A Quick Guide to the Bible

Chapter 1 A Quick Guide to the Bible Think of the Bible as a city. Just like New York or Los Angeles, after all, the Bible is big. It s confusing. What s more, it s an easy place to get lost. That s because the Bible is not just one book, anymore than a city is just one street or neighborhood. No, the Bible is like a big city with lots of neighborhoods. In fact, it s a library; it s a collection of books written by dozens of authors over hundreds of years in three different languages. And just as Bible The word comes from the Lebanese city of Byblos, a seaport that became famous for making papyrus (a kind of early Egyptian paper). This made Byblos a natural place to produce books and as a result, the Greeks and Romans came to know all books as bibles. neighborhoods differ from each other think of the Bronx and Wall Street, or Beverly Hills and Compton so too, every book in the Bible has its own look and feel. In other words, no matter what you need, you ll probably find it in the Bible. If you like poetry, for instance, try the Psalms. History? Read the books of Samuel and Kings. Need some help running a business? Study Proverbs. Want to learn more about Jesus? The Bible doesn t just have one biography of Him; it has four! 9

10 QuickStart to the Books of the Bible Different as they are, the books of the Bible have one thing in common: they all came from a bunch of nobodies. If it weren t for the Bible, after all, you probably never would have heard of the Israelites I mean, Tiglath-pileser * was a lot more important than they were, and when was the last time you ever heard of him? No, the Bible came to us from a small group of insignificant people who lived on the fringes of the world s great empires. And if you want to understand the Bible, then you need to know their story. The Bible s history Most of the Bible takes place in a small, rocky country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. Variously known as Canaan, Israel, or Palestine, it s a lot like the Los Angeles metro area would be without the freeways. Same size: roughly 8,000 square miles. Same climate: hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Same landscape: lots of brush, dry grass, and oak trees. And pretty much the same local politics: lots of little communities that don t like each other very much. Left to itself, in other words, Canaan would have been known for its goats, grapes, and tax revolts, but not much else. Unfortunately, Canaan was (and is) the land-bridge that connects two of the biggest hot spots in the Middle East. To the south is the Nile Valley, home of the Egyptian Empire. To the north well, actually, it s east, but the only way you can get there without crossing the nasty desert is by circling around to the north anyway, to the north is Mesopotamia, the land between the rivers. Watered by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Mesopotamia was a broad, flat, muddy plain that gave rise to two of the nastiest empires the world has ever seen: first Assyria, and then Babylon. When it came to Middle Eastern politics, in other words, Egypt was the anvil. Mesopotamia was the hammer. And right between them smack-dab in the middle was the land of Canaan. It made for an interesting life. * Just for the record, Tiglath-pileser III was the King of Assyria from 745-727 B.C. An even more famous predecessor of the same name ruled Assyria from 1114-1074 B.C. and yes, Dave Barry would probably think that Tiglath-pileser is a great name for a band!

A Quick Guide to Reading the Bible 11 Sometime around 1200 B.C., the Egyptians started complaining about a new group in Canaan a group known as the Israelites. Where they came from is something that the experts love to argue about. The Israelites themselves said they were the descendants of Abraham a wealthy nomad from Mesopotamia. Abraham s family had moved to Canaan, but drought had forced his descendants to relocate in Egypt. There they had been slaves, until their God set them free and brought them back to Canaan in the Exodus. The Names of God What do you call God? At first, He seemed to go by several names: El Elyon ( God Most High ), El Shaddai ( God Almighty ), El-roi ( the God who sees ), and El Olam ( the everlasting God ). In time, He came to be known as YHWH (Yahweh) a name that seems to mean I am and it is by this name that He is known to the present day. 1050 B.C.: God s people get a king A common ancestor, a common history, a common God: None of these meant that the Israelites got along with each other. In truth, they were little more than a loose confederation of twelve tribes that fought each other almost as much as they did outsiders. From time to time, an ad hoc leader (or judge ) might unite a few tribes against some common enemy, but when the threat disappeared, so did the unity. All this changed sometime around 1050 B.C., when a new group known as Philistines began moving inland from the coast. Faced with this threat, the Israelites united and chose Saul to lead them in battle. When he died, the Israelites split; the northern tribes backed Saul s son Ishbaal, while the southern tribe of Judah backed a disaffected general named David. When Ishbaal was killed by two of his own commanders, David took over all of Israel. David s regime marked the high point of Israel s history. With Egypt and Assyria in the doldrums, David was free to expand the land of Israel; he also pushed back the Philistines to the coast. With the capture of Jerusalem, David found a neutral site for

12 QuickStart to the Books of the Bible What do you call God s people? Hebrews, the children of Abraham, Israelites, and Jews God s people go by all these names, yet they don t all mean the same. No one knows what a hebrew might be a wanderer? A descendant of Eber? All we know is that Abraham used this word to describe himself. God promised Abraham many heirs heirs who are known collectively as children of Abraham. But one grandchild was especially blessed: Israel, who had twelve sons. Then again, almost all the descendants of Israel disappeared when the Assyrians invaded their land. As a matter of fact, aside from the Levites, the only ones left were members of the tribe of Judah (or Jews for short). In practical terms, what this means is that all Jews are Israelites, but not all Israelites are Jews. All Israelites are children of Abraham, but not all children of Abraham are Israelites. And all children of Abraham are Hebrews... but we still don t know what a Hebrew might be! his capital one that had not previously belonged to any of the tribes. And when God s shrine was transferred to Jerusalem, it seemed as though the twelve tribes of Israel had finally been molded into a strong and unified kingdom. But even David couldn t end the old tribal jealousies. Revolts marred his reign as well as that of his heir; when his son Solomon died, Israel split once again along tribal lines. The northern tribes took the name of Israel; they also took most of the land, most of the people, and most of the wealth. Judah retained little more than Jerusalem and its old tribal lands. But with the House of David firmly in control, it avoided much of the palace intrigue that plagued its northern neighbor. The empire strikes back No sooner did Israel and Judah split up, however, than both had to face a common enemy: the newlyreborn empire of Assyria. Both Israel and Judah tried to play off Assyria against its enemies; both failed. As a result, Israel was invaded in 722 B.C. by Assyria; its capital was destroyed, its temple burnt, and its people were taken into exile where they were never seen again. Judah managed to hold on a bit longer, mainly because it was poor and off the beaten track. But in 586 B.C., Judah was invaded by the same group that had just destroyed Assyria the empire of Babylon. As a result, Judah suffered the same fate as its longgone cousins to the north: Its capital was destroyed, its temple burnt, and its people taken into exile. Where they survived.

A Quick Guide to Reading the Bible 13 Strange as it may seem, the Babylonian captivity may have been one of the best things that ever happened to Judah. Faced with the Ten Lost Tribes loss of their land, the Jews focused on No one knows what happened to the their religion. They gathered the Israelites who were captured by the sacred texts of their religion into a Assyrians. Most experts believe they rough-and-ready Bible of sorts. They were carried off to Mesopotamia, formed small groups to discuss these where they intermarried with the locals texts small groups that would later and gradually lost their identity as a be known as synagogues. And they separate people. Other theories have been suggested they moved to developed a new type of religious America, they moved to England, or leader: the scribe or rabbi a man they moved to Africa but in reality, we who knew God s laws and could teach have no evidence for any of these them to others. In short, the people views. who returned to Judah after seventy years of exile were not the same as their parents and grandparents who had lived there before. FlashPoint: How on earth we got the Bible Tradition has it that Ezra the priest pulled together the documents that made up the first Bible, sometime around 450 B.C. Be that as it may, the number of books that make up today s Hebrew Bible was fixed by the Council of Jamnea, sometime around A.D. 90. The New Testament s history is a little more involved. Faced with competing schools of thought, mainstream Christianity thought it best to include only those books that had been written by an apostle, i.e. one of Christ s original followers or Paul of Tarsus. Everyone agreed this included the four Gospels, the book of Acts, and the thirteen letters of Paul (arranged in order of their length). But other books stirred controversy. Western Christians, for instance, doubted that Paul had written Hebrews; Eastern Christians disliked Revelation. Some doubted that the books of James, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, and Jude were important enough to be included. Others continued to agitate for books like the Shepherd of Hermas, and the Apocalypse of Ezra. By A.D. 367, however, most of the shouting had died down, and Bishop Athanasius of Alexandria was reading from the same New Testament that most Christians do today.

14 QuickStart to the Books of the Bible This caused problems. In 539 B.C., the empire of Babylon fell to the Persians, and the Persians let the Jews go home. Fifty thousand did so... only to discover that Judah had been taken over by a variety of people: refugees, stragglers, converts, and people who d been left behind when everyone else was taken to Babylon. These people thought of themselves as the true people of God and they didn t much care for all the new-fangled changes that these refugees brought back with them from exile. What followed next was a typical struggle over turf a struggle that ended with the triumph of the new Jews from Babylon. Thanks to their leadership, both Jerusalem and the temple were rebuilt; thanks to the Persians, the next few centuries passed quite peacefully. A.D. 70: the temple is destroyed (again) All this changed when the Persian Empire fell to Alexander the Great in 331 B.C. Alexander had a passion for Greek culture a passion that was shared by the generals who took over after him. For the most part, they left the Jews alone, but in 175 B.C., a new king took charge: Antiochus IV. His friends called him Epiphanes, which means God manifest. His enemies called him Epimanes, which means crazy. But to the Jews, Antiochus IV would forever be known as the abomination that causes desolation. Antiochus IV wanted to turn the Jews into a bunch of pork-eating, idolworshiping, uncircumcised Greeks. He thought this would be a good way to secure the southern frontier of his kingdom against Egypt; what he got was a guerilla war. Under the leadership of the Maccabees family, the Jews rose in revolt, kicked out the Greeks, and established their own independent kingdom in 142 B.C. It didn t last. Palace politics led someone in the royal family to invite in the Romans; once they showed up, no one could figure out how to make them leave. The Romans got rid of the Maccabees in 63 B.C., dithered for a while, and then installed Herod the Great as their client-king. When he died in 4 B.C., the Romans split the

A Quick Guide to Reading the Bible 15 kingdom four ways: Three parts went to Herod s sons, while Judah was ruled directly by the Roman emperor through an appointed governor. For Canon the next seventy years, the Romans The list of books that make up the tinkered with this system subtracting Bible. a governor here, adding a son of Herod there, moving a boundary yonder all in the hope that, somehow, they could find a formula for lasting peace. It didn t work. Tensions came to a climax in A.D. 66, when Greeks in the coastal city of Caesarea won a lawsuit against some Jews. The verdict led to riots. The riots led to war a war that lasted six years, killed millions, and left both Jerusalem and the temple in ruins. A second revolt in A.D. 131 lasted four years; its failure sealed the fate of the Jews. From now on, they would live as exiles and strangers in fact, it would be another 1,800 years before the Jews had a land of their own. So there you have it a brief history of a small group of insignificant people who lived in an out-of-the-way part of the world. They left us no great monuments, no awe-inspiring buildings, no graceful statues, not even so much as piece of jewelry. What they did leave us were their words words that still speak to us today in the pages of the Bible. With that in mind, let s take a look at this Book. What s what in the Bible As you already know, the Bible is a collection of books written by dozens of authors in three different languages. For the sake of convenience, we ve divided these books into two groups: the Hebrew Bible (known to Christians as the Old Testament), and the New Testament. The Hebrew Bible has thirty-nine books, mostly written in... well, in Hebrew. (Actually, two books Ezra and Daniel do include sections in Aramaic, a language similar to Hebrew.) Tradition divides these books into three groups:

16 QuickStart to the Books of the Bible The Law: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. Also known as the Torah, the Pentateuch, or the Books of Moses. These five books tell us how God created a special group of people known as the Israelites; they also list the rules that God gave in order for the Israelites to remain a special people. (Think of this section as the creation of God s expectations.) History: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, 1 and 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. Major Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, and Daniel. Minor Prophets: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habbakuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. Think of the twenty-nine books in this section * as reapplications of God s expectations. In them, we learn how the Israelites failed to live by God s rules and what God did as a result. Some of these books are historical works. The major prophets and minor prophets are collections of essays and poetry. (And yes, the only difference between a major prophet and a minor prophet is the length of his book.) Writings: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon. Writings is a catch-all term for books that don t fit neatly into the other two sections. Some of these books are poetry, others philosophy. (I suppose you could think of this section as a series of meditations on God s expectations, but that might be stretching it a bit.) * Hebrew Bibles count 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, and 1 and 2 Chronicles each as single books; that s why you ll often find Jewish commentaries giving different figures for the number of books in the Bible compared to the usual arrangement in most English versions.

A Quick Guide to Reading the Bible 17 Taken together, these thirty-nine books trace the history of God s people from the dawn of Creation down to 400 B.C. or so. If you re Jewish, that s the end of your Bible. If you re Catholic, you can read what happens next in the Apocrypha. But if you re Protestant, you re faced with a long gap before things pick up again with the New Testament. FlashPoint: The Apocrypha If you ve read Margaret Atwood s novel, The Poisonwood Bible, you ll remember the part where the Protestant fundamentalist missionary is preaching from the story of Susannah and the elders. Great scene in the novel. Unfortunately, there s no way that it could have happened. That s because Susanah s story is in the Apocrypha and fundamentalist Protestants (missionary or otherwise) don t include the Apocrypha in their Bible. A little background might be helpful. The Apocrypha (meaning hidden ) includes somewhere between nine and eighteen books (or parts of books), all written in Greek between 200 B.C. and A.D. 90 or so. The Greek-speaking Jews of northern Egypt included these books in their Bible, while most Palestinian Jews (who spoke Hebrew and Aramaic) did not. In A.D. 90, Jewish leaders met at the Council of Jamnea and decided in favor of the Palestinians. That s why the Hebrew Bible does not include the Apocrypha. The council didn t include Christians, however, and they continue to disagree on what should be done with these books. Most Protestants play it safe and leave the Apocrypha out of the Bible, while Roman Catholics and the Orthodox think it s safer to leave them in. Lutherans and Episcopalians, on the other hand, play it extra safe by including these books in a special deuterocanonical section between the Old and New Testaments; while they don t use the Apocrypha for doctrine, they do read it in church. So what s in the Apocrypha? Catholic Bibles include the books of Tobit, Judith, the Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, and 1 and 2 Maccabees, as well as additional chapters in Esther and Daniel. Orthodox Bibles include all these books, plus 1 Esdras, the Prayer of Manasseh, 3 Maccabees, and Psalm 151. (Some Orthodox Bibles also include 2 and 3 Esdras, as well as 4 Maccabees.) Then you have the Copts of Ethiopia twenty-five million Christians whose Bibles include such books as Jubilees, 1 Enoch, Joseph ben Gorion s history of the Jews, Sinodos, the Shepherd of Hermas, the Apostolic Constitutions, and two letters from a Roman church leader named Clement!

18 QuickStart to the Books of the Bible Why Greek? Why was the New Testament written in Greek? Three words: Alexander the Great. In the fourth century B.C., Alexander conquered most of the Near and Middle East and in the process, he made Greek the second language of anyone who even pretended to be civilized. The Romans were no exception; when they conquered the Greeks, the Romans adopted Greek culture (and the Greek language) much as people across the world today are wearing Nikes and wolfing-down Big Macs. The New Testament has twenty-seven books, all written in Greek sometime between A.D. 50 and A.D. 90 or so. They are divided into the following groups: Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Gospel literally means good news. These books tell the story of Jesus the Jewish Carpenter who began Christianity. The book of Acts. Written for a Roman audience, the book of Acts tells how Christianity spread from its beginnings in Palestine to the whole Roman Empire. The Pauline Epistles: Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Hebrews, and Philemon. These are letters from Paul the Jewish apostle who carried Christianity to the Roman world. Most were written to solve problems in churches that he had founded. The General Epistles: James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Jude. Unlike Paul s letters, which were written to specific churches, these letters were meant for all Christians everywhere. They were written either by the original disciples of Jesus, or by members of His immediate family. The book of Revelation. Revelation sums up the entire Bible and describes God s view of human history in all its terror and glory. And with that, you know more about the Bible than you probably wanted to know. So let s take a look at what it takes to actually read the Bible.