Contents Preface xi About the Editors and Contributors xv INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS 1 2 An Introduction to Exercise Science 1 WHAT IS EXERCISE SCIENCE? 2 WHAT DO EXERCISE SCIENTISTS STUDY? 2 BOX 1.1 Issues in health-related aspects of physical activity 3 BOX 1.2 Issues in sports performance research 4 EXERCISE SCIENCE: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 5 Evolution of Exercise Science 5 Impetus for the Emergence of Modern Exercise Science 7 ACADEMIC PROGRAMS IN EXERCISE SCIENCE 9 Emergence of Academic Programs 9 Growth of Academic Programs 9 The Curriculum 13 PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS FOR EXERCISE SCIENCE PROGRAMS 14 Foundational Core 15 Exercise Prescription for Normal and Special Populations 15 Health Promotion 15 Administrative Tasks 15 Human Relations 16 Professional Development 16 Practical Experience 16 Summary 16 Study Questions 17 Learning Activities 17 Suggested Readings 17 References 18 Reading and Interpreting the Literature in Exercise Science 19 INTRODUCTION 20 LITERATURE SOURCES 20 iii
iv Contents Scientific Literature Sources 21 Nonscientific Literature Sources 23 READING PRIMARY REFERENCES 24 Abstract 24 Introduction 24 Methods 26 Results 27 Discussion 27 Conclusions 28 References 28 READING SECONDARY REFERENCES 29 Textbooks 29 Professional Books 30 Reviews 30 LOCATING REFERENCES IN EXERCISE SCIENCE 30 Tips for Conducting Online Searches 32 Accessing the Full-Text Article 33 USING SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE TO LOCATE GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN EXERCISE SCIENCE 34 Summary 34 Study Questions 35 Learning Activities 35 Suggested Readings 35 References 36 3 Measurement in Exercise Science 37 DEFINITIONS IN MEASUREMENT 38 Measurement Versus Evaluation 38 Measurement Accuracy 38 Measurement Levels 42 Domains of Human Experience 43 MEASUREMENT ACTIVITIES 45 Cognitive Domain 45 Psychomotor Domain 46 Affective Domain 48 Measurement Usage 50 For Classification 50 For Motivation 50 For Achievement Assessment 50 For Forecasting Potential and Prediction 51 For Diagnosis 51 For Program Evaluation 51 For Research 51 HISTORY OF MEASUREMENT 51 TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 54 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 55 box 3.1 An abstract of a research study in the area of measurement 56
Contents v PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 56 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 58 Summary 58 Study Questions 58 Learning Activities 59 Suggested Readings 59 References 59 FIELDS OF STUDY CHAPTERS 4 5 Anatomy in Exercise Science 61 INTRODUCTION 62 DEFINITIONS IN ANATOMY 62 HISTORY OF ANATOMY 63 Prescientific Period 63 Scientific Period 64 The Middle Ages 70 The Renaissance 72 Seventeenth Through Nineteenth Centuries 73 Twentieth Century to Present Day 76 TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 76 Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope 76 Imaging 77 box 4.1 Abstract of an exercise science research study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 79 EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 79 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 80 PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 81 box 4.2 Abstract of a body composition research study 82 PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 82 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 83 Summary 83 Study Questions 83 Learning Activities 84 Suggested Readings 84 References 84 Exercise Physiology 85 DEFINITIONS IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 86 PROFESSIONAL DUTIES OF AN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGIST 86 HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 86 PARENT DISCIPLINES OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 87 AREAS OF STUDY IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 87 Areas of Basic Study 87
vi Contents box 5.1 Abstract of a research study that examined muscle metabolism at differing intensities of exercise 93 Areas of Applied Study 94 box 5.2 Abstract of a research study that examined the effect of exercise in subjects with paraplegia 96 TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 104 Treadmills and Ergometers 104 Metabolic Measurements 106 Body Composition Assessment 107 Muscle Biopsy 107 Electromyography 108 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 108 EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 109 Undergraduate 109 Graduate 110 Exercise Physiology as Part of a Preprofessional School Degree 111 CERTIFICATIONS 112 American College of Sports Medicine 112 National Strength and Conditioning Association 112 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 112 Clinics 112 Health and Fitness Venues 113 Sports Conditioning Venues 114 PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 114 American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) 114 American Physiological Society (APS) 114 American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) 114 National Strength Conditioning Association (NSCA) 115 American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR) 115 PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 115 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 116 Summary 117 Study Questions 117 Learning Activities 118 Suggested Readings 118 References 118 6 Exercise Epidemiology 123 DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 124 ACTIVITIES OF EXERCISE EPIDEMIOLOGISTS 124 HISTORY OF EXERCISE EPIDEMIOLOGY 124 AREAS OF STUDY IN EXERCISE EPIDEMIOLOGY 125 Cardiovascular Disease 125 Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke 125 Hypertension 126
Contents vii Diabetes 126 Osteoporosis 127 box 6.1 Abstract of a research study that examined the relationships among physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the metabolic syndrome 127 Cancer 128 Mental Health 128 box 6.2 Abstract of a research study that examined the effects of resistance training in lung cancer patients 129 RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES 130 Incidence Rates 130 Cross-Sectional Surveys 130 Case Control Studies 130 Prospective Cohort Studies 131 Randomized Controlled Trial 131 TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 132 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 133 CERTIFICATION 133 PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 133 The International Epidemiological Association (IEA) 133 American Heart Association (AHA) 134 American Diabetes Association (ADA) 134 American Cancer Society (ACS) 134 PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 134 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 135 Summary 136 Study Questions 136 Learning Activities 137 Suggested Readings 137 References 138 7 Athletic Training 139 Definition of an Athletic Trainer 140 Professional responsibilities of the athletic trainer 140 History of Athletic Training 140 Technology and Tools 142 Educational Preparation 142 Accreditation of Programs 143 Entry-Level Education 143 Clinical Education 145 Graduate Education 145 BOC Certification 145 History of the BOC Examination 146 BOC Examination Eligibility Today 146 BOC Examination Format 147 BOC Recertification Requirements 147 State Regulation of Athletic Trainers 148 Employment Opportunities 149
viii Contents Clinical 149 Industrial, Commercial, and Fitness Clubs 150 Secondary Schools 150 Colleges and Universities 150 Professional Sport 151 Performing Arts 151 Military and Law Enforcement 151 Professional Associations 152 National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) 152 Regional and State Associations 152 Prominent Journals and Related Publications 153 Future Directions 153 box 7.1 Summary 154 Study Questions 155 Abstract of a research study that measured the effect of fatigue on electro-mechanical efficiency 154 Learning Activities 155 Suggested Readings 155 References 156 8 Exercise and Sport Nutrition 157 DEFINITIONS IN NUTRITION 158 HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF NUTRITION 159 PARENT AND RELATED DISCIPLINES 161 box 8.1 Abstract of a research study on the effect of fat-free milk on body composition and strength 162 AREAS OF STUDY IN NUTRITION 162 Sport-Related Aspects 162 Health-Related Aspects 167 box 8.2 Abstract of a health-related research study regarding vitamin D deficiency 168 TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 169 Muscle Biopsy Technique 169 Blood and Urine Analyses 169 Calorimetry 170 Metabolic Measurements 170 Dietary Recall and Analysis 171 Body Composition Assessment 172 EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 173 Dietetics 173 Exercise and Sport Nutrition 176 CERTIFICATION 177 Dietetics 177 Sport Nutrition Certifications 178 LICENSURE 178 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 179 Dietetics 179 Exercise and Sport Nutrition 180
Contents ix PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 183 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 183 Sports, Cardiovascular, and Wellness Nutritionists (SCAN) 184 International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) 184 Other Related Organizations 184 PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 185 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 186 SUMMARY 187 Study Questions 187 Learning Activities 188 Suggested Readings 188 References 188 9 10 Biomechanics 191 DEFINITIONS IN BIOMECHANICS 192 HISTORY OF BIOMECHANICS 193 AREAS OF STUDY IN BIOMECHANICS 196 Developmental Biomechanics 196 Biomechanics of Exercise and Sport 196 Rehabilitative Biomechanics 198 Occupational Biomechanics 199 Forensic Biomechanics 200 TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 200 EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 208 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 209 PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 209 PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 209 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 210 box 9.1 An abstract presented at the American Society of Biomechanics 211 box 9.2 An abstract presented at the American Society of Biomechanics 213 SUMMARY 216 Study Questions 217 Learning Activities 217 Suggested Readings 217 References 218 Motor Control and Motor Learning 219 DEFINITIONS IN MOTOR LEARNING AND MOTOR CONTROL 220 MOTOR LEARNING AND MOTOR CONTROL ACTIVITIES 220 box 10.1 Issues in motor learning and motor control across the learning process 221 HISTORY OF MOTOR CONTROL AND MOTOR LEARNING 221 Animal Spirits or Bioelectricity? 221 Cerebal Localization 222 Theoretical Developments in Motor Learning 223 THEORETICAL APPROACHES 225
x Contents Theories of Motor Control 225 box 10.2 Abstract of a research study in motor control 231 Theories of Motor Learning 232 box 10.3 Abstract of a research study in motor learning 233 TECHNOLOGY AND MOTOR CONTROL 234 EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 235 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 235 PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 235 PROMINENT JOURNALS 236 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 236 box 10.4 Abstract of a research study in motor learning 237 SUMMARY 237 Study Questions 238 Learning Activities 238 Suggested Readings 238 References 239 11 Exercise and Sport Psychology 241 DEFINITIONS IN EXERCISE AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 242 PROFESSIONAL DUTIES OF EXERCISE AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGISTS 242 HISTORY OF EXERCISE AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 243 PARENT DISCIPLINES OF EXERCISE AND SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 246 AREAS OF STUDY 246 Exercise Psychology 246 Sport Psychology 249 THEORETICAL APPROACHES 250 RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES 251 box 11.1 Abstract of a research study that used quantitative methodologies 251 box 11.2 Abstract of a research study that used qualitative methodologies 252 TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH TOOLS 252 Electronic Devices 252 Software 253 EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION 253 CERTIFICATIONS 255 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 255 PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 256 PROMINENT JOURNALS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 257 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 258 SUMMARY 258 Study Questions 258 Learning Activities 259 Suggested Readings 259 References 260 Glossary 263 Index 271