETER ATT STYRA UTVECKLINGEN MOT PASSIVHUS I SVERIGE OCH UTBILDNING AV BESTÄLLARE INOM KOMMUNAL SEKTOR... 59 PASSIVHUSCENTRA I NORDEN... 60 BUILD UP SKILLS NORWAY: COMPETENCE LEVEL ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AMONG BUILDING WORKERS... 61 4

Powerhouse One: the first plus-energy commercial building in Norway Thyholt, Marit a, Dokka, Tor Helge b, c, Bjørn Jenssen a a: Skanska Norway, P.b. 1175 Sentrum, 0107 Oslo, Norway. Phone: +4798210899, marit.thyholt@skanska.no, bjorn.jenssen@skanska.no b: SINTEF Building and Infrastructure. P.b 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway. Phone: +4795759040, tor.h.dokka@sintef.no c: ZEB The Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings (www.zeb.no) Summary Powerhouse is an alliance that will demonstrate that it is possible to build plus-energy buildings in cold climates, such as in Norway. For the Powerhouse project in Trondheim (Brattørkaia 17a), PV panels will produce and offset the delivered energy needed during the operation and for compensating the embodied energy of the building. The building will thus export more electricity than it will use for operation. In a broader environmental perspective, an aim of this project is also to achieve the classification Outstanding in the BREEAM-NOR environmental certification scheme. Energy efficiency measures and materials with low embodied energy have been crucial for obtaining the energy goal. A very efficient ventilation and passive cooling concept is being developed. The architecture does highly reflect the plus-energy goal, both regarding the form and the energy production surfaces (roof and the facades). The Powerhouse project is a ZEB pilot building, i.e. a pilot within the Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings. Therefore an aim is also very low greenhouse gas emissions during the building s lifetime. Calculations indicate that the energy balance during the building s lifetime, and within the defined definition, is close to the goal. However, there are still relative large uncertainties related to some of the figures, in particular the embodied energy for the materials. Keywords Powerhouse, plus-energy commercial building, zero-emission building, ZEB Introduction Powerhouse is an alliance that will demonstrate that it is possible to build plus-energy buildings in cold climates. The alliance was established by Entra Eiendom, Skanska, Snøhetta, the environmental organisation ZERO and the aluminium company Hydro in 2011 (www.powerhouse.no). The Powerhouse alliance are (by June 2012) in the early phase of planning two Powerhouse projects: Powerhouse at Brattørkaia 17a in Trondheim (new office building), and Powerhouse Kjørbo in Bærum (renovation, office building). Further engineering/design of the Powerhouse project in Trondheim rely on an acceptance from the Trondheim municipality regarding the building height, while the start of the construction of the Powerhouse Kjørbo is planned first quarter 2013. In this paper the concept of the Powerhouse Brattørkaia is described. The early design stage (Norwegian: skissefase), was finished February 2012, and the results from this stage was documented in a final report [1]. The Powerhouse project at Brattørkaia 17a is an office building with about 15.000 m² heated floor area, distributed on 12 gradually scaled floors. The ground floor is about 2.400 m², and the top floor only 93 m².

The site is located close to the fjord, and has good access to seawater as energy source for heating and cooling. Trondheim is located at approximately 63 degrees north latitude, and with an annual mean outdoor temperature of 5,1 C and an annual mean horizontal irradiation of 101,6 W/m² (890 kwh/m²a). Definition of Powerhouse and plus-energy The main definition of a Powerhouse is a building that shall produce at least the same amount of energy from on-site renewables as the energy used for materials, maintenance, demolition and operation exclusive equipment (such as PCs, coffee machines etc.). In addition, the exported energy shall in average not have less quality than the imported energy. This implies that produced and exported electricity can offset corresponding amount of imported energy for both electricity and thermal purposes, while produced and exported thermal energy can not offset imported electricity. The building shall also as a minimum fulfil all the requirements of the Passive House standard. For the first Powerhouse projects, a realistic aim is achieving an energy balance including the energy use related to operation and materials, including maintenance. For later projects, the aim is that the energy use related to the construction phase and demolition also shall be included in the balance account. Concepts and solutions The plus-energy goal has been the definitive most important factor from the early start of the design of the Powerhouse Brattørkaia 17a. All partners in the Alliance have with their experts, and in close cooperation with researchers from ZEB (ww.zeb.no) and special invited consultants and suppliers, contributed to the present energy and architectural concept. This multidisciplinary design has been crucial for achieving the energy goal, and other qualities as great architecture, the building s adaptation to the site and surroundings, and premises for good indoor climate. As the most costly measure to reach the Powerhouse goal is the on-site electricity production (photovoltaic panels - PV), great efforts have been concentrated on reducing the need for energy during the operation stage and for producing materials. Available and efficient area for the electricity production (PV) enhances the need for substantial measures for energy efficiency, including minimizing the embodied energy for materials. Due to the fact that the energy need for ventilation normally comprises a large share of the energy budget in office buildings, there has particularly been a high focus on reducing the energy need for ventilation for Brattørkaia 17a. This includes both using low emitting materials to reduce the ventilation demand, low pressure design to minimize fan energy, and highly efficient heat recovery. For the Powerhouse energy budget, the embodied energy related to the production of materials may constitute a similar quantity as the energy needed for the operation of the building. Hence, this subject has also been central in the efforts of minimizing the energy budget. Energy related to the construction and demolition stage has not yet been considered. Architecture The design of the building volume, which is based on environmental and city structural parameters, forms a new architecture typology and aesthetics. The method can be considered to be a new interpretation from the modernistic concept form follows function to form follows environment. Harvesting solar energy has to a large extent formed the architecture. The volume is dominated by an inclined plane, representing a near optimized surface for utilizing solar radiation.

The Figure 1 below shows an optimized surface for utilizing solar energy for a building located on the Brattørkaia 17a site. Studies carried out with the design tool Ecotect, shows that it is possible to utilize solar radiation also for facades facing other orientations. The site is shaded by neighbour buildings only from east and west. Figure 1: Optimized surface for solar energy harvesting (the whole year). Illustration: Snøhetta Figure 2: Annual solar irradiation intensity on different surfaces for Powerhouse Brattørkaia 17a. Illustration: Snøhetta The electricity production by use of PV panels shall offset the energy demand during the operation stage and the embodied energy of the materials. For a large building, such as Brattørkaia 17a, large areas for

electricity production is necessary. The large, sloped and south oriented roof appears as the building s fifth façade, and contains about 2.100 m² PV panels. In order to balance the energy demand for operation and materials, the most sun-exposed vertical facades probably also have to be covered by PV panels. Good daylight conditions in the central part of the building will be solved by letting daylight penetrate to the office areas via the open atrium in the core of the building. Ventilation The ventilation concept is based on a system with extremely low pressure drop over the components and in the ventilation ducts, in which the supply air will be distributed to the spaces via a pressurized, raised installation floor. Components with high pressure drop, such as the heat recovery unit, are bypassed when not in use. The system utilizes displacement ventilation, which is a more efficient way to ventilate spaces than the more traditional mixing ventilation method. The concept is based on overflow from cell offices to landscape, and further to secondary functions before the air is extracted out via WC/copy rooms and stairwells. When the need for heat recovery is limited, the speed of the exhaust fans is reduced, and the surplus air will be exhausted directly via hatches at the top of the stairwells. When the outdoor temperature is so high that heat recovery is not needed at all, all exhaust air will be let out via these hatches. Hence, the energy use for exhaust fans will be reduces to a minimum. In addition, the users will always have the possibility to open windows in the office areas. The airing via the windows will be a supplement to the mechanical ventilation system. An aim of the ventilation concept, which is still under development, is an efficient demand control without increasing the pressure drop (braking via dampers) in the system. This will be done by keeping a low pressure in the central system, while local fans in the different zones will be controlled on demand. Exposed concrete in the ceilings and the plenum box (raised floor) give a high degree of exposed thermal mass which reduce the day time temperatures in hot periods, and thus reduce or eliminate mechanical cooling demand. Local energy production For all thermal purposes, the building will benefit from a seawater line from the fjord, giving a very stable temperature throughout the year. Sea water will be utilised directly for free cooling during the cooling season. During the heating season, the seawater may be utilised to preheat ventilation air directly, and as energy source for a heat pump dimentioned to fully cover the ventilation and space heating demand. In addition, the heat pump will cover at least 50 % of the hot water demand throughout the year. In the early design stage, utilization of wind energy for electricity production was assessed. From an overall evaluation, based on the need for sufficient area, safety, noise and vibrations, esthetics, increased used of materials for load-bearing constructions and foundation, low cost efficiency and the lack of good references, this solution for electricity production was not chosen. The roof of the building is shaped for a PV-based electricity production. Similarly, facades do also accommodate the use of PV modules; façade surfaces with high annual solar irradiance have less window area and a higher share of PV modules than the facades with low annual irradiance. Optimal angle with regard to energy production with the PV modules in Trondheim is 45, while the angle of the roof surface is 26. This difference makes not more than 4 % loss on the annual irradiation.

Figure 3. South-oriented and sloped roof surface for PV-based electricity production for Powerhouse Brattørkaia 17a. Illustrasjon: Snøhetta/MIR Materials and embodied energy A preliminary study carried out for Powerhouse Brattørkaia 17a, shows that embodied energy of the materials constitutes a substantial share of the total energy account. In the further design work, a high attention must therefore be concentrated on this subject. The preliminary figure of the embodied energy is 22 kwh per m² heated floor area and year (delivered energy, 60 years time-frame). This includes PV panels on both roof and facades (a total of ca. 5.750 m² PV modules), but on the other hand it is still missing several material groups. The calculations are mainly based on information from energy product declarations (EPD), but also the database EcoInvent (version 2.2) and several professional reports and scientific articles. Due to lack of transparency and consistence in much of the documentation, there are large uncertainties associated with the calculated and preliminary figure of embodied energy. Most of the figures for embodied energy taken from the EPDs and the other documentation used in the study are based on primary energy. For Powerhouse Brattørkaia 17a the energy account is based on delivered energy, and the figures for embodied energy found in the different documentation is therefore not directly usable. A conversion from primary energy to delivered energy is complicated by the fact that the primary energy factor varies in the documentation. The study of embodied energy will be continued during the autumn 2012, and a better basis for decision and further design is therefore expected.

The energy balance Based on a high degree of energy efficiency measures, and a presumption of an optimal operation of the technical installations, the calculated demand for energy (net energy, delivered energy) is shown in table 1 below. The simulations are carried out with the dynamic energy simulation tool SIMIEN [2], and are in accordance with the Norwegian Standard NS 3031 [3]. However, energy use for lighting and equipment is in accordance with expected real use, but for a normalized operation period. For the further design, another and a more advanced simulation tool will be used. Table 1: The best case net energy demand, and demand for delivered energy for Powerhouse Brattørkaia 17 a. Embodied energy and electricity production is not included. Net specific demand Spesific demand for delivered energy kwh/m2/y kwh/m2/y Space heating 9,9 2,8 Ventilation heating 5,5 1,6 Tap water heating 5,0 3,7 Fans 3,0 3,0 Pumps 0,4 0,4 Lighting 9,4 9,4 Equipment 12,5 12,5 Space cooling 0,0 0,0 Ventilation cooling 0,0 0,0 Total 45,7 33,4 Total excluding equipment 33,2 20,9 In order to offset the energy demand for operation and embodied energy of materials, the PV plant must cover about 21 kwh/m 2 for operation in addition to a very uncertain amount of embodied energy. Table 2 shows calculated electricity production, dependent on available surface area and which surfaces are covered with high efficient 1 PV modules. The table shows that the PV plant on the sloped roof surface will be sufficient to cover the energy demand for operation. When also embodied energy has to be included, facades have to be used for electricity production. Table 2: Best Case estimate of total electricity production. Total Per m 2 heated floor area kwh/m2/y kwh/y Need for delivered energy (best case, excluded 308.543 20,9 equipment) Calculated maximum electricity production - PV Alternative A: Roof only 370.000 25,0 Alternative B: Roof + south-east facade 481.000 32,6 Alternative C: Roof + south-east and south-west facade 585.000 39,6 1 The annual system efficiency of the PV is calculated to 17 %..

Conclusion At this stage of the design stage of Powerhouse One, Brattørkaia 17 a, the analyses show that a plusenergy level, including embodied energy for materials, is achievable for an office building in Norway. Necessary strategies for obtaining this extremely high-ambition level, is a significant level of energy efficiency (passive house standard, innovative ventilation strategies/solutions etc.), high focus on material used (both with regard to the amount of materials and embodied energy), and combined with an optimized energy supply system for production of thermal energy and electricity on-site. However, there are still uncertainties related to the embodied energy figures. The design of the building has also shown that environmental and city structural parameters form a new architecture typology and aesthetics. The project is expected to be an important demonstration project for plus-energy buildings, both in Norway and world-wide. References [1] Powerhouse Brattørkaia 17a, final report from the early design stage (Skissefase). February 2012. Contributions from Snøhetta, Skanska, Hydro Building Systems, ZERO, Entra, ZEB, Multiconsult, Siemens, Evotek and Brekke & Strand [2] SIMIEN, Simulering av energibruk og inneklima i Bygninger, Version 5.010 (2012). Programbyggerne (www.programbyggerne.no) [3] Norsk Standard NS 3031:2007, Beregning av bygningers energiytelse. Metode og data

www.akademikaforlag.no