Technological Innovation Across Nations
Contents Introduction 1 Marina van Geenhuizen, Chihiro Watanabe, Vinnie Jauhari, Enno Masurel 1 Introduction 1 2 Content of the Book 5 References 9 Part I Applied Studies: Adoption of Information Technology in National Institutional Systems An Empirical Analysis of the Institutional System's Effects on the Development of China's Personal Computer Industry From Inertia to Innovation 13 Shanyu Lei, Masanobu Kita, Chihiro Watanabe, and Yuji Tou 1 Introduction 14 1.1 The Effect of Initial Inertia on the Resulting Trajectory of China's PC Industry 14 1.2 Sources of High Performance in China during the PC Industry's Initial Inertia 14 1.3 Previous Research 17 2 Analytical Framework: Trajectory of PC Development and Diffusion 19 2.1 Dynamic Learning Coefficients and Diffusion of PCs... 19 2.2 Price Decline Resulting from the Import of PC Parts and International Competition 20 2.3 Spillover Effect from Imported PC Parts 22 2.4 Influence of Price Competition 22 2.5 Elasticity of PCs to GDP 22 3 Empirical Analysis 26 3.1 Trends in PC Prices 26 3.2 Dynamic Learning Coefficient in China's PC Technology 28
viii Contents 3.3 Price Change Due to Imported PC Parts and International Competition 31 3.4 Trends in Creating Functionality of PC Innovation 33 4 Conclusions 36 References 37 An Empirical Analysis of the Coevolution of China's Institutional System and Rapidly Growing PC Sector 41 Chihiro Watanabe, Shanyu Lei, Akihisa Yamada, and Masanobu Kita 1 Introduction 42 2 China's Distinct Institutional Characteristics 46 3 Analytical Framework 49 3.1 Changes in the Pace of PC Development and Diffusion.. 49 3.2 Institutional System Characteristics Determining PC Development and Diffusion 51 4 Empirical Analysis 52 4.1 Multiplier Effects of Phased Development for the Enhancement of PC Development and Diffusion 52 4.2 Coevolution of Rapidly Growing PC Development and Institutional Characteristics in Enhancing PC Innovation. 54 5 Conclusions 60 References 61 Appendix: PC Development Trajectory in 24 Countries (1981-2002) 63 Institutional Context for IT Use in the Automotive Industry: A Case Study on the Market Leader in India's Passenger Vehicle Sector 65 Vinnie Jauhari 1 Introduction 65 2 Global Scenario 66 3 Value Chain Analysis of the Automotive Industry 66 4 The Use of IT in an Organizational Framework 70 5 The Context of India's Automotive Industry 76 6 IT in the Broader Perspective of Technology Development 80 7 Information Technology at Maruti Udyog 81 7.1 Information Management at Maruti Udyog 83 7.2 Information Resources 85 7.3 Observations of IT Application at Maruti Udyog 85 7.4 Reaching Out to Customers 88 7.5 IT and Internet Culture 88 8 Conclusions and Challenges 89 References 92
Contents ix Information Technology and Changing Institutional Systems as They Shift from an Industrial to an Information Society: An Initial Comparative Analysis of the USA, Japan, and China 95 Charla Griffy-Brown, Bing Zhu, and Jianbin Jin 1 Introduction 95 2 Theoretical Framework 97 3 Methodology and Data Collection 99 4 A Qualitative Analysis of Institutional Systems in the USA, Japan and China for Comparing the Role of IT 99 4.1 Institutional Change in Japan 100 4.2 Institutional Change in the USA 103 4.3 Institutional Change in China 105 5 Comparison-of Information Technology Use in the USA, Japan, and China: B2B and IT Use in Business Operations as an Indicator of Institutional Change 106 5.1 IT and Institutional Change in the USA 106 5.2 IT and Institutional Change in Japan 107 5.3 IT and Institutional Change in China Ill 6 Conclusion: Summary Comparison of Institutional Systems in Japan, the USA, and China in Effectively Leveraging IT 115 References 117 Analyzing the Export Intensity of Electronics Firms in India 121 Vinnie Jauhari 1 Introduction 121 2 Objectives 122 3 Review of the Literature 123 3.1 Proposed Model for Exploring Export Intensity of Electronics Firms in India 124 3.2 Proposed Hypotheses for the Study 125 4 Methodology 126 5 The Institutional Context of India's Electronics Industry 126 6 Division of Electronics Output between the Public and Private Sector 128 6.1 Comparative Segment Exports for the Years 1993-2002.129 6.2 Findings and Analysis 129 6.3 Tobit Results for Electronics Firms in India 130 6.4 Export Intensity of Domestic Firms 131 7 Conclusions and Implications 133 References 135
x x Contents Part II Applied Studies: Institutional Systems, Entrepreneurship, Knowledge Transfer and Learning Growth of Technology Incubators: An Evolutionary Perspective 141 Marina van Geenhuizen and Danny Soetanto 1 Introduction : 142 2 The Evolutionary Development of Incubators 143 3 Factors Influencing Incubator Growth 145 4 Structure of the Empirical Study 148 5 Results of the Analysis 151 6 Discussion 153 References 155 The Relationship between Universities of Professional Education and SMEs: Room for Improvement 159 Enno Masurel and Frans Werkhoven 1 Introduction 160 2 Setting the Scene 160 3 Universities of Professional Education Versus Traditional Universities in the Netherlands 162 4 Public Knowledge Institutions and SMEs 163 5 Data Collection 164 6 Empirical Results 166 7 Conclusion and Recommendations 172 References 173 Small Biotechnology Industry and Institutional Transformation: A Case Study of The Netherlands 177 Marina van Geenhuizen 1 New Business Opportunities and Institutional Constraints 177 2 Action Plan Life Sciences 180 3 The Biotechnology 'Landscape' in the Netherlands 181 4 Biotechnology Developments from a Policy Perspective 185 5 Institutional Transformation? 189 6 Supportive Policies for Later Growth Stages 191 7 Discussion 192 References 193 Index 195